Chelsea Manning

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</div><div>=sputnik no lnx  <a href="https://sputniknews.com/us/202003131078556890-snowden-manning-preferred-principles-to-freedom-at-expense-of-collaboration-with-us-authorities/">https://sputniknews.com/us/202003131078556890-snowden-manning-preferred-principles-to-freedom-at-expense-of-collaboration-with-us-authorities/</a>Snowden: Manning Preferred Principles to Freedom at Expense of Collaboration With US AuthoritiesUS 13.03.2020by Lilia DergachevaFormer military intel analyst Chelsea Manning was ordered to be released from federal detention a day after a suicide attempt in her cell, with a US district judge asserting that her confinement no longer serves its “coercive purpose".NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, whom Russia granted political asylum in 2013 to protect him from US-initiated espionage charges, has eloquently zeroed in on Chelsea Manning’s recent release from federal detention, saying the authorities “offered to let her out in exchange for collaboration, but she chose her principles instead.”“The government cast Manning into a dungeon for resisting a scheme to make publishers of news subject to the Espionage Act", Snowden tweeted referencing whistleblower and former army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning’s cooperation with WikiLeaks and her unconditional support for website founder Julian Assange, who is currently behind bars in a high-profile London prison.US District Judge Anthony J. Trenga ordered Chelsea Manning released from detention on Thursday, a day after the ex-army contractor attempted to commit suicide.As Trenga put it in his court order, Ms. Manning's appearance before the grand jury – the condition Manning had been slapped with to be released – “is no longer needed", which means “her detention no longer serves any coercive purpose". However, she is still obligated to pay fines worth $256,000.Similarly, author and free speech advocate Nozomi Hayase has said that it is a "huge relief" to know that Manning has now been released from detention, however, "we must not forget that she should not have been imprisoned in the first place"."The secrecy of the grand jury is a coercive procedure used by the state to go after whistleblowers and journalists who expose the government’s wrongdoings. This practice is a part of the US government’s war on the free press, going after WikiLeaks publisher Julian Assange. Manning was incarcerated because of her principled stance of refusing to cooperate in the federal grand jury targeting WikiLeaks. She indicated that she would not betray her principles, and that she would rather starve to death than testify", says Hayase.According to the author, even though the torture of Manning has ended, "she will carry devastating effects of psychological trauma that may be irreversible"."The US government’s treatment of Manning shows that if Assange were to be extradited to the US, he would not only never receive a fair trial, but he would be tortured. We need to end this political battle and Assange needs to be immediately released. Both Manning and Assange have shown remarkable strength and integrity in their resistance. But they can’t do it alone, and they need our support. We can’t allow them to be driven to death, whether it is by suicide or murder. It is time for people to step up and work together to free these truth-tellers and bring justice", Hayase stressed.Chelsea Manning was originally charged with 22 offences, including aiding the enemy, which could have seen her be handed a death sentence. Born Bradley Manning, she later transitioned to a woman, and was eventually acquitted of the most serious charge, having pleaded guilty to 10 offences, with her sentence subsequently commuted by President Obama to nearly seven years of confinement.Two years after her 2017 release from the maximum-security Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Manning was jailed at an Alexandria, Virginia dentention centre for contempt of court after refusing to testify before a federal grand jury that has been probing WikiLeaks. Her new, almost a year-long confinement and snowballing "psychological torture", as the case has been referred to by UN expert Nils Melzer, have resulted in Manning's attempted suicide.Meanwhile, Julian Assange, who is through his first round of February extradition hearings, faces up to 175 years in prison in the US where he is wanted on 18 counts of espionage-related crimes. All of the charges pertain to his role in publishing classified diplomatic cables which shed light on war crimes committed by US-led forces in Iraq, Afghanistan, and US-occupied Guantanamo Bay, in Cuba.The extradition hearings will resume on 18 May 2020, as soon as witness and expert testimony is presented by both sides.<div>=</div></div><div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak</a>The United States diplomatic cables leak, widely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scandals_with%22-gate%22_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scandals with " gate="gate" suffix="suffix" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">known as</a> Cablegate, began on Sunday, 28 November 2010<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a> when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">WikiLeaks</a>—a non-profit organization that publishes submissions from anonymous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblowers" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">whistleblowers</a>—began releasing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States" title="Classified information in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">classified</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">cables</a> that had been sent to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">U.S. State Department</a> by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">diplomatic missions</a> around the world. Dated between December 1966 and February 2010, the cables contain diplomatic analysis from world leaders, and the diplomats' assessment of host countries and their officials.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[2]</a>According to WikiLeaks, the 251,287 cables consist of 261,276,536 words, making Cablegate "the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">public domain</a>."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Today, more recent leaks have surpassed that amount. On 30 July 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Chelsea Manning</a> was convicted for theft of the cables and violations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Espionage Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Espionage Act</a>, in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Manning" title="United States v. Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">court martial proceeding</a>, and sentenced to 35 years imprisonment. She was released on 17 May 2017, after 7 years total confinement, after her sentence had been commuted by President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Barack Obama</a> earlier that year.<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Sequence_of_leaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">1Sequence of leaks</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Reactions" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">2Reactions</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">3Background</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Release" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4Release</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#November_2010_release_of_redacted_cables" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.1November 2010 release of redacted cables</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Contents" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.1.1Contents</a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Coverage" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.1.2Coverage</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#September_2011_release_of_mostly_unredacted_cables" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.2September 2011 release of mostly unredacted cables</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Consequences_of_the_release" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">4.2.1Consequences of the release</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#2010_reactions_to_the_releases" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">52010 reactions to the releases</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Denial-of-service_attack" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.1Denial-of-service attack</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Dropping_of_hosting,finance_services,and_accessibility" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.2Dropping of hosting, finance services, and accessibility</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Anonymous_and_anti-censorship" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.3Anonymous and anti-censorship</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Manipulation_of_news_based_on_WikiLeaks_cables" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.4Manipulation of news based on WikiLeaks cables</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Twitter_subpoena" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.5Twitter subpoena</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#Tunisian_revolution_and_Arab_Spring" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">5.6Tunisian revolution and Arab Spring</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">6See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">7References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">8External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sequence of leaks[</h2>The first document, the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak(Region%E2%80%94_Europe)#Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Region — Europe)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Reykjavik 13 cable</a>, was released by WikiLeaks on 18 February 2010, and was followed by the release of State Department profiles of Icelandic politicians a month later.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[4]</a> Later that year, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Julian Assange</a>, WikiLeaks' editor-in-chief, reached an agreement with media partners in Europe and the United States to publish the rest of the cables in redacted form, removing the names of sources and others in vulnerable positions. On 28 November, the first 220 cables were published under this agreement by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">El País</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Spain</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Der Spiegel</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Germany</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Le Monde</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">France</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Guardian</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">United Kingdom</a>) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The New York Times</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">United States</a>).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-Shane28Nov2010-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[5]</a> WikiLeaks had planned to release the rest over several months, and as of 11 January 2011, 2,017 had been published.The remaining cables were published in September 2011 after a series of events compromised the security of a WikiLeaks file containing the cables. This included WikiLeaks volunteers placing an encrypted file containing all WikiLeaks data online as "insurance" in July 2010, in case something happened to the organization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-DBD192-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[6]</a> In February 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leigh(journalist)" title="David Leigh (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">David Leigh</a> of The Guardian published the encryption <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrase" title="Passphrase" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">passphrase</a> in a book; he had received it from Assange so he could access a copy of the Cablegate file, and believed the passphrase was a temporary one, unique to that file. In August 2011, German weekly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freitag" title="Der Freitag" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Der Freitag</a> published some of these details, enabling others to piece the information together and decrypt the Cablegate files. The cables were then available online, fully unredacted. In response, WikiLeaks decided on 1 September 2011 to publish all 251,287 unedited documents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-Greenwald2Sep2011-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[7]</a>The publication of the cables was the third in a series of U.S. classified document "mega-leaks" distributed by WikiLeaks in 2010, following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak" title="Afghan War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Afghan War documents leak</a> in July, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Iraq War documents leak</a> in October. Over 130,000 of the cables are unclassified, some 100,000 are labeled "confidential", around 15,000 have the higher classification "secret", and none are classified as "top secret" on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States#Levels_of_classification_used_by_the_U.S.government" title="Classified information in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">classification scale</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-Shane28Nov2010-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[5]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Reactions[</h2>Reactions to the leak in 2010 varied. Western governments expressed strong disapproval, while the material generated intense interest from the public and journalists. Some political leaders referred to Assange as a criminal, while blaming the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">U.S. Department of Defense</a> for security lapses. Supporters of Assange referred to him in November 2010 as a key defender of free speech and freedom of the press.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[8]</a> Reaction to the release in September 2011 of the unredacted cables attracted stronger criticism, and was condemned by the five newspapers that had first published the cables in redacted form in November 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[9]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Background[</h2><table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="padding: 0px; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-collapse: collapse; clear: right; float: right; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px;"><td class="mbox-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; margin: 0px; border: none; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="padding: 0.25em 0.9em; margin: 0px; border: none; width: 157.825px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Wikinews</a> has news on this topic<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 157.825px; padding: 4px; border: none;"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" style="float: right; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none; cursor: pointer;">show</a><div style="line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; text-align: center;" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table>In June 2010, the magazine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Wired</a> reported that the U.S. State Department and embassy personnel were concerned that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Chelsea (then Bradley) Manning</a>, a United States Army soldier charged with the unauthorized download of classified material while stationed in Iraq, had leaked diplomatic cables. WikiLeaks rejected the report as inaccurate: "Allegations in Wired that we have been sent 260,000 classified U.S. embassy cables are, as far as we can tell, incorrect".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[11]</a>However, during that same month (June 2010), The Guardian had been offered "half a million military dispatches from the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq. There might be more after that, including an immense bundle of confidential diplomatic cables", and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Alan Rusbridger</a>, the editor of The Guardian had contacted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Keller" title="Bill Keller" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">Bill Keller</a>, editor of The New York Times, to see if he would be interested in sharing the dissemination of the information.