Passages Parallel to the Judaisers

Romans 2:17-29: Paul contrasts external and inward circumcision.

Romans 3:29-31: Paul argues that God is God of both Jews and Gentiles.

Romans 4:9-12: Abraham is justified before circumcision, which matters for Paul’s argument.

Colossians 2:8-23: Paul warns against human tradition and ritualistic legalism.

2 Corinthians 11:13-15: Paul warns about false apostles, often read in the same broad context of doctrinal corruption.