Boehlert, S Rep

sadly, defunct
Sherwood "Sherry" Boehlert was a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Republican</a> member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/U.S.House_of_Representatives" title="U. S. House of Representatives" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">U. S. House of Representatives</a> representing New York's upstate 24th Congressional District (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ny24_109.gif" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">map</a>) from 1983 to 2007. He opted to retire rather than seek reelection in 2006. 4 yrs before TP?sensenbrenner took over key comm?Smokey Joe Strikes Again?
Turns out climate skeptics' favorite report might not be as scientific as Congressman Joe Barton claims.
KATE SHEPPARD NOV. 23, 2010 6:00 AM

James Berglie/Zumapress.comBack in 2005, Joe Barton (R-Texas), then the chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, made it his personal mission to investigate both climate science and climate scientists. Nicknamed "Smokey Joe" for his efforts to appease polluters, Barton has long made it clear he thinks the science on climate change is "pretty weak stuff."
To prove that climate scientists have been wrong about their predictions, Barton and Rep. Ed Whitfield (R-Ky.) enlisted Edward Wegman, a statistician at George Mason University, to write a report evaluating studies of man-made global warming. The Wegman Report, released in 2006, has been much-touted by climate skeptics in the years since. But it now looks like large parts of the report used information that was plagiarized, pulled from Wikipedia, or taken out of context—and it appears that Barton's office may have been feeding Wegman's team the information to include in the report.
Wegman's report primarily attacked the "hockey stick chart," first published in a 1998 report co-authored by climate scientists Michael Mann (now of Pennsylvania State University), Raymond Bradley of the University of Massachusetts, and Malcolm K. Hughes of the Laboratory for Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. The chart grew much more notable after it was included in the 2001 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and a version of it was featured in the movie An Inconvenient Truth several years later. But in a searing piece in USA Today, reporter Dan Vergano reveals numerous problems with the Wegman report. Studies of the 91-page text "found repeated instances of passages lifted word for word and what appear to be thinly disguised paraphrases," the piece notes.
Much of the reportedly plagiarized text came from a book written by Bradley, who has asked George Mason University to investigate the matter. Analyses of the text show that some phrases were largely reproduced, and at some points tweaked in order to change the meaning. This was revealed in a lengthy report from retired computer scientist John Mashey of California, who concluded that 35 of the report's 91 pages "are mostly plagiarized text, but often injected with errors, bias and changes of meaning."
Mashey's takedown of the Wegman report also points to evidence that Barton's staff was feeding Wegman’s supposedly unbiased team of scientists material to use in the report. Mashey found a presentation (PDF) online from Wegman report co-author Yasmin Said of Johns Hopkins University chronicling the team's "Experiences with Congressional Testimony." The presentation notes that Wegman's group met with Barton staffer Peter Spencer, who delivered a "daunting amount of material" to use in compiling the report, and that Wegman and his team were charged with evaluating whether criticism of the Mann-Bradley chart was "meritorious." The presentation also notes that Barton's staff saw themselves as "'referees' in the Hockey Game"—even though none of those involved had "any real expertise in paleoclimate reconstruction."
Wegman has denied that his team was being primed by Barton's staff. "Although Dr. Said's presentation seemed to imply that we were being coached by the Republicans being given only their selected materials to look at, this was not true," Wegman told USA Today in response to a Freedom of Information Act request. Barton's office did not respond to Mother Jones' request for comment about the charge that they were feeding information to Wegman's team.
Mashey, though, says all signs point to Barton's office having "manipulated, manufactured" information for the Wegman report. He notes that the report relied heavily on a paper criticizing the hockey stick graph written by two Canadians with no background in climate science, mining consultant Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick. McIntyre confirmed in an interview that the Wegman team contacted him for information for their report. However, Mann—the scientist whose work they questioned—was never asked to provide information to the team.
Subsequent studies have found while there was some valid criticism of the statistical methods in the original graph, the McIntyre-McKitrick paper introduced some of its own errors and reached a flawed conclusion. The paper does not, in fact, invalidate the hockey stick—particularly since numerous other studies have reinforced the Mann-Bradley findings. Moreover, Mann and his colleagues acknowledged in the original paper that there are uncertainties and that further study was needed on the subject, and they later issued updates to their findings in response to some valid criticism—but that's all part of the scientific process.
That nuance, of course, was lost in the Wegman report. It's also worth noting that Barton's enlisting of Wegman to conduct the report is also outside of typical protocol for committees looking for an independent read on scientific disputes. Congress will generally request a report from the National Research Council, a branch of the National Academies, when there is disagreement on an issue like multiple climate studies. Ralph Cicerone, president of the National Academy of Sciences, wrote to Barton in July 2005 offering the Academies' services. But rather than asking the NRC to review the science, Barton asked Wegman to write the report.
The chairman of the Committee on Science and Technology at the time, Sherwood Boehlert (R-N.Y.), criticized his colleague's multiple attempts to undermine the science as "misguided and illegitimate." Boehlert wrote in a July 2005 letter to Barton, "[Y]ou have taken a decidedly different approach—one that breaks with precedent and raises the specter of politicians opening investigations of any scientist who reaches a conclusion that makes the political elite uncomfortable."
So Boehlert requested an NRC study on the reconstruction of surface temperature records. The NRC report largely supported the work of Mann and Bradley, noting that while there may have been some justifiable questions about statistical methods and that some uncertainties "have been underestimated," there was nevertheless "an array of evidence" supporting the main conclusion of their work. (Boehlert, now retired, penned an op-ed in the Washington Post last week criticizing his party for willfully ignoring the science on climate change.)
Aaron Huertas, press secretary for the Union of Concerned Scientists, also questioned the role Barton and his staff played in shaping the report and called it "an abuse of the power of Congress" to put out a shoddy report for the sole purpose of lobbing baseless attacks at climate scientists. "If something that doesn't meet basic academic scrutiny is being put out there with the congressional seal on it, then that's a problem," said Huertas.
Despite his repeated attacks on the very premise of global warming, Barton has tried to claim that all he wants is an independent evaluation of the science. At a stop at the international climate negotiations in Copenhagen last year, Barton claimed that "the premise that mankind, through the emissions of CO2, is causing the planet to warm...has never been independently analyzed or tested by any scientific group." He asserted that "credible" scientists should look at the evidence, and, in response to a question about who that might include, suggested the National Academy of Sciences—failing to note of course that the NAS had done as much, despite the fact that he has rejected their research on the subject.
Barton and other Republicans have frequently cited the Wegman report as proof that scientists are cooking the books on global warming. The report is also cited heavily in the court filings of crusading Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, who has repeatedly tried to force the University of Virginia, Mann's former employer, to hand over documents that he believes will demonstrate that the scientist committed "fraud" in his research. Cuccinelli mentions the Wegman report five times in one subpoena of Mann's documents and email.
The report is now four years old, but Barton might be getting another turn to fire at climate scientists from the bully pulpit as chairman of one of the top committees with jurisdiction on climate and energy policy. While caucus rules typically limit Republicans to three terms, Barton is seeking a waiver so he can again serve as chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee. Several other incoming leaders of key committees have already indicated they would like to replicate the kind of investigation into climate science next year.
Meanwhile, Barton continues to tout his "investigations" into Mann and other scientists. He wrote a letter to the editor of the Washington Post last month in response to a column from Mann that criticized Barton and others for politicizing the science, and again went after Mann: "I think Mr. Mann is entitled to make up his own mind, but not his own truth." All the evidence coming in about the Wegman report indicates that someone was bent on making up the truth, and it wasn't Mann.mojomann bk: pre-emptive action b/c of 2005 energy bill (failed 2004?)
Barton and whitfield sent ltr to MM, bradly co-author, NSF, IPCC for info on whole career? $, locatin of data, changes made ...?! source code~ by Eur geogr union, Nature Jrnl, NAS, 20 sci, 30 sci orgs~ waxman and dems and even mod gop  Chair Rep Boehlert who offered a truce to Barton and NAS help but Barton (on staffer rec?) went to Wegman (defense DoD navy data mining.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert</a><span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Smokey Joe witch hunt, vs <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Boehlert <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">standup guy moderate. See apostates (Politico sets a low bar).<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> CFG opposed Boehlert in 2000 and 20002<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> (later Chafee). House Science Comm (preceded as chair by Sensenbrenner).
<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">After Army, out of Utica College, did PR work for a chemical company, staffer,
<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">["Boehlert is a Board Member of a number of <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">national organizations, including the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#ff0000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Alliance for Climate Protection;<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> the Heinz Center for Science, <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Economics and the Environment<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">; the<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#ff0000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">League of Conservation Voters<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#ff0000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">;<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> the Health Effects Institute and the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Natural Resources Defense Council Action Fund<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">." <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">[1]<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> ]
<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">CAFE, acid rain, ranking member, transportation comm; chair of water subcommittee
<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">wiki: Boehlert also was a member of several national moderate GOP groups including the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Republican Main Street Partnership<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">, the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Ripon Society<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> and <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Christine Todd Whitman<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">'s <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">It's My Party Too<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">.
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to his centrist views, <span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Time Magazine<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> also recognized Boehlert as a “power center” on Capitol Hill<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> and <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Congressional Quarterly<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> named him one of the 50 most effective Members of Congress.<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Boehlert is best known for his work on environmental policy.<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> Beginning in the 1980s with the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">acid rain<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> crisis, Boehlert became a prominent voice in the Republican party for the environment. He was a major contributor to the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">acid rain provisions of the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">. Boehlert pushed continually to increase <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Corporate Average Fuel Economy<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> (<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">CAFE)<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> standards for light trucks and automobiles and was the lead GOP sponsor of numerous CAFE amendments. Due to Boehlert's constant battles over environmental legislation, often putting him at odds with his party's leadership, <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">National Journal<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> dubbed Boehlert the “Green Hornet” and featured him as one of the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">dozen “key players” in the House of Representatives<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">.