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[12]</a>Manning was suspected to have uploaded all that was obtained to WikiLeaks, which chose to release the material in stages so as to have the greatest possible impact.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[13]</a>According to The Guardian, all the diplomatic cables were marked "Sipdis", denoting "secret internet protocol distribution", which means they had been distributed via the closed U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIPRNet" title="SIPRNet" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">SIPRNet</a>, the U.S. Department of Defense's classified version of the civilian internet.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-guard-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[14]</a> More than three million U.S. government personnel and soldiers have access to this network.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a> Documents marked "top secret" are not included in the system. Such a large quantity of secret information was available to a wide audience because, as The Guardian alleged, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">11 September attacks</a> an increased focus had been placed on sharing information since gaps in intra-governmental information sharing had been exposed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-guard-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a> More specifically, the diplomatic, military, law enforcement and intelligence communities would be able to do their jobs better with this easy access to analytic and operative information.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-guard-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a> A spokesman said that in the previous weeks and months additional measures had been taken to improve the security of the system and prevent leaks.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak#cite_note-guard-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; background: none;">[14]</a>...<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning</a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chelsea Elizabeth Manning<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-LegalNameChange-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is an American activist and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower" title="Whistleblower" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">whistleblower</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> She is a former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Army</a> soldier who was convicted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">court-martial</a> in July 2013 of violations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Espionage Act</a> and other offenses, after disclosing to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WikiLeaks</a> nearly 750,000 classified, or unclassified but sensitive, military and diplomatic documents.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Rollercoaster-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> She was imprisoned from 2010 until 2017 when her sentence was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation(law)" title="Commutation (law)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">commuted</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-nyt-17jan2017-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trans woman</a>, Manning stated in 2013 that she had a female <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gender identity</a> since childhood and wanted to be known as Chelsea Manning. She also expressed a desire to begin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hormone replacement therapy</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manningstatement22Aug20132-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></div>Assigned in 2009 to an Army unit in Iraq as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">intelligence analyst</a>, Manning had access to classified databases. In early 2010, she leaked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States" title="Classified information in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">classified information</a> to WikiLeaks and confided this to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lamo" title="Adrian Lamo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adrian Lamo</a>, an online acquaintance.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> Lamo indirectly informed the Army's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Command" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Criminal Investigation Command</a>, and Manning was arrested in May that same year.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-FeltIsolated-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> The material included videos of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12,2007,Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike</a> and the 2009 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike" title="Granai airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Granai airstrike</a> in Afghanistan; 251,287 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. diplomatic cables</a>;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-WikiLeaks11-28-2010-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> and 482,832 Army reports that came to be known as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq War Logs</a>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak" title="Afghan War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghan War Diary</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a> The material was published by WikiLeaks and its media partners <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_material_published_by_WikiLeaks#2010" title="List of material published by WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">between April 2010 and April 2011</a>.Manning was charged with 22 offenses, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice#Punitive_articles" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aiding the enemy</a>, which was the most serious charge and could have resulted in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">death sentence</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> She was held at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Brig,Quantico" title="Marine Corps Brig, Quantico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marine Corps Brig, Quantico</a> in Virginia, from July 2010 to April 2011, under Prevention of Injury status—which entailed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">de facto</a> solitary confinement and other restrictions that caused domestic and international concern<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a>—before being transferred to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Joint_Regional_Correctional_Facility" title="Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joint Regional Correctional Facility</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas, where she could interact with other detainees.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> She pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-CBS28Feb2013-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Manning" title="United States v. Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trial on the remaining charges</a> began on June 3, 2013, and on July 30, she was convicted of 17 of the original charges and amended versions of four others, but was acquitted of aiding the enemy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> She was sentenced to 35 years at the maximum-security <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Disciplinary_Barracks" title="United States Disciplinary Barracks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Disciplinary Barracks</a> at Fort Leavenworth.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hanna21Aug2013-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> On January 17, 2017, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Barack Obama commuted</a> Manning's sentence to nearly seven years of confinement dating from her arrest on May 27, 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-nyt-17jan2017-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a> After release, Manning earned a living through speaking engagements.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Sun16Feb2018-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a>In 2018, Manning challenged incumbent Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ben Cardin</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democratic</a> nomination for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland,2018" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Maryland, 2018" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Senate election</a> in her home state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Maryland</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-WaPo13Jan2018-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> Manning received 5.7% of the votes; Cardin won renomination with 80.5% of the votes cast.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-BalSunResults-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a>From March 8, 2019 to March 12, 2020, except for a week from May 9 to 16, Manning was jailed for contempt in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_City_Jail" title="Alexandria City Jail" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">federal detention center</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alexandria, Virginia</a> and accrued a civil fine of $256,000, for refusing to testify before a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">grand jury</a> investigating WikiLeaks founder <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Julian Assange</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Background" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Background</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.1Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Parents'divorce,move_to_Wales" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.2Parents' divorce, move to Wales</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Return_to_the_United_States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1.3Return to the United States</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Military_service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Military service</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Enlisting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Enlisting</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Move_to_Fort_Drum,deployment_to_Iraq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2Move to Fort Drum, deployment to Iraq</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Contact_with_gender_counselor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.3Contact with gender counselor</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Release_of_material_to_WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.4Release of material to WikiLeaks</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Email_to_supervisor,recommended_discharge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.5Email to supervisor, recommended discharge</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Publication_of_leaked_material" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Publication of leaked material</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1WikiLeaks</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Reykjavik13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2Reykjavik13</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Baghdad_airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3Baghdad airstrike</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Afghan_War_logs,Iraq_War_logs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.4Afghan War logs, Iraq War logs</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Diplomatic_cables" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.5Diplomatic cables</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Guantanamo_Bay_files" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.6Guantanamo Bay files</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Granai_airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.7Granai airstrike</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Manning_and_Adrian_Lamo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Manning and Adrian Lamo</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#First_contact" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1First contact</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Chats" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.2Chats</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Lamo_approaches_authorities,chat_logs_published" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.3Lamo approaches authorities, chat logs published</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Legal_proceedings" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Legal proceedings</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Arrest_and_charges" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.1Arrest and charges</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Detention" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.2Detention</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Evidence_presented_at_Article_32_hearing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.3Evidence presented at Article 32 hearing</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Guilty_plea,trial,sentence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.4Guilty plea, trial, sentence</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Requests_for_release" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.5Requests for release</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Commutation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.6Commutation</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Release" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.7Release</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Appeal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.8Appeal</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2019_jailing_for_contempt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.92019 jailing for contempt</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Reaction_to_disclosures" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Reaction to disclosures</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Awards_and_tributes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Awards and tributes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Gender_transition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Gender transition</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2010" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.12010</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2013" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.22013</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2014" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.32014</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2015" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.42015</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2016" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.52016</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2017" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.62017</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#2018" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.72018</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Prison_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Prison life</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Writing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.1Writing</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Suicide_attempts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.2Suicide attempts</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Hunger_strike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.3Hunger strike</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Post-prison_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10Post-prison life</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Harvard_visiting_fellowship_and_rescindment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.1Harvard visiting fellowship and rescindment</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Denied_entry_to_Canada" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.2Denied entry to Canada</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Restriction_on_speech" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.3Restriction on speech</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#U.S.Senate_candidacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.4U.S. Senate candidacy</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Contacts_with_far-right_social_media_figures" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.5Contacts with far-right social media figures</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.6Tour of Australia and New Zealand</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12Notes</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">14Bibliography</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">15Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">16External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Background</h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life</h3>Born Bradley Edward Manning in 1987 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a> she was the second child of Susan Fox, originally from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wales</a>, and Brian Manning, an American. Brian had joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Navy</a> in 1974, at the age of 19, and served for five years as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">intelligence analyst</a>. Brian met Susan while stationed in Wales at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Brawdy" title="RAF Brawdy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">RAF Brawdy</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a> Manning's older sister, Casey Manning, was born in 1976. The couple returned to the United States in 1979, settling first in California. After their move near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent,Oklahoma" title="Crescent, Oklahoma" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Crescent, Oklahoma</a>, they bought a house with 5 acres (2 hectares) of land, where they kept pigs and chickens.