Lactobacillus rhamnosus
See also: Lactobacillus (genus)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria that belongs to the genus Lactobacillus. It is a well-known probiotic, which means it is a microorganism that provides health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. This bacterium is commonly found in the human gut and is also present in various fermented foods and dairy products. It has gained significant attention due to its potential health benefits and its role in promoting gut health.
Characteristics of Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can survive in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments. This adaptability allows it to thrive in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is also known for its ability to ferment lactose and other sugars into lactic acid, which helps maintain a healthy pH balance in the gut.
Health Benefits
The health benefits of Lactobacillus rhamnosus are numerous and well-documented. Some of the key benefits include:
- Digestive Health: Lactobacillus rhamnosus is known to support digestive health by maintaining a balanced gut microbiota. It can help alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and reduce the risk of diarrhea, especially antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
- Immune System Support: This probiotic can enhance the immune system by stimulating the production of antibodies and promoting the activity of natural killer cells. It may also help reduce the incidence of respiratory infections.
- Allergy Prevention: Some studies suggest that Lactobacillus rhamnosus may help prevent allergies, particularly in children. It is thought to modulate the immune response and reduce the risk of developing atopic conditions such as eczema.
- Mental Health: Emerging research indicates a potential link between gut health and mental well-being. Lactobacillus rhamnosus may play a role in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression by influencing the gut-brain axis.
- Weight Management: There is some evidence to suggest that Lactobacillus rhamnosus may aid in weight management by influencing metabolism and reducing fat storage.
Sources of Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus can be found in various dietary sources, including:
- Fermented Foods: Foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi often contain Lactobacillus rhamnosus as part of their natural fermentation process.
- Probiotic Supplements: Many probiotic supplements contain Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a key ingredient. These supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and powders.
- Dairy Products: Some dairy products, particularly those that are cultured, may contain Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
Safety and Considerations
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is generally considered safe for most people when consumed in appropriate amounts. However, there are some considerations to keep in mind:
- Immunocompromised Individuals: People with weakened immune systems should consult a healthcare professional before taking probiotic supplements, as there is a slight risk of infection.
- Allergies: Individuals with dairy allergies should be cautious when consuming dairy-based probiotic products.
- Dosage: It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions on probiotic supplements to avoid potential side effects.
Articles/Studies
Alcohol Abuse
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1107 treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding.
- These findings support L. rhamnosus NKU FL1-8 as a potential functional food for the relief of alcoholic liver diseases.
Analgesic
Anti-Biofilm
Antifungal
- Antifungal defense of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is mediated by blocking adhesion and nutrient depletion.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits Candida albicans virulence factors in vitro and modulates immune system in Galleria mellonella
Bacterial Infections
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG use is associated with early clearance of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in newborn patients.
- The postbiotic HM0539 from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents intestinal infection by enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157.
- Probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protects aagainst P. gingivalis aand F. nucleatum gut dysbiosis.
- Fermented milk containing L. rhamnosus SD11 may have beneficial effects on oral health by reducing salivary levels of mutans streptococci.
- *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GR-1 Ameliorates *Escherichia coli*-Induced Inflammation and Cell Damage via Attenuation of ASC-Independent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG conditioned medium prevents E. coli meningitis by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB pathway
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment improves intestinal permeability and modulates inflammatory response and homeostasis of spleen and colon in experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibits invasion of cultured human respiratory cells by macrolide-resistant group A streptococci.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG has a prophylactic effect against systemic E. coli K1 infection in neonates.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG microcapsules inhibit Escherichia coli biofilm formation in coculture.
- Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 is a unique prophylactic agent that suppresses infection-induced myometrial cell responses.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus contributes to improved outcomes of pneumococcal infection in immunocompromised hosts.
- Use of daily oral L. rhamnosus HN001 reduced odds of carriage of S. aureus in the GI tract.
- L. rhamnosus-derived biosurfactant exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation ability of S. mutans.
- Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Use different mechanisms to prevent Salmonella infection in vivo.
- Protective Role of Postbiotic Mediators Secreted by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Versus Lipopolysaccharide-induced Damage in Human Colonic Smooth Muscle Cells
- Antagonistic activity and mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SQ511 against Salmonella enteritidis.
