copper king clark
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">thom hodden olig p 31 1899 open bribed --> 1907 Tillman Act
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div class="thumb tleft" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg" class="image" style="background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="Newspaper political cartoon from the October 28, 1900 issue of The Anaconda Standard depicting Clark bribing state legislators by throwing wads of money through hotel transom windows." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg/220px-William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg" width="220" height="304" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg/330px-William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg/440px-William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="2800" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political cartoon depicting Clark bribing state legislators, October 1900</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_A.Clark-The_Anaconda_Standard_political_cartoon_28_Oct_1900.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">C<b>lark served as president of both </b></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Montana</a> state constitutional conventions in 1884 and 1889.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Clark yearned to be a statesman and used his newspaper, the <i>Butte Miner</i>, to push his political ambitions.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> At this time, Butte was one of the largest cities in the West. He became a hero in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,Montana" title="Helena, Montana" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Helena, Montana</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, by campaigning for its selection as the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">state capital</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> instead of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda,Montana" title="Anaconda, Montana" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Anaconda</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. This battle for the placement of the capital had subtle Irish vs. English, Catholic vs. Protestant, and non-Masonic vs. Masonic elements.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Clark's long-standing dream of becoming a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Senator</a> resulted in scandal in 1899 when it was revealed that he bribed members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana State Legislature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Montana State Legislature</a> in return for their votes. </span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At the time, U.S. Senators were chosen by their respective state legislators. The corruption of his election contributed to the passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Amendment to the United States Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">17th Amendment</a>. The U.S. Senate refused to seat Clark because of the 1899 bribery scheme, but a later senate campaign was successful, and he served a single term from 1901 until 1907.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <b>In responding to criticism of his bribery of the Montana legislature, Clark is reported to have said, "I never bought a man who wasn't for sale."</b> Clark died at the age of 86 in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark_House" title="William A. Clark House" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">his mansion</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> at 962 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Fifth Avenue</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">New York City</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. His estate at his death was estimated to be worth $300 million, (equivalent to $4,186,338,000 in today's dollars)</span><sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_5-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-inflation-US-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, making him one of the wealthiest Americans ever.</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a 1</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">907 essay, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark Twain</a>, who was a close friend of Clark's rival <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H.Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Rogers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Henry H. Rogers</a>, an organizer of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Copper_Mining_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Copper Mining Company" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Amalgamated Copper Mining Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[8]</a></sup> portrayed Clark as the very embodiment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Gilded Age</a> excess and corruption:</span></font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He is as rotten a human being as can be found anywhere under the flag; he is a shame to the American nation, and no one has helped to send him to the Senate who did not know that his proper place was the penitentiary, with a ball and chain on his legs. To my mind he is the most disgusting creature that the republic has produced since Tweed's time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Walter_Clark">Walter Clark</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Clark's nephew, Walter Miller Clark, son of J. Ross and Miriam (Evans) Clark, along with Walter's wife, Virginia, were passengers on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic" title="RMS Titanic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">RMS Titanic</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He was among the 1,514 who died on April 15, 1912 after the ship struck an iceberg at 2:20 a.m. She survived and arrived in New York City a widow. Some of Mr. Clark's personal items were retrieved during an expedition to the site of the sinking in 1994 in the debris field. They were identified by engraved initials. They included shaving soap, toiletry items, cuff links, and gambling chips.