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Fishman2-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a>Manning's sister Casey told the court-martial that both their parents were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">alcoholics</a>, and that their mother drank continually while pregnant with Chelsea. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain(United_States_O-6)#U.S.Navy" title="Captain (United States O-6)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Captain</a> David Moulton, a Navy psychiatrist, told the court that Manning's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome#Facial_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">facial features</a> showed signs of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a> Casey became Manning's principal caregiver, waking at night to prepare the baby's bottle. The court heard that Manning was fed only milk and baby food until the age of two. As an adult she reached 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) and weighed around 105 pounds (48 kg).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Lewis21Aug2013-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a>Manning's father took a job as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">information technology</a> (IT) manager for a rental car agency, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation" title="The Hertz Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Hertz Corporation</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a> which required travel. The family lived several miles out of town, and Manning's mother was unable to drive. She spent her days drinking, while Manning was left largely to fend for herself, playing with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego" title="Lego" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lego</a> or on the computer. Brian would stock up on food before his trips, and leave pre-signed checks that Casey mailed to pay the bills. A neighbor said that whenever Manning's elementary school went on field trips, she would give her own son extra food or money so he could make sure Manning had something to eat. Friends and neighbors considered the Mannings a troubled family.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nakashima,Ellen-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Frontline-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Frontline29March2011-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Parents' divorce, move to Wales</h3>As a child, Manning was opinionated about ...American journalist and Manning biographer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nicks" title="Denver Nicks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Denver Nicks</a> wrote that the 15 months Manning spent with her aunt were among the most stable of her life. Manning had a boyfriend, took several low-paid jobs, and spent a semester studying history and English at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_College" title="Montgomery College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montgomery College</a> but left after failing an exam.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[62]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[63]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nakashima4May2011-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[65]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Military service</h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Enlisting</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_US_Army.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_US_Army.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Manning in 2012</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_US_Army.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Manning's father spent weeks in late 2007 asking her to consider joining the Army. Hoping to gain a college education through the </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I.Bill" title="G.I. Bill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">G.I. Bill</a>, and perhaps to study for a PhD in physics, she enlisted in September that year.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[66]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-67" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[67]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[68]</a> She told her Army supervisor later that she had also hoped joining such a masculine environment would resolve her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gender identity disorder</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Reeve14Aug2013-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a>Manning began <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">basic training</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leonard_Wood" title="Fort Leonard Wood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Leonard Wood</a>, Missouri, on October 2, 2007. She wrote that she soon realized she was neither physically nor mentally prepared for it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-70" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[70]</a> Six weeks after enlisting, she was sent to the discharge unit. She was allegedly being bullied, and in the opinion of another soldier, was having a breakdown. The soldier told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a>: "The kid was barely five foot ... He was a runt, so pick on him. He's crazy, pick on him. He's a faggot, pick on him. The guy took it from every side. He couldn't please anyone." Nicks writes that Manning, who was used to being bullied, fought back—if the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_instructor#United_States_Army" title="Drill instructor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">drill sergeants</a> screamed at her, she would scream at them—to the point where they started calling her "General Manning".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-71" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[71]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[72]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[73]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-74" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[74]</a>The decision to discharge her was revoked, and she started basic training again in January 2008. After graduating in April, she moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca" title="Fort Huachuca" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Huachuca</a>, Arizona, in order to attend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training#Advanced_Individual_Training_2" title="United States Army Basic Training" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Advanced Individual Training</a> (AIT) for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code#Army_enlisted_personnel" title="United States military occupation code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Military Occupational Specialty</a> (MOS) 35F, intelligence analyst, receiving a TS/SCI security clearance (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_clearance#Top_Secret" title="Security clearance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Top Secret</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sensitive Compartmented Information</a>). According to Nicks, this security clearance, combined with the digitization of classified information and the government's policy of sharing it widely, gave Manning access to an unprecedented amount of material. Nicks writes that Manning was reprimanded while at Fort Huachuca for posting three video messages to friends on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">YouTube</a>, in which she described the inside of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_Compartmented_Information_Facility" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility</a> (SCIF) where she worked.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-75" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[75]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[76]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[77]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[78]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-79" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[79]</a> Upon completion of her initial MOS course, Manning received the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Service_Ribbon" title="Army Service Ribbon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Army Service Ribbon</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Defense Service Medal</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-WSJawards-80" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[80]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Move to Fort Drum, deployment to Iraq</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 172px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_2(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_2(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Manning in September 2009</a></div></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Manning_2(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">In August 2008, Manning was sent to </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum" title="Fort Drum" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Drum</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jefferson County, New York</a>, where she joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Brigade_Combat_Team,10th_Mountain_Division(United_States)" title="2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division</a>, and trained for deployment to Iraq.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-81" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[81]</a> In late 2008 while stationed there, she met Tyler Watkins, who was studying neuroscience and psychology at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brandeis University</a>, near Boston. Watkins was her first serious relationship, and she posted happily on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Facebook</a> about it, regularly traveling 300 miles (480 km) to Boston on visits.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-82" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[82]</a>Watkins introduced her to a network of friends and the university's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hacker community</a>. She also visited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boston University</a>'s "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hackerspace</a>" workshop, known as "Builds", and met its founder, David House, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">MIT</a> researcher who was later allowed to visit her in jail. In November 2008, she gave an anonymous interview to a high-school reporter during a rally in Syracuse in support of gay marriage:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">I was kicked out of my home and I once lost my job. The world is not moving fast enough for us at home, work, or the battlefield. I've been living a double life. ... I can't make a statement. I can't be caught in an act. I hope the public support changes. I do hope to do that before <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#United_States" title="Military discharge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ETS</a> [Expiration of Term of Service].<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[83]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-84" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[84]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-85" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[85]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-86" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[86]</a></blockquote>Nicks writes that Manning would travel back to Washington, D.C., for visits. An ex-boyfriend helped her find her way around the city's gay community, introducing her to lobbyists, activists, and White House aides. Back at Fort Drum, she continued to display emotional problems and, by August 2009, had been referred to an Army mental-health counselor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-87" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[87]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-88" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[88]</a> A friend told Nicks that Manning could be emotionally fraught, describing an evening they had watched two movies together—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland(film)" title="The Last King of Scotland (film)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Last King of Scotland</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer_in_the_Dark" title="Dancer in the Dark" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dancer in the Dark</a>—after which Manning cried for hours. By September 2009, her relationship with Watkins was in trouble; they reconciled for a short time, but it was effectively over.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-89" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[89]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[90]</a>After four weeks at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Polk#JRTC_moves_to_Polk" title="Fort Polk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joint Readiness Training Center</a> (JRTC) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Polk" title="Fort Polk" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Polk</a>, Louisiana, Manning was deployed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Operating Base" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Forward Operating Base</a> Hammer, near Baghdad, arriving in October 2009. From her workstation there, she had access to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIPRNet" title="SIPRNet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SIPRNet</a> (the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System" title="Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JWICS</a> (the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System). Two of her superiors had discussed not taking her to Iraq; it was felt she was a risk to herself and possibly others, according to a statement later issued by the Army—but the shortage of intelligence analysts dictated their decision to take her.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[91]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[92]</a> In November 2009, she was promoted from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_first_class#United_States_Army" title="Private first class" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Private First Class</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist(rank)" title="Specialist (rank)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Specialist</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PromotedSpecialist-93" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[93]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Contact with gender counselor</h3>In November 2009, Manning wrote to a gender counselor in the United States, said she felt female and discussed having surgery. The counselor told Steve Fishman of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York</a> magazine in 2011 that it was clear Manning was in crisis, partly because of her gender concerns, but also because she was opposed to the kind of war in which she found herself involved.