Cancer
- This review summarizes the preclinical results of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on cancer cells proliferation and tumor invasion.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus induced epithelial cell apoptosis, ameliorates inflammation and prevents colon cancer development in an animal model.
- Adjunctive probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 administration enhances the effect of anti-PD-1 antitumor therapy.
- Early life Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonisation inhibits intestinal tumour formation.
- Cell cycle arrest and anti-cancer potential of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus against HT-29 cancer cells.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates cisplatin-induced intestinal mucositis.
Cardiovascular
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain mitigated the development of obstructive sleep apnea-induced hypertension in a high salt diet.
- Probiotics Bifidobacterium lactis M8 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus M9 prevent high blood pressure.
Cognitive
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates noise-induced cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation.
COPD
Diabetes
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC17 ameliorates type-2 diabetes by improving gut function, oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat-diet fed and streptozotocintreated rats.
- Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus EM1107 prevents hyperglycemia, alveolar bone loss and inflammation in a rat model of diabetes and periodontitis.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG administration partially prevents diet-induced insulin resistance in rats.
Food Allergies
Gastroprotective
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces β-conglycinin- allergy-induced apoptotic cells.
- L. rhamnosus MN-431 can metabolize tryptophan to prevent infantile complementary feeding-induced diarrhea.
- Safety and potential role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG administration as monotherapy in ulcerative colitis patients.
- Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for regulation of inflammatory response in radiation-induced enteritis.
Gut Flora
- Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes mouse gut microbiota diversity and T cell differentiation.
- *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GG Intake Modifies Preschool Children’s Intestinal Microbiota, Alleviates Penicillin-Associated Changes, and Reduces Antibiotic Use
- Dietary lipid content reorganizes gut microbiota and probiotic *L*. *rhamnosus* attenuates obesity and enhances catabolic hormonal milieu in zebrafish
- The lipid metabolism of hyperlipidemic rats was improved by regulating the gut microbiota with supplementation of L.rhamnosus hsryfm.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonization in early life ameliorates inflammaging of offspring.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB1 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced adverse effects.
Gut Mucosal Barrier
- Dietary *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GG Supplementation Improves the Mucosal Barrier Function in the Intestine of Weaned Piglets Challenged by Porcine Rotavirus
- The protective role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG postbiotic on the alteration of autophagy and inflammation pathways induced by gliadin.
Hepatoprotective
High Fat Diet
Immune System Effects
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 nasal administration improves recovery of T-cell mediated immunity against pneumococcal infection in malnourished mice.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces cGAS/STING- dependent type I interferon and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade.
Obesity
- Preventive effect and molecular mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus JL1 on food-borne obesity.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain LRH05 intervention ameliorated body weight gain and adipose inflammation.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus sex-specifically attenuates depressive-like behavior and mitigates metabolic consequences in obesity.
Osteoporosis
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates osteoporosis.
Periodontitis
- Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents alveolar bone loss in a mouse model of experimental periodontitis.
- Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG improves periodontal bone repair via gut-blood axis in hyperlipidemia.
Pregnancy
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation during critical windows of gestation influences immune phenotype in Swiss albino mice offspring.
- Effect of *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* HN001 in Pregnancy on Postpartum Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Randomised Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial
- Oral *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GR-1 and *Lactobacillus reuteri* RC-14 to reduce Group B *Streptococcus* colonization in pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial
Sepsis
Skin Effects
Stress
Other Effects
- The Efficacy of Probiotic (*Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GG) and 5-ASA (Aminosalicylic Acid) in the Treatment of Experimental Radiation Proctitis in Rats
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates hyperuricemia in a novel model.
- Spray Dried Formulation of 5-Fluorouracil Embedded with Probiotic Biomass: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.
- These results suggest that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and tagatose as synbiotics can alleviate colitis.
- Adhesion and anti-inflammatory potential of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in a sea buckthorn based beverage matrix.
- In one study, researchers gave lactobacillus rhamnosus to mice, and it reduced their anxiety-like behaviours. But when researchers removed part of their vagus nerve, lactobacillus rhamnosus did not reduce their anxiety, suggesting that psychobiotics communicate with the brain and improve mental health through the vagus nerve
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonization in early life regulates gut-brain axis and relieves anxiety-like behavior in adulthood.