</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A.Clark#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Walter's wife, Virginia, was rescued by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia" title="RMS Carpathia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">RMS Carpathia</a>.</span></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_A.Clark&action=edit§ion=7" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Clark's art collection was donated to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoran Gallery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Corcoran Gallery</a> in Washington, D.C. after his death, greatly enriching that museum's holdings of European as well as American art. The Clark donation also included the construction of a new wing for the Corcoran, known appropriately as the Clark Wing.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The city of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Las Vegas</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> was established as a maintenance stop for Clark's </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He subdivided 110 acres into 1200 lots, some of which on the corner of Fremont Street in Las Vegas sold for as much as $1750. The Las Vegas area was organized as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Clark County, Nevada</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, in Clark's honor.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Clark's involvement in the founding of Las Vegas is recounted in a decidedly negative light by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Romano" title="Chris Romano" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Chris Romano</a> in the "Las Vegas" episode of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Comedy Central</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_History" title="Drunk History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Drunk History</a>, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">with </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Fulcher" title="Rich Fulcher" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Rich Fulcher</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> portraying Clark.</span></font></p></blockquote></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><a href="https://billingsgazette.com/news/features/magazine/copper-kings-waged-colorful-media-war/article_d722bf97-3770-5327-8a50-b370705657ce.html"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://billingsgazette.com/news/features/magazine/copper-kings-waged-colorful-media-war/article_d722bf97-3770-5327-8a50-b370705657ce.html</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Copper Chorus: Mining, Politics,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and the Montana Press, 1889-1959"</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Author: Dennis L. Swibold</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Publisher: Montana Historical Society Press</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Montana's copper kings William A. Clark and Marcus Daly knew the newspapers each owned would never be anything but money pits.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It wasn't profits they expected from these appendages of their empires. Influence is what they craved in a new state they hoped to forge in their own interests.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Their investment continued to pay political dividends for decades to come. Not until the late 1950s did their successor, in the form of the Anaconda Co., determine that its newspapers had lost their relevance. Anaconda unyoked much of the state's press, including The Billings Gazette, in 1959 with the sale of its newspaper holdings to Lee Enterprises.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The story of Montana's newspapers is as interesting as anything ever put in them. University of Montana Journalism Professor Dennis Swibold's new book, "Copper Chorus: Mining, Politics and the Montana Press, 1889-1959," details the history of Montana's "copper-collared" press in all its glory and infamy.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exhaustive in detail and written to entertain as well as inform, "Copper Chorus" is a welcome addition to the understanding of Montana's history.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The most interesting chapters are the early ones where Clark and Daly wage war across the front pages of their principal papers, The Butte Miner and the Anaconda Standard, respectively.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Clark was first to recognize the power a newspaper could wield and was already using The Butte Miner to make his voice heard loud and clear in the run-up to statehood in 1889. Daly came later to journalism, Swibold tells us, but brought an unbounded enthusiasm and cash enough to make the Standard one of the premier newspapers in the West.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"A daily newspaper with a statewide influence would have seemed essential for nurturing the vast investment he and his backers had made in mines and smelters and a growing string of supporting enterprises that included lumber mills, coal mines, railroads, and mercantile stores," Swibold wrote. "By comparison, the cost of a daily newspaper - even one as extravagant as Daly's - would have seemed minor."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In warfare between giants, Clark struck the first blow, the author writes. Through the Butte Miner, Clark accused Daly of ordering his Irish workers to vote against Clark in Clark's unsuccessful 1888 bid to become Montana's territorial representative to Congress.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That inspired Daly to hire editor John Durston and start a newspaper of his own. Durston, in turn, hired the best newspapermen, including political cartoonists, that Daly's money could buy.