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[94]</a>She was by all accounts unhappy and isolated. Because of the military's "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Don't ask, don't tell</a>" (DADT) policy (in effect until September 20, 2011), Manning was unable to live as an openly gay man without risk of being discharged. But she apparently made no secret of her orientation: her friends said she kept a fairy wand on her desk. When she told her roommate she was attracted to men, he responded by suggesting they not speak to each other.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-95" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[95]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[96]</a> Manning's working conditions included 14- to 15-hour night shifts in a tightly packed, dimly lit room.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[97]</a>On December 20, 2009, during a counseling session with two colleagues to discuss her poor time-keeping, Manning was told she would lose her one day off a week for persistent lateness. She responded by overturning a table, damaging a computer that was sitting on it. A sergeant moved Manning away from the weapons rack, and other soldiers pinned her arms behind her back and dragged her out of the room. Several witnesses to the incident believed her access to sensitive material ought to have been withdrawn at that point.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[98]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-99" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[99]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-100" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[100]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[101]</a> The following month, January 2010, she began posting on Facebook that she felt hopeless and alone.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[102]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Release of material to WikiLeaks</h3>Manning said her first contact with WikiLeaks took place in January 2010, when she began to interact with them on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IRC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabber.org" title="Jabber.org" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jabber</a>. She had first noticed them toward the end of November 2009, when they posted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_pager_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 pager messages" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">570,000 pager messages</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[103]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[104]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; clear: right; float: right; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; width: 416.55px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned">Items of historic significance of two wars Iraq and Afghanistan Significant Activity, Sigacts, between 0001 January 2004 and 2359 31 December 2009 extracts from CSV documents from the Department of Defense and CDNE database.These items have already been sanitized of any source identifying information.You might need to sit on this information for 90 to 180 days to best send and distribute such a large amount of data to a large audience and protect the source.This is one of the most significant documents of our time removing the fog of war and revealing the true nature of 21st century asymmetric warfare.Have a good day.</div><cite class="right-aligned" style="font-style: normal; display: block; text-align: right;">Manning, January 9, 2010<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nicks2012p137-105" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[105]</a></cite></div>On January 5, 2010, Manning downloaded the 400,000 documents that became known as the Iraq War logs.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nicks2012p137-105" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[105]</a> On January 8, she downloaded 91,000 documents from the Afghanistan database, known later as part of the Afghan War logs. She saved the material on CD-RW and smuggled it through security by labeling the CD-RW media "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lady Gaga</a>".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[106]</a> She then copied it onto her personal computer.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manningstatement29Jan2013p13-107" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[107]</a> The next day, she wrote a message in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/README" title="README" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">readme.txt</a> file, which she told the court was initially intended for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-108" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[108]</a>Manning copied the files from her laptop to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SD card</a> for her camera so that she could take it with her to the United States while on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26R(military)" title="R&R (military)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">R&R</a> leave.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manningstatement29Jan2013p13-107" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[107]</a> Army investigators later found the SD card in Manning's basement room in her aunt's home, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac,Maryland" title="Potomac, Maryland" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Potomac, Maryland</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-hearing-109" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[109]</a> On January 23, Manning flew to the United States via Germany, for two weeks of leave. It was during this visit that she first went out <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">dressed as a woman</a>, wearing a wig and makeup.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-110" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[110]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-111" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[111]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-112" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[112]</a> After her arrest, Manning's friend Tyler Watkins told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wired</a> that Manning had said during the visit that she had found some sensitive information and was considering leaking it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-113" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[113]</a>Manning contacted The Washington Post and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> to ask if they were interested in the material; the Post reporter did not sound interested, and the Times did not return the call. Manning decided instead to pass it to WikiLeaks, and on February 3 sent them the Iraq and Afghan War logs via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tor</a>. She returned to Iraq on February 11, with no acknowledgment from WikiLeaks that they had received the files.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-114" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[114]</a>On or around February 18, she passed WikiLeaks a diplomatic cable, dated January 13, 2010, from the U.S. Embassy in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Icelandleak-115" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[115]</a> They published it within hours, which suggested to Manning that they had received the other material, too.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-116" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[116]</a> She found the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12,2007,Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Baghdad helicopter attack</a> ("Collateral murder") video in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judge Advocate</a>'s directory and passed it to WikiLeaks on or around February 21.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-117" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[117]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-118" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[118]</a> In late March, she sent them a video of the May 2009 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike" title="Granai airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Granai airstrike</a> in Afghanistan; this was the video later removed and apparently destroyed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Domscheit-Berg" title="Daniel Domscheit-Berg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daniel Domscheit-Berg</a> when he left the organization.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Granaivideo-119" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[119]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-120" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[120]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-121" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[note 1]</a> Between March 28 and April 9, she downloaded the 250,000 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">diplomatic cables</a> and on April 10, uploaded them to a WikiLeaks dropbox.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-122" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[121]</a>Manning told the court that, during her interaction with WikiLeaks on IRC and Jabber, she developed a friendship with someone there, believed to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Julian Assange</a> (although neither knew the other's name), which she said made her feel she could be herself.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manningstatement29Jan2013p23-123" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[122]</a> Army investigators found 14 to 15 pages of encrypted chats, in unallocated space on her MacBook's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hard drive</a>, between Manning and someone believed to be Assange.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-hearing-109" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[109]</a> She wrote in a statement that the more she had tried to fit in at work, the more alienated she became from everyone around her. The relationship with WikiLeaks had given her a brief respite from the isolation and anxiety.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manningstatement29Jan2013p23-123" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[122]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Email to supervisor, recommended discharge</h3>On April 24, 2010, Manning sent an email to her supervisor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_sergeant#United_States" title="Master sergeant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Master Sergeant</a> Paul Adkins—with the subject line "My Problem"—saying she was suffering from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">gender identity disorder</a>. She attached a photograph of herself dressed as a woman and with the filename breanna.jpg.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nicks2012p162-124" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[123]</a> She wrote:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">This is my problem. I've had signs of it for a very long time. It's caused problems within my family. I thought a career in the military would get rid of it. It's not something I seek out for attention, and I've been trying very, very hard to get rid of it by placing myself in situations where it would be impossible. But, it's not going away; it's haunting me more and more as I get older. Now, the consequences of it are dire, at a time when it's causing me great pain in itself ...<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Reeve14Aug2013-69" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[69]</a></blockquote>Adkins discussed the situation with Manning's therapists, but did not pass the email to anybody above him in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">chain of command</a>; he told Manning's court-martial that he was concerned the photograph would be disseminated among other staff.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-125" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[124]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Captain</a> Steven Lim, Manning's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">company</a> commander, said he first saw the email after Manning's arrest, when information about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hormone replacement therapy</a> was found in Manning's room on base; at that point Lim learned that Manning had been calling herself Breanna.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-99" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[99]</a>Manning told former "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_hat" title="Grey hat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">grey hat</a>" hacker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lamo" title="Adrian Lamo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adrian Lamo</a> that she had set up <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">YouTube</a> accounts as Breanna to give her female identity a digital presence, writing to Lamo: "I wouldn't mind going to prison for the rest of my life [for leaking information], or being executed so much, if it wasn't for the possibility of having pictures of me ... plastered all over the world press ... as [a] boy ... the CPU is not made for this motherboard".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a> On April 30 she posted on Facebook that she was utterly lost, and over the next few days wrote that she was "not a piece of equipment", and was "beyond frustrated" and "livid" after being "lectured by ex-boyfriend despite months of relationship ambiguity".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-127" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[126]</a>On May 7, according to Army witnesses, Manning was found curled in a fetal position in a storage cupboard; she had a knife at her feet and had cut the words "I want" into a vinyl chair. A few hours later she had an altercation with a female intelligence analyst, Specialist Jihrleah Showman, during which she punched Showman in the face. The brigade psychiatrist recommended a discharge, referring to an "occupational problem and adjustment disorder". Manning's supervisor removed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">bolt</a> from her weapon, making it unable to fire, and she was sent to work in the supply office, although at this point her security clearance remained in place. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-judicial_punishment" title="Non-judicial punishment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">punishment</a> for the altercation with Showman, she was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_in_rank#United_States" title="Reduction in rank" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">demoted</a> from Specialist (E-4) to Private First Class (E-3) three days before her arrest on May 27.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-128" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[127]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-129" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[128]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-130" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[129]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-131" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[130]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-132" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[131]</a>Ellen Nakashima writes that, on May 9, Manning contacted Jonathan Odell, a gay American novelist in Minneapolis, via Facebook, leaving a message that she wanted to speak to him in confidence; she said she had been involved in some "very high-profile events, albeit as a nameless individual thus far".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nakashima4May2011-64" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[64]</a> On May 19, according to Army investigators, she emailed Eric Schmiedl, a mathematician she had met in Boston, and told him she had been the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">source</a> of the Baghdad airstrike video. Two days later, she began the series of chats with Adrian Lamo that led to her arrest.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-133" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[132]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Publication of leaked material</h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">WikiLeaks</h3>
