Firmicus Maternus

Julius Firmicus Maternus was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> writer and notable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>, who received a pagan classical education that made him conversant with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>; he lived in the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> and his successors. His triple career made him a public advocate, an astrologer and finally a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologist">Christian apologist</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<h2>Life and works</h2>

The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">explicit</a>, or end-tag, of the sole surviving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of his De errore profanarum religionum ("On the error of profane religions") gives his name as Iulius Firmicus Maternus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_clarissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vir clarissimus">V[ir] C[larissimus]</a>, identifying him as a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senatorial class</a>. He was also author of the most extensive surviving text of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology" title="History of astrology">Roman astrology</a>, Matheseos libri octo ("Eight books of astrology") written c. 334-37),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-2">[2]</a> of which manuscripts further identify him as Iunior and Siculus, "of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily%28Roman_province%29" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily (Roman province)">Sicily</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">lunar crater</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicus%28crater%29" title="Firmicus (crater)">Firmicus</a> was named in his honour.

The Matheseos was dedicated to the governor of Campania, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollianus_Mavortius" title="Lollianus Mavortius">Lollianus Mavortius</a>, whose knowledge of the subject inspired Firmicus, and whose encouragement supported him during the composition of this handbook. It is among the last extensive handbooks<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-4">[4]</a> of a "scientific" astrology that circulated in the West before the appearance of Arabic texts in the 12th century.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, drawn to astrology in his youth in the mid-fourth century,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-6">[6]</a> fulminated against the study's impieties, in part based on the astrologers' view that the planets were divinities, but also on rational grounds, taking, for instance, the divergent careers of twins.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonist</a> astrological work was first printed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> in 1501, and has often been reprinted.

About the year 346<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-8">[8]</a> he composed De errore profanarum religionum, which he dedicated to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>, the sons of Constantine, and which is still extant. He holds up to scorn the religious beliefs and practices of pagans and implores the Emperor to stamp out the old religions as a sacred duty which will be rewarded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the first part (chs. 1‑17) he attacks the false objects of worship among the Oriental cults; in the second (chs. 18‑29) he discusses a number of formulae and rites connected with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery religions">mysteries</a>, with particular attention and animus toward alleged homosexual practices.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

For 19th-century readers De errore profanarum religionum provided such a sharp contrast with Firmicus' book on astrology (commonly referred to as the Matheseos), that the two works were generally attributed to different writers. However, Clifford Herschel Moore soundly identified the single authorship of the two works, by idiosyncratic choices of vocabulary and syntax, in a dissertation overseen by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_W%C3%B6lfflin" title="Eduard Wölfflin">Eduard Wölfflin</a> (1897).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-12">[12]</a> has shown that the Mathesis was composed in the year 336 and not in 354 as was formerly held, thus making it an earlier work than De errore profanarum religionum; modern readers who find astrology incompatible with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-13">[13]</a> argue that it would have been written prior to Firmicus' conversion to Christianity.

The Christian work is preserved in a single manuscript from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Palatina" title="Bibliotheca Palatina">Bibliotheca Palatina</a>, now in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican library">Vatican library</a>. It was first printed at Strasbourg in 1562, and has been reprinted several times, both separately and combined with the polemical writings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius_the_Younger" title="Arnobius the Younger">Arnobius</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<h2>Bibliography</h2>

<h3>Editions</h3>

<ul>

<li>Matheseos libri VIII, 2 vols, edited by W. Kroll and F. Skutsch, Stuttgart, Teubner, 1968.</li>

</ul>

<h3>Translations</h3>

<ul>

<li>De errore profanarum religionum, translated by Clarence A. Forbes as The Error of the Pagan Religions, Newman Press, 1970.</li>

<li>Ancient Astrology: Theory and Practice. Matheseos Libri VIII by Firmicus Maternus, translated by Jean Rhys Bram, Park Ridge, Noyes Press, 1975.</li>

<li>Mathesis, edited and translated by James Herschel Holden, Tempe, Az., A.F.A., Inc., 2011.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Notes</h2>

</ol>

<ul>

<li id="cite_note-1">Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt, and Thomas Comerford Lawlor, eds. Firmicus Maternus: The Error of the Pagan Religions, Issue 37 (1970): "Life of Firmicus" p3..</li>

<li id="cite_note-2">Internal evidence summarized by Quasten et al. 1970: "Life of Firmicus" p. 4.</li>

<li id="cite_note-3">Firmicus states explicitly that he was of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracusan</a> birth (oriundo) in Matheseos 1.4.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4">The text by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Alexandrinus" title="Paulus Alexandrinus">Paulus Alexandrinus</a> of 378 is an introduction to the subject.</li>

<li id="cite_note-5">Quasten et al. 1970:6.</li>

<li id="cite_note-6">Confessions: "“These impostors, whom they designate astrologers, I consulted without hesitation, because they used no sacrifices and invoked the aid of no spirit for their divination.”.</li>

<li id="cite_note-7">Confessions: "Why, in the life of twins—in their actions, the events that befall them, their professions, arts, honors and other things pertaining to human life, as well as in their very deaths—is there often so great a difference that, as far as these things are concerned, many entire strangers are more like them than they are like each other, though separated at birth by the smallest interval of time but at conception generated by the same act and at the same moment?”</li>

<li id="cite_note-8">There is a clear reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>' expedition in Britain in 343.</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06080a.htm">Patrick J. Healy, "Firmicus Maternus", Catholic Encyclopedia (1909),</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-10">Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, p. 132; the passage is in De errore 12.2.</li>

<li id="cite_note-11">Johannes Quasten, Walter J. Burghardt, and Thomas Comerford Lawlor, eds. Firmicus Maternus: The Error of the Pagan Religions, Issue 37 (1970): "Life of Firmicus" .</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><cite class="citation journal">Mommsen, Theodor (1929). "Firmicus Maternus". Hermes. 29 (3): 468–472. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-0777">0018-0777</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4472455">4472455</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-13">Such as the editors of the Catholic Encyclopedia: "This theory of course supposes that the author wrote one work before, the other after, his conversion.".</li>

<li >

<li value="14" id="cite_note-14">Editions by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Bursian" title="Conrad Bursian">Conrad Bursian</a> (1856), and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Felix_Halm" title="Karl Felix Halm">Karl Felix Halm</a>, in his Minucius Felix (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum" title="Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum">Corpus Scrip. Eccles. Lat.</a> ii, 1867)</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2>References</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ebert" title="Adolf Ebert">Adolf Ebert</a>, Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Literatur, ed. 1889; p. 129 ff.</li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bardenhewer" title="Otto Bardenhewer">Otto Bardenhewer</a>, Patrologie, ed. 1901, p. 354.</li>

<li>Béatrice Caseau, "Firmicus Maternus: Un astrologue converti au christianisme ou la rhétorique du rejet sans appel," in La religion que j'ai quittée, éd. D. Tollet, Paris, Presses de la Sorbonne, 2007, 39-63.</li>

</ul>

<h2>External links</h2>

<tr>

<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Firmicus,_Maternus_Julius" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Firmicus, Maternus Julius">Firmicus, Maternus Julius</a>.</td>

</tr>

</tbody></table>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscript.co.uk/firmicus.html">David McCann's Profile of a Roman Astrologer</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

Firmicus Maternus

Attachments