Carroll Quigley

<h1 id="firstHeading" lang="en">Carroll Quigley</h1>

<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>

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<th colspan="2">Carroll Quigley</th>

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<td>November 9, 1910

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></td>

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<td>January 3, 1977 (aged 66)

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td>

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<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>

<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td>

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<th scope="row">Occupation</th>

<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a>, historian, author</td>

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<th scope="row">Known for</th>

<td>Career at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a></td>

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<th scope="row">Website</th>

<td>www.carrollquigley.net</td>

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<p><b>Carroll Quigley</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/ˈkwɪɡli/</a>; November 9, 1910 – January 3, 1977) was an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and theorist of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">evolution of civilizations</a>. He is noted for his teaching work as a professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, for his academic publications, and for his research on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Obituary1977-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup>

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<h2>Contents</h2>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Life_and_career">1Life and career</a>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Major_conclusions">1.1Major conclusions</a>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Inclusive_diversity">1.1.1Inclusive diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Institutionalization_and_the_fall_of_civilizations">1.1.2Institutionalization and the fall of civilizations</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Weapons_and_democracy">1.1.3Weapons and democracy</a></li>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Style">1.2Style</a></li>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Influence_on_Bill_Clinton">2Influence on Bill Clinton</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Quigley_and_the_Round_Table_group">3Quigley and the Round Table group</a>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Quigley.27s_claims_about_the_Milner_Group">3.1Quigley's claims about the Milner Group</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Citations_of_Quigley_in_expos.C3.A9s_of_purported_conspiracies">3.2Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Criticism">3.3Criticism</a></li>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Bibliography">4Bibliography</a>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Books_written_by_Quigley">4.1Books written by Quigley</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#Articles_about_Quigley">4.2Articles about Quigley</a></li>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#References">5References</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#External_links">6External links</a></li>

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<h2>Life and career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</h2>

<p>Born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Quigley attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he studied history and earned B.A, M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. He taught at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and then at Harvard, and then from 1941 to 1976 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Obituary1977-1">[1]</a></sup>

From 1941 until 1972 he taught a two-semester course at Georgetown on the development of civilizations. According to his obituary in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">The Washington Star</a></i>, many alumni of Georgetown's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">School of Foreign Service</a>asserted that this was "the most influential course in their undergraduate careers".<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Obituary1977-1">[1]</a></sup>

In addition to his academic work, Quigley served as a consultant to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology">Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration</a> in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Obituary1977-1">[1]</a></sup> He was also a book reviewer for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">The Washington Star</a></i>, and a contributor and editorial board member of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_History" title="Current History">Current History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:94</sup> Quigley characterized himself as a conservative defending the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> tradition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">the West</a>. He became an early and fierce critic of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> and opposed the activities of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a>.<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>

Quigley retired from Georgetown in June 1976 and died the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Obituary1977-1">[1]</a></sup></p>

<h3>Major conclusions[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major conclusions">edit</a>]</h3>

<h4>Inclusive diversity[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inclusive diversity">edit</a>]</h4>

<p>Quigley's work emphasized inclusive diversity as a core value of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western Civilization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1966-1227.2F34_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1966-1227.2F34-3">[3]</a></sup> contrasting it with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualism</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1966-84_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1966-84-4">[4]</a></sup> He concluded <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_and_Hope" title="Tragedy and Hope">Tragedy and Hope</a></i> with the hope that the West could "resume its development along its old patterns of Inclusive Diversity".<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1966-1311_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1966-1311-5">[5]</a></sup> From his study of history, "it is clear that the West believes in diversity rather than in uniformity, in pluralism rather than in monism or dualism, in inclusion rather than exclusion, in liberty rather than in authority, in truth rather than in power, in conversion rather than in annihilation, in the individual rather than in the organization, in reconciliation rather than in triumph, in heterogeneity rather than in homogeneity, in relativisms rather than in absolutes, and in approximations rather than in final answers."<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1966-1227_6-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1966-1227-6">[6]</a></sup>

Quigley asserts that any intolerance or rigidity in the religious practices of the West are aberrations from its nature of inclusivity and diversity. Quigley points to the tolerance and flexibility in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>'s belief that theological truth is revealed over time through dialogue within the Christian community, which allows the community to adapt to a changing world.<sup id="cite_ref-Aquinas2006_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Aquinas2006-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p>

