Calophyllum tomentosum

It is found in Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats.

At Risk

Constituents

Listing on Duke's Database

Calophyllum tomentosum is a species of tree belonging to the Calophyllaceae family. Native to the tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, this tree is known for its ecological, medicinal, and economic significance. This note delves into various aspects of Calophyllum tomentosum, including its botanical characteristics, habitat, uses, and conservation status.

Botanical Characteristics

Calophyllum tomentosum is a medium to large-sized evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 30 meters. The tree is characterized by its dense, spreading crown and smooth, grayish bark. The leaves are simple, opposite, and oblong, with a glossy green upper surface and a tomentose (hairy) underside, which gives the species its name.

Flowers and Fruits

The tree produces small, fragrant, white to pale yellow flowers arranged in axillary or terminal panicles. These flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive organs. The fruit is a globose drupe, about 2-3 cm in diameter, with a smooth, greenish-yellow skin that turns brown upon ripening. Inside the fruit is a single large seed.

Habitat and Distribution

Calophyllum tomentosum thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, often found in coastal regions, riverbanks, and lowland forests. It prefers well-drained, sandy, or loamy soils and can tolerate saline conditions, making it well-suited for coastal environments. The tree is predominantly found in countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Ecological Importance

This species plays a crucial role in its native ecosystems. It provides habitat and food for various wildlife, including birds, insects, and mammals. The dense foliage offers shelter, while the flowers and fruits serve as food sources. Additionally, Calophyllum tomentosum contributes to soil stabilization and coastal protection, preventing erosion and maintaining the integrity of shorelines.

Medicinal Uses

Calophyllum tomentosum has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Various parts of the tree, including the leaves, bark, and seeds, are used to treat a range of ailments. Some of the notable medicinal properties include:

• Anti-inflammatory: Extracts from the leaves and bark are used to reduce inflammation and treat conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism.
• Antimicrobial: The tree's extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens, making it useful in treating infections.
• Wound Healing: The oil extracted from the seeds, known as tamanu oil, is renowned for its wound-healing properties. It is applied topically to promote the healing of cuts, burns, and other skin conditions.
• Antioxidant: The presence of bioactive compounds in the tree's extracts provides antioxidant benefits, helping to neutralize free radicals and protect against cellular damage.

Economic Significance

Beyond its medicinal uses, Calophyllum tomentosum has several economic applications:

• Timber: The wood of Calophyllum tomentosum is durable and resistant to termites, making it valuable for construction, furniture, and boat building.
• Oil Production: Tamanu oil, derived from the seeds, is highly sought after in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its skin-healing properties.
• Traditional Crafts: The tree's wood and other parts are used in traditional crafts and local industries, contributing to the livelihoods of communities in its native range.

Conservation Status

Despite its many benefits, Calophyllum tomentosum faces threats from habitat loss, deforestation, and over-exploitation. The conversion of forests to agricultural land and urban development has led to a decline in its natural populations. Conservation efforts are essential to ensure the survival of this valuable species. Strategies include:

• Habitat Protection: Establishing protected areas and reserves to safeguard the natural habitats of Calophyllum tomentosum.
• Sustainable Harvesting: Implementing guidelines for the sustainable harvesting of timber and non-timber products to prevent over-exploitation.
• Reforestation: Initiating reforestation and afforestation programs to restore degraded habitats and increase the tree's population.