Ginger Studies
Quality of dry ginger (Zingiber officinale) by different drying methods - PubMed
Zingiberis rhizoma: a comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles.
Quality changes and freezing time prediction during freezing and thawing of ginger - PubMed
For Arthritis
Ginger Helps Relieve Inflammation Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis
In vitro studies.
ZO is thought to have anti-inflammatory effects, possibly by inhibiting COX-1, COX-2 and LOX [R,R, R, R]. Nevertheless, the squeezed ginger extract paradoxically increased the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in RAW 264 cell culture [R].
Animal studies.
The oral administration of the squeezed ginger extract had a dual effect on TNF synthesis in mice, in peritoneal cells: ZO extract initially augmented it, but after repeated administrations decreased it [R]. In addition, it augmented the serum corticosterone level, and this may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of ZO.
Human clinical studies.
A recent study found that ZO powder supplementation (1 g/day) for three months can reduce the serum level of nitric oxide and high-sensitivity reactive protein hs-CRP in patients with knee OA. The inflammatory markers started to decrease after three weeks of treatment [R]. Several other studies showed clinical improvement in OA patients with ZO extract, as evaluated by the pain score with VAS, reduction in intake of rescue medication, having mostly mild gastrointestinal adverse events, and similar or even better efficacy and satisfaction score than the standard treatment prescribed by the orthopedic specialist [R, R, R].
Another study found that the oral daily administration of one ZO preparation (340 mg EV.EXT 35 Zingiber officinalis extract) and glucosamine (1000 mg) for four weeks, in 21 patients with confirmed knee and hip OA, significantly reduced the arthritic pain on standing and moving, according to VAS scale evaluation. Moreover, this treatment had a similar efficacy as diclofenac (100 mg/day) plus glucosamine (1000 mg/day), but a higher safety, due to the decrease of gastrointestinal pain and increase of gastroprotective prostaglandin (PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2) levels in the stomach mucosa [R]. However, one cross-over study (a wash-out period of one week followed by three treatment periods of three weeks duration each) found no significant difference between placebo and ginger extract in OA patients [R].
Active phytochemicals.
Pungent constituents of ZO were thought to contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of this medicinal plant. For instance, 1-dehydro[10]gingerdione inhibited IKKB kinase activity required for NF-kB activation and suppressed NF-kB-regulated expression of inflammatory genes in lipopolysaccharide S-activated macrophage [R]. 6-Dehydrogingerdione attenuated iNOS, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- gene expression in vitro, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. [R]. Other compounds from ZO (10-gingerol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol) showed the capacity to decrease COX-2 activity in vitro [R].
Studies
- Ginger has an important anti-hydatic effect in vitro. - A review of the health promoting aspects of ginger in the treatment and prevention of diseases via immunonutrition and anti-inflammatory responses.
- Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans.
Aflatoxin
Antibacterial
- Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens.
- Comparative antibacterial effects of ginger and marjoram extract versus conventional irrigants on mature Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.
Anti-inflammatory
- Antiinflammatory effects of ginger and some of its components in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells
- Evidence of effectiveness of herbal antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain.
Antioxidant
Antiviral
Asthma
Ginger-derived compounds exert in vivo and in vitro anti-asthmatic effects.
Cancer
- Ginger: A novel strategy to battle cancer through modulating cell signalling pathways.
- Ginger Root Kills Ovarian & Prostate Cancer Cells Better than Chemo
- Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review.
- This review indicates that ginger possesses multiple properties that could be beneficial in reducing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting
- Mango ginger treatment inhibited tumor growth rate with and without VBL and increased the survival rate significantly.
- Anticancer Effect of Ginger Extract against Pancreatic Cancer Cells Mainly through Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Autotic Cell Death.
- Ginger ingredients reduce viability of gastric cancer cells via distinct mechanisms.
- Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells
- Effects of ginger supplementation on cell-cycle biomarkers in the normal-appearing colonic mucosa of patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: results from a pilot, randomized, and controlled trial.
- Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger, a naturally occurring anticarcinogen during the initiation, post-initiation stages of 1,2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer.
- Ginger extract inhibits human telomerase reverse transcriptase and c-Myc expression in A549 lung cancer cells.
- Ginger may have an inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer-associated taxa.
- In-silico prediction of anti-breast cancer activity of ginger using machine learning techniques.
- Ginger inhibits the invasion of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3.
Cardiovascular Effects
- Consumption of ginger (Zingiber officnale roscoe) does not affect ex vivo platelet thromboxane production in humans
- Effect of dried ginger on human platelet function
- Isolation and effects of some ginger components of platelet aggregation and eicosanoid biosynthesis.
- The Effect of Ginger on Platelet Aggregation (
- Cardiometabolic effects of ZingiberOfficinale Roscoe extracts in Type 2 diabetic Cameroonians patients after six weeks of add-on Therapy : A single clinical-arm trial
- Ginger could be considered as an effective lipid lowering nutraceuticals.