<h4>Institutionalization and the fall of civilizations[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutionalization and the fall of civilizations">edit</a>]</h4>

<p>Having studied the rise and fall of civilizations, "Quigley found the explanation of disintegration in the gradual transformation of social 'instruments' into '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>,' that is, transformation of social arrangements functioning to meet real social needs into social institutions serving their own purposes regardless of real social needs".<sup id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>

<h4>Weapons and democracy[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weapons and democracy">edit</a>]</h4>

<p>From a historical study of weapons and political dynamics, Quigley concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Democracy tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to buy and use.<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-38-12">[12]</a></sup> This explains why democracy occurs so rarely in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-307_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-307-13">[13]</a></sup>

In the 1800s (peaking in the 1880s), guns were the best weapon available. In America, almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments couldn't do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-38-12">[12]</a></sup> (Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and of democracy<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-307_13-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-307-13">[13]</a></sup>).

In the 1900s, expensive, specialist weapons (such as tanks and bombers) became available, and citizen soldiers became dominated by specialist soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-58_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-58-14">[14]</a></sup> Quigley notes that the slaughter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914-1918) was due to the mismatch between the traditional armies (citizen soldiers) and the available weapons (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> used defensively).<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1983-53_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1983-53-15">[15]</a></sup></p>

<h3>Style[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</h3>

<p>Quigley's writing style is dense, influenced by a former history professor of his:</p>

<p>"As we raced along, Goethe was covered in fifteen minutes, Schiller in ten, Fichte in five...he covered any topic simply by slicing it up into a small number of parts and giving a name to each part. The complex character and achievement of Goethe, for example, were divided into six portions, each was given a title, and, ever after, the whole of Goethe could be evoked merely by reciting six words...I should like to outdare even my former professor by dividing this greater complexity [Classical culture] into only five parts."<sup id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></p>

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<p>Quigley's analytical style is scientific, stemming from his earlier training in physics.<sup id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></p>

<p>In this book we are concerned with the social sciences...and particularly with the effort to apply a scientific method of observation, formulation of hypotheses, and testing to such phenomena. The enormous size of this field has made it advisable to curtail our attention to the process of social change, especially in civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p>

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<h2>Influence on Bill Clinton[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on Bill Clinton">edit</a>]</h2>

<p>In his freshman year in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a>, future <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> took Quigley's course, receiving a 'B' as his final grade in both semesters (an excellent grade in a course where nearly half the students received D or lower).<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:94, 96</sup>

In 1991, Clinton named Quigley as an important influence on his aspirations and political philosophy, when Clinton launched his presidential campaign in a speech at Georgetown.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:96</sup> He mentioned Quigley again during his acceptance speech to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 Democratic National Convention</a>, as follows:</p>

<p>As a teenager, I heard John Kennedy's summons to citizenship. And then, as a student at Georgetown, I heard that call clarified by a professor named Carroll Quigley, who said to us that America was the greatest Nation in history because our people had always believed in two things–that tomorrow can be better than today and that every one of us has a personal moral responsibility to make it so.<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p>

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<h2>Quigley and the Round Table group[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quigley and the Round Table group">edit</a>]</h2>

<p>One distinctive feature of Quigley's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">historical writings</a> was his assertion that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table movement</a> have played a significant role in recent world history. His writing on this topic has made Quigley famous among many who investigate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:96, 98</sup> Quigley's views are particularly notable because the majority of reputable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia">academic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> profess skepticism about his views on the Round Table group.<sup id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup></p>

<h3>Quigley's claims about the Milner Group[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quigley's claims about the Milner Group">edit</a>]</h3>

<p>In his book <i>The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden</i> (written in 1949 and published posthumously in 1981),<sup id="cite_ref-Quigley1981_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-Quigley1981-22">[22]</a></sup> Quigley purports to trace the history of a secret society (Round Table group) founded in 1891 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Alfred Milner</a>. Quigley notes that "The organization was so modified and so expanded by Milner after the eclipse of Stead in 1899, and especially after the death of Rhodes in 1902, that it took on quite a different organization and character, although it continued to pursue the same goals."<sup id="cite_ref-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>

The society consisted of an inner circle ("The Society of the Elect") and an outer circle ("The Association of Helpers", also known as The Milner Kindergarten and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table Group</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The society as a whole does not have a fixed name:</p>

