Propolis, Studies

• Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea
• Propolis: its role and efficacy in human health and diseases.
• Effects of pollen extract upon adolescent swimmers
• The effects of pollen and protein extracts on selected blood factors and performance of athletes.
• Chemical properties and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Slovenian propolis
• Ethanolic extract of propolis promotes reverse cholesterol transport and the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 in mice.
• Synthesis of non-prenyl analogues of baccharin as selective and potent inhibitors for aldo-keto reductase 1C3.
• Propolis modulates fibronectin expression in the matrix of thermal injury.
• Induction of oxidative DNA damage by flavonoids of propolis: its mechanism and implication about antioxidant capacity.
• Ethanolic extract of propolis, chrysin, CAPE inhibit human astroglia cells.
• Artepillin C, a major ingredient of Brazilian propolis, induces a pungent taste by activating TRPA1 channels
• Effect of Croatian propolis on diabetic nephropathy and liver toxicity in mice.
• Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant activity of a standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from brown propolis.

Allergies

Anti-allergic properties of propolis: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies.

Antibacterial

• Bee propolis contain compounds which have inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
• Propolis from Pakistan has potent antimicrobial activity against pigmented anaerobic periodontal pathogens.
• Propolis acted synergistically with cefixime and enhanced the efficacy of antibiotic and reduced its effective dose in combined therapy.
• Propolis exhibits antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to various antibiotics and some microorganisms.
• Effectiveness of a propolis and zinc solution in preventing acute otitis media in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media.
• Synergistic effects of honey and propolis toward drug multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans isolates in single and polymicrobial cultures
• Honeybee propolis extract in periodontal treatment: a clinical and microbiological study of propolis in periodontal treatment.
• Propolis antibacterial and antioxidant synergisms with gentamicin and honey.
• In vivo and in vitro inhibition effect of propolis on Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Anti-Inflammatory

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids from propolis via Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.

Antiviral

• Natural extracts, honey, and propolis as human norovirus inhibitors
• The effects of propolis on viral respiratory diseases.
• Bee Propolis Beats Acyclovir for Treating Genital Herpes

Asthma

• A clinical pharmacological study of the potential beneficial effects of a propolis food product as an adjuvant in asthmatic patients

Cancer

• Treatment with Brazilian green propolis extracts significantly reduced the multiplicity of **colorectal carcinomas** compared to the control.
• Cuban brown propolis interferes in the crosstalk between **colorectal cancer** cells and M2 macrophages.
• Antiproliferative activity of chemically characterized propolis from Turkey and its mechanisms of action.
• Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), derived from a honeybee product propolis, exhibits a diversity of anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical models of human **breast cancer**.
• The cytotoxic effects of propolis on **breast cancer** cells involve PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species generation
• The potential use of propolis as an adjunctive therapy in** breast cancers**.
• Ethanol extract of Brazilian red propolis induces apoptosis in human **breast cancer** MCF-7 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress.
• Propolis extract regulate microRNA expression in **glioblastoma and brain cancer stem cells**.
• Propolis changes the anticancer activity of temozolomide in U87MG human **glioblastoma** cell line
• Propolis suppresses tumor angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis in tube-forming cells.
• Propolis inhibits the proliferation of human **leukaemia HL-60 cells** by inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.
• Cytotoxicity of constituents from Mexican propolis against a panel of six different cancer cell lines.
• Artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) sensitizes LNCaP **prostate cancer** cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis
• Propolis cinnamic acid derivatives induce apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways and modulate of miRNA expression.
• Chrysin: a histone deacetylase 8 inhibitor with anticancer activity and a suitable candidate for the standardization of Chinese propolis
• Assessing the anti-tumour properties of Iraqi propolis in vitro and in vivo.
• A double blind randomised placebo controlled study of propolis (bee glue) effectiveness in the treatment of **severe oral mucositis in chemotherapy** treated children.
• Mucoadhesive propolis gel for prevention of radiation-induced **oral mucositis**.
• Cytotoxicity of Portuguese propolis: the proximity of the in vitro doses for tumor and normal cell lines
• The cytotoxic effects of brown Cuban propolis depend on the nemorosone content and may be mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling.
• Antiproliferative activity of Greek propolis

Candida

• Propolis extract has bioactivity on the wall and cell membrane of Candida albicans.
• Activity of propolis from Mexico on the proliferation and virulence factors of Candida albicans.