Cerebrovascular
- Mulberry fruit and ginger is a potential neuroprotectant candidate against ischemic stroke in the metabolic syndrome condition.
- Zingiber officinale and Vernonia amygdalina infusions improve redox status in rat brain.
Cartilage Preservation
Cognitive Effects
Cholagogue
Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active constituents.
Diabetes
- Ginger ingredients could be beneficial in alleviating diabetic prostatic complications through suppressing oxidative stress and tissue fibrosis.
- Ginger extract protects the heart against inflammation and fibrosis in diabetes.
- The use of ginger can help in the treatment of people with diabetes.
Digestive System:
The physiological mechanisms described—specifically the triad of diet-induced thermogenesis, peripheral blood circulation, and enhanced upper gastrointestinal (gastric) motility—are rooted in landmark clinical and preclinical trials evaluating Zingiber officinale.
While several review articles and meta-analyses published in journals like Phytomedicine and Metabolism synthesized these findings around 2020, this specific line of research centers on two pivotal human clinical trials that established these precise energetic pathways:
Key Landmark Clinical Studies
- Dietary Thermogenesis & Energy Expenditure:
- Study: *Ginger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of fullness without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men* (Mansour et al., *Metabolism*, 2012).
- Key Findings: Demonstrated that hot ginger consumption significantly increased the thermic effect of food (diet-induced thermogenesis) and elevated energy expenditure through catecholamine-mediated sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
- Upper Digestive Motility & Gastric Emptying:
- Study: Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans* (Wu et al., *European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology*, 2008 / validated in subsequent *Phytomedicine reviews).
- Key Findings: Demonstrated that active gingerols accelerate gastric emptying time and stimulate antral contractions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, alleviating gastric stasis.
- Peripheral Circulation & Vasodilation:
- Study: *Evaluation of the vascular effects of ginger extract and its active constituents* (Ghayur & Gilani, *Phytotherapy Research* / *Phytomedicine* clinical series).
- Key Findings: Showed that 6-gingerol induces peripheral vasodilation and enhances microvascular circulation via direct modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels and muscarinic receptor stimulation.
Dysmenorrhea
Exercise
Gastrointestinal Effect
- Ginger extract and zingerone ameliorated trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in mice via modulation of nuclear factor-κB activity and interleukin-1β signalling pathway
- Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia
- Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans
- Mechanism of antiemetic effect of ginger
- Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans.
- Ginger and its constituents: Role in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
- Ginger: Nature's Potent Alternative to Proton Pump Inhibitors for Heartburn Relief
- Can Ginger Beat Out The Multi-Billion Dollar Acid Blockers?
Immune System Effects
- Ginger and Zingerone Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Systemic Inflammation in Mice, Assessed by Nuclear Factor-κB Bioluminescent Imaging.
- Effect of differential thermal drying conditions on the immunomodulatory function of ginger.
Insomnia
Motion Sickness
- Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection.
Multiple Sclerosis
Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of Multiple sclerosis.
Nausea/Vomiting / Morning Sickness
- Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial
- Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ginger to Treat Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy
- 2014 -Effects of Ginger for Nausea and Vomiting in Early Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis
- Zingiber officinale (ginger)—an antiemetic for day case surgery.
- Ginger as an antiemetic: possible side effects due to its thromboxane synthetase activity.
- Phase II trial of encapsulated ginger as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
- Anti-emetic effect of ginger powder versus placebo as an add-on therapy in children and young adults receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy
- Gingerreduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea: a URCC CCOP study of 576 patients.
Neurological Effects
- Pharmacotherapeutic potential of ginger and its compounds in age-related neurological disorders.
- Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities and some pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain by two varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale
Obesity
- These results demonstrated that sustained activation of the PPARδ pathway with GE attenuated diet-induced obesity and improved exercise endurance capacity.
- Ginger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men: a pilot study.
Pain
- The use of ginger for the treatment of pain: a systematic review of clinical trials.
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes as a novel and interesting candidate for the management of neuropathic pain.
- Evidence of effectiveness of herbal antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain.
Protection from Toxins
- Ginger and zinc mixture protected against malathion induced toxicity to the liver and kidney.
- Ginger Protects the Liver against the Toxic Effects of Xenobiotic Compounds: Preclinical Observations
- Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) prevents the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and physical dependence in rats.
- Protective effect of quercetin and ginger extract against dimethoate potentiated fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity.
Other Effects
- Effect of ginger tea on the fetal development of Sprague-Dawley rats.
- Lipid-solubles from ginger and turmeric that may migrate to oil during heating prevent the oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction triggered by heated oils.
- Ginger improves oxidative stress and trace elements status in patients with alopecia areata.