<p>This society has been known at various times as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milner%27s_Kindergarten" title="Milner's Kindergarten">Milner's Kindergarten</a>, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">the Round Table Group</a>, as the Rhodes crowd, as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> crowd, as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls</a> group, and as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden_set" title="Cliveden set">the Cliveden set</a>. ... I have chosen to call it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milner_group&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Milner group (page does not exist)">the Milner group</a>. Those persons who have used the other terms, or heard them used, have not generally been aware that all these various terms referred to the same Group...this Group is, as I shall show, one of the most important historical facts of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-QuigleyAAE_25-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-QuigleyAAE-25">[25]</a></sup><sup>:ix</sup></p>

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<p>Quigley assigns this group primary or exclusive credit for several historical events: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, the replacement of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and a number of Britain's foreign policy decisions in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-QuigleyAAE_25-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-QuigleyAAE-25">[25]</a></sup><sup>:5</sup>

In 1966, Quigley published a one-volume history of the twentieth century, titled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_and_Hope" title="Tragedy and Hope">Tragedy and Hope</a></i>. At several points in this book, the history of the Milner group is discussed. Moreover, Quigley states that he has recently been in direct contact with this organization, whose nature he contrasts to right-wing claims of a communist conspiracy:</p>

<p>This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical Right</a> fairy tale, which is now an accepted folk myth in many groups in America, pictured the recent history of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in regard to domestic reform and in foreign affairs, as a well-organized plot by extreme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a> elements ... This myth, like all fables, does in fact have a modicum of truth. There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an international <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophile</a> network which operates, to some extent, in the way the Radical right believes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communists</a> act. In fact, this network, which we may identify as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Table_movement" title="Round Table movement">Round Table Groups</a>, has no aversion to cooperating with the Communists, or any other group, and frequently does so. I know of the operation of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960s, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims and have, for much of my life, been close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies... but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I believe its role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> is significant enough to be known.<sup id="cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-QuigleyTAH-26">[26]</a></sup><sup>:949–950</sup></p>

</blockquote>

<p>According to Quigley, the leaders of this group were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Milner,1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Alfred Milner</a> from 1891 until Rhodes' death in 1902, Milner alone until his own death in 1925, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_George_Curtis" title="Lionel George Curtis">Lionel Curtis</a> from 1925 to 1955, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brand,1st_Baron_Brand" title="Robert Brand, 1st Baron Brand">Robert H. (Baron) Brand</a> from 1955 to 1963, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_D._Marris&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adam D. Marris (page does not exist)">Adam D. Marris</a> from 1963 until the time Quigley wrote his book. This organization also functioned through certain loosely affiliated "front groups", including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Royal Institute of International Affairs</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Pacific_Relations" title="Institute of Pacific Relations">Institute of Pacific Relations</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-QuigleyTAH-26">[26]</a></sup><sup>:132, 950–952</sup>

In addition, other secret societies are briefly discussed in <i>Tragedy and Hope</i>, including a consortium of the leaders of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> of several countries, who formed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-QuigleyTAH-26">[26]</a></sup><sup>:323–324</sup></p>

<h3>Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies">edit</a>]</h3>

<p>Soon after its publication, <i>Tragedy and Hope</i> caught the attention of authors interested in conspiracies. They proceeded to publicize Quigley's claims, disseminating them to a much larger audience than his original readership.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:96, 98</sup>

This began in 1970, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.Cleon_Skousen" title="W. Cleon Skousen">W. Cleon Skousen</a> published <i>The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope"</i>. The first third of this book consists of extensive excerpts from <i>Tragedy and Hope</i>, interspersed with commentary by Skousen. Skousen quotes Quigley's description of the activities of several groups — the Milner Group, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international bankers</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist Party</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Pacific_Relations" title="Institute of Pacific Relations">Institute of Pacific Relations</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. According to Skousen's interpretation of Quigley's book, each of these is a facet of one large conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-27"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The following year, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">G. Edward Griffin</a>released the documentary <i>The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking</i>, crediting the Skousen book: "We wish to acknowledge that this film was insipred by Cleon Skousen's book, <i>The Naked Capitalist</i>, which we believe is one of the most important documents of the decade."<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>

In 1971, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Allen" title="Gary Allen">Gary Allen</a>, a spokesman for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, published <i>None Dare Call It Conspiracy</i>, which became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">bestseller</a>. Allen cited Quigley's <i>Tragedy and Hope</i> as an authoritative source on conspiracies throughout his book. Like Skousen, Allen understood the various conspiracies in Quigley's book to be branches of one large conspiracy, and also connected them to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderbergers</a> and to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The John Birch Society continues to cite Quigley as a primary source for their view of history.<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>