<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Elected 1983 to house, decided not to run 2007. Meier not scary Dick C and Laura Bush stumped/$)
<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">[“Since 2007, Boehlert has remained active promoting environmental and scientific causes. He serves currently on the Board of the bipartisan <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Alliance for Climate Protection<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> chaired by former Vice President <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Al Gore<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">. Boehlert currently serves as a Senior Fellow at the <span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">Bipartisan Policy Center<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">.<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000080;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;">[13]<span style="font-size:18.666666666666664px;font-family:'Times New Roman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;"> “] wiki<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="content" id="mainentrycontent" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;"> the second in a three-part series. Read the first story <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/24/house-science-committee_n_5525609.html?1403707503" target="_hplink" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The conservative “secret science” campaign harkens back nearly twenty years.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In late 1996, industry was trying to fight the Environmental Protection Agency’s first efforts to set a fine particle pollution air quality standard of "PM2.5," the abbreviation used for particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), an astroturf lobbying group founded by the petrochemical industrialist brothers Charles and David Koch in 1984, warned that the “effects of the new air quality standards on the economy would be devastating,” based in part on economic analyses conducted by the Center for Study of Public Choice at George Mason University – a group also funded by the Koch brothers. The CSE co-founder and president was Koch Industries vice president Rich Fink, a George Mason economist who has sat on the board of the school's public choice center.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">CSE, the precursor to the Tea Party groups FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity, was then led by C. Boyden Gray, an heir to the Reynolds tobacco fortune and GOP kingmaker. In addition to running the tobacco-and-polluter-funded “grassroots” CSE, Gray also managed the Orwellian-sounding “Air Quality Standards Coalition,” an industry coalition coordinated by the National Association of Manufacturers to fight EPA limits on soot and smog pollution.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">As industry was not getting much traction with the “it’s going to cost too much” argument, Gray’s group employed street theater as a political tactic.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In January 1997, attendees of a Senate hearing on the proposed EPA rules encountered a group of people wearing white lab coats holding signs saying, “Harvard, release the data!” The supposed scientists in fact came from CSE. In addition, CSE took out ads in the Chicago Tribune attacking the Harvard brand, and writers in the libertarian-industrial network questioned the legitimacy of the studies and demanded the release of the private medical records at their core.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“The unwillingness of the study's authors to allow access to basic data is troubling; such secrecy is incompatible with the modern scientific process,” complained a CSE publication in June 1997.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">CSE also found an ideological hook for the economic-damage attacks, spinning pollution limits as an assault on freedom. “Imagine that – a new government regulation that takes away our freedom to celebrate our freedom," said a CSE radio advertisement in the summer of 1997. The ad claimed that the proposed air pollution regulations would ruin Independence Day by outlawing barbecues, lawn mowers, and fireworks.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The outcome of the campaign was threefold: a weakening and delay of ozone and particulate-matter rules; a $50 million taxpayer-funded project to reconfirm the results; and legislation compelling that the data generated by federally funded research be made available to industry and the public.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Fast forward to last year.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“The data in question have not been subjected to scrutiny and analysis by independent scientists,” Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas) charged in a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Yet Smith’s claim that the studies and the underlying patient data did not undergo independent analysis is false. In fact, in 1997, while Smith was serving his sixth term, Congress appropriated $49.6 million for a major research program into fine particulate matter, including a reanalysis of the Harvard and ACS studies by the Health Effects Institute. Smith voted for the bill.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“When we got the medical records from Harvard, I personally signed a confidentiality agreement, as did the investigators at University of Ottawa. The data was conveyed to a locked room with limited access,” said Health Effects Institute president Dan Greenbaum in an interview.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In 2000, the group issued a 297-page report entitled “Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality.” The explicit goal of that study was “to conduct a rigorous and independent assessment of the findings of the Six Cities and ACS Studies of air pollution and mortality.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In short, the HEI assessment confirmed the studies’ results. So did a separate HEI analysis of public records from 90 cities known as the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">A charitable interpretation is that this multi-year, multi-million-dollar taxpayer effort advanced epidemiological methodologies. Others might say that polluters knowingly gamed the system by unfairly casting doubt on well-founded science.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The Shelby AmendmentFollowing these EPA battles, Sen. Richard Shelby (R-Ala.) drafted the Data Access Act, better known as the Shelby Amendment, in response to his inability to get the underlying medical records from the Harvard Six Cities and American Cancer Society studies.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The Shelby amendment mandated that “all data produced under a [federally funded] award will be made available to the public through the procedures established under the Freedom of Information Act [FOIA].” The Office of Management and Budget drafted rules to implement the Shelby amendment that limited the scope to research “used in developing an agency action that has the force and effect of law” and carved out exceptions for confidential data.Efforts to repeal the Shelby amendment in 1999 led tobacco and oil industry consultant Steve Milloy to coin the term “secret science.” In February, Milloy launched the “Stop Secret Science” sweepstakes, offering a Wall Street Journal subscription to people who sent a comment to OMB on the “secret science” rule. Soon, the Washington Times and the New York Post published “secret science” editorials, and an oil executive attacked the “secret science” of the EPA rules. But the term failed to catch on, perhaps because most politicians couldn’t claim with a straight face that confidential medical records should be made public on industry’s behalf.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The Shelby amendment had little actual impact on the Harvard and ACS studies. The ACS data is not funded by federal or public dollars, and is not subject to the Data Access Act. Essentially all of the non-confidential records and data from the Harvard Six Cities research has been made public, a process that was underway before the passage of the amendment.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Whatever the intent, the Shelby amendment marked an important shift in the balance of power between industry and the public, as corporate researchers could get access to federally funded work without any expectation of a quid pro quo.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Forcing a Document Release<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Fifteen years later, Rep. Lamar Smith was ready to go further.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">After two years of fishing expeditions begun during Ralph Hall’s chairmanship, Smith was fed up with the idea that the federal government wouldn’t –- or couldn’t –- force Harvard and the American Cancer Society to turn over private medical records to his committee.