1770-1831 Hegel
<p><b>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/ˈheɪɡəl/</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <small>German:</small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_German" title="Help:IPA for German">[ˈɡeːɔɐ̯k ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡəl]</a>; August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosopher</a> and an important figure of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German Idealism</a>. He achieved wide renown in his day and, while primarily influential within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental</a> tradition of philosophy, has become increasingly influential in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic</a> tradition as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
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Although he remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> is universally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></p>
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Hegel's principal achievement is his development of a distinctive articulation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> sometimes termed "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">absolute idealism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and nature and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%28philosophy%29" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%28philosophy%29" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a> are overcome. </p>
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His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. His account of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" title="Master–slave dialectic">master–slave dialectic</a> has been highly influential, especially in 20th-century France.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p>
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Of special importance is his concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">spirit</a> (<i>Geist</i>: sometimes also translated as "mind") as the historical manifestation of the logical concept and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufheben" title="Aufheben">"sublation"</a> (<i>Aufhebung</i>: integration without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%28philosophy%29" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (philosophy)">elimination or reduction</a>) of seemingly contradictory or opposing factors; examples include the apparent opposition between nature and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of will">freedom</a> and between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence%28philosophy%29" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a>. </p>
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Hegel has been seen in the 20th century as the originator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis,antithesis,synthesis" title="Thesis, antithesis, synthesis">thesis, antithesis, synthesis</a> triad;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference">[16]</sup></a> however, as an explicit phrase, this originated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fichte_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-Fichte-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
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Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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Karl Barth described Hegel as a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> wrote that "All the great philosophical ideas of the past century—the philosophies of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, German <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>—had their beginnings in Hegel."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>