Quigley is also cited by several other authors who assert the existence of powerful conspiracies. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Marrs" title="Jim Marrs">Jim Marrs</a>, whose work was used as a source by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> in his film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a></i>, cites Quigley in his book <i>Rule By Secrecy</i>, which describes a conspiracy linking the Milner Group, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Bavarian Illuminati</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a> who posed as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Sumerian gods</a> thousands of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>'s book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_World_Order(Robertson)" title="The New World Order (Robertson)">The New World Order</a></i> cites Quigley as an authority on a powerful conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:98</sup> Conservative activist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a> has asserted that Bill Clinton's political success was due to his pursuit of the "world government" agenda he learned from Quigley.<sup id="cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-McLemee1996-2">[2]</a></sup><sup>:98</sup> G. Edward Griffin relies heavily on Quigley for information about the role Milner's secret society plays in the Federal Reserve in his book <i>The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>

Quigley was dismissive of the authors who used his writings to support theories of a world domination conspiracy. Of W. Cleon Skousen's <i>The Naked Capitalist</i> he stated:</p>

<p>Skousen's book is full of misrepresentations and factual errors. He claims that I have written of a conspiracy of the super-rich who are pro-Communist and wish to take over the world and that I'm a member of this group. But I never called it a conspiracy and don't regard it as such. I'm not an "insider" of these rich persons, although Skousen thinks so. I happen to know some of them and liked them, although I disagreed with some of the things they did before 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></p>

</blockquote>

<p>On Gary Allen's <i>None Dare Call It Conspiracy</i> he said:</p>

<p>They thought Dr. Carroll Quigley proved everything. For example, they constantly misquote me to this effect: that Lord Milner (the dominant trustee of the Cecil Rhodes Trust and a heavy in the Round Table Group) helped finance the Bolsheviks. I have been through the greater part of Milner's private papers and have found no evidence to support that. Further, <i>None Dare Call It Conspiracy</i> insists that international bankers were a single bloc, were all powerful and remain so today. I, on the contrary, stated in my book that they were much divided, often fought among themselves, had great influence but not control of political life and were sharply reduced in power about 1931-1940, when they became less influential than monopolized industry.<sup id="cite_ref-34"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup></p>

</blockquote>

<h3>Criticism[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</h3>

<p>In <i>Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler</i>, the Hoover institution scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Antony C. Sutton</a> stated:</p>

<p>Quigley goes a long way to provide evidence for the <i>existence</i> of the power elite, but does not penetrate the <i>operations</i> of the elite. Possibly, the papers used by Quigley had been vetted, and did not include documentation on elitist manipulation of such events as the Bolshevik Revolution, Hitler's accession to power, and the election of Roosevelt in 1933. More likely, these political manipulations may not be recorded at all in the files of the power groups. They may have been unrecorded actions by a small ad hoc segment of the elite. It is noteworthy that the documents used by this author came from government sources, recording the day-to-day actions of Trotsky, Lenin, Roosevelt, Hitler, J.P. Morgan and the various firms and banks involved.<sup id="cite_ref-35"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></p>

</blockquote>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._William_Engdahl" title="F. William Engdahl">F. William Engdahl</a>, in an overview of financial imperialism entitled <i>The Gods of Money</i>, criticized Quigley for stating that the power of international bankers declined in the 1930s, and insofar as the influence of international bankers in America was concerned, suggested that Quigley was confusing "international finance" with Morgan interests. He suggested, like Sutton, that Quigley's papers had been vetted. Engdahl argued that it was not the case that the power of "international finance" declined, but rather, Morgan interests fell and were replaced by Rockefeller interests.<sup id="cite_ref-36"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>

Quigley stated that the intentions and objectives of the group he profiled, associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>' super-imperialism, were "largely commendable". Members of the group, in statements recorded by the <i>New York Times</i> in 1902, proclaimed that they formed their society for the purpose of "gradually absorbing the wealth of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-37"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>

Quigley argued that the Round Table groups were not World Government advocates but super-imperialists. He stated that they emphatically did not want the League of Nations to become a World Government. Yet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_George_Curtis" title="Lionel George Curtis">Lionel Curtis</a>, who, according to Quigley, was one of the leaders of the Round Table movement, wished for it to be a World government with teeth, writing articles with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G.Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> urging this.<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>

