Hoover, Herbert pres

uber1
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</div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2022/06/economy-tanks-thank-ronald-reagan/">https://www.alternet.org/2022/06/economy-tanks-thank-ronald-reagan/</a></div><div>
</div><div>yesterday the Fed started something it hasn't done for quite a while. It started dumping bonds.</div>The Fed has been goosing the economy steadily since the Bush Crash of 2008, buying US and corporate bonds with money it creates out of thin air (only the Fed can "print money" like this by simply willing the dollars into existence).By purchasing and holding those bonds over the past 14 years, the Fed has created and then flushed into our economy <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bst_recenttrends.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">$8 trillion</a> in liquid cash. This is how the Fed stimulates an economy in crisis: pouring newly-created money into the system.As a result, our economy has been running on high-octane sugar-high stimulus (free money from the Fed, as you can see above) ever since 2008.Several trillion of that came in the last year of the Trump presidency. While Republicans scream about spending for social needs that might also stimulate the economy, they and Trump were quite happy to see that money from the Fed.But now the Fed and it's Trump-appointed Republican Chairman, Jerome Powell, are backing off.Yesterday the Fed started selling those bonds, reversing the process after 14 years and now sucking money out. Instead of stimulating the economy, they're trying to slow it down in the hope that will cool off inflation.When they receive the money back from those sales they'll simply drop it into the same Schrödinger's Cat-box from which it came: it'll vanish into the icy, dark depths of fiscal interstellar space, never to be seen again. What the Fed creates, the Fed can dissolve.This month the Fed <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-01/fed-starts-experiment-of-letting-8-9-trillion-portfolio-shrink" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">expects</a> to "retire" $47.5 billion from its balance sheet — retire that amount from our economy — rising to $90 billion a month by the end of the summer.While these aren't huge sums in the grand scheme of things, the very fact that the Fed has gone from pumping created-from-nothing money into the economy to pulling that money back out is a Very Big Deal.Add that to its plan to continue increasing interest rates, which also slows the economy, and we're looking at a potential Category 5 event.Thus, the Financial Times was the bearer of the predictable bad tidings yesterday. Just from that day's FT's (digital) front page's "Live News Updates" <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/83c57fca-e476-4486-9679-f4f9a09c0e44" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">column</a>, these were some of the headlines:<ul class="ee-ul" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; width: 589.456px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li>Ford forecasts car industry consolidation as capital becomes constrained</li><li>Treasuries and US stocks slip as investors gird for monetary policy tightening</li><li>Bank of Canada prepared to 'act more forcefully' after latest rate rise</li><li>European stocks enter June on a muted note after turbulent month</li><li>German retail sales fell 5.4% in April</li><li>UK house price growth slows in May</li><li>China's manufacturing sector activity shrinks for third consecutive month</li><li>Government bonds sell off as eurozone inflation hits record high</li><li>JPMorgan chief says 'hurricane' is bearing down on economy</li></ul>In that last article, JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon, who a week ago had predicted "storm clouds" on the economic horizon, became far more blunt yesterday.<blockquote style="margin: 1em 40px 1em -5px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(11, 13, 101); line-height: 32px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 24px; width: 602.546px; background: rgb(245, 245, 245);">'I said they're storm clouds, they're big storm clouds here,' Dimon <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/83c57fca-e476-4486-9679-f4f9a09c0e44" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">said</a>, adding, 'It's a hurricane.'</blockquote>Elaborating that the war in Ukraine and Europe's disconnection from Russian fossil fuel markets could drive oil as high as $175 a barrel, Dimon <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/83c57fca-e476-4486-9679-f4f9a09c0e44" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">worried</a> out loud:<blockquote style="margin: 1em 40px 1em -5px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(11, 13, 101); line-height: 32px; padding: 10px 20px 10px 24px; width: 602.546px; background: rgb(245, 245, 245);">That hurricane is right out there down the road coming our way. We just don't know if it's a minor one or Superstorm Sandy . . . And you better brace yourself.</blockquote>So, how did we get here?Between the Republican Great Depression of 1929-1937 and Reagan's inauguration in 1981, the United States experienced a few recessions, but nothing as severe as Republican President Herbert Hoover oversaw back on <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/black-tuesday" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Black Tuesday</a>, October 29, 1929.Hoover's crash was set up by the election of 1920, when Republican Warren Harding convinced Americans to abandon the trust-busting, high tax, progressive policies of Presidents Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson in favor of that generation's version of neoliberalism or what we today call Reaganomics.Harding referred to it as "Horse and Sparrow Economics" — it was the early 20th century version of what Reagan later reinvented as "trickle-down economics."If the horses (rich people and big business) were fed more oats (through deregulation and tax cuts), more of those oats would pass undigested into the horse manure that then littered the streets of American. The sparrows (working class Americans) could then pick the extra oats out of the manure.In 1920, Warren Harding won the presidency on a campaign of "more industry in government, less government in industry" — privatize and deregulate — and "a return to normality," his promise to drop the top tax bracket from its then-91 percent rate down to 25 percent.Harding kept both promises, putting the nation into a sugar-high spin called the Roaring '20s, where the rich got fabulously rich and working-class people were being beaten and murdered by industrialists when they tried to unionize. Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover (the three Republican presidents from 1920 to 1932) all cheered on the assaults, using phrases like "the right to work" to describe a union-free nation.In the end, the result of the "<a href="https://www.salon.com/2019/01/05/the-gops-most-successful-scam-is-about-to-reboot-itself_partner/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">horses and sparrows</a>" economics advocated by Harding was the Republican Great Depression (yes, they called it that until after World War II).FDR's response to Hoover's Depression was to raise the top income tax bracket back up to 91% and impose stiff regulations on banks and Wall Street, creating the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and putting Joe Kennedy in charge of it.Gloria Swanson, who knew Kennedy well and intensely disliked him (he'd robbed and exploited her), told me over one of our many dinners in her New York apartment that FDR knew, "It takes a crook to catch a crook." And FDR was going after the crooks.High taxes on the morbidly rich and aggressive government enforcement of banking and securities rules prevented another large-scale crash for a half century until Reagan came along and repeated Harding's mistakes in the 1980s.After Reagan finally dropped the top tax rate from the 74% he inherited when he came into office to 28% there was a one-day 22% stock market crash — <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2011/08/09/139237597/reagans-leadership-too-was-questioned-after-1987-market-drop" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Black Monday</a> on October 27, 1987 — that rivaled 1929's Black Tuesday for the first time.When Reagan deregulated the Savings & Loan industry the banksters stole so much money they crashed S&Ls across America, the first serious bank panic since the Republican Great Depression.We're still living in Reagan's neoliberal deregulated economy. It brought us two financial crises while he was President, the dot-com bubble-bust of 1999/2000, the Bush Crash of 2008, and arguably the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/biggest-fraud-generation-looting-covid-relief-program-known-ppp-n1279664" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">trillion-dollar-heist</a> of 2020 when Trump passed out money to his fat-cat buddies without controls (we're still trying to figure out where all that money went).Now, if Dimon is right, hang onto your hat for another "event."The core tenet of both Harding's and Reagan's versions of neoliberalism is that the economy is essentially a force of nature. It's why Harding did away with regulations on stock speculation and why Reagan deregulated everything he could as fast as he could.The economy "operates according to its own rules," they'd tell you, and anything government does to interfere with it will simply produce a bad outcome.In actual fact, the opposite is true.Players in the top reaches of finance, banking, and speculation are much like players in boxing or football: they're engaged in a competitive high-stakes game defined by very specific rules, and when they know they can get away with breaking those rules, they'll often do it.The difference is that instead of winning or throwing a football game or boxing match, when bankers and speculators violate the rules they can take down the entire economy.The financial speculators, of course are rarely injured in the process. We bailed out the banksters and speculators in the 1980s, 1999/2000, 2008, and 2020 to the tune of trillions of dollars. Senior executives and shareholders took home hundreds of billions of those dollars, looting the system they themselves had crashed.Since 2008, most of that money was created out of thin air by the Fed. Now the Fed wants it back, but the banksters and speculators have already stashed it in their offshore tax havens. As a result, working class Americans and small- and medium-sized businesses will largely foot the bill.Dimon and the purveyors of doom may be wrong about a crisis at this particular moment, but the system is still shaky and fraud is rife across banking, brokerage and finance, as <a href="https://wallstreetonparade.com/2013/04/elizabeth-warren's-foreclosure-settlement-bombshell-banks-determined-the-number-of-victims-of-their-own-foreclosure-frauds/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a27126044/katie-porter-jamie-dimon-big-banks-pay/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Katie Porter</a> continually remind us.As I lay out in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Hidden-History-Neoliberalism-Reaganism-Greatness/dp/1523002328/ref=thomhartmann" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" class="rm-stats-tracked" style="text-decoration-line: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">The Hidden History of Neoliberalism: How Reaganism Gutted America</a>, it's probably going to take another 1929-type event to shake Americans up enough to reject Reagan's vision of a deregulated economy and put the nation back on the course of the stable and steady Keynesian growth that FDR gave us from 1933 to 1981.Now, in addition to an economy held together with the baling-wire of Fed stimulus (that's coming to an end), both the US and the world are facing a wild spectrum of assaults that could have huge economic impacts.And Republicans are committed to doing everything they can to cripple our economy, refusing to pass much of Biden's economic agenda, in their belief that a Crash will help them in the 2022 and 2024 elections.Between the worldwide food and oil crises the Russian invasion of Ukraine are provoking, billions in climate change damage and millions of climate change refugees, Republican intransigence, and the Fed's claiming back that $8 trillion they gave our banksters and speculators, a real crisis may be at our doorstep sooner than any of us would like.Brace yourself.<div>
</div><div>=</div>=10 million bucks to beat uppie?! rt terrified uppie aND FDR were egghead elite who did not know real ppl, a threat to religion (mobilized apoltical conserv woman befoe passive) b/c socialism threat to your homes.dem party did backrm deal with merriam b/c they scared too?!history roots<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://kpfa.org/episode/against-the-grain-march-19-2019/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://kpfa.org/episode/against-the-grain-march-19-2019/</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ca farm, steinbeck (cotton strike dubious battle woman and ppl of color but --> wht men)</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">hoover born iowa but came to ca stanford, built party picked rmn, helped beat uppie (donors, consultants ) eventually 1966 RR gov</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What are the origins of modern conservatism?  The failed Goldwater campaign?  Or the Cold War era discontent of midwestern small capitalists?  Historian Kathryn Olmstead argues that it should be located even earlier, in the intense and massive labor unrest that took place in the fields of California in the 1930s.  The response by growers and other elites pioneered methods that have become familiar today, from deploying populist rhetoric in the interests of big business to funding ostensibly grassroots organizations. (Encore presentation.)Resources:Kathryn Olmstead, <a href="http://thenewpress.com/books/right-out-of-california" target="blank" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Right Out of California: The Big Business Roots of Modern Conservatism</a> The New Press, 2015</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American engineer, businessman, and politician who served as the 31st <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">president of the United States</a>from 1929 to 1933. A member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Republican Party</a>, he held office during the onset of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Depression</a>. Prior to serving as president, Hoover led the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a>, served as the director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Food Administration</a>, and served as the 3rd U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secretary of Commerce</a>.