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</div><div>In  a victory for climate activists, a Portland, Oregon, jury refused to convict five Extinction Rebellion members for blocking railroad tracks used to transport oil by Zenith Energy Corporation and other oil companies. The activists were acquitted after presenting a necessity defense. Valve turner Ken Ward — one of the “Zenith 5” — said of the landmark victory, “When citizens are told the truth about the climate crisis — which is the first of Extinction Rebellion’s demands — they take appropriate and responsible action, as our jury did, and we thank them.”</div>In other environmental activism news, police arrested members of Extinction Rebellion NYC as they blocked construction of a National Grid fracked gas pipeline in Brooklyn.<div class="topics" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 30px; width: 635px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="label" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: bottom; text-transform: uppercase; display: inline-block; margin-right: 10px; font-weight: 900;">TOPICS:</div><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; display: inline;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; vertical-align: top; display: inline-block;"><a data-ga-action="Headlines: Topic" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/climate_change" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Climate Crisis</a></li><li class="bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 4px; height: 4px; background-color: rgb(236, 238, 239); margin: 7px 5px 2px; display: inline-block; list-style-type: none; vertical-align: baseline;" /><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; vertical-align: top; display: inline-block;"><a data-ga-action="Headlines: Topic" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/protests" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Protests</a></li><li class="bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 4px; height: 4px; background-color: rgb(236, 238, 239); margin: 7px 5px 2px; display: inline-block; list-style-type: none; vertical-align: baseline;" /><li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; vertical-align: top; display: inline-block;"><a data-ga-action="Headlines: Topic" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/natural_gas_and_oil" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Natural Gas & Oil Drilling</a></li></ul></div><div>=</div></div><div></div><div>ew 220</div><div>
</div><div>Anti-<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/pipelines" target="self" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">pipeline</a> protests have shut down major rail networks across Canada as <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/indigenous-rights" target="self" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">indigenous rights</a> and environmental activists <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/canada-pipeline-indigenous-rights-2645112415.html" target="self" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">act in solidarity</a> with the Wet'suwet'en people of British Columbia, who are fighting to keep a <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/natural-gas" target="self" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">natural gas</a> pipeline off their land.<div class="rebellt-item col1" data-basename="particle-1" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/pipeline-protests-canada-indigenous-2645171362.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1" data-id="1" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Canadian National Railway (CN) said Thursday it would shut down its freight network east of Toronto in response to rail blockades, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/14/americas/canada-rail-disruptions-pipeline-protests/index.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">CNN reported</a>. The same day, VIA Rail, which predominantly uses CN tracks to run passenger trains, said it was suspending the majority of its service. Then, on Sunday, CN announced 1,000 temporary layoffs, <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-ottawa-rejects-police-intervention-to-put-an-end-to-blockades/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">The Globe and Mail reported</a>."It's our future that's going to be destroyed – it's really important for youth," 17-year-old Malika Gasbaoui, an Ojibwa-Métis from the Laurentians in Quebec who visited one of the blockades, told The Globe and Mail.</div><div class="rebellt-item col1" data-basename="particle-2" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/pipeline-protests-canada-indigenous-2645171362.html?rebelltitem=2#rebelltitem2" data-id="2" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gasbaoui was visiting a blockade in the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory near Belleville, Ontario, which has cancelled train trips for more than 83,000 people since it began. The blockade was launched Feb. 6 in response to a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) raid on camps set up by the Wet'suwet'en to block the construction of the $6 billion Coastal GasLink pipeline, according to <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/mohawks-rails-continues-1.5461971" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">CBC News</a>. The demonstrators say they will maintain the blockade until the RCMP leave Wet'suwet'en territory.Another blockade in the Kahnawake Mohawk Territory outside Montreal has shuttered a commuter rail into the city, The Globe and Mail reported. Anti-pipeline activists also held weekend demonstrations in Vancouver, Vaughan, Ontario and Niagara Falls, Ontario.The Vaughan protesters blocked trains en route to London, Hamilton, New York and Michigan Saturday before disbanding around 5 p.m., <a href="https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/anti-pipeline-protesters-block-trains-leaving-vaughan-rail-yard-in-solidarity-with-wet-suwet-en-1.4813635" target="blank" style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); line-height: 1.5;">CTV News reported</a>.</div><div class="rebellt-item col1" data-basename="particle-3" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/pipeline-protests-canada-indigenous-2645171362.html?rebelltitem=3#rebelltitem3" data-id="3" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We are here for as long as we can be disruptive," indigenous land defender Vanessa Gray told CTV News. "We are here in solidarity with the Wet'suwet'en land defenders, the hereditary chiefs that oppose the pipeline, with solidarity with everyone who has faced violence from the police arrests and people who are still faced with surveillance from the police. We are here also to shut down Canada."