According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Domscheit-Berg" title="Daniel Domscheit-Berg" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background="background" none="none" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line">Daniel Domscheit-Berg</a>, a former WikiLeaks spokesperson, part of the WikiLeaks security concept was that they did not know who their sources were. The New York Times wrote in December 2010 that the U.S. government was trying to discover whether Assange had been a passive recipient of material from Manning, or had encouraged or helped her to extract the files; if the latter, Assange could be charged with conspiracy. Manning told Lamo in May 2010 that she had developed a working relationship with Assange, communicating directly with him using an encrypted Internet conferencing service, but knew little about him. WikiLeaks did not identify Manning as their source.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-135" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[134]</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-136" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[135]</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-137" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[136]</a> Army investigators found pages of chats on Manning's computer between Manning and someone believed to be Julian Assange.<sup id="cite_ref-hearing_109-2" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-hearing-109" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[109]</a> Nicks writes that, despite this, no decisive evidence was found of Assange's offering Manning any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" unicode-bidi="unicode-bidi" isolate="isolate" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-138" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[137]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">WikiLeaks</a> was set up in late 2006 as a disclosure portal, initially using the Wikipedia model, where volunteers would write up restricted or legally threatened material submitted by whistleblowers. It was Julian Assange—an Australian Internet activist and journalist, and the de facto editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks—who had the idea of creating what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Laurie" title="Ben Laurie" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ben Laurie</a> called an "open-source, democratic intelligence agency". The open-editing aspect was soon abandoned, but the site remained open for anonymous submissions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Leigh201152-134" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[133]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Reykjavik13</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_published_by_WikiLeaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Information published by WikiLeaks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Information published by WikiLeaks</a></div>On February 18, 2010, WikiLeaks posted the first of the material from Manning, the diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reykjavík</a>, a document now known as "Reykjavik13".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Icelandleak-115" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[115]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-139" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[138]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-140" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[139]</a> On March 15, WikiLeaks posted a 32-page report written in 2008 by the U.S. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Department of Defense</a> about WikiLeaks itself, and on March 29 it posted U.S. State Department profiles of politicians in Iceland.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-141" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[140]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-142" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[141]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-143" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[142]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Baghdad airstrike</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12,2007,Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; 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line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CollateralMurder.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CollateralMurder.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Manning said she gave WikiLeaks the </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12,2007,Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike</a> video in early 2010.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-144" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[143]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-145" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[144]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-146" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[145]</a></div></div></div>WikiLeaks named the Baghdad airstrike video "Collateral Murder", and Assange released it on April 5, 2010, during a press conference at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Club(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Press Club</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nicks2012p157-147" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[146]</a> The video showed two American helicopters firing on a group of 10 men in the Amin District of Baghdad. Two were Reuters employees there to photograph an American Humvee under attack by the Mahdi Army. Pilots mistook their cameras for weapons. The helicopters also fired on a van, targeted earlier by one helicopter, that had stopped to help wounded members of the first group. Two children in the van were wounded, and their father was killed. Pilots also engaged a building where retreating insurgents were holed up. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Washington Post</a> wrote that it was this video, viewed by millions, that put WikiLeaks on the map. According to Nicks, Manning emailed a superior officer after the video aired and tried to persuade her that it was the same version as the one stored on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIPRNet" title="SIPRNet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SIPRNet</a>. Nicks writes that it seemed as though Manning wanted to be caught.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Nicks2012p157-147" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[146]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-148" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[147]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Afghan War logs, Iraq War logs</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak" title="Afghan War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Afghan War documents leak</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraq War documents leak</a></div>On July 25, 2010, WikiLeaks and three media partners—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Der Spiegel</a>—began publishing the 91,731 documents that, in their entirety, became known as the Afghan War Logs. (Around 77,000 of these had been published as of May 2012.) This was followed on October 22, 2010, by 391,832 classified military reports covering the period January 2004 to December 2009, which became known as the Iraq War Logs. Nicks writes that the publication of the former was a watershed moment, the "beginning of the information age exploding upon itself".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-149" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[148]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-150" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[149]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Diplomatic cables</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States diplomatic cables leak</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_files_leak" title="Guantanamo Bay files leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Guantanamo Bay files leak</a></div>Manning was also responsible for the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cablegate</a>" leak of 251,287 State Department cables, written by 271 American embassies and consulates in 180 countries, dated December 1966 to February 2010. The cables were passed by Assange to his three media partners, plus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">El País</a> and others, and published in stages from November 28, 2010, with the names of sources removed. WikiLeaks said it was the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-WikiLeaks11-28-2010-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-151" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[150]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-152" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[151]</a> WikiLeaks published the remaining cables, unredacted, on September 1, 2011, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leigh(journalist)" title="David Leigh (journalist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Leigh</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Luke Harding</a> of The Guardian inadvertently published the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrase" title="Passphrase" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">passphrase</a> for a file that was still online;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-153" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[152]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-154" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[153]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-155" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[154]</a> Nicks writes that, consequently, one <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ethiopian</a> journalist had to leave his country, and the U.S. government said it had to relocate several sources.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-156" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[155]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guantanamo Bay files</h3>Manning was also accused of being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">source</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_files_leak" title="Guantanamo Bay files leak" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Guantanamo Bay files leak</a>, obtained by WikiLeaks in 2010 and published by The New York Times and The Guardian in April 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-157" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[156]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-158" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[157]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-159" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[158]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-160" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[159]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Granai airstrike</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike" title="Granai airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Granai airstrike</a></div>Manning said she gave WikiLeaks a video, in late March 2010, of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granai_airstrike" title="Granai airstrike" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Granai airstrike</a> in Afghanistan. The airstrike occurred on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai, Afghanistan, killing 86 to 147 Afghan civilians. The video was never published; Julian Assange said in March 2013 that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Domscheit-Berg" title="Daniel Domscheit-Berg" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daniel Domscheit-Berg</a> had taken it with him when he left WikiLeaks and had apparently destroyed it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Granaivideo-119" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[119]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Manning and Adrian Lamo</h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">First contact</h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamo-Mitnick-Poulsen.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamo-Mitnick-Poulsen.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lamo" title="Adrian Lamo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adrian Lamo</a> (left) and Wired's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen" title="Kevin Poulsen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kevin Poulsen</a> (right) in 2001. The person in the middle, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick" title="Kevin Mitnick" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kevin Mitnick</a>, had no involvement in the Manning case.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PoulsenLamo-161" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[160]</a></div></div></div>On May 20, 2010, Manning contacted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lamo" title="Adrian Lamo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Adrian Lamo</a>, a former "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_hat" title="Grey hat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">grey hat</a>" hacker convicted in 2004 of having accessed The New York Times computer network two years earlier without permission. Lamo had been profiled that day by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Poulsen" title="Kevin Poulsen" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kevin Poulsen</a> in Wired magazine; the story said Lamo had been involuntarily hospitalized and diagnosed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Asperger syndrome</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-162" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[161]</a> Poulsen, by then a reporter, was himself a former hacker who had used Lamo as a source several times since 2000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PoulsenLamo-161" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[160]</a> Indeed it was Poulsen who, in 2002, had told The New York Times that Lamo had gained unauthorized access to its network; Poulsen then wrote the story up for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecurityFocus" title="SecurityFocus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SecurityFocus</a>. Lamo would hack into a system, tell the organization, then offer to fix their security, often using Poulsen as a go-between.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-163" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[162]</a>Lamo said Manning sent him several encrypted emails on May 20. He said he was unable to decrypt them but replied anyway and invited the emailer to chat on AOL IM. Lamo said he later turned the emails over to the FBI without having read them.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Greenwald18June2010-164" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[163]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chats</h3>In a series of chats between May 21 and 25, Manning—using the handle "bradass87"—told Lamo that she had leaked classified material. She introduced herself as an Army intelligence analyst, and within 17 minutes, without waiting for a reply, alluded to the leaks.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote centered NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.8em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; width: 728.975px; background-color: rgb(242, 243, 244);"><div class="quotebox-title NavHead" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative;">May 21, 2010:<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal;">[show]</a></div></div>Lamo replied several hours later. He said: "I'm a journalist and a minister. You can pick either, and treat this as a confession or an interview (never to be published) & enjoy a modicum of legal protection." They talked about restricted material in general, then Manning made her first explicit reference to the leaks: "This is what I do for friends." She linked to a section of the May 21, 2010, version of Wikipedia's article on WikiLeaks, which described the WikiLeaks release in March that year of a Department of Defense report on WikiLeaks itself. She added "the one below that is mine too"; the section below in the same article referred to the leak of the Baghdad airstrike ("Collateral Murder") video.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-165" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[164]</a> Manning said she felt isolated and fragile, and was reaching out to someone she hoped might understand.