</div>Born to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Quaker</a> family in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch,Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Branch, Iowa</a>, Hoover took a position with a London-based mining company after graduating from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stanford University</a> in 1895. After the outbreak of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War I</a>, he became the head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, an international relief organization that provided food to occupied <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Belgium</a>. When the U.S. entered the war, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Woodrow Wilson</a> appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration, and Hoover became known as the country's "food czar". After the war, Hoover led the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">American Relief Administration</a>, which provided food to the inhabitants of Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Hoover's war-time service made him a favorite of many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">progressives</a>, and he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1920" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1920" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">1920 presidential election</a>.After the 1920 election, newly-elected Republican President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G.Harding" title="Warren G. Harding" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Warren G. Harding</a> appointed Hoover as Secretary of Commerce; Hoover continued to serve under President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Calvin Coolidge</a> after Harding died in 1923. Hoover was an unusually active and visible cabinet member, becoming known as "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments". He was influential in the development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">radio</a> and air travel and led the federal response to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>. Hoover won the Republican nomination in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1928" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1928" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">1928 presidential election</a>, and decisively defeated the Democratic candidate, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Al Smith</a>. The stock market crashed shortly after Hoover took office, and the Great Depression became the central issue of his presidency. Hoover pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lift the economy, but opposed directly involving the federal government in relief efforts.In the midst of an ongoing economic crisis, Hoover was decisively defeated by Democratic nominee <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D.Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,1932" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1932" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1932 presidential election</a>. Hoover enjoyed one of the longest retirements of any former president, and he authored numerous works. After leaving office, Hoover became increasingly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conservative</a>, and he strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Deal</a> domestic agenda. In the 1940s and 1950s, Hoover's public reputation was rehabilitated as he served for Presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S.Truman" title="Harry S. Truman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D.Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> in various assignments, including as chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hoover Commission</a>. Nevertheless, Hoover is generally not ranked highly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a>.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Mining_engineer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Mining engineer</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Bewick,Moreing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Bewick, Moreing</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Sole_proprietor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2Sole proprietor</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Marriage_and_family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Marriage and family</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#World_War_I_and_aftermath" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4World War I and aftermath</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Relief_in_Europe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Relief in Europe</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#U.S.Food_Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2U.S. Food Administration</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Post-war_relief" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.3Post-war relief</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#1920_election" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.41920 election</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Secretary_of_Commerce" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Secretary of Commerce</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Radio_and_travel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.1Radio and travel</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Other_initiatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.2Other initiatives</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Mississippi_flood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.3Mississippi flood</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Presidential_election_of_1928" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.4Presidential election of 1928</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Presidency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Presidency</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Great_Depression" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1Great Depression</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Early_policies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1.1Early policies</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Later_policies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1.2Later policies</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Budget_policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.2Budget policy</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Civil_rights_and_Mexican_Repatriation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.3Civil rights and Mexican Repatriation</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Prohibition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.4Prohibition</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Foreign_relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.5Foreign relations</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Bonus_Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.6Bonus Army</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#1932_re-election_campaign" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.71932 re-election campaign</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Post-presidency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Post-presidency</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Roosevelt_administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1Roosevelt administration</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Opposition_to_New_Deal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1.1Opposition to New Deal</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#World_War_II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1.2World War