</div><div class="rebellt-item col1" data-basename="particle-4" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/pipeline-protests-canada-indigenous-2645171362.html?rebelltitem=4#rebelltitem4" data-id="4" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div></div><div><div class="news_label" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 10px;" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">FEB 13, 2020</div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box;" helvetica="Helvetica" neue="Neue" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" margin="margin" px="px" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><a data-ga-action="Home: Story Headline" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2020/2/13/wet_suwet_en_territory_pipeline_opposition" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; border: 0px;">The Wet’suwet’en Fight Against New Pipeline Spreads Across Canada with Blockades & Occupations</a></h3></div><div>=<a href="https://theconversation.com/trumps-energy-dominance-ambitions-hit-another-snag-on-the-west-coast-116713">https://theconversation.com/trumps-energy-dominance-ambitions-hit-another-snag-on-the-west-coast-116713</a>Oregon environmental authorities have denied a permit for the the <a href="https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2019/05/oregon-deq-denies-jordan-cove-lng-water-quality-permit.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jordan Cove natural gas export project</a>, citing concerns about water pollution and damage to waterways. The company behind it can appeal or reapply. But this latest hurdle could block what looked like it might be the first West Coast export facility for <a href="https://www.energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/oil-gas/liquefied-natural-gas" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">liquefied natural gas</a> – a form of the fuel that has been cooled to very low temperatures for easier storage and shipping.This dispute pits federal authorities against local and state governments. It’s also part of a larger and long-running battle over fossil fuel shipments to foreign countries that <a href="https://www.sightline.org/research/thin-green-line/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">stretches up the entire American West Coast</a>.We are <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MHv76OkAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">sociologists</a> who have studied how people respond to news about plans for big <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=a1e-_ycAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">energy facilities in their communities</a>. With <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-promoting-energy-infrastructure-economic-growth/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">President Donald Trump</a> pushing hard for more fossil fuel production and exports, we believe it could get significantly harder for local communities to have a say in these important decisions.<h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Access to Asia</h2>Oil and gas exports have dramatically increased nationwide over the past decade, ever since technological advances turned the U.S. from a top importer of these fuels to a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-oil-exports/why-record-u-s-oil-exports-are-poised-for-even-more-growth-idUSKBN1AC0ER" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">growing exporter</a>.Energy companies have <a href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642821301" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">sought more access to West Coast ports for decades</a> for routes to Asia and Australia. The region’s deep-water ports, railroad and pipeline networks, and proximity to some of the nation’s most productive oil, gas and coal fields make it particularly attractive for export terminals.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">In some cases, exporting through the West Coast is the only economically viable option, as <a href="https://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/115975-lng-canada-given-green-light-by-shell-partners" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">longer overland transportation routes would be too costly</a>. Moreover, shorter trips by sea <a href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36632" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">to reach China and other growing Asian markets</a> cut costs.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Yet Western ports do not <a href="https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_MOVE_EXPCP_A1_Z00_EP00_EEX_MBBL_A.htm" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">export as much crude oil</a> as other American coastal areas.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The lack of liquefied natural gas export facilities along the West Coast isn’t due to the industry not trying. Every single export terminal energy companies have proposed has faced significant public opposition that <a href="https://www.sightline.org/2017/06/20/mapping-the-thin-green-line/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">made securing permits</a> hard if not impossible.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Likewise, <a href="https://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/pdf/t13p01p1.pdf" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">relatively small volumes of coal</a> are being shipped abroad from ports on the West Coast despite efforts to build new export terminals there.<h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Energy dominance</h2>With his “<a href="https://theconversation.com/is-energy-dominance-the-right-goal-for-us-policy-79825" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">energy dominance</a>” policy, Trump has emphasized expanding production and export of fossil fuels and weakening environmental regulations – including those that address climate change.His administration is <a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/jordan-cove-lng-oregon-gas-export-rises-project-again-with-support-from-the-rockies" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">siding with energy companies and landlocked states</a> like Wyoming and Colorado angling to ship coal, oil and natural gas mined and drilled within their borders to lucrative and growing Asian markets. Trump issued an April 2019 <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-promoting-energy-infrastructure-economic-growth/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">executive order</a>that’s intended to make it harder for states to block big energy projects by using authority they’ve had since 1972 under the Clean Water Act.At the same time, many local and state governments on the West Coast are <a href="https://www.sightline.org/2018/04/23/how-northwest-communities-continue-to-stop-fossil-fuel-projects-before-they-start/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">on board with demands</a> made by environmental activists for renewable energy development and advocates for more local control over development.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Local supporters of fossil fuel exports point to the positive local effects these facilities can have. <a href="http://thelens.news/2017/10/12/labor-urges-passage-of-millennium-bulk-terminals-permit-to-boost-economy-create-jobs/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Labor unions</a>, <a href="https://tdn.com/news/local/county-sides-with-millennium-in-coal-suit-cancels-health-study/article_8490e300-e7d9-56af-b111-d520bc813f45.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">county governments</a>, business councils and ports frequently argue that bolstering fossil fuel exports would create jobs, entice investment and increase the tax base.Opponents argue that transporting, storing, handling and shipping fossil fuels – via railroads, pipelines and ships – endangers nearby communities and contributes to <a href="https://www.sierraclub.org/san-francisco-bay/dirty-energy" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">climate change</a>.