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“If the administration does not provide this data by the end of July, the science committee will force its release through a subpoena,” he warned.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Although the EPA complied with Smith’s previous demands, turning over all of the records under its control, Smith pushed the subpoena forward. On Aug. 1 of last year, the committee authorized subpoenas against the EPA, Harvard University, and the American Cancer Society on a party-line vote. That day, Smith issued a subpoena to the EPA.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">A month later, Smith expressed his anger at the EPA’s limited response, challenging the agency to force Harvard and the cancer society to turn over the medical records so that his Committee can “analyze the health effects of exposure to certain air pollutants.”In a Sept. 3 letter to EPA administrator Gina McCarthy, Smith claimed that the OMB’s implementation of the Shelby amendment means the EPA’s power to compel private institutions to turn over records is without limit, no matter what confidentiality agreements exist between the researchers and their subjects, or between the government and the researchers.A March 2013 Congressional Research Service report on the Shelby amendment notes that its scope “excludes personal and business-related confidential data.”When Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-Texas) asked Smith who he wanted to pass along the research data to, he said,“Dr. James Enstrom.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">It turns out that Mr. Smith’s preferred expert for more than two decades has been closely connected to the American tobacco industry, reviled for its promotion of deceptive marketing and faux-science.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">'I Understand Science Better'<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Enstrom, an epidemiologist, is perhaps best known for his work on tobacco industry-funded studies, including studies on the health effects of tobacco and second-hand smoke.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">His first published work as an epidemiologist, which wasn't funded by the industry, “Cancer Mortality Among Mormons” (1975), found that Mormons’ low consumption of tobacco and alcohol seemed linked to lower cancer rates than the general population.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">That said, Enstrom’s attempts to be funded by the tobacco industry go back to the beginning of his career, as communications as far back as 1975 indicate. Enstrom received $233,500 from 1992 to 1998 from the tobacco industry-sponsored Council for Tobacco Research. In 1997, as anti-tobacco lawsuits were leading to the dissolution of CTR, Enstrom solicited and received $150,000 directly from Philip Morris for research based on his idea that “there may indeed be a threshold below which tobacco use is not related to mortality.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Given the tobacco industry’s widespread campaign of deliberate deceit about the health risks of smoking, tobacco-funded research is now considered tainted.In a 2007 essay, Enstrom accused the entire field of epidemiology of “science McCarthyism.” He finds the move to restrict tobacco-industry funding for research into the health effects of tobacco to be the equivalent of the Soviet government’s efforts to create a "regime of truth" by outlawing research into genetics.Enstrom has argued depictions of him as a “tobacco industry consultant,” including the one made by Johnson, are “defamatory.”As the tobacco money dried up, Enstrom switched over to industry-funded studies of air pollution.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In a 2005 study funded by Electric Power Research Institute, Enstrom failed to find a “relationship between ﬁne particulate pollution and total mortality in elderly Californians,” in contrast to conclusions reached in previous work by the American Cancer Society.In a telephone interview from his home in Los Angeles, Enstrom said he’s not biased towards industry but towards the science, and is so often at loggerheads with other researchers because he’s smarter than epidemiologists with medical or other backgrounds. “I'm saying I understand science better,” he said.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Whether or not Enstrom’s views on science are better, many are unusual.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">For example, Enstrom had no explanation regarding how fine-particulate pollution could have been found to be deadly at various points in the past, as multiple studies around the globe have found, but are not now in California, as he hypothesizes. He told me that the burden of proof should be on the mainstream medical community, because there isn’t medical research that explains how soot causes cardiopulmonary diseases.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“We don't have a mechanism,” he said.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">But just to cite one of many well-regarded studies on the topic, a decade-old report from the National Research Council noted that there is “growing clinical and epidemiological evidence that ambient air pollution can precipitate acute cardiac events, such as angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction.”Enstrom said he believed that there are potential benefits to exposure to air pollution and radiation. He cited the concept of "hormesis," a controversial scientific concept that hasn't gained widespread acceptance among scientists and is generally reviled by environmentalists. He said hormesis posits that “below a certain level of pollution there's a loss of natural immunity; if the air is too clean the body doesn't necessarily protect itself.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“I believe there's a lot of evidence supporting the validity of hormesis,” he told me.Unsolicited, Enstrom then made a point to defend the rampant climate-science denial among the Republican members of the House Science Committee. “We should be all thankful that we live in a country where freedom of speech is allowed,” he said.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Private Medical RecordsOne of the main concerns from environmentalists, science advocates, Democrats and others about Smith's demands for the Harvard and American Cancer Society data is that the data includes confidential, personal health information from participants who were promised confidentiality. Such a disclosure of the data would violate their trust, they maintain.Yet Smith and his aides (and Enstrom) insist there are ways that participants can be "de-identified."“Even if you were unable to de-identify the documents, you were still required to produce them,” Smith wrote in a September 3 letter to EPA administrator Gina McCarthy. “We are confident the data can be de-identified with relative ease.”But many, including the author of the Six Cities study, argue Smith's position is faulty.“Anonymizing doesn’t work,” said Frank Speizer. “To know enough from the medical records to be able to replicate the results gives you enough information to personally identify individuals.”Speizer added that the specter of being forced to disclose private data is a "stigma" on new research. “How do you get investigators to do this work?" he asked. "How are you going to get people to participate?”“The data included in Harvard Six Cities includes detailed medical records, tests, visits on 8,000 individuals,” explained Greenbaum of the Health Effects Institute. “There are sworn signed statements that we will not disclose this information in any way.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“One of the principal rules that goes throughout science," said Greenbaum, is that "you are really constrained from presenting the data in more than aggregated form.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">For example, Greenbaum noted, when the studies were first done, researchers relied on having one or two air monitors in each city and estimating that the exposure reflects everyone in that city. There are now improved methodologies that are based on where people live. “If you know where somebody lives, and when they died, you know who they are,” he explained.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">When I presented Greenbaum’s points to Enstrom, he conceded that Greenbaum could be right. “You’re raising concerns that I don’t want to deal with in this phone call,” said Enstrom.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The Secret Science Reform ActThe August subpoena authorized the committee to directly mandate that Harvard University and the American Cancer Society turn over their confidential records. Despite Smith’s rhetoric about the multi-trillion-dollar importance of getting access to the patient records, his committee has only gone after the EPA.Since the EPA doesn’t actually have the confidential medical records, he has changed course, with a new and much broader line of attack.On February 6, Smith and Rep. David Schweikert (R-Ariz.) introduced the Secret Science Reform Act.