</font></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Daly used his newspaper to promote Anaconda as capital of the new state, while Clark outmaneuvered him to establish the capital at Helena. Swibold said each spent about $50 a vote, about $1,000 in today's currency. After Helena's victory, Daly's Standard dripped with venom, charging that votes had been bought and thugs had been imported to intimidate the voters.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Their most vicious battle, described in great detail by the author, was Clark's election to the U.S. Senate in 1899. Charges and counter-charges of corruption raged across the press as most of the state's newspapers fell under the influence of one or the other of the copper kings.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But Daly's enmity was as deep as Clark's pockets. He laid the groundwork for Clark's expulsion from the Senate, collecting evidence to support charges that Clark had purchased the seat. The Senate committee hearing the charges recommended that Clark be expelled. He resigned rather that face a full Senate vote.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Swibold reports that more than 50 Montana newspapers condemned that committee's vote, and many editorialized that Daly's organization was no less corrupt than Clark's.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The machinations of early Montana politics and the men who controlled it are fascinating reading. It's not an entirely dark story. Swibold finds honorable and talented newsmen among the colorful cast of editors who wrote the day-to-day history of Montana.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contact Lorna Thackeray at lthackeray@billingsgazette.com or 657-1314.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><div class="subscriber-preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;"><b> two men most responsible for the Mining City’s early growth were Copper Kings Marcus Daly and William A. Clark.</b></p></div><div class="subscriber-preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">The shrewd businessmen were fierce rivals until Daly’s death in 1900. While both had the Midas touch, the men had sharply contrasting backgrounds, and they clashed politically time and time again. And the self-made millionaires were polar opposites in other ways as well.</p></div><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">Clark was the elder by nearly three years. Daly, an Irish immigrant from County Cavan, was just 4 years old when the potato famine began to ravage his homeland. He was Catholic; Clark, a Presbyterian, was a Pennsylvania native. Daly was the youngest of 11 children; Clark had nine siblings and was the oldest son.</p></div><div id="tncms-region-article_instory_top" class="tncms-region hidden-print" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">Daly had negligible education and sold newspapers when he first came to the United States. Clark was well-educated. He was a teacher and studying to be a lawyer when he decided to move out West.</p></div><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">Clark first came to Montana around 1863; Daly arrived nine years later. Both men eventually became newspaper owners — Clark owned the Butte Miner; Daly founded the Anaconda Standard. Both papers were essentially mouthpieces for their differing political and business views. The Anaconda Standard was considered one of the premier newspapers of its time. Daly was quick to stay ahead of the game. He spent thousands to produce color pages and hire staff artists, many from the New York Herald.</p></div><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">They also had differing lifestyles — Daly’s two-story brick Butte home was decidedly unpretentious. The Clark Mansion’s lavish exterior was overshadowed by the decadent interior décor.</p></div><div id="tncms-region-article_instory_middle" class="tncms-region hidden-print" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px; font-family: Yrsa, serif;">There is much more to learn about the two men who were instrumental in putting Butte on the map:</p></div><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; font-family: Yrsa, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Marcus Daly and his wife, Margaret, had four children. Margaret “Madge” and Mary “Molly” were born in Ophir, Utah; Marcus and Hattie were born in Butte. Clark had seven children with his first wife, Katherine, and two with his second wife, Anna — Andree and Huguette.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">When Copper King Marcus Daly wed Margaret Evans in 1872, he was 30 and she was just 18. In contrast, 39 years separated Copper King W.A. Clark and his second wife. Clark reputedly married his ward, Anna Eugenia La Chapelle, in 1901; he was 62 and she was 23.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">In 1911, Daly’s oldest daughter, Margaret, collapsed while visiting her mother in Hamilton. The high altitude was blamed for her sudden illness, and Margaret was quickly put on a train back to New York to recover. She died one day after arriving in New York. The mother of two young girls, 8 and 3, was 37 years old.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><b>By 1895, Daly decided to combine his immense mining holdings and form the Anaconda Copper Co. He was the company’s first president.</b></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Anna’s parents, Pierre and Philomine La Chapelle, are buried at Butte’s St. Patrick’s Cemetery.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Mark Twain was not, by any stretch of the imagination, a big fan of Clark. In fact, the famous novelist and humorist once said of the Copper King — "He is as rotten a human being as can be found anywhere under the flag. He is a shame to the American nation, and no one has helped send him to the Senate who did not know that his proper place was the penitentiary, with a chain and ball on his legs. To my mind he is the most disgusting creature that the republic has produced since Tweed's time."</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><b>Surprisingly, Clark and Daly were related by marriage.</b> Clark’s younger brother, J. Ross Clark, married Miriam, sister to Marcus Daly’s wife, Margaret. J. Ross and Miriam’s son, Walter, went down with the Titanic.