Cardiovascular

• Both propolis and thymoquinone diminished the risk of atherosclerosis via antioxidant mechanisms.
• Cardioprotective effects and mechanism of action of polyphenols extracted from propolis against doxorubicin toxicity.
• Effect of Australian propolis from stingless bees (Tetragonula carbonaria) on pre-contracted human and porcine isolated arteries.
• Protective effect of propolis on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

COVID-19

• Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19.
• Targeting CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE-2 interaction with flavonoids of Anatolian propolis.
• Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
• In vitro evaluation of antiviral efficacy of a standardized hydroalcoholic extract of poplar type propolis against SARS-CoV-2.

Depression

• Propolis add-on therapy alleviates depressive symptoms.
• Propolis ameliorates alcohol-induced depressive symptoms.

Diabetes

• Pinocembrin from brown propolis ameliorates diabetic nephropathy when there is no kidney damage.
• A systematic review of the potential effects of propolis extracts on experimentally-induced diabetes.

Fatigue

These results suggest that oral administration of propolis promotes muscle fatigue recovery by reducing central fatigue.

Gastrointestinal Effects

• Oral administration of an extract of Brazilian red propolis attenuates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.
• A pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 0/biomarker study on effect of artepillin C-rich extract of Brazilian propolis in frequent colorectal adenoma polyp patients

Hepatoprotective

• Protective effects of propolis on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

HIV

Propolis increases Foxp3 expression and lymphocyte proliferation in HIV-infected people.

Immune System

Propolis and the immune system: a review This review compiles data from our laboratory as well as from other researchers, focusing on its chemical composition and botanical sources, the seasonal effect on its composition and biological properties, its immunomodulatory and antitumor properties, considering its effects on antibody production and on different cells of the immune system, involving the innate and adaptive immune response. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated the modulatory action of propolis on murine peritoneal macrophages, increasing their microbicidal activity. Its stimulant action on the lytic activity of natural killer cells against tumor cells, and on antibody production was demonstrated. Propolis inhibitory effects on lymphoproliferation may be associated to its anti-inflammatory property. In immunological assays, the best results were observed when propolis was administered over a short-term to animals. Propolis antitumor property and its anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential are discussed. Since humans have used propolis for different purposes and propolis-containing products have been marketed, the knowledge of its properties with scientific basis is not only of academic interest but also of those who use propolis as well. This review opens a new perspective on the investigation of propolis biological properties, mainly with respect to the immune system.

• The combination of propolis and chlorhexidine may favour the recognition of antigens by monocytes.
• The components of Nepalese propolis exhibit anti-inflammatory activities.
• Propolis immunomodulatory action in vivo on Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression and on pro-inflammatory cytokines production in mice.
• Flavonoids in propolis acting on mast cell-mediated wound healing.
• Assessment in vitro of cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of propolis on human lymphocytes.
• Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Chinese propolis and buds from poplar (Populus x canadensis)

Kidneys

• Propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and pollen have beneficial effects on renal injury in hypertensive rats.
• Results presented in this study clearly show the reno-protective role of propolis against gentamicin-induced toxicity on mice kidney.

Liver

• Propolis protects CYP 2E1 enzymatic activity and oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride.

Mental Health

• An ethanolic extract of yellow propolis emerges as a promising anxiolytic, antidepressant, mnemonic, and antioxidant natural product.

Metabolic Syndrome

A propolis-derived small molecule ameliorates metabolic syndrome in obese mice.

Neurological Diseases

Beneficial effects of propolis on human health and neurological diseases

Oral Health

Propolis and diet rich in polyphenols as cariostatic agents reducing accumulation of dental plaque.

Parkinson's Disease

Apitherapy for Parkinson's disease: A focus on the effects of propolis and royal jelly.

PCOS

The effects of propolis supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, testosterone hormone, and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Periodontitis

Flavonoid extract from propolis alleviates periodontitis by boosting periodontium regeneration and inflammation resolution.

Renoprotective

A comprehensive insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of Propolis on preserving renal function.

Respiratory

The potential use of propolis as a primary or an adjunctive therapy in respiratory tract-related diseases and disorders.

Skin

Flavonoids present in propolis in the battle against photoaging and psoriasis.

Warts

• Propolis as an alternative treatment for cutaneous warts

Wound Healing

• The effect of oral consumption of propolis alone and in combination with silver nanoparticles on wound healing.
• Effect of propolis on wound healing in sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease.
• Healing potential of propolis in skin wounds evidenced by clinical studies.