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The bill is less than a page long, but it is breathtaking in scope. It forbids the EPA from taking any kind of action – regulatory, advisory, or enforcement – unless the action relies entirely on scientific research that has had all of its data made public.Unlike the “secret science” subpoena effort, the bill doesn’t try to force the disclosure of confidential data. Instead, it calls for the exclusion of any such research in EPA actions.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“Virtually every regulation proposed by the Obama administration has been justified by nontransparent data and unverifiable claims,” said Smith in his press release announcing the bill. “The American people foot the bill for EPA’s costly regulations, and they have a right to see the underlying science.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Environmental advocates say it would have been difficult to launch a more potentially devastating attack on the EPA and its stated mission, "to protect human health and the environment."“Anyone who understood anything about EPA and the myriad responsibilities and legal authorities it has to undertake at the direction of Congress could not have written a two-paragraph bill that more thoroughly disrupts the agency’s ability to protect the public,” said clean-air advocate John Walke of the Natural Resources Defense Council. “One gasps at how oblivious it is to a vast array of unintended and absurd consequences.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The potential public health implications go beyond preventing the EPA from regulating air pollution.One example: In June, 2010, the Gulf Coast was reeling from the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster. Millions of barrels of crude were gushing into the gulf, treated with millions of gallons of deep-sea chemical dispersants. In Jackson, Mississippi, state legislators convened a series of hearings on the disaster, which BP officials refused to attend.Legislators – even Steven Palazzo, now a member of the House Science Committee and a co-sponsor the Secret Science Reform Act – asked if the dispersants could make made Gulf seafood toxic.The chemical composition of those dispersants was and remains confidential.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Another example: Walke noted that the Elk River chemical spill in West Virginia earlier this year involved one chemical the EPA knew about but was shrouded in secrecy, and another they didn’t know about at all. More than 100 people were made sick by exposure to the chemical, and about 300,000 residents were warned not to use their tap water in any capacity.The Smith bill, if in effect, in both cases would have prevented the EPA from acting on known dangers that it learned about from confidential information – so therefore, had the law been in place, the agency could not have acted to prevent the circumstances that led to either spill, nor could they have assisted in the spills' aftermath.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Said Walke: "That is ridiculous!"<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Weird Science<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Smith hasn't used his perch as committee chairman only to try to make life miserable for environmental regulators. He's got a thing for scientists, too.The bookish-appearing Smith, who wears round rimless glasses and generally has a quiet, respectful demeanor, has cast his agenda regarding the $7 billion National Science Foundation with Texas-sized swagger. “I’m going to have a little fun with them,” he told the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce February 5. “I’m going to change the way the grants are awarded if I have my way.”On April 18, 2013, Smith introduced a draft of the High Quality Research Act, which would compel the NSF director to certify that every grant is for “groundbreaking” research that “solves problems that are of utmost importance to society at large.”Inasmuch as the grants come before the results of the research are known, the proposed act was rightly considered absurd.Smith and other GOP members of the committee argue that the NSF awards far too many grants on topics of an unserious nature, which do little but allow left-leaning scientists to travel to often-exotic locales on the federal dime.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">He and the other committee Republicans looked at the most recent crop of 164 NSF grants issued the month before he introduced his NSF bill for examples. Looking at titles alone, and not the substance of the proposals -– which is what one prominent Democrat says Smith did -– questions might understandably be raised about whether taxpayers should be paying for the studies.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">One of the grants 164 the NSF announced in March, 2013, was titled, “Picturing Animals in National Geographic, 1888-2008.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Soon after, the Washington Times asked, “[C]an the government really afford to spend $227,437 to study pictures of animals in National Geographic magazines?”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">A month later, Rep. Bill Posey (R-Fla.) challenged John Holdren, President Obama's top science advisor, to justify that and other NSF-funded studies, saying “it’s just hard to conceive how those are important to our national security or our national interest.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Smith sent a letter to acting NSF director Cora Merritt listing the abstract titles for five grants, including the one regarding National Geographic, questioning their “intellectual merit.” The other grants, which ranged from $152,000 to $435,000, were titled "Comparative Histories of Scientific Conservation: Nature, Science, and Society in Patagonian and Amazonian South America”; “The International Criminal Court and the Pursuit of Justice”; “Comparative Network Analysis: Mapping Global Social Interactions”; and “Regulating Accountability and Transparency in China’s Dairy Industry.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Yet put in context, it's clear that these studies could be defined as being in the national interest, using a wide range of definitions. According to the NSF Award Abstract, Megan Tracy, an anthropologist with James Madison University, is studying, in part, "how individuals, motivated by global scandals and the pressure to prevent future incidents, transmit and transform food safety regulations and best practices across international borders."<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">And Maxine Kamari Clarke, a Yale-based anthropologist, will be studying the arrest warrants the International Criminal Court has pursued against African national leaders, as it pertains to "international justice and human rights as these concepts have been interpreted by the [ICC] and the African Union Commission."<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">All five grants were issued by the NSF Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences.During his tenure as chair, Smith has attacked a total of 20 different NSF grants by name, 18 of which are in the social sciences. (The other two were related to climate change.)Remarkably, two-thirds of these grant recipients are female scientists. Smith’s attacks on research conducted by women took some effort, as females represent only about 30 percent of practicing scientists.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Democrats suspect that Smith's filter doesn’t appear to go beyond reading the names of the abstracts. “It has been my experience that some members read the titles of the research grants but seldom read the substance behind the headlines,” said Science Committee member Rep. Donna Edwards, (D-Md.), referring to Smith.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Just as she did when Smith tried to subpoena the Harvard and American Cancer Society data, Johnson, the panel's top Democrat, again issued a harsh rebuke to Smith after he introduced the High Quality Research Act.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">"This is the first step on a path that would destroy the merit-based review process at NSF and intrudes political pressure into what is widely viewed as the most effective and creative process for awarding research funds in the world," Johnson wrote April 26 of last year. "In the history of this Committee, no Chairman has ever put themselves forward as an expert in the science that underlies specific grant proposals funded by the NSF."<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Washington-based advocates for scientific research say the peer-review process by which NSF grants have been funded works well and is accepted as the best available system –- and that allowing politics to be interjected into the process would be potentially disastrous.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“The veiled attack on the merit review system is a serious concern. Scientists come together to volunteer their time and evaluate your competitors’ research. You’re only going to fund the best ideas. It’s not a perfect system, but it’s the best system we do have,” said Erin Cadwalader of the Association for Women in Science, herself a biomedical scientist. “It’s important science remain separate from partisan politics.