Jean Paul Sartre
<p><b>Jean-Paul-Charles-Aymard Sartre</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/ˈsɑːrtrə/</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <small>French: </small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" title="Help:IPA for French">[saʁtʁ]</a>; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a>. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, and one of the leading figures in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-Century_French_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth-Century French Philosophy">20th-century French philosophy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.
His work has also influenced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonial_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonial theory">post-colonial theory</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>, and continues to influence these disciplines.
Sartre has also been noted for his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">open relationship</a> with the prominent feminist theorist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>, in both lifestyle and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity%28psychology%29" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformity (psychology)">conformity</a> (<i>mauvaise foi</i>, literally, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith%28existentialism%29" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">bad faith</a>") and an "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_%28philosophy%29" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authentic</a>" way of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being" title="Being">being</a>" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> (<i>L'Être et le Néant</i>, 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism_and_Humanism" title="Existentialism and Humanism">Existentialism and Humanism</a></i> (<i>L'existentialisme est un humanisme</i>, 1946), originally presented as a lecture.
He was awarded the 1964 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> but refused it, saying that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>