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote centered NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame2" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.8em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; width: 728.975px; background-color: rgb(242, 243, 244);"><div class="quotebox-title NavHead" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative;">May 22, 2010:<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle2" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal;">[show]</a></div></div>Manning said she had started to help WikiLeaks around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thanksgiving</a> in November 2009—which fell on November 26 that year—after WikiLeaks had released the 9/11 pager messages; the messages were released on November 25. She told Lamo she had recognized that the messages came from an NSA database and that seeing them had made her feel comfortable about stepping forward. Lamo asked what kind of material Manning was dealing with; Manning replied: "uhm ... crazy, almost criminal political backdealings ... the non-PR-versions of world events and crises ..." Although she said she dealt with Assange directly, Manning also said Assange had adopted a deliberate policy of knowing very little about her, telling Manning: "lie to me."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote centered NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame3" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.8em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; width: 728.975px; background-color: rgb(242, 243, 244);"><div class="quotebox-title NavHead" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative;">May 22, 2010:<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle3" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal;">[show]</a></div></div>Lamo again assured her that she was speaking in confidence. Manning wrote: "but im not a source for you ... im talking to you as someone who needs moral and emotional fucking support," and Lamo replied: "i told you, none of this is for print."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a>Manning said the incident that had affected her the most was when 15 detainees had been arrested by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Police#The_Federal_Police(FP)" title="Iraqi Police" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iraqi Federal Police</a> for printing anti-Iraqi literature. She was asked by the Army to find out who the "bad guys" were, and discovered that the detainees had followed what Manning said was a corruption trail within the Iraqi cabinet. She reported this to her commanding officer, but said "he didn't want to hear any of it"; she said the officer told her to help the Iraqi police find more detainees. Manning said it made her realize, "i was actively involved in something that i was completely against ..."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a>She explained that "i cant separate myself from others ... i feel connected to everybody ... like they were distant family," and cited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Carl Sagan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Richard Feynman</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Elie Wiesel</a>. She said she hoped the material would lead to "hopefully worldwide discussion, debates, and reforms. if not ... than [sic] we're doomed as a species." She said she had downloaded the material onto music CD-RWs, erased the music and replaced it with a compressed split file. Part of the reason no one noticed, she said, was that staff were working 14 hours a day, seven days a week, and "people stopped caring after 3 weeks."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hansen13July2011-126" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[125]</a><div class="quotebox pullquote centered NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame4" style="margin: 0.5em auto 0.8em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; width: 728.975px; background-color: rgb(242, 243, 244);"><div class="quotebox-title NavHead" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative;">May 25, 2010:<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle4" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal;">[show]</a></div></div><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Lamo approaches authorities, chat logs published</h3>Shortly after the first chat with Manning, Lamo discussed the information with Chet Uber of the volunteer group Project Vigilant, which researches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cybercrime</a>, and with Timothy Webster, a friend who had worked in Army counterintelligence.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-166" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[165]</a> Both advised Lamo to go to the authorities. His friend informed the Army's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Command" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Criminal Investigation Command</a> (CID), and Lamo was contacted by CID agents shortly thereafter.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-FeltIsolated-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> He told them he believed Manning was endangering lives.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Caesar-167" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[166]</a> He was largely ostracized by the hacker community afterwards. Nicks argues, on the other hand, that it was thanks to Lamo that the government had months to ameliorate any harm caused by the release of the diplomatic cables.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-168" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[167]</a>Lamo met with FBI and Army investigators on May 25 in California, and showed them the chat logs. On or around that date he also passed the story to Kevin Poulsen of Wired, and on May 27 gave him the chat logs and Manning's name under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_embargo" title="News embargo" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">embargo</a>. He met with the FBI again that day, at which point they told him Manning had been arrested in Iraq the day before. Poulsen and Kim Zetter broke the news of the arrest in Wired on June 6.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PoulsenJune62010-169" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[168]</a> Wired published around 25 percent of the chat logs on June 6 and 10, and the full logs in July 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-170" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[169]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Legal proceedings</h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Arrest and charges</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_charges_in_United_States_v.Manning" title="List of charges in United States v. Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">List of charges in United States v. Manning</a></div>Manning was arrested by the Army's Criminal Investigation Command,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PoulsenJune062010-171" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[170]</a> on May 27, 2010, and transferred four days later to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Arifjan" title="Camp Arifjan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Camp Arifjan</a> in Kuwait.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-PoulsenJune162010-172" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[171]</a> She was charged with several offenses in July, replaced by 22 charges in March 2011, including violations of Articles 92 and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_article(military_law)#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="General article (military law)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">134</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ), and of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Espionage Act</a>. The most serious charge was "aiding the enemy", a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">capital</a> offense, although prosecutors said they would not seek the death penalty.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-173" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[172]</a> Another charge, which Manning's defense called a "made up offense"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-174" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[173]</a> but of which she was found guilty, read that Manning "wantonly [caused] to be published on the internet intelligence belonging to the US government, having knowledge that intelligence published on the internet is accessible to the enemy".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-175" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[174]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Detention</h3><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><div class="floatleft" style="margin: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; float: left; clear: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikileaks_logo.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="Wikileaks logo.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wikileaks_logo.svg/15px-Wikileaks_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wikileaks_logo.svg/23px-Wikileaks_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wikileaks_logo.svg/30px-Wikileaks_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="547" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>Manning–WikiLeaks timeline</th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);">2009<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle5" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);">2010<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle6" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);">2011<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle7" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);">2012<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle8" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);">2013<a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle9" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>While in Kuwait, Manning was placed on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">suicide watch</a> after her behavior caused concern.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-176" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[175]</a> She was moved from Kuwait to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a>, Virginia, on July 29, 2010, and classified as a maximum custody detainee with Prevention of Injury (POI) status. POI status is one stop short of suicide watch, entailing checks by guards every five minutes. Her lawyer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edward_Coombs" class="mw-redirect" title="David Edward Coombs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">David Coombs</a>, a former military attorney, said Manning was not allowed to sleep between 5 am (7 am on weekends) and 8 pm, and was made to stand or sit up if she tried to. She was required to remain visible at all times, including at night, which entailed no access to sheets, no pillow except one built into her mattress, and a blanket designed not to be shredded.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-detention-177" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[176]</a> Manning complained that she regarded it as pretrial punishment.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-178" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[177]</a>Her cell was 6 × 12 ft (1.8 x 3.6 m) with no window, containing a bed, toilet, and sink. The jail had 30 cells built in a U shape, and although detainees could talk to one another, they were unable to see each other. Her lawyer said the guards behaved professionally and had not tried to harass or embarrass Manning. She was allowed to walk for up to one hour a day, meals were taken in the cell, and she was shackled during visits. There was access to television when it was placed in the corridor, and she was allowed to keep one magazine and one book.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-detention-177" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[176]</a> Because she was in pretrial detention, she received full pay.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-179" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[178]</a>On January 18, 2011, after Manning had an altercation with the guards, the commander of Quantico classified her as a suicide risk.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-180" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[179]</a> Manning said the guards had begun issuing conflicting commands, such as "turn left, don't turn left," and upbraiding her for responding to commands with "yes" instead of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aye_aye,sir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aye aye, sir" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aye</a>". Shortly afterward, she was placed on suicide watch, had her clothing and eyeglasses removed, and was required to remain in her cell 24 hours a day. The suicide watch was lifted on January 21 after a complaint from her lawyer, and the brig commander who ordered it was replaced.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-181" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[180]</a> On March 2, she was told that her request for removal of POI status—which entailed among other things sleeping wearing only boxer shorts—had been denied. Her lawyer said Manning joked to the guards that, if she wanted to harm herself, she could do so with her underwear or her flip-flops. The comment resulted in Manning being ordered to strip naked in her cell that night and sleep without clothing. On the following morning only, Manning stood naked for inspection. Following her lawyer's protest and media attention, Manning was issued a sleeping garment on or before March 11.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-clothes-182" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[181]</a>The detention conditions prompted national and international concern. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_E.M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan E. Méndez" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Juan E. Méndez</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> on torture, told The Guardian that the U.S. government's treatment of Manning was "cruel, inhuman and degrading".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-183" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[182]</a> In January 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Amnesty International</a> asked the British government to intervene because of Manning's status as a British citizen by descent, although Manning's lawyer said Manning did not regard herself as a British citizen.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-184" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[183]</a> On March 10, State Department spokesman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J.Crowley" title="Philip J. Crowley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Philip J. Crowley</a> criticized Manning's treatment as "ridiculous, counterproductive and stupid".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Crowley-185" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[184]</a> The following day, President Obama responded to Crowley's comments, saying the Pentagon had assured him that Manning's treatment was "appropriate and meet[s] our basic standards". Under political pressure, Crowley resigned three days after his comments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-CrowleyResign-186" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[185]</a> On March 15, 295 members of the academic legal community signed a statement arguing that Manning was being subjected to "degrading and inhumane pretrial punishment" and criticizing Obama's comments.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-187" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[186]</a> On April 20 the Pentagon transferred Manning to the medium-custody <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Joint_Regional_Correctional_Facility" title="Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Midwest Joint Regional Correctional Facility</a>, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where she was placed in an 80-square-foot cell with a window and a normal mattress, able to mix with other pretrial detainees and keep personal objects in her cell.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-188" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[187]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Evidence presented at Article 32 hearing</h3>In April 2011, a panel of experts, having completed a medical and mental evaluation of Manning, ruled that she was fit to stand trial.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-189" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[188]</a> An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_32_hearing" title="Article 32 hearing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Article 32 hearing</a>, presided over by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Paul Almanza, was convened on December 16, 2011, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_George_G.Meade" title="Fort George G. Meade" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Fort Meade</a>, Maryland; the hearing resulted in Almanza's recommending that Manning be referred to a general court-martial. She was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">arraigned</a> on February 23, 2012, and declined to enter a plea.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-190" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[189]</a>[mantech]...<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">uilty plea, trial, sentence</h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Manning" title="United States v. Manning" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States v. Manning</a></div><table class="infobox scotus" style="font-size: 12.32px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-spacing: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 15.4px; font-style: italic;">United States v. Manning</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Court</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_District_of_Washington" title="United States Army Military District of Washington" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Army Military District of Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Full case name</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">United States of America v. Manning, Bradley E., PFC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Decided</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">July 30, 2013</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Prior action(s)</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_32_hearing" title="Article 32 hearing" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Article 32 hearing</a>, opened December 16, 2011
