Jan Smuts (1870-1950)

Africa as a Living Laboratoryby Helen Tilley, page 2:

For Hofmeyr and for his compatriot Jan Christian Smuts, who carried the laboratory analogy to England three months later during his Rhodes Memorial Lectures at Oxford, scientific projects should benefit Africa as well. Within the framework defined and administered by the European powers, Hofmeyr argued, "science must harness the great resources of Africa" and overcome "the might of African barbarism and the defiant resistance of African nature." Hofmeyr linked scientific research to the duel aims of economic and social development. Concluding his address, he remarked, "The development of Science in Africa, or Africa by Science, that is the promised land that bekons."

Technocracy Rising by Patrick Wood, Into:

In Holism and Evolution, Smuts proposed the "Theory of the Whole" which states, in part, that "what a thing is in its sum is of greater importance than its sum is of greater importance than its component parts." Thus, the city is more important than its inhabitants, the state is more important than its cities, and the whole of humanity is more important than cities, nation-states and all the humans therein. The individual is seen relinquishing his or her rights, privileges and aspirations to the greater good. Smuts viewed evolution as an integral part of the holism phenomenon as towns grow into cities, cities into states, states into countries and countries into a global society.