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“It’s hard to predict what ideas are going to yield what’s useful and fruitful,” said Cadwalader. “You can’t study heart development without understanding how heart cells communicate with each other. It’s tedious and not very sexy, but it’s what has to be done to understand how to treat heart disease.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Barry Toiv, a spokesman for the American Association of Universities, which represents top public and private research universities, agreed. “Some of the most extraordinary results have come from research that sounds completely uninteresting, funny, weird, irrelevant,” he said.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">After months of criticism, Smith slightly watered down the HQRA language into a provision in the FIRST Act, which stands for Frontiers in Innovation, Research, Science, and Technology. The bill is a 2-year reauthorization of NSF programs that still requires NSF officials to certify every research grant as “in the national interest.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">On May 1, Holdren told attendees of a forum sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science that the FIRST Act "would have an extraordinarily unfortunate effect" on the NSF's grantmaking process, according to an account from ScienceInsider.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“I think that NSF’s peer-review process has proven itself over the years in a manner that has made it the envy of the world,” said Holdren. “Everybody else is trying to mimic the success NSF has had from funding research. I don’t think we should be trying to fix something that isn’t broken.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">In a question and answer session after his talk, Holdren got to the heart of the matter. The bill, he said, "appears aimed at narrowing the focus of NSF-funded research to domains that are applied to various national interests other than simply advancing the progress of science."<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Facing Draconian Funding Cuts“If you look at where we are as a nation, the greatest need is more jobs, to get our economy started,” Rep. Sherwood Boehlert, (R-N.Y.), the chairman of the House Science Committee from 2001 until his retirement in 2007, said in a telephone interview from his home in upstate New York. “Most jobs come from the development of new technology, which come from government investment, especially in the basic science enterprise.”At the request of Boehlert, the National Academy of Sciences developed a 2007 report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, that set goals for greatly expanding the science workforce to ensure America’s future economic competitiveness. The first authorization of the bipartisan Competes Act was 2007, with initial reauthorization in 2010. The goal was to double funding for key agencies in seven years.The economy tanked and that didn’t happen. Today, the U.S. scientific enterprise is in retreat.Since the Republican takeover of Congress, the gap between the goals of the 2010 Competes Act and actual science funding has widened into a chasm, with the cuts mandated by sequestration in 2013 adding insult to injury. Only the engineering and computer science directorates at NSF have enjoyed funding in line with inflation, while the other directorates have remained flat or fallen into decline.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">“In science, when you cut research funding, you're cutting the research as well as the training of the next generation of scientists,” said Toiv. “Training researchers occurs at the same time as you get the research done. You're sending a message to potential young scientists: get out while you can.”<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The FIRST Act not only calls for funding that doesn’t even keep up with inflation, it intends to cut funding for the social and economic sciences by 45 percent. Social sciences have never been a major portion of NSF funding. This bill suggests even that is too much.Smith's war on social science spells doom for his professed goals for American science in general.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Policy Objective D of the FIRST Act is “expanding the pool of scientists and engineers in the United States, including among segments of the population that have been historically underrepresented" in the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Yet, “it seems like a contradiction to say we’re going to prioritize doing these things without providing the funding to answer the questions of how to do this,” said Cadwalader.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The House Anti-Science Committee<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The salvos against soot regulations and social science are examples of extreme rhetoric with potentially disastrous consequences to the scientific enterprise in return for relatively small gains to corporate polluters.But the existence of climate change represents an existential threat to the fossil-fuel industry, and the Republican Party has become, as political historian and former GOP operative Kevin Phillips writes, the vehicle for “petroleum-defined national security.” It's global warming that sparks the Science Committee’s most aggressive language.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">The March 26 hearing before the Science Committee to review the President’s proposed science budget was a typical display.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">After Smith gaveled in the hearing, he launched directly into an attack on climate science. “Unfortunately, this administration’s science budget focuses, in my view, far too much money, time, and effort on alarmist predictions of climate change,” he said.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">After the likes of Posey, Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.) and Rep. Randy Weber (R-Texas) took turns trying to mock and belittle White House science advisor John Holdren, it became clear that by the time Smith called on the last committee member, Rep. Eric Swalwell, a Democrat from California, Swalwell had had enough. He had listened to more than his fill of climate denial, science-bashing and general hostility toward the witness.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">Swalwell, at 33 the committee's youngest member, warned Holdren about where Republicans might try to lead him the next time he's called to testify.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">"At this rate, frankly, I'd say you should be prepared to address whether the earth is round or flat – that might come up – or whether indeed gravity is happening," said Swalwell. "You never know what could fly at you from what we've seen already."<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">This story was supported by The American Independent Institute.<p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: normal;">CORRECTION: A previous version of this story misstated the meaning of "PM2.5," which refers to the diameter of fine particles, not their prevalence.</div><footer style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 17px;"><div class="follow bottom-tags" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 3px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; direction: ltr; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; line-height: 1.2; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; float: left;">MORE:</h2><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/lamar-smith/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Lamar Smith</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/epa/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">EPA</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/science/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Science</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/richard-shelby/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Richard Shelby</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/climate-change/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Climate Change</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/republican-war-on-science/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Republican War on Science</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/war-on-science/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">War on Science</a><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/house-science-committee/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">House Science Committee</a></div></footer></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div>huffpo house ~ clean water; <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sherwood-boehlert/hr-2018-clean-water-act_b_897272.html">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sherwood-boehlert/hr-2018-clean-water-act_b_897272.html</a>