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Clark was born Jan. 8, 1839, and was 86 when he died March 2, 1925. His youngest child, Huguette Clark, was born June 9, 1906, and was 16 days shy of her 105th birthday when she died May 24, 2011. From the time of Clark’s birth, which was long before the Civil War, to his daughter’s death in 2011, 172 years had passed.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">During Clark and his daughter, Huguette’s lifetimes, 37 of the 44 U.S. presidents held office.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">November was an unlucky time of year in the Daly household. Daly, 58, died in November 1900; his only son, Marcus, was 48 when he died in November 1930; and his grandson, Marcus III, died at the age of 50 in November 1970.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">In September 1898 a decision was reached to begin construction on the Paul Clark Home. The home was built in memory of Clark’s son who died at the age of 16.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">What a bargain! Daly’s Butte home was, at one time, located at 130 W. Quartz St. At present, the brick structure’s address is 131 W. Copper. On June 26, 1909, the home was sold at a sheriff’s sale for $10. According to the Inflation Calculator, that amount is around $260 in today’s market. That was a screaming deal 107 years ago.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><b>It took approximately 13 years to complete Clark’s New York mansion — at a cost of $7 million. Today, that cost would be more than $168 million. The over-the-top estate was six stories and had more than 100 rooms. But it was demolished some 25 years later.</b></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">By 1890, Clark reportedly owned more than 40 Butte mines.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">The only Montana horse to win the prestigious Belmont Stakes was Scottish Chieftain in 1897. The stallion was owned by Daly. The horse won the race, at that time a mile and three furlongs (it's now a mile and a half), with a time of 2:23-1/4, and its jockey was J. Scherrer.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Clark may have given the Mining City the Columbia Gardens, but Daly is the only Copper King to have been immortalized with a statue.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Following Daly’s death, leading the charge to have the Copper King honored with a statue was the founder of Hennessy’s, Daniel Hennessy. Daly was a financial backer for Hennessy, when the Butte businessman moved and expanded his department store.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><b>Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who was commissioned to sculpt a statue of Marcus Daly, is considered, even by today’s standards, one of America’s best sculptors. </b>His monuments also include the Sherman Monument in New York, the Adams Memorial in Washington, D.C., and the Shaw Memorial in Boston. In addition, President Theodore Roosevelt commissioned the artist to design coins, which included the $20 “double eagle” gold piece and the $10 “Indian Head” gold eagle. Today, collectors will pay millions for his rare “double eagle” coin.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><b>Clark definitely had the Midas touch. He, along with his younger brother, J. Ross, founded the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad. The railroad helped to establish the city of Las Vegas. To honor the man, the area surrounding Las Vegas was named Clark County.</b></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Clark’s son and namesake, William A. Clark Jr., was the founder of the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. In addition, he helped to finance the construction of the Hollywood Bowl amphitheater.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">In memory of his father, Clark also donated his rare book collection to UCLA, which is housed in the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. The collection included works from Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Chaucer and Oscar Wilde. When he died in 1934, he also bequeathed the university $1.5 million. That amount is the equivalent of nearly $27 million in today's dollars.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Long before his death in 1934, Clark Jr. hired an architect to design a mausoleum to be used as a final resting place for him and his family members. Located at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, the completed project cost more than $500,000. In today’s world, it would be built at a cost of nearly $6.7 million.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Daly was honored again in World War II, when a U.S. liberty ship was named after him. The SS Marcus Daly was completed Aug. 5, 1943, at the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, California, and participated in one of the most important Pacific Theater campaigns — the Battle of Leyte Gulf, which took place Oct. 23-26, 1944. Less than six weeks later, the ship was hit by a kamikaze, killing or wounding more than 200 men. The crew was later awarded the Gallant Ship Award Citation. Eventually, the vessel was repaired, but was later scrapped in 1968.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">In 1989, Daly was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame in Leadville, Colo. Clark’s induction was held the following year.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">One other Clark daughter lived a long life as well. Huguette's half-sister, Katherine Stauffer Clark Morris, died in 1974, less than a year before she would have turned 100.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Daly’s daughter, Mary, was married to James W. Gerard, who had served as the U.S. Ambassador to Germany. He and Mary had no children, and referred to his wife as “my small but tactful family of one.”</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">Both Daly and Clark died in New York City, and both are buried there. When Daly died in 1900, it was reported that his Montana assets were upwards of $75 million. Twenty-five years later, when Clark passed away, his net worth was estimated at $150 million.</li></ul></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div></div></div></div>