8. Path Dependence, History & Institutional Memory

Lens: Incorporate history and institutional trajectories.

• Historical trajectories: Past reforms, crises, political settlements shaping structures and norms.
• Institutional lock-in: Sunk costs, legal frameworks, infrastructures, and professional identities that make change harder.
• Legacy systems: IT, payment models, training systems that constrain transformation options.
• Narratives & shared memory: Historical stories and myths that influence expectations and risk tolerance.