Formally charged, February 23, 2012
Article 39 (pretrial) hearing, opened April 24, 2012</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Judge sitting</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Colonel Denise Lind</td></tr></tbody></table>The judge, Army <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Colonel</a> Denise Lind, ruled in January 2013 that any sentence would be reduced by 112 days because of the treatment Manning received at Quantico.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-193" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[192]</a> On February 28, Manning pleaded guilty to 10 of the 22 charges.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-CBS28Feb2013-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[18]</a> Reading for over an hour from a 35-page statement, she said she had leaked the cables "to show the true cost of war". Prosecutors pursued a court-martial on the remaining charges.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-194" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[193]</a>The trial began on June 3, 2013. Manning was convicted on July 30, on 17 of the 22 charges in their entirety, including five counts of espionage and theft, and an amended version of four other charges; she was acquitted of aiding the enemy. The sentencing phase began the next day.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-verdict-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a>Captain Michael Worsley, a military psychologist who had treated Manning before her arrest, testified that Manning had been left isolated in the Army, trying to deal with gender identity issues in a "hyper-masculine environment".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Kube14Aug2013-195" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[194]</a> David Moulton, a Navy forensic psychiatrist who saw Manning after the arrest, said Manning had narcissistic traits, and showed signs of both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">fetal alcohol syndrome</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Asperger syndrome</a>. He said that, in leaking the material, Manning had been "acting out [a] grandiose ideation".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-196" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[195]</a>A defense psychiatrist, testifying to Manning's motives, suggested a different agenda:<blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Well, Pfc Manning was under the impression that his leaked information was going to really change how the world views the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and future wars, actually. This was an attempt to crowdsource analysis of the war, and it was his opinion that if ... through crowdsourcing, enough analysis was done on these documents, which he felt to be very important, that it would lead to a greater good ... that society as a whole would come to the conclusion that the war wasn't worth it ... that really no wars are worth it.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-197" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[196]</a></blockquote>On August 14, Manning apologized to the court: "I am sorry that my actions hurt people. I'm sorry that they hurt the United States. I am sorry for the unintended consequences of my actions. When I made these decisions I believed I was going to help people, not hurt people. ... At the time of my decisions, I was dealing with a lot of issues."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Kube14Aug2013-195" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[194]</a>Manning's offenses carried a maximum sentence of 90 years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Sledge21Aug2013-198" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[197]</a> The government asked for 60 years as a deterrent to others, while Manning's lawyer asked for no more than 25 years. She was sentenced on August 21 to 35 years in prison, reduction in rank to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private(rank)" title="Private (rank)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">private</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">(private E-1 or PVT)</a>, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonorable discharge" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">dishonorable discharge</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Tate21Aug2013-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> She was given credit for 1,293 days of pretrial confinement, including 112 days for her treatment at Quantico, and would have been eligible for parole after serving one-third of the sentence.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Tate21Aug2013-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a> She was confined at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Disciplinary_Barracks" title="United States Disciplinary Barracks" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Disciplinary Barracks</a> (USDB) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Hanna21Aug2013-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[21]</a>The sentence was criticized as "unjust and unfair"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-199" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[198]</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The Guardian</a>, and as "excessive"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-200" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[199]</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">The New York Times</a>.On April 14, 2014, Manning's request for clemency was denied; the case went to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals</a> for further review.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-201" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[200]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Requests for release</h3>On September 3, 2013, Manning's lawyer filed a Petition for Commutation of Sentence to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">President Obama</a> through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Pardon_Attorney" title="Office of the Pardon Attorney" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">pardon attorney</a> at the Department of Justice and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Army" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Secretary of the Army</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M.McHugh" title="John M. McHugh" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John M. McHugh</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-202" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[201]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-203" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[202]</a> The petition contended that Manning's disclosures did not cause any "real damage", and that the documents in question did not merit protection as they were not sensitive. The request included a supporting letter from Amnesty International which said that Manning's leaks had exposed violations of human rights. David Coombs's cover letter touched on Manning's role as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower" title="Whistleblower" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">whistleblower</a>, asking that Manning be granted a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential pardon" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">full pardon</a> or that her sentence be reduced to time served.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manning_seeks_pardon-204" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[203]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-205" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[204]</a>In April 2015, Amnesty International posted online a letter from Manning in which she wrote: "I am now preparing for my court-martial appeal before the first appeals court. The appeal team, with my attorneys Nancy Hollander and Vince Ward, are hoping to file our brief before the court in the next six months. We have already had success in getting the court to respect my gender identity by using feminine pronouns in the court filings (she, her, etc.)."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-AmnestyApril2015-206" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[205]</a>In November 2016, Manning made a formal petition to President Obama to reduce her 35-year sentence to the six years of time she had already served.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-207" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[206]</a> On December 10, 2016, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_petition" class="mw-redirect" title="White House petition" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">White House petition</a> to commute her sentence reached the minimum 100,000 signatures required for an official response.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-208" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[207]</a> Lawyers familiar with clemency applications stated in December 2016 that the pardon was unlikely to happen; the request did not fit into the usual criteria.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-209" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[208]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Commutation</h3>In January 2017, a Justice Department source said that Manning was on President Obama's short list for a possible commutation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-nbc-2017jan11-210" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[209]</a> On January 17, 2017, President Obama commuted all but four months of Manning's remaining sentence.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-nyt-17jan2017-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Cbc2017-01-17-211" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[210]</a> In a press conference held on January 18, Obama stated that Manning's original 35-year prison sentence was "very disproportionate relative to what other leakers have received" and that "it makes sense to commute—and not pardon—her sentence."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Cbc2017-01-17-211" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[210]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-guardian-18jan2017-212" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[211]</a> Notwithstanding her commutation, Manning's military appeal will continue, with her attorney saying, "We fight in her appeal to clear her name."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-213" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[212]</a>On January 26, 2017, in her first column for The Guardian since the commutation, Manning lamented that President Obama's political opponents consistently refused to compromise, resulting in "very few permanent accomplishments" during his time in office. As The Guardian summarized it, she saw Obama's legacy as "a warning against not being bold enough".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-214" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[213]</a> In response, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Donald Trump</a> tweeted that Manning was an "ungrateful traitor" and should "never have been released".[trump traitor tweet]...?<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Appeal</h3>On May 31, 2018, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals</a> upheld Chelsea Manning's 2013 court-martial conviction of violating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Espionage Act</a>. The court rejected Manning's contention that the statute is too vague to provide fair notice of the criminal nature of disclosing classified documents. "The facts of this case," the three-judge panel ruled, "leave no question as to what constituted national defense information. Appellant's training and experience indicate, without any doubt, she was on notice and understood the nature of the information she was disclosing and how its disclosure could negatively affect national defense." The court also rejected Manning's assertion that her actions in disclosing classified information related to national security are protected by the First Amendment. Manning, the court found, "had no First Amendment right to make the disclosures—doing so not only violated the nondisclosure agreements she signed but also jeopardized national security."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-220" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[219]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-221" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[220]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2019 jailing for contempt</h3>In February 2019, Manning received a subpoena to testify in a US government case against WikiLeaks and Julian Assange (the existence of which had been accidentally revealed in November 2018), which was proceeding under prosecutors in Virginia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-222" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[221]</a> Manning objected to the secrecy of the grand jury proceedings and announced she would refuse to testify,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-tribune2019-223" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[222]</a> saying "we've seen this power abused countless times to target political speech. I have nothing to contribute to this case and I resent being forced to endanger myself by participating in this predatory practice."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-224" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[223]</a> Manning also said she had provided all the information she had in 2013 during her court martial and that she stood by her previous answers.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-225" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[224]</a>On March 8, 2019, Manning was found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">contempt of court</a> and jailed in the women's wing of the federal detention center in Alexandria, Virginia, with the judge conditioning her release on her testifying or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">grand jury</a> concluding its work.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-APNews20190405-226" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[225]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-227" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[226]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-228" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[227]</a> Manning was initially held in administrative segregation for 28 days until she was placed in the general population on April 5, 2019.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-229" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[228]</a> Her supporters described her period in administrative segregation as "effective <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">solitary confinement</a>" as it involved "up to 22 hours each day spent in isolation".