==did not run but succeeded by Michael Angelo "Mike" Arcuri (born June 11, 1959) is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">American</a> politician who was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_24th_congressional_district" title="New York's 24th congressional district" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">New York's 24th congressional district</a> from 2007 to 2011(bear gop meier; dick c, laura b stumped). He is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Democratic </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Party</a>. He lost re-election on November 2, 2010, to Republican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Hanna" title="Richard L. Hanna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Richard L. Hanna</a>.

--

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.0049991607666px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the mid-1990s, we saw these extreme measures in the House of Representatives led by Newt Gingrich. But during that time, Representative Sherwood Boehlert of Utica led the New York delegation in standing up for clean air and clean water. He and other New York Republicans understood that the environment and the economy were intertwined.

===

Moderate Republicans criticize the Club for targeting incumbents like Chafee instead of going after Democrats.

"I refer to the Club for Growth as the enemy within," said Rep. Sherwood Boehlert, R-N.Y., whom the Club opposed in GOP primaries in 2002 and 2004....

http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/08/11/club-for-growth-targets-chafee-other-gop-strays/

===

<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/17/AR2005071701056.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/17/AR2005071701056.html</a>

<div id="byline" style=" font-style: italic;">By Juliet Eilperin</div>

Washington Post Staff Writer 

Monday, July 18, 2005

</div>

House Science Committee Chairman Sherwood L. Boehlert (R-N.Y.) has demanded that another senior Republican, Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Joe Barton (Tex.), call off his investigation of three scientists who have charted Earth's rapid warming in recent decades.

The unusual public tiff between two powerful GOP lawmakers highlights the sharp divide that drives the nation's climate change debate. Barton, along with President Bush and many other House Republicans, opposes mandatory curbs on greenhouse gas emissions and questions the science underlying such efforts. Boehlert, who backs limits on carbon dioxide pollution, said he fears such attacks could chill future scientific inquiry.

In a sharply worded letter sent last week, Boehlert called Barton's probe into the findings of Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes a "misguided and illegitimate investigation." Mann will direct the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University as of next month, Bradley is a geosciences professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Hughes is a professor at the University of Arizona's Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.

</div>

Sherwood "Sherry" Boehlert was a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party" class="mw-redirect">Republican</a> member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/U.S.House_of_Representatives" title="U. S. House of Representatives" class="mw-redirect">U. S. House of Representatives</a> representing New York's upstate 24th Congressional District (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ny24_109.gif">map</a>) from 1983 to 2007. He opted to retire rather than seek reelection in 2006.

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Record_and_Controversies">2 Record and Controversies</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#2006_Elections">2.1 2006 Elections</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Money_in_politics">3 Money in politics</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Controversy">4 Controversy</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Employment_of_wife">4.1 Employment of wife</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Committees_and_Affiliations">5 Committees and Affiliations</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Committees_in_the_109th_Congress_.282005-2006.29">5.1 Committees in the 109th Congress (2005-2006)</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Coaltions_and_Caucuses">5.2 Coaltions and Caucuses</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#More_Background_Data">6 More Background Data</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Articles_and_Resources">7 Articles and Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Resources">7.1 Resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Local_blogs_and_discussion_sites">7.1.1 Local blogs and discussion sites</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Articles">7.2 Articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#Contact">8 Contact</a></li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Boehlert was born September 28, 1936 in Utica, New York and graduated from Utica College. He served two years in the United States Army (1956-1958), and then worked as a manager of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wyandotte_Chemical_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyandotte Chemical Company (page does not exist)">Wyandotte Chemical Company</a>.

After leaving Wyandotte, Boehlert served as Chief of Staff for two upstate Congressmen, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alexander_Pirnie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Pirnie (page does not exist)">Alexander Pirnie</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Mitchell (page does not exist)">Donald Mitchell</a>; following this, he was elected the county executive of Oneida County, New York, serving from 1979 to 1983. After his four-year term as county executive, he ran successfully for Congress in the elections of 1982 and has served continuously to date.

Boehlert is considered to be a member of the party's moderate wing.

"Boehlert is a Board Member of a number of national organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection; the Heinz Center for Science, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Economics_and_the_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economics and the Environment (page does not exist)">Economics and the Environment</a>; the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a>; the Health Effects Institute and the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Natural_Resources_Defense_Council_Action_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural Resources Defense Council Action Fund (page does not exist)">Natural Resources Defense Council Action Fund</a>." <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-0">[1]</a>

<h2>Record and Controversies</h2>

<div style=" margin: 0.5em 0.75em 0.5em 0.75em; border-collapse: collapse; background: #dce8f8; border: 1px solid #5c79b5; padding: .25em .25em 0.25em .25em;">For more information see the chart of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/U.S._House_of_Representatives_votes_on_the_Iraq_War" title="U.S. House of Representatives votes on the Iraq War">U.S. House of Representatives votes on the Iraq War</a>.</div>

Boehlert voted for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002</a> that started the Iraq War.<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-1">[2]</a>

<h4>2006 Elections</h4>

In 2006, Boehlert announced that he would retire at the end of his term. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party" class="mw-redirect">Democrats</a> nominated <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Arcuri" title="Michael Arcuri">Michael Arcuri</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party" class="mw-redirect">Republicans</a> nominated <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Raymond_A.Meier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond A. Meier (page does not exist)">Raymond A. Meier</a> to contest the November 2006 election for his house seat. (See <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/U.S.congressional_elections_in_2006" title="U.S. congressional elections in 2006" class="mw-redirect">U.S. congressional elections in 2006</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://opensecrets.org/states/election.asp?State=AL&year=2006">[1]</a>

<h2>Money in politics</h2>

<table class="prettytable"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3">Links to more campaign contribution information for Sherwood Boehlert

from the Center for Responsive Politics' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org">OpenSecrets.org</a> site.</th></tr><tr><td>Fundraising profile:</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.asp?cycle=2006&cid=N00001267">2006 election cycle</a></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/allsummary.asp?cid=N00001267">Career totals</a></td></tr><tr><td>Top contributors by organization/corporation:</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.asp?cycle=2006&cid=N00001267">2006 election cycle</a></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/allcontrib.asp?cid=N00001267">Career totals</a></td></tr><tr><td>Top contributors by industry:</td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/indus.asp?cycle=2006&cid=N00001267">2006 election cycle</a></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/allindus.asp?cid=N00001267">Career totals</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Controversy</h2>

<h3>Employment of wife</h3>

Since 2002, Rep. Boehlert's wife Marianne has been employed as his campaign treasurer. She remained on the payroll during the 2006 election cycle despite the fact that Boehlert was not running for reelection to handle FEC filings and perform other duties related to closing down Boehlert's campaign office. In the 2006 election cycle, she was paid $35,430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sunlightfoundation.com/node/1460">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sunlightlabs.com/research/familybusiness/">[3]</a>

<h2>Committees and Affiliations</h2>

<ul>

<li>Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection" title="Alliance for Climate Protection">Alliance for Climate Protection</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-2">[3]</a></li>

<li>Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/RESULTS" title="RESULTS">RESULTS</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-3">[4]</a></li>

<li>Director, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/TRC_Companies" title="TRC Companies">TRC Companies</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-4">[5]</a></li>

<li>Trustee, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heinz_Center" title="Heinz Center">Heinz Center</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-5">[6]</a></li>

<li>Honorary Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Republicans_for_Environmental_Protection" title="Republicans for Environmental Protection">Republicans for Environmental Protection</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-6">[7]</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>Committees in the 109th Congress (2005-2006)</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/House_Science_Committee" title="House Science Committee" class="mw-redirect">House Science Committee</a>- Chair</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=House_Transportation_%26_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House Transportation & Infrastructure (page does not exist)">House Transportation & Infrastructure</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>Coaltions and Caucuses</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Republican_Main_Street_Parnership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Republican Main Street Parnership (page does not exist)">The Republican Main Street Parnership</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=The_Republican_Majority_For_Choice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Republican Majority For Choice (page does not exist)">The Republican Majority For Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Republicans_For_Choice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republicans For Choice (page does not exist)">Republicans For Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Republicans_For_Environmental_Protection" title="Republicans For Environmental Protection" class="mw-redirect">Republicans For Environmental Protection</a></li>

</ul>

<h2>More Background Data</h2>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=H2755103">Background information on Sherwood Boehlert from Project Vote Smart</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_rating_category.php?can_id=H2755103">Interest group scorecard ratings for Sherwood Boehlert from Project Vote Smart</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/b000586">Voting record for Sherwood Boehlert from the Washington Post database</a></li>

</ul>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congressmerge.com/onlinedb/cgi-bin/newmemberbio.cgi?lang=&member=NY24&site=congressmerge">Information on Sherwood Boehlert from Congress Merge</a></li>

</ul>

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> also has an article on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert">Sherwood Boehlert</a>. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL">GFDL</a>.