Although Quigley did not overtly condemn the Anglo-American financial coterie that he wrote about, he, according to an interview he gave,<sup>[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> and letters of his that were later published by the magazine <i>Conspiracy Digest</i>, had the plates of his book destroyed against his will by MacMillan, and believed that his work was being suppressed. One of the published letters stated the following:</p>

<p>The original edition published by Macmillan in 1966 sold about 8800 copies and sales were picking up in 1968 when they "ran out of stock," as they told me (but in 1974, when I went after them with a lawyer, they told me that they had destroyed the plates in 1968). They lied to me for six years, telling me that they would re-print when they got 2000 orders, which could never happen because they told anyone who asked that it was out of print and would not be reprinted. They denied this until I sent them xerox copies of such replies to libraries, at which they told me it was a clerk's error. In other words they lied to me but prevented me from regaining the publication rights by doing so (on OP [out of print] rights revert to holder of copyright, but on OS [out of stock] they do not.) ... Powerful influences in this country want me, or at least my work, suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>}</p>

</blockquote>

<p>According to Gary North, in <i>Conspiracy: A Biblical View</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Allen" title="Gary Allen">Gary Allen</a> received a letter from a friend of Quigley's who stated that Quigley had begun to view the group he profiled as a malevolent influence in political affairs by the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-41"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></p>

<h2>Bibliography[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</h2>

<h3>Books written by Quigley[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books written by Quigley">edit</a>]</h3>

<ul>

<li><cite><i>The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis</i> </cite>(First ed.). New York: Macmillan. 1961. pp. 281 pages.

<ul>

<li><cite><i>La Evolucion de las Civilizaciones</i> </cite>(in Spanish). Mexico City: Hermes. 1963.</li>

<li><cite><i>A Evolucao das Civilazacoes</i> </cite>(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundo de Cultura. 1963.</li>

<li><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/download/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionTo/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionToHistoricalAnalysis1979.pdf"><i>The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis</i></a> </cite>(PDF). Indianapolis: LibertyPress / Liberty Fund. 1979. pp. 444 pages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913966-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-913966-56-8">0-913966-56-8</a>. Full text.</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/Tragedy_and_Hope.pdf"><i>Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time</i></a> </cite>(PDF) (Reprinted by Rancho Palos Verdes: GSG & Associates, 1975, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913022-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-913022-14-4">0-913022-14-4</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945001-10-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-945001-10-X">0-945001-10-X</a> ed.). New York: Macmillan. 1966. pp. 1348 pages. Full text. (pp. 62–63 missing)

<ul>

<li><cite><i>The World Since 1939: A History</i> </cite>(A reprint of the second half of <i>Tragedy and Hope ed.). New York: Collier Books. 1968. pp. 676 pages.</i></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/The_Anglo-American_Establishment.pdf"><i>The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden</i></a> </cite>(PDF) (Reprinted by Rancho Palos Verdes: GSG & Associates, date unknown, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945001-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-945001-01-0">0-945001-01-0</a> (paperback) ed.). New York: Books in Focus. 1981. pp. 354 pages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916728-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-916728-50-1">0-916728-50-1</a>. Full text.

<ul>

<li><cite><i>Histoire secrète de l'oligarchie anglo-américaine</i> </cite>(in French). Paris: Le Retour aux sources. 2015.</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability.pdf"><i>Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History</i></a> </cite>(PDF). Washington, DC: University Press of America. 1983. pp. 1064 pages. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-2947-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-2947-X">0-8191-2947-X</a>. Full text.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQuigleyLucchese2015">Quigley, Carroll; Lucchese, Adriano (August 2015), </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.com/Carroll-Quigley-Lectures-Collected-Writings/dp/1516922743"><i>Carroll Quigley: Life, Lectures and Collected Writings</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>: Discovery Publisher.</li>

</ul>

<h3>Articles about Quigley[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Articles about Quigley">edit</a>]</h3>

<ul>

<li><cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_McLemee&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Scott McLemee (page does not exist)">McLemee, Scott</a> </cite>(December 1996). "The Quigley Cult". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(magazine)" title="George (magazine)">George</a></i>. <b>1</b> (10):  94–98.</li>

</ul>

<h2>References[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2>

<div>

<ol>

<li id="cite_note-Obituary1977-1">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Obituary1977_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <cite>"Obituary". </cite><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">The Washington Star</a></i>. January 6, 1977. p. B-4.</li>