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-230" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[229]</a> Officials at the facility said that administrative segregation was used for safety reasons and that prisoners still had access to recreation and social visits during that time.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-APNews20190405-226" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[225]</a> On April 22, 2019, a federal appeals court upheld the trial court's decision holding Manning in contempt and denied a request by Manning that she be released on bail.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-R20190422-231" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[230]</a>After the grand jury's term expired, Manning was released on May 9, 2019 and served with another subpoena to appear before a new grand jury on May 16.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-232" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[231]</a> Manning again refused to testify, stating that she "believe[d] this grand jury seeks to undermine the integrity of public discourse with the aim of punishing those who expose any serious, ongoing, and systemic abuses of power by this government". The court ordered her returned to jail and fined $500 for each day over 30 days and $1,000 for each day over 60 days.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-233" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[232]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-APNews20190516-234" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[233]</a> In June 2019, she challenged the fines because of inability to pay.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-235" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[234]</a> On December 30, 2019, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United Nations special rapporteur</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Melzer" title="Nils Melzer" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nils Melzer</a> released a letter dated November 1, 2019 in which he accused the U.S. government of torturing Manning, called for her immediate release, and called for her court fines to be canceled or reimbursed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-236" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[235]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-237" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[236]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-238" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[237]</a><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: right; float: right; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-size: 14px;"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 13.16px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_Manning_on_21_April_2020.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_Manning_on_21_April_2020.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" magnify-clip-ltr.svg="magnify-clip-ltr.svg" e="e" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" width="width" height="height" user-select="user-select" none="none">Manning (left) in </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Brooklyn</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">coronavirus pandemic</a> in April 2020, forty days after her release from jail<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-239" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[238]</a></div></div></div>On March 11, 2020, Manning attempted suicide two days before she was scheduled to appear before a judge on a motion to terminate sanctions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Gizmodo11March2020-240" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[239]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-SparrowMedia11March2020-241" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[240]</a> Alexandria Sheriff Dana Lawhorne reported that Manning was safe and her lawyers said she was recovering in a hospital.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-AP11March2020-242" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[241]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Gizmodo11March2020-240" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[239]</a>On March 12, 2020, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. District Judge</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trenga" title="Anthony Trenga" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Anthony Trenga</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Eastern District of Virginia</a> found that the business of the grand jury had concluded. Since Manning's testimony was no longer needed, the judge found that detention no longer served any coercive purpose, and ordered her released.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-WaPoRelease12March2020-243" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[242]</a> He denied a request by Manning's lawyers to vacate her accrued fines of $256,000, which he ordered due and payable immediately.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-NYTrelease12March2020-244" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[243]</a> That same day, a supporter launched an online <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">crowdfunding</a> campaign to defray Manning's fines. Within 48 hours, nearly 7,000 donations ranging from $5–$10,000 were received, totaling $267,000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-Manning_GoFundMe_12March2020-245" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[244]</a> A separate crowdfund by the same supporter raised an additional $50,000 to help pay Manning's post-incarceration living expenses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-246" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[245]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Reaction to disclosures</h2>The publication of the leaked material, particularly the diplomatic cables, attracted in-depth coverage worldwide, with several governments blocking websites that contained embarrassing details. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alan Rusbridger</a>, editor of The Guardian, said: "I can't think of a time when there was ever a story generated by a news organization where the White House, the Kremlin, Chávez, India, China, everyone in the world was talking about these things. ... I've never known a story that created such mayhem that wasn't an event like a war or a terrorist attack."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-247" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[246]</a>
In 2011, Manning and WikiLeaks were credited in part,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-252" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[251]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-253" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[252]</a> along with news reporters and political analysts,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-254" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[253]</a> as catalysts for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arab Spring</a> that began in December 2010, when waves of protesters rose up against rulers across the Middle East and North Africa, after the leaked cables exposed government corruption. In 2012, however, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L.Gelvin" title="James L. Gelvin" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">James L. Gelvin</a>, an American scholar of Middle Eastern history, wrote: "After the outbreak [January 2011] of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Egyptian uprising</a> … journalists decided to abandon another term they had applied to the Tunisian uprising: the first 'WikiLeaks Revolution,' a title they had adopted that overemphasized the role played by the leaked American cables about corruption in provoking the protests."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-255" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[254]</a>United States Navy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Admiral</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Michael Mullen</a>, then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, said the leaks had placed the lives of American soldiers and Afghan informants in danger.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-248" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[247]</a> Journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Glenn Greenwald</a> argued that Manning was the most important whistleblower since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Daniel Ellsberg</a> leaked the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pentagon Papers</a> in 1971.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-249" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[248]</a> In an impromptu questioning session after a fundraiser, captured on a cell phone video, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Barack Obama</a> said that Manning "broke the law", which was later criticized as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_command_influence" title="Unlawful command influence" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">unlawful command influence</a>" on Manning's upcoming trial.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-250" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[249]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-251" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[250]</a>A Washington Post editorial asked why an apparently unstable Army private had been able to access and transfer sensitive material in the first place.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-256" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[255]</a> According to her biographer, the American far right saw Manning's sexuality as evidence that gay people were unfit for military service, while the American mainstream thought of Manning as a gay soldier driven mad by bullying.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-257" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[256]</a>A report written by the Department of Defense a year after the breach found that Manning's document leaks had no significant strategic impact on U.S. war efforts. The heavily redacted final report was not published until June 2017, after a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Freedom of Information</a> request by investigative reporter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Leopold" title="Jason Leopold" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Jason Leopold</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-guardian-20jun2017-258" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[257]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; font-family: " linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Awards and tributes</h2>In 2011, Manning was awarded a "Whistleblowerpreis" by the German Section of the International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_German_Scientists" title="Federation of German Scientists" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Federation of German Scientists</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-259" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[258]</a> While still in detention in 2011, Graham Nash of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Stills_and_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosby, Stills and Nash" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Crosby, Stills and Nash</a> released a song, "Almost Gone (The Ballad of Bradley Manning)", in reference to her deteriorated mental state.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-260" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[259]</a> In 2012, she was awarded "People's Choice Award" awarded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Exchange" title="Global Exchange" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Global Exchange</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-261" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[260]</a> In 2013, she was awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Peace_Prize" title="US Peace Prize" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">US Peace Prize</a> by the US Peace Memorial Foundation "for conspicuous bravery, at the risk of his own freedom, above and beyond the call of duty."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-262" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[261]</a> In the same year, she was awarded the Sean MacBride Peace Prize by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">International Peace Bureau</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-263" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[262]</a> In 2014, she was awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Adams_Award" title="Sam Adams Award" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Sam Adams Award</a> by Sam Adams Associates for Integrity in Intelligence.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Manning#cite_note-264" style="text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[263]</a>...
<div>=</div><div>'<a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/03/finally-judge-orders-chelsea-mannings-immediate-release-after-a-year-in-jail-and-a-suicide-attempt/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; display: inline !important;">Finally’: Judge orders Chelsea Manning’s immediate release after a year in jail and a suicide attempt</a></div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/jessica-corbett/" title="Posts by Jessica Corbett" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jessica Corbett</a> / <a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/common-dreams/" title="Posts by Common Dreams" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Common Drea</a>ms</div><div class="grid-post-box-meta mag-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">320</div><div class="grid-post-box-meta mag-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div></div><div><div class="mag-header" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 19px; padding: 0px; position: relative; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h3 class="magcat-titlte entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/12/un-expert-calls-detention-of-chelsea-manning-open-ended-progressively-severe-coercive-measure-amounting-to-torture/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; display: block; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4;">UN expert calls detention of Chelsea Manning ‘open-ended, progressively severe, coercive measure amounting to torture’</a></h3><div class="grid-post-box-meta mag-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/jessica-corbett/" title="Posts by Jessica Corbett" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">Jessica Corbett</a> / <a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/common-dreams/" title="Posts by Common Dreams" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">Common Dreams</a></div></div><div class="mag-excerpt entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a letter to the U.S. government, the special rapporteur on torture called for the immediate release of the whistleblower</div></div><div></div><div>dn 819</div><div><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(241, 242, 243);"><li class="hidden-xs" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px 0px 23px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.33;"><a data-ga-action="Home Headlines: Headline" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2019/8/9/headlines/judge_rejects_new_hearing_for_jailed_whistleblower_chelsea_manning_as_fines_mount" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; border: 0px; background-color: transparent;">Judge Rejects New Hearing for Jailed Whistleblower Chelsea Manning as Fines Mount</a></li></ul></div><div></div><div>
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</div><div><div class="mag-header" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 19px; padding: 0px; position: relative; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h3 class="magcat-titlte entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" open="Open" sans="Sans" sans-serif="sans-serif" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2019/03/chelsea-manning-has-sacrificed-everything-twice/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; display: block; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4;">Chelsea Manning has sacrificed everything twice</a></h3><div class="grid-post-box-meta mag-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/author/jacob-sugarman/" title="Posts by Jacob Sugarman" class="author url fn" rel="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">Jacob Sugarman</a></div></div><div class="mag-excerpt entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Few can endure the mental anguish of solitary confinement, or what prisons more insidiously refer to as “administrative segregation.” Fewer still can endure multiple stretches of “ad seg” occurring months…=</div></div>