10th tenth Amend states

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<div>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution</div>

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The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Constitution</a>, which is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Bill of Rights</a>, was ratified on December 15, 1791.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-1" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> The Tenth Amendment states the Constitution's principle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">federalism</a> by providing that powers not granted to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">federal government</a> by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">States</a>, are reserved to the States or the people.

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[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </div>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Drafting_and_adoption" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2 Drafting and adoption</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Judicial_interpretation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3 Judicial interpretation</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Forced_participation_or_commandeering" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.1 Forced participation or commandeering</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Commerce_clause" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.2 Commerce clause</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_funding" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">3.3 Federal funding</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_legislative_actions_in_protest_of_federal_actions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4 State legislative actions in protest of federal actions</a>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_sovereignty_resolutions_.2810th_Amendment_resolutions.29" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.1 State sovereignty resolutions (10th Amendment resolutions)</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_sovereignty_bills_.2810th_Amendment_Bills.29" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.2 State sovereignty bills (10th Amendment Bills)</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Firearms_freedom_legislation_and_federal_gun_laws_nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.3 Firearms freedom legislation and federal gun laws nullification</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Marijuana_laws" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.4 Marijuana laws</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#National_health_care_nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.6 National health care nullification</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Bring_the_Guard_home" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.7 Bring the Guard home</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Legal_tender" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.8 Legal tender</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Cap-and-trade_nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.9 Cap-and-trade nullification</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_sovereignty_and_federal_tax_funds_acts" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.10 State sovereignty and federal tax funds acts</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Sheriffs_first_legislation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.11 Sheriffs first legislation</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_land_legislation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.12 Federal land legislation</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Nullification_of_federal_intrastate_commerce_regulation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.13 Nullification of federal intrastate commerce regulation</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Sanctuary_city" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.14 Sanctuary city</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Intrastate_Coal_and_Use_Act" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">4.15 Intrastate Coal and Use Act</a></li>

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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#References" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">6 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#External_links" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">7 External links</a></li>

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<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Text: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-2" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></h2>

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<h2 style=" font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">State legislative actions in protest of federal actions<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State legislative actions in protest of federal actions" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>

Several states have introduced various resolutions and legislation in protest to federal actions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-11" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a> Despite this, the Supreme Court has explicitly rejected the idea that the states can nullify federal law. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cooper v. Aaron</a> (1958), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Supreme Court of the United States</a> held that federal law prevails over state law due to the operation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Supremacy Clause</a>, and that federal law "can neither be nullified openly and directly by state legislators or state executive or judicial officers nor nullified indirectly by them through evasive schemes . . ." Thus, state laws purporting to nullify federal statutes or to exempt states and their citizens from federal statutes have only symbolic impact.

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">State sovereignty resolutions (10th Amendment resolutions)<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: State sovereignty resolutions (10th Amendment resolutions)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

These resolutions attempt to reassert state sovereignty over any area not listed among the "enumerated powers" (i.e., any law based on an "expansive reading" of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Commerce Clause</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Necessary and Proper Clause</a>, or the Supremacy Clause would, according to this resolution, be invalid).

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">During 2009, "state sovereignty resolutions" or "10th Amendment Resolutions" were introduced in the legislatures of 37 states; in seven states the resolutions passed (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alaska</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Idaho</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">North Dakota</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">South Dakota</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tennessee</a>).</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">During 2010, resolutions were introduced or reintroduced into the legislatures of 21 states; the resolution passed in seven states (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alabama</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Kansas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nebraska</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">South Carolina</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Utah</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Wyoming</a>).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-12" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[12]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-13" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[13]</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A state sovereignty resolution has been prefiled for the upcoming 2011 session of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Texas Legislature</a> (a prior 2009 resolution did not pass).</li>

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<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">State sovereignty bills (10th Amendment Bills)<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State sovereignty bills (10th Amendment Bills)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

A "State Sovereignty Bill" is one step beyond a State Sovereignty Resolution. The bill would mandate action against what the state legislature perceives as unconstitutional federal legislation.

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">During 2010, such legislation was introduced in six states (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Florida</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia(U.S.state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Georgia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Michigan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Missouri</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oklahoma</a>); however, none made it past the introductory stage.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-14" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[14]</a></li>

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<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Firearms freedom legislation and federal gun laws nullification<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Firearms freedom legislation and federal gun laws nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

Starting in 2012, in response to a threat of law made through executive orders by President Obama, more than a dozen states around the US began proposing legislation that would "...declare that any firearms made and retained in-state are beyond the authority of Congress under its constitutional power to regulate commerce among the states". The legislation would require that the firearm be prominently marked as being "Made in {name of state}" and further prohibit federal regulation solely on the basis that "basic materials" and "generic and insignificant parts" of the firearm may have their origins from outside the state.