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">They point to <a href="https://www.opb.org/news/series/oil-trains/mosier-derailment-cost-9-million/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">oil train derailments</a>, the public health perils of increased <a href="https://tdn.com/news/local/health-study-diesel-fumes-bigger-hazard-than-coal-dust/article_11e75f2c-b5b2-54e7-81fe-b582402a8a0d.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">diesel fumes</a> and <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/environmentalists-sue-bnsf-to-cover-coal-trains-prevent-water-pollution/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">coal dust</a>, and pipeline explosions and leaks. They also highlight the <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/effects-of-proposed-coal-export-terminal-outlined-in-study/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">climate implications</a> of shipping fossil fuels abroad that may affect the carbon footprints of other countries, where the fuel would be burned.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">These people have maintained a <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/15/reuters-america-u-s-eyes-west-coast-military-bases-to-export-coal-gas-report.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">virtual blockade against new export facilities</a> so far. But in our study of this issue, we have found it remains unclear if the federal government will overturn or override local and state decisions to deny permits....[doc propsed export]<table class="datatable-default responsive dataTable" id="datatable" style="width: 746px; border: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 10px 0px 5px; border-collapse: collapse; clear: both;"><tbody role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-relevant="all" style="border-top: 0px;"><tr class="odd"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Oakland</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">CA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Oakland Bulk and Oversized Terminal</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2015</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">City banned the storage and handling of coal in 2016. The lease was canceled after a federal court overturned the ban in 2018. Lawsuits are currently underway.</td></tr><tr class="even" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250) !important;"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Boardman and Clatskanie</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">OR</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Morrow Pacific Coal Export Terminals</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2012</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn after state denied key permit in 2014</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Clatskanie</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">OR</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Kinder Morgan Coal Export Terminal</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2012</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn in 2013 after electric utility expressed concern about coal dust</td></tr><tr class="even" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250) !important;"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coos Bay</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">OR</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Project Mainstay</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2011</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn in 2013</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coos Bay</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">OR</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Jordan Cove LNG</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Liquefied Natural Gas</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2004</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Federal permit rejected in 2016. State water-quality permit, required for a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit, rejected in 2019. The company may appeal or file a new application.</td></tr><tr class="even" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250) !important;"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Warrenton</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">OR</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Oregon LNG</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Liquefied Natural Gas</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2004</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Project began as an import proposal. Withdrawn in 2016</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Anacortes</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">WA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Shell Refinery oil-by-rail</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Oil</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2013</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn in 2016</td></tr><tr class="even" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250) !important;"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Bellingham</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">WA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Gateway Pacific Terminal</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2011</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn in 2017 after Army Corps of Engineers denied permit</td></tr><tr class="odd"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Bellingham</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">WA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">BP export terminal expansion</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Oil</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2000</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">BP built an extension of its oil export facilities in 2001, without first undergoing an environmental review. A citizen-filed suit in 2005 forced an Army Corps of Engineers environmental review. The final impact statement is still incomplete.</td></tr><tr class="even" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250) !important;"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Hoquiam</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">WA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">County International Bulk Export Terminal</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2015</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Withdrawn in 2016</td></tr><tr class="odd" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><td class="text" title="Location" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Longview</td><td class="text sorting_1" title="State" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">WA</td><td class="text " title="Facility" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Millenium Bulk Terminals</td><td class="text " title="Fossil fuel" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">Coal</td><td class="date " title="Plans announced" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-right: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">2012</td><td class="text " title="Current status and related regulations" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230) !important; border-image: initial !important; padding: 10px !important;">State rejected key permit in 2017, and a federal lawsuit ensued. As of April 2019, a federal judge had dismissed portions of the lawsuit but other aspects remained under consideration.