<li id="cite_note-McLemee1996-2">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-McLemee1996_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Scott McLemee (Dec 1996). "The Quigley Cult". </cite><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(magazine)" title="George (magazine)">George</a></i>. <b>1</b> (10): 94, 96, 98.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1966-1227.2F34-3"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1966-1227.2F34_3-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1966). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 1227–34. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1966-84-4"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1966-84_4-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1966). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 84. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1966-1311-5"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1966-1311_5-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1966). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 1311. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1966-1227-6"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1966-1227_6-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1966). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 1227. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Aquinas2006-7"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Aquinas2006_7-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Thomas Aquinas (26 October 2006). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5SJBda4buUC&pg=PA102"><i>Summa Theologiae: Volume 1, Christian Theology: 1a. 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02909-4">978-0-521-02909-4</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013., quoted on p1230 of Tragedy and Hope</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-8">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};Harry J Hogan, p18 of the foreword to <cite>Carroll Quigley (1979). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyImAQAAMAAJ"><i>The evolution of civilizations: an introduction to historical analysis</i></a>. Liberty Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-56-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-56-3">978-0-913966-56-3</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-9">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};Harry J Hogan in the foreword (p17) and Quigley in the conclusion (p416) to <cite>Carroll Quigley (1979). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyImAQAAMAAJ"><i>The evolution of civilizations: an introduction to historical analysis</i></a>. Liberty Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-56-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-56-3">978-0-913966-56-3</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-10">Jump up^{</a></b> Foreword}, written by historian <a rel="nofollow" href="http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml">Harry J Hogan</a> in 1982, to Quigley's <i>Weapons Systems and Political Stability</i></li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-11">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};see also Chester G Starr, Review of <i>Weapons Systems and Political Stability</i>, American Historical Review, Feb 1984, p98, available at <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/book-reviews/Review-of-Weapons-Systems-Political-Stability-Starr.htm">carrollquigley.net</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1983-38-12">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_12-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-38_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Carroll Quigley (1983). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Weapons systems and political stability: a history</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 38–9. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5">978-0-8191-2947-5</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1983-307-13">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-307_13-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-307_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Carroll Quigley (1983). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Weapons systems and political stability: a history</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 307. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5">978-0-8191-2947-5</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1983-58-14"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-58_14-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1983). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Weapons systems and political stability: a history</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 58. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5">978-0-8191-2947-5</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1983-53-15"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1983-53_15-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley (1983). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Weapons systems and political stability: a history</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 53. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-2947-5">978-0-8191-2947-5</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-16">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};Evolution of Civilizations, pp278-9</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-17">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};foreword (by Harry J Hogan) to <i>Evolution of Civilizations</i>, pp.13-14</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-18">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};see also <i>Evolution of Civilizations</i>, chapter 1: Scientific Method and the Social Sciences</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-19">Jump up^{</a></b> <i}>Evolution of Civilizations</i>, p.47</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-20">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton, Bill</a> </cite>(July 16, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.4president.org/speeches/billclinton1992acceptance.htm">"Acceptance Speech"</a>. <i>Democratic National Convention</i> (Full text ed.). New York, NY.</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-21">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> </cite>and Earl Raab (1970). <i>The Politics of Unreason</i>. Harper & Row.; <cite>Ted Goertzel (1994). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.crab.rutgers.edu/_{goertzel/conspire.doc">}"Belief in Conspiracy Theories"</a>. <i>Political Psychology</i>. <b>15</b>: 733–744. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3791630">10.2307/3791630</a>. Retrieved 2009-02-26.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Quigley1981-22"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-Quigley1981_22-0">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Carroll Quigley. </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden</i></a>. Books in Focus, Incorporated. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916728-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916728-50-2">978-0-916728-50-2</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013., written in 1949 and published posthumously in 1981.</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-23">Jump up^{</a></b> <i}>The Anglo-American Establishment</i>, ch.1</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-24">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a rel="nofollow" href="http://carrollquigley.net/"><i>The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1</i></a>. p. 5.</cite>]</li>