<h2>Articles and Resources</h2>

<h3>Resources</h3>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/boehlert/">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/boehlert/issues.shtml">Boehlert's issue positions</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technorati.com/search/%22Sherwood%20Boehlert%22">Technorati Search: Sherwood Boehlert</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.google.com/news?svnum=10&hl=en&ned=us&ie=UTF-8&q=%22Sherwood+Boehlert%22&btnG=Search+News">Google News Search: Sherwood Boehlert</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.search.yahoo.com/search/news?p=%22Sherwood+Boehlert%22&x=wrt">Yahoo! News Search: Sherwood Boehlert</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/congtravel/member_report.php?member=6954">Power Trips: How much does Sherwood Boehlert travel?</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?tab=stats&id=400035">GovTrack Statistics: Sherwood Boehlert</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensecrets.org/races/index.asp">Open Secrets</a> - 2006 congressional races database</li>

</ul>

<h4>Local blogs and discussion sites</h4>

<ul>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simplyleftbehind.blogspot.com/">Simply Left Behind</a></li>

</ul>

<h3>Articles</h3>

<ul>

<li>Juliet Eilperin,, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/17/AR2005071701056.html">GOP Chairmen Face Off on Global Warming</a>", Washington Post, July 18, 2005.</li>

<li>John Milgram, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.com/news/stories/2006/02/04/dr6.html">Officials Investigating Fundraising Parties</a>", The Daily Star, February 4, 2006</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.com/news/stories/2006/02/08/boehl5.html">Boehlert: I am not Under Investigation</a> by Tom Grace, The Daily Star, February 8, 2006.</li>

<li>John Machacek, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theithacajournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060317/NEWS01/60317004">Boehlert to Retire</a>", Gannett News Service, March 17, 2006.</li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/opinion/21tue4.html">A Republican Rara Avis</a>", Editorial, New York Times, March 21, 2006.</li>

<li>Gur, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r8ny.com/blog/gur/the_phattest_bubble_youve_ever_seen.html/">The Phattest Bubble You've Ever Seen?</a>", Room Eight, May 12, 2006.</li>

<li>Gur, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r8ny.com/blog/gur/what_part_of_you_will_pimp_my_pay_to_168k_did_you_not_understand.html/">What Part Of "You Will Pimp My Pay to $168K" Did You Not Understand?</a>", Room Eight, June 30, 2006.</li>

<li>Congressional Wire, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r8ny.com/blog/admin/earth_to_congress_come_in.html/">Earth to Congress - Come In!</a>", Room Eight, July 11, 2006.</li>

<li>Gur, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r8ny.com/blog/admin/why_bother.html/">Why Bother?</a>", Room Eight, July 12, 2006.</li>

</ul>

<h2>Contact</h2>

DC Office:

2246 Rayburn House Office Building

Washington, DC 20515-3223

Phone: 202-225-3665

Fax: 202-225-1891

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/writerep/">Web Email</a>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/boehlert/">Website</a>

District Office- Auburn:

21 Lincoln Street

Auburn, NY 13021

Phone: 315-255-0649

Fax: 315-255-1369

District Office- Cortland:

45 Church Street

Cortland, NY 13045

Phone: 607-758-3918

Fax: 607-758-9007

District Office- Utica:

10 Broad Street

Utica, NY 13501

Phone: 315-793-8146

TollFree: 800-235-2525 (in NY)

Fax: 315-798-4099

</div>

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<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Congresspedia" title="Category:Congresspedia">Congresspedia</a></li>

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</div>

wiki

Sherwood "Sherry" Louis Boehlert (born September 28, 1936) is a retired American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" title="Politician" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">politician</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">New York</a>. He represented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">upstate</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">New York</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">United States House of Representatives</a> from 1983 until 2007. Boehlert, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Republican</a>, was considered to be a member of the party's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate" title="Moderate" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">moderate</a> wing. In 2003, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica(Amtrak_station)" title="Utica (Amtrak station)" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Utica Union Station</a> was renamed in the Congressman's honor. On March 17, 2006, at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">press conference</a> Boehlert announced that he would not seek a thirteenth term in office.

<h2 style=" color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2>

[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_early_political_career" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">1 Early life, education, and early political career</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#U.S._House_of_Representatives" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 U.S. House of Representatives</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#Elections" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.1 Elections</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#Tenure" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.2 Tenure</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#Committee_assignments" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2.3 Committee assignments</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#Post-elective_office_career" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Post-elective office career</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#External_links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">5 External links</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Early life, education, and early political career[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and early political career" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Boehlert was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Utica, New York</a> to Elizabeth Monica Champoux and Sherwood Boehlert,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> and graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica_College" title="Utica College" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Utica College</a>. He served two years in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Army</a> (1956–1958) and then worked as a manager of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">public relations</a> for Wyandotte Chemical Company.

After leaving Wyandotte, Boehlert served as Chief of Staff for two upstate Congressmen, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pirnie" title="Alexander Pirnie" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alexander Pirnie</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J.Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Donald J. Mitchell</a>;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> following this, he was elected the county executive of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneida_County,New_York" title="Oneida County, New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oneida County, New York</a>, serving from 1979 to 1983. After his four-year term as county executive, he ran successfully for Congress in the elections of 1982. He was re-elected to every Congress subsequent.

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">U.S. House of Representatives[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elections<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Elections" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

After redistricting, incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hamilton Fish</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_25th_congressional_district" title="New York's 25th congressional district" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York's 25th congressional district</a> decided to run in the newly redrawn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_21st_congressional_district" title="New York's 21st congressional district" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York's 21st congressional district</a>. Boehlert decided to run and won the primary with 56% of the vote.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> He won the general election by defeating Democrat Anita Maxwell 56%-42%.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a>

After that, he won re-election every two years until he decided to retire in and not seek re-election in 2006. His district number changed twice, each time after redistricting. In 1992, he decided to run in the newly redrawn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="New York's 23rd congressional district" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York's 23rd congressional district</a> when he ran in the newly redrawn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_24th_congressional_district" title="New York's 24th congressional district" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New York's 24th congressional district</a> in 2002. He was challenged in the Republican primary five times: 1986 (67%),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a> 1996 (65%),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a> 2000 (57%),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> 2002 (53%),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a> and 2004 (60%).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a> His lowest re-election winning percentage in the general election was 57%, in his last re-election in 2004 when he defeated Democrat Jeff Miller 57%-34%.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tenure<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Tenure" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

Boehlert was an active promoter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_responder" title="First responder" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">first responder</a> legislation, a strong champion for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_firefighter" title="Volunteer firefighter" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">volunteer firefighters</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a> and original member and Chairman of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfsi.org/govt_affairs/caucus.asp" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Congressional Fire Services Caucus</a>.