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 prevents Escherichia coli-induced apoptosis through PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy in bovine mastitis.
- The effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on fecal flora and serum markers of renal injury in mice with chronic kidney disease.
- Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Organophosphate Pesticide Absorption and Toxicity to Drosophila melanogaster
Wikipedia:
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that originally was considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but later genetic research found it to be a species of its own. It is a short Gram-positive facultative anaerobic rod that often appears in chains. Some strains of L. rhamnosus bacteria are being used as probiotics, and are particularly useful in treating female-related infections, most particularly very difficult to treat cases of bacterial vaginosis (or "BV"). The Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. reuteri species are most commonly found in the healthy female genito-urinary tract and are most helpful to supplement in order to regain control over dysbiotic bacterial overgrowth during an active infection. L. rhamnosus sometimes is used in yogurt and dairy products such as fermented and un-pasteurized milk and semi-hard cheese. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus may not be as beneficial to certain subsets of the population; in rare circumstances, especially those primarily involving weakened immune system or infants, there may be no advantage.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin,[2] and the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames.[3] The patent refers to a strain of "L. acidophilus GG" with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) accession number 53103; later reclassified as a strain of L. rhamnosus. The patent claims the L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain is acid- and bile-stable, has a great avidity for human intestinal mucosal cells, and produces lactic acid. Since the discovery of the L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain, it has been studied extensively on its various health benefits and currently L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain is the world's most studied probiotic bacterium with more than 800 scientific studies.
The genome sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) has been decoded.[4][5]
Medical research and use
While Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is able to survive the acid and bile of the stomach and intestine,[6] is claimed to colonize the digestive tract, and to balance intestinal microflora, evidence suggests that Lactobacillus rhamnosus is likely a transient inhabitant, and not autochthonous.[7] Regardless, it is considered a probiotic useful for treatment of various maladies, as it works on many levels. Most of the molecular mechanisms are not known, however.
Peanut allergy
Research is showing that L. rhamnosus as a probiotic could stop allergic reactions to peanuts in 80% of children.[8]
Diarrhea
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG has been shown beneficial in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children. The prevention and treatment of various types of diarrhea has been shown both in children and in adults.[9][10][11][12]
Respiratory tract infections
- L. rhamnosus GG may reduce the risk of obtaining respiratory tract infections in children that attend daycare.[13][14]
Atopic dermatitis, eczema
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG also has shown potential in treatment and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, but the results of intervention trials have been mixed.[15] A clinical trial with seven-year follow-up shows L. rhamnosus GG is useful in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children at high risk of allergy.[16][17]
Urogenital tract
The clinical health effects of L. rhamnosus GG have been widely studied. Both L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 appear to protect the urogenital tract by excreting biosurfactants to inhibit the adhesion of vaginal and urinary pathogens.[18]
Intestinal tract permeability
L. rhamnosus has been found to reduce intestinal permeability in children who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome,[19] and it also has been found to counter alcohol-related intestinal permeability.[20][21]
Gastrointestinal carriage of VRE
In 2005, L. rhamnosus GG was first used successfully to treat gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in renal patients.[22]
Anxiety
Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on August 29, 2011 reported this bacterium may have an effect on GABA neurotransmitter receptors. Mice who were fed L. rhamnosus JB-1 had less anxiety and had different levels of a brain-chemical sensor and stress hormones.[23]
Weight loss
Research published in the British Journal of Nutrition in 2013 suggests that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 may increase weight loss in women who are dieting. The research was initiated after several studies showed that the gut bacteria in obese individuals differs significantly from those in thin people. Women in the study lost nearly twice the weight that the placebo group lost. No difference was observed in men, however.[24]
Risks
The use of L. rhamnosus GG for probiotic therapy has been linked with very rare cases of sepsis in certain risk groups, primarily those with a weakened immune system and infants.[25] Ingestion of L. rhamnosus GG is, nevertheless, considered to be safe, and data from Finland show a significant growth in the consumption of L. rhamnosus GG at the population level has not led to an increase in the number of Lactobacillus bacteraemia cases.[26]