II</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.2Post–World War II</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Death" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.3Death</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Legacy</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Historical_reputation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.1Historical reputation</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Memorials" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.2Memorials</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11References</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Works_cited" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11.1Works cited</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12Further reading</a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Biographies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.1Biographies</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Scholarly_studies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.2Scholarly studies</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Primary_sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12.3Primary sources</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Early life[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 132px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Herbert Hoover in 1877</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Branch,Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">West Branch</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iowa</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[a]</a> His father, Jesse Hoover, was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">blacksmith</a> and farm implement store owner of German, Swiss, and English ancestry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner19964-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>Hoover's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was raised in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich,Ontario" title="Norwich, Ontario" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Norwich, Ontario</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Canada</a>, before moving to Iowa in 1859. Like most other citizens of West Branch, Jesse and Hulda were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Quakers</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_20175%E2%80%9310-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>As a child, Hoover consistently attended schools, but he did little reading on his own aside from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bible</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201713%E2%80%9314,31-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Hoover's father, noted by the local paper for his "pleasant, sunshiny disposition", died in 1880 at the age of 34.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199610-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> Hoover's mother died in 1884, leaving Hoover, his older brother, Theodore, and his younger sister, May, as orphans.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201717%E2%80%9318-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Medal depicting Herbert Hoover by Devreese Godefroi.</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">
</a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns:data="data" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns:data="data" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Herbert Hoover birthplace cottage, West Branch, Iowa</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">In 1885, Hoover was sent to </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberg,Oregon" title="Newberg, Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Newberg, Oregon</a> to live with his uncle John Minthorn, a Quaker physician and businessman whose own son had died the year before. The Minthorn household was considered cultured and educational, and imparted a strong work ethic.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199612-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> Much like West Branch, Newberg was a frontier town settled largely by Midwestern Quakers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201720%E2%80%9321-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> Minthorn ensured that Hoover received an education, but Hoover disliked the many chores assigned to him and often resented Minthorn. One observer described Hoover as "an orphan [who] seemed to be neglected in many ways."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201722%E2%80%9324-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> Hoover attended Friends Pacific Academy (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Fox University</a>), but dropped out at the age of thirteen to become an office assistant for his uncle's real estate office in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Salem, Oregon</a>. Though he did not attend high school, Hoover learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics at a night school.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20094%E2%80%936-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a>Hoover entered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stanford University</a> in 1891, its inaugural year, despite failing all the entrance exams except mathematics.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199616-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[b]</a> During his freshman year, he switched his major from mechanical engineering to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">geology</a> after working for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casper_Branner" title="John Casper Branner" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Casper Branner</a>, the chair of Stanford's geology department. Hoover was a mediocre student, and he spent much of his time working in various part-time jobs or participating in campus activities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201735%E2%80%9339-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> Though he was initially shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fraternities and sororities</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096%E2%80%939-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> He served as student manager of both the baseball and football teams, and helped organize the inaugural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Game(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Big Game</a> versus the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of California</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> During the summers before and after his senior year, Hoover interned under economic geologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Lindgren" title="Waldemar Lindgren" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Waldemar Lindgren</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Geological Survey</a>; these experience convinced Hoover to pursue a career as a mining geologist.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201739%E2%80%9341-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Mining engineer[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mining engineer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Bewick, Moreing[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bewick, Moreing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>