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Through 2010, resolutions have been introduced in the legislatures of 27 states that would nullify federal authority over such local firearms. The legislation passed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Montana</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tennessee</a> in 2009 and in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alaska</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Idaho</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">South Dakota</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Utah</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Wyoming</a> the following year.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-15" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[15]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">South Carolina</a> has taken the issue one step further: in 2010 a bill was introduced which would effectively nullify all gun registration laws within the state.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-16" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[16]</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Texas has prefiled<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-17" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[17]</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">West Virginia</a> has filed<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-18" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[18]</a> similar legislation for the current 2011 legislative session.</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2013, one of the most strongly worded Second Amendment protection acts in the nation was signed into law in Kansas.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-19" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[19]</a></li>

</ul>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Marijuana laws<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marijuana laws" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of May 2014, 23 states (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Alaska</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Colorado</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Hawaii</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine" title="Maine" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Maine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Michigan</a>,Minnesota, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Montana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Nevada</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Jersey</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Mexico</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Oregon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Vermont</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington(U.S.state)" title="Washington (U.S. state)" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Washington</a>) and the District of Columbia have passed legislation which permit the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_marijuana" title="Medical marijuana" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">medical marijuana</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-20" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[20]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_19" title="California Proposition 19" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">California Proposition 19</a> would have gone one step further, and legalized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana" title="Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">marijuana</a> use by persons over age 21 for any purpose whatsoever;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-21" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[21]</a> however, the state constitutional amendment did not pass.

In 2012, both Washington and Colorado legalized the recreational use of marijuana. Both states previously legalized the use of medical marijuana. The ballot measure allows for anyone over 21 to possess up to an ounce from licensed vendors.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-22" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[22]</a> Colorado also allows you to grow up to 6 plants.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-23" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[23]</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration" title="Obama administration" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Obama administration</a> announced in October 2009 that it advised federal prosecutors not to target legally-operating medicinal marijuana users, or their suppliers, in states that have passed such laws.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-24" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[24]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-25" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[25]</a> However, in the same year, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DEA</a> conducted a record number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_marijuana" title="Medical marijuana" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">medical marijuana</a> raids.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-26" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[26]</a>

The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DEA</a> has continued to raid federally prohibited medical facilities in several states,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-27" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[27]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-28" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[28]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-29" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[29]</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DOJ</a> has gone so far as to prevent such cases from being well publicized.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-30" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[30]</a>

The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">IRS</a> has also attempted to prevent the sale of medical marijuana in California by refusing to treat normally-deductible business expenses as such for dispensaries, notably for the Harborside Health Center in Oakland.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-31" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[31]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-32" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[32]</a>

As of March 2010, 25 states (beginning with Maine in 2007) have passed legislation and/or resolutions which opposed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REAL_ID_Act" title="REAL ID Act" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">REAL ID Act</a>. Though the legislation is still on the books, its implementation has been delayed on several occasions and is currently not being enforced.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-33" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[33]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National health care nullification<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National health care nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in 30 states had introduced legislation which would declare certain provisions of any proposed national health care bill to be null and void within the state; the legislation passed in Arizona, Idaho, Utah, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Virginia</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-34" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[34]</a> Such provisions include mandatory participation in such a system as well as preserving the right of a patient to pay a health care professional for treatment (and for the professional to accept it) outside of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" title="Single-payer health care" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">single-payer system</a>. Arizona's legislation passed as a proposed constitutional amendment, approved by voters in 2010.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-35" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[35]</a> On February 1, 2010, the Virginia Senate took a stand against a key provision of a proposed federal health care overhaul, passing legislation declaring that Virginia residents cannot be forced to buy health insurance. On March 17, 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho" title="Governor of Idaho" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Idaho</a> Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">C.L. "Butch" Otter</a> signed a bill requiring the Attorney General to sue the federal government if Idaho residents are required to buy health insurance.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-36" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[36]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bring the Guard home<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bring the Guard home" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in seven states had introduced legislation which would permit the governor of the state to recall any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">National Guard</a> troops from overseas deployments (such as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Iraq</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Afghanistan</a>); the bills failed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Maryland</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Mexico</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-37" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[37]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Legal tender<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal tender" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in seven states have introduced legislation which would seek to nullify federal legal tender laws in the state by authorizing payment in gold and silver or a paper note backed 100% by gold or silver; the legislation failed in Colorado and Montana.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-38" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[38]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Cap-and-trade nullification<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cap-and-trade nullification" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in four states have introduced legislation which would nullify any proposed federal emissions regulation under the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-and-trade" title="Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">cap-and-trade</a>" model; none have advanced beyond the introductory stage.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-39" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[39]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">State sovereignty and federal tax funds acts<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: State sovereignty and federal tax funds acts" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in three states have introduced legislation which would require businesses (and in some cases, individuals) to remit their federal tax payments to the state treasurer (or equivalent body) for deposit into an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">escrow</a> fund. If the state legislature determined that a portion of the federal budget was not constitutional, or if the federal government imposed penalties or sanctions upon the state for creating the fund, then the money would be withheld. None have advanced beyond the introductory stage.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-40" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[40]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sheriffs first legislation<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sheriffs first legislation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in three states had introduced legislation which would make it a crime for any federal agent to make an arrest, search or seizure within the state without getting the advance, written permission of the sheriff of the county in which the event would take place. The bills would provide for the following exceptions:

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Actions on federal property</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A federal employee witnesses a crime requiring an immediate arrest</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Actions under either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pursuit" title="Hot pursuit" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hot pursuit</a> or involving immigration</li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The person to be apprehended is either an elected county or state officer, an employee of the sheriff's office, or has such close connection with the sheriff that the person is likely to be notified by the sheriff of any impending action.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-41" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[41]</a></li>

</ul>

None have advanced beyond the introductory stage.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-42" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[42]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Federal land legislation<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Federal land legislation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of February 2010, legislators in Utah have introduced legislation to allow the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">eminent domain</a> on federal land. Rep. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Herrod" title="Christopher Herrod" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Christopher Herrod</a> has introduced the bill in a state where the federal government controls over 60% of the land. The effort has the full support of Republican Attorney General Mark Shurtleff, who would have to defend the law. The proposal includes setting aside $3 million for legal defense.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-43" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[43]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-44" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[44]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nullification of federal intrastate commerce regulation<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nullification of federal intrastate commerce regulation" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

As of March 2010, legislators in four states had introduced legislation which would nullify federal regulation of trade and activities which are solely within the boundaries of a state and which do not cross state lines; that is activities that are by definition NOT COMMERCE, under the Constitution.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">citation needed</a>] The Virginia legislation has passed one house.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-45" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[45]</a>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">not in citation given</a>]

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sanctuary city<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sanctuary city" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>

Another form of protest against enforcement of immigration laws, several United States cities have declared themselves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_cities" title="Sanctuary cities" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">sanctuary cities</a>, whereby they have ordered the local police department to specifically not work with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="United States Customs and Border Protection" class="mw-redirect" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United States Customs and Border Protection</a> officials to arrest persons illegally residing within the boundaries of the city, and not to inquire as to a person's immigration status, even if the person was arrested.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-46" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[46]</a>

<h3 style=" margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Intrastate Coal and Use Act<span class="mw-editsection" style=" -webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"></h3>

In protest of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Environmental Protection Agency</a> allegedly overstepping its authority by interfering with intrastate commerce, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">West Virginia</a> Intrastate Coal and Use Act (H.B. 2554)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-47" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[47]</a> was being introduced into the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">West Virginia House of Delegates</a> by Delegate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Howell" title="Gary Howell" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Gary Howell</a>. The bill states that coal sold and used within the borders of West Virginia is not subject to EPA authority because no interstate commerce exists and the state retains the rights to control its own intrastate commerce under the 10th Amendment.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-48" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[48]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-49" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[49]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-50" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[50]</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> recommends the Intrastate Coal and Use Act for model legislation in other states.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#cite_note-51" style=" color: rgb(11, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[51]</a> ALEC

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenther_movement" title="Tenther movement" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Tenther movement</a></li>

<li style=" margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights" style=" text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">States' rights</a></li>

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in these times;

As a testament to ALEC’s efficacy as a pipeline for corporate-backed legislation, since the passage of the federal healthcare overhaul package in late March 2010, legislators in at least 38 states have introduced the ALEC-crafted Freedom of Choice Health Care Act (Health Care Act), which, according to an ALEC press release, was modeled after an Arizona proposal defeated on the ballot in 2008. Ironically, given the fetish Pearce and other ALEC lawmakers have for adherence to federal immigration laws, the Health Care Act is marketed as an assertion of states’ sovereignty under the Tenth Amendment.

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