Boehlert also was a member of several national moderate GOP groups including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Republican Main Street Partnership</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ripon Society</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Christine Todd Whitman</a>'sIt's My Party Too.

Due to his centrist views, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine" title="Time Magazine" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Time Magazine</a> also recognized Boehlert as a “power center” on Capitol Hill and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Congressional Quarterly</a> named him one of the 50 most effective Members of Congress.Boehlert is best known for his work on environmental policy. Beginning in the 1980s with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">acid rain</a> crisis, Boehlert became a prominent voice in the Republican party for the environment. He was a major contributor to the acid rain provisions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_Amendments_of_1990" title="Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990</a>. Boehlert pushed continually to increase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy" title="Corporate Average Fuel Economy" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Corporate Average Fuel Economy</a> (CAFE) standards for light trucks and automobiles and was the lead GOP sponsor of numerous CAFE amendments. Due to Boehlert's constant battles over environmental legislation, often putting him at odds with his party's leadership, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Journal</a> dubbed Boehlert the “Green Hornet” and featured him as one of the dozen “key players” in the House of Representatives.

On the Science Committee, Boehlert championed investments in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Science Foundation</a>, science and math education programs and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Department of Energy's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Office of Science</a>. As Chairman he pushed for measures to increase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity" title="Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">cybersecurity</a> R&D<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a> and the creation of a Science and Technology Directorate at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="Department of Homeland Security" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Department of Homeland Security</a>. After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11" title="9/11" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">9/11</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">2001 anthrax attacks</a>, Boehlert crafted legislation establishing the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0530.shtm" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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); background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%;">DHS S&T Directorate</a> to oversee development of technologies to secure against terrorist attacks. This homeland security S&T bill reported out of the Science Committee was ultimately accepted by the congressional leadership and President Bush and enacted as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002" title="Homeland Security Act of 2002" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a>.

Boehlert was one of the first Members of Congress to call for a competitiveness agenda, culminating with a major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="United States National Academy of Sciences" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Academy of Sciences</a> report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11463" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">Rising Above the Gathering Storm</a> on retaining U.S. leadership in science and engineering, as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Competitiveness_Initiative" title="American Competitiveness Initiative" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Competitiveness Initiative</a> introduced by President Bush in 2006.

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Committee assignments<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Committee assignments" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

Boehlert served on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.House_Committee_on_Science" title="U.S. House Committee on Science" class="mw-redirect" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Science Committee</a> for his entire congressional career. In 2001, he was made the chairman of the committee. In addition, he was the third-ranking member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" title="U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Transportation Committee</a>; from 1995 to 2000, he served as the chairman of its Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment. He was also a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, serving as interim Chairman of the committee in 2004.

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Post-elective office career[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Post-elective office career" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Since 2007, Boehlert has remained active promoting environmental and scientific causes. He serves currently on the Board of the bipartisan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection" title="Alliance for Climate Protection" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Alliance for Climate Protection</a> chaired by former Vice President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Al Gore</a>. Boehlert currently serves as a Senior Fellow at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Policy_Center" title="Bipartisan Policy Center" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Bipartisan Policy Center</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_note-13" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[13]</a>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">References[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li id="cite_note-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }"Boehlert Begins Plans for Transition; Calls Pawlinga and Eilenberg", The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-Dispatch" title="Observer-Dispatch" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Observer-Dispatch</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Utica, New York</a>), 1973-11-07: 1</li>

<li id="cite_note-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-3" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=727676" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 25 - R Primary Race - Sep 23, 1982</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-4" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - Race</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-5" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=120388" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 25 - R Primary Race - Sep 09, 1986</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-6" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=147356" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 23 - R Primary Race - Sep 10, 1996</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-7" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=106129" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 23 - R Primary Race - Sep 12, 2000</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-8" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1398" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 24 - R Primary Race - Sep 10, 2002</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-9" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=4985" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY - District 24 - R Primary Race - Sep 14, 2004</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-10" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=4267" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Our Campaigns - NY District 24 Race - Nov 02, 2004</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Volunteer_Fire_Council" title="National Volunteer Fire Council" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Volunteer Fire Council</a> Presents Appreciation Award to Rep. Sherwood Boehlert<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nvfc.org/media/news/nvfc-presents-appreciation-award-to-rep-sherwood-boehlert/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">http://www.nvfc.org/media/news/nvfc-presents-appreciation-award-to-rep-sherwood-boehlert/</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-12" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }H.R. 3394 - Cyber Security Research and Development Act, Rep. Boehlert (R-NY)<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/legislative/sap/107-2/HR3394-r.html" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/legislative/sap/107-2/HR3394-r.html</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert#cite_ref-13" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style=" top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; -webkit-user-select: none;">Jump up^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/about/senior-fellows" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">[1]</a> "Senior Fellows, Bipartisan policy Center"</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">External links[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Boehlert&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000586" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Sherwood Boehlert</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/377/000032281/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz48c3ZnIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwIj48ZyB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtODI2LjQyOSAtNjk4Ljc5MSkiPjxyZWN0IHdpZHRoPSI1Ljk4MiIgaGVpZ2h0PSI1Ljk4MiIgeD0iODI2LjkyOSIgeT0iNzAyLjMwOSIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZiIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDZjIi8+PGc+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgzMS4xOTQgNjk4Ljc5MWg1LjIzNHY1LjM5MWwtMS41NzEgMS41NDUtMS4zMS0xLjMxLTIuNzI1IDIuNzI1LTIuNjg5LTIuNjg5IDIuODA4LTIuODA4LTEuMzExLTEuMzExeiIgZmlsbD0iIzA2ZiIvPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik04MzUuNDI0IDY5OS43OTVsLjAyMiA0Ljg4NS0xLjgxNy0xLjgxNy0yLjg4MSAyLjg4MS0xLjIyOC0xLjIyOCAyLjg4MS0yLjg4MS0xLjg1MS0xLjg1MXoiIGZpbGw9IiNmZmYiLz48L2c+PC9nPjwvc3ZnPg==) 100% 50%;">Sherwood Boehlert profile, NNDB</a>.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/b000586/" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); padding-right: 13px; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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) 100% 50%;">Voting record maintained by the Washington Post</a></li>

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===

<hr />

"They overplayed their hand, as they always have in the past," said

Sherwood Boehlert, a retired New York congressman who once led a faction

of moderate, pro-environment Republicans in the House.

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sherwood_Boehlert

Boehlert, S Rep

Attachments