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body" itemprop="articleBody" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; line-height: 1.8; float: left; width: 754px;"><h2 style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Mobilization</h2><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Public opinion research indicates both support and opposition for fossil fuel export depending on fuel type. Our <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.066" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">2017 national survey</a> showed that about a third of U.S. citizens sampled opposed exporting natural gas, while about half supported it and almost a fifth were undecided. Our forthcoming survey of Washington residents found similar levels of opposition to natural gas exports. We also detected higher rates of disapproval of oil and coal exports, with about half of residents opposing them.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Activists in the Pacific Northwest have established what they call a “<a href="https://www.sightline.org/research/thin-green-line/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">thin green line</a>” of resistance against any big new fossil fuel infrastructure. Their protests have contributed to state and local decisions to deny permits, as well as the passage of ordinances and resolutions limiting such development. Cities like <a href="https://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-portland-fossil-fuel-ban-constitutional/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Portland, Oregon</a>, have banned these projects altogether.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tribal governments have actively opposed many of these proposals, too. For example, the Lummi Nation <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.019" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">played an essential role</a> in stopping the Gateway Pacific coal terminal proposed for Bellingham, Washington.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Legal fights have ensued. After Washington denied the permit for the Millennium Bulk Terminals coal export proposal, <a href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2018/05/13/5-states-join-utah-in-legal-fight-over-washington-state-coal-export-terminal/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">six interior states and several industry groups</a> joined the company in a lawsuit. They allege that the state’s decision violated the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/commerce_clause" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Constitution’s commerce clause</a>, which grants Congress – not states – the power to regulate trade.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In some cases, the courts have determined that local bans <a href="https://www.apnews.com/54c9749da3744cb993568fb188b7b5f0" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">are not allowed</a>. In others, companies have simply <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/no-oil-train-terminal-on-the-columbia-river-vancouver-energy-gives-up-plan/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">withdrawn proposals</a>, especially after sustained public protests.<h2 style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Silencing local voices</h2><p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The administration is pursuing multiple workarounds for expanding fossil fuel export, including a recent proposal to set up export facilities on retired <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/15/reuters-america-u-s-eyes-west-coast-military-bases-to-export-coal-gas-report.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">military bases</a>. Energy companies and energy-producing states are trying to capitalize on the fossil-friendly administration.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For example, senators from Texas, Colorado and Montana have <a href="https://tdn.com/news/local/millennium-backers-still-confident-despite-web-of-legal-challenges-to/article_1136806e-466d-5723-afa7-31012ab61355.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">encouraged Trump</a> to use his authority under the North American Free Trade Agreement, or the <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/30/nafta-canada-agrees-join-u-s-mexico-new-trade-agreement/1453244002/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">deal that may replace it</a>, to override Washington state’s denial of the coal export permit.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">These moves at the federal level appear to be restricting opportunities for public participation in siting decisions, a development we find troubling.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0739456X10373079" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">previous research</a>, we have shown how public hearings on energy projects are critical to the formation of active community groups, who use these opportunities to connect with like-minded individuals.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">While one-on-one meetings may seem more efficient and less prone to conflict, they may also stifle important local debates on these issues. And they could potentially push activists toward more <a href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/09/25/necessity-defense-valve-turners-climate/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">confrontational tactics</a> because they do not feel their voices are adequately heard through official channels.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In addition, some companies have used existing permits and zoning to start handling <a href="https://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/07/global_partners_clatskanie_oil.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">a different fuel</a> or <a href="http://www.knkx.org/post/conservationists-press-army-corps-complete-its-environmental-review-expansion-bp-refinery" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">expand facilities</a> without undergoing environmental review and associated public comment processes.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite years of successfully blocking fossil fuel exports from the West Coast, whether the thin green line will hold is far from clear. Its resilience will partly depend on what happens with <a href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/energy-green/sd-fi-sempra-lngtariff-20180928-story.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">global fossil fuel markets</a> and the success of export proposals in <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-kitimat-bc-residents-brace-for-boom-after-lng-canadas-go-ahead/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Canada</a> and <a href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2018/08/25/is-utah-coal-bound-baja/" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mexico</a>. Its resilience will also depend on how hard the Trump administration is willing to push and how hard the West Coast is willing to push back.<p style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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