<li id="cite_note-QuigleyAAE-25">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-QuigleyAAE_25-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-QuigleyAAE_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Carroll Quigley (1981). </cite><i>The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden</i>. New York: Books in Focus. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916728-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-916728-50-1">0-916728-50-1</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-QuigleyTAH-26">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-0">Jump up to:<sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-QuigleyTAH_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite>Carroll Quigley (1966). </cite><i>Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time</i>. New York: Macmillan.</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-27">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Cleon_Skousen" title="W. Cleon Skousen">W. Cleon Skousen</a> </cite>(1970). <i>The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope"</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: privately published. pp. 1–6, 38–44 (communists), 6–24 (bankers), 26–38 (Rhodes and Milner), 45–48 (IPR), 50–57 (CFR).</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-28">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>Vol}. 1 (1971). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/the_capitalist_conspiracy1969"><i>The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking (credit at 1m:39s)</i></a> (Documentary). American Media. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5558340">5558340</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-29">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Allen" title="Gary Allen">Gary Allen</a> </cite>with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_H._Abraham" title="Larry H. Abraham">Larry Abraham</a> (1971). <i>None Dare Call It Conspiracy</i>. Rossmoor, CA: Concord Press. Quigley is cited on pp. 12-13, 39, 42, 57, 59, 79-82, 85; his photo is on p. 52.</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-30">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};For example, a quotation from Quigley is displayed on the back cover of <cite>John F. McManus (2004). </cite><i>The Insiders: Architects of the New World Order</i>. Appleton, WI: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-31">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Marrs" title="Jim Marrs">Jim Marrs</a> </cite>(2000). <i>Rule By Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids</i>. New York: HarperCollins. Quigley is cited on pp. 7, 84, 86-89, 109.</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-32">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">G. Edward Griffin</a> </cite>(1994). <i>The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve</i>. California: American Media. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912986-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912986-39-5">978-0-912986-39-5</a>.</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-33">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Wes Christenson (Mar 1972). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/biography/Making-Birchers-Bark.htm">"Quigley ... making Birchers bark"</a>. <i>Georgetown Today</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 12–13.</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-34">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite}>Rudy Maza (March 23, 1975). </cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/biography/The-Professor-Who-Knew-Too-Much.htm">"The Professor Who Knew Too Much"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post Magazine</a></i>. <b>1</b> (10): 17, 22, 26–28.</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-35">Jump up^{</a></b> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/chapter_12.htm">http://www.reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/chapter_12.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-36">Jump up^{</a></b> Engdahl}, F. William. <i>The Gods of Money: Wall Street and the Death of the American Century</i>. Wiesbaden, Germany: Edition.engdahl, 2009. pp. 81-135</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-37">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>}<a rel="nofollow" href="https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F00811FB395412738DDDA00894DC405B828CF1D3">"MR. RHODES'S IDEAL OF ANGLO-SAXON GREATNESS; Statement of His Aims, Written for W.T. Stead In 1890. He Believed a Wealthy Secret Society Should Work to Secure the World's Peace and a British-American Federation"</a>. </cite><i>The New York Times</i>. April 9, 1902.</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-38">Jump up^{</a></b> }<a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19jan/leag119.htm">https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19jan/leag119.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-39">Jump up^{</a></b> }<a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19feb/leag219.htm">https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19feb/leag219.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-40">Jump up^{</a></b>&#160};Letter to Peter Sutherland, December 9, 1975; reprinted in <i>Conspiracy Digest</i> (Summer 1976), and reprinted again in <i>American Opinion</i> (April 1983), p. 29.</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-41">Jump up^{</a></b> }<a rel="nofollow" href="http://reformed-theology.org/ice/books/conspiracy/html/6.htm">http://reformed-theology.org/ice/books/conspiracy/html/6.htm</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Quigley#cite_ref-42">Jump up^{</a></b> <cite>"Obituary". </cite><i>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">The Washington Star</a></i>. January 6, 1977. p. B-4.</li>

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<h2>External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Quigley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg"><img src="/307ee219-ad15-5689-a46b-c4a864451350.png"/></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carroll_Quigley" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carroll Quigley">Carroll Quigley</a> at Wikiquote</li>

<li><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.carrollquigley.net/">"A site dedicated to Professor Quigley, including on-line copies of his books"</a>. </cite><i>CarrollQuigley.net</i>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionTo">"The Evolution of Civilizations - An Introduction to Historical Analysis (1979) By Carroll Quigley" at <i>Internet Archive</i></a></li>

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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.idref.fr/077610660">077610660</a></li>

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<li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 30 June 2017, at 08:05.</li>

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Carroll Quigley

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