Hoover traveled constantly across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback" title="Outback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Outback</a> to evaluate and manage the company's mines.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201754%E2%80%9355-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> He convinced Bewick, Moreing to purchase the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia" title="Sons of Gwalia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sons of Gwalia</a> gold mine, which proved to be one of the most successful mines in the region.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201756-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> Partly due to Hoover's efforts, the company eventually controlled approximately 50 percent of gold production in Western Australia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1983283-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a> Hoover brought in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian immigrants" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Italian immigrants</a> to cut costs and counter the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">labour movement</a> of the Australian miners.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-HG-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> During his time with the mining company, Hoover became opposed to measures such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">minimum wage</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">workers' compensation</a>, feeling that they were unfair to owners. Hoover's work impressed his employers, and in 1898 he was promoted to junior partner.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910%E2%80%9313-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a> An open feud developed between Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but company leaders defused the situation by offering Hoover a compelling position in China.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199632-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a>When Hoover graduated from Stanford in 1895, the country was in the midst of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Panic of 1893</a>, and he initially struggled to find a job.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096%E2%80%939-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> He worked in various low-level mining jobs in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sierra Nevada</a> mountain range until he convinced prominent mining engineer Louis Janin to hire him.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201746%E2%80%9348-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> After working as a mine scout for a year, Hoover was hired by Bewick, Moreing & Co., a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">London</a>-based company that operated gold mines in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Western Australia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201748%E2%80%9350-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> Hoover first went to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie,Western_Australia" title="Coolgardie, Western Australia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Coolgardie</a>, then the center of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields" title="Eastern Goldfields" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Eastern Goldfields</a>. Though Hoover received a $5,000 salary (equivalent to $150,580 in 2018), conditions were harsh in the goldfields.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-Hoover_biography-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> Hoover described the Coolgardie and Murchison <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rangelands</a>on the edge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Victoria Desert</a> as a land of "black flies, red dust and white heat."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lou.henry.on.a.burro.at.acton.CA.1891.08.22.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lou.henry.on.a.burro.at.acton.CA.1891.08.22.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Lou Henry, age 17, on a burro and rifle-ready at </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,California" title="Acton, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Acton, California</a> on August 22, 1891</div></div></div>Upon arriving in China, Hoover developed gold mines near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tianjin</a> on behalf of Bewick, Moreing and the Chinese-owned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Engineering_and_Mining_Company" title="Chinese Engineering and Mining Company" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chinese Engineering and Mining Company</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201770%E2%80%9371,76-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> He became deeply interested in Chinese history, but quickly gave up on learning the language and viewed the Chinese people as racially inferior.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201772%E2%80%9373-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> He made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker, seeking to end the practice of imposing long-term servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199634-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> The xenophobic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boxer Rebellion</a> broke out shortly after Hoover arrived in China, trapping the Hoovers and numerous other foreign nationals until a multi-national force defeated Boxer forces in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Battle of Tientsin</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201777%E2%80%9378,81-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> Fearing the imminent collapse of the Chinese government, the director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick, Moreing.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201779%E2%80%9381-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> After Hoover and Bewick, Moreing established effective control over the new Chinese mining company, Hoover became the operating partner of Bewick, Moreing in late 1901.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201785%E2%80%9389-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a>As operating partner, Hoover continually traveled the world on behalf of Bewick, Moreing, visiting mines operated by the company on different continents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201788%E2%80%9389-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a> Beginning in December 1902, the company faced mounting legal and financial issues after one of the partners admitted to having fraudulently sold stock in a mine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201791%E2%80%9393-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a> More issues arose in 1904, after the British government formed two separate royal commission to investigate Bewick, Moreing's labor practices and financial dealings in Western Australia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201798-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> After the company lost a suit filed by the former director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company, Hoover began looking for a way to get out of the partnership, and he sold his shares in mid-1908.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017102%E2%80%93104-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Sole proprietor</h3><div>...</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==</div>