Anaconda
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.counterpunch.org/2005/03/26/when-governor-samuel-venus-stewart-declared-martial-law-in-montana/</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</div><div>MARCH 26, 2005</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>When Governor Samuel Venus Stewart Declared Martial Law in Montana</b></div><div>
</div><div>by JACKIE CORR</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>A familiar expression in the homes and on the streets of Butte is this: “Duncan was the best Mayor we ever had.” Lewis Duncan was elected to office by the vote of the working people. Duncan was then re-elected to office by the vote of the working people. He accomplished things beneficial to the people, that were never accomplished by any Mayor before or since. He was “true blue,” he was honest, he was fearless. Because he stood for what was right he was persecuted, he was maligned: he was ousted from office. That was a long time ago but the people of Butte have not forgotten.</div><div>
</div><div>-Charles Hausworth, Butte Mayor, October 30, 1936</div><div>
</div><div>Today my political scalp decorates the wigwam of the Amalgamated, but my record is clean and my spirit unquenched.</div><div>
</div><div>– Butte’s Socialist Mayor Lewis Duncan upon his removal from office by Judge Roy Ayers in a courtroom filled with armed state militia. October 6, 1914</div><div>
</div><div>There does not seem to be any reason but the desires of the Amalgamated for martial law and the troops in Butte.”.</div><div>
</div><div>– Joseph Dixon, The Missoulian, September 11, 1914</div><div>
</div><div>In 1911 the Reverend Lewis J. Duncan, a Unitarian minister and Socialist Party secretary, was elected mayor of Butte by a landslide, winning more votes then his Democratic and Republican opponents combined. The Socialists also elected every one of their candidates for city office plus five of their nine candidates for aldermen. In my opinion Duncan made the best mayor Butte has ever had, as far as honesty was concerned. It was generally admitted there was no graft or corruption when the Socialists were in office.</div><div>
</div><div>– Burton K. Wheeler, Yankee from the West</div><div>
</div><div> </div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On April 3, 1911, Socialist Lewis Duncan was elected mayor of Butte, Montana. With Duncan, a municipal judge and city treasurer, as well as six other party members were elected to office. Two years later the Butte Socialist Party repeated the 1911 victory. By 1914, the Amalgamated (later Anaconda) Copper Company decided Butte needed to be tamed and the right people placed in political office. The Montana newspapers then discovered the dreaded “Wobblies.”</span></div><div>
</div><div>Suddenly Butte and Montana were in a grave crisis and facing great danger due to a growing number of fantastic IWW plots Future Montana U.S. Senator Burton K. Wheeler would remember it as a time when “the Anaconda Standard was seeking to alarm the public with rumors of a coming invasion by the IWW. One story, fantastic as it sounds, was that a marauding band of IWW’s, apparently 3000 strong and more bloodthirsty then any war party of Indians, was heading toward Butte out of northeast Montana.”</div><div>
</div><div>So Governor Sam Stewart sent the state militia into Butte to restore law and order and bust up the miner’s union while naming the notorious warden-gangster and Sixth Floor triggerman, Frank Conley s provost marshal.</div><div>
</div><div>Following the martial law declaration, the entire force of the Montana National Guard was sent to Butte from Helena by armored train courtesy of Jim Hill and the Great Northern railroad. Upon departure, and with great ceremony, the troops and their mission were blessed by a Catholic priest representing Helena’s Bishop John Carroll, a loyal corporate servant and right-wing reactionary. And so they came, with <b>field artillery, gatling guns and internationally outlawed dum-dum bullets. In Butte they would be assisted by 300 or so “special deputies” or “gunmen” of the Amalgamated Copper Company.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Filled with patriotism and Americanism, the armed troops reached Butte. The mission, which we might call the 1914 version of “Operation Butte Freedom,” was to restore democracy and law and order in the mining city. Instead the invading army found Butte quiet and peaceful. As they marched around the city, the soldiers were greeted not with cheers but with the quiet stares of unarmed miners and a silent and unfriendly population. No flowers were thrown in their path and there were no cries of celebration and welcome. To make things worse, the militia arrogantly seized the brand new Silver Bow County Courthouse turning it into a combined barracks and stables for the officer’s horses. The horses had already been provided by the Amalgamated.</div><div>
</div><div>Incredible as it may seem, the fact that Butte was tranquil brought about a new explanation for the invasion. Butte was now to be saved from the I.W.W. . . With the militia came the notorious <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Frank Conley, brought in by the Amalgamated as provost marshal or military commander of Butte. The 1914 Conley would have been comfortable in present day Iraq. “Big Frank,” warden of the state prison as well as the mayor of Deer Lodge, was a real busy man and a legitimate gangster in his own right. Conley had his fingers in every racket imaginable, the liquor and beer business, drugs, women, the Deer Lodge water company as well as outright owner of large chunks of Deer Lodge real estate. In addition, there were a dozen or more convict construction companies and a lucrative racket in renting out convict labor as well as sharp practice of charging the state for non-existent services and goods</span>.</div><div>
</div><div>Conley was called to Butte by no less then Captain D’Gay Stivers who ran the Amalgamated’s very efficient state-wide intelligence service and secret police. At Butte city hall, Conley fired all the Socialist party employees including a socialist policeman named Ivan Lincoln. (In February of 1915, Lincoln would be found shot to death, a killing that many thought was the work of Stivers and Conley.) Conley also had much of the Socialist administration’s records and correspondence hauled away and burned.</div><div>
</div><div><b>An ambitious man with no scruples, the warden appointed himself as newspaper censor of Silver Bow County, a moved aimed at the Socialist press. But when he banned and then seized a Sunday edition of THE MISSOULIAN at the railroad station,</b> Conley clashed with former senator and future governor Joseph Dixon. The paper had been asking serious questions as to the purpose of the troops in the quiet city. Another Amalgamated enforcer, this one a district judge (and future Montana governor) from Lewiston named Roy Ayers also arrived. Ayers was well known in Montana as “Whiskey Roy, ” his hard earned nickname.</div><div>
</div><div>The plan was to take the mayor as well as the sheriff Tim Driscoll out of office. But the corporate mob couldn’t do it with a jury in Silver Bow County. And it probably wouldn’t be a good idea to kidnap Duncan and Driscoll take them up to Helena where the Amalgamated always found friendly juries. So what the legal department of the Amalgamated did was make up a law to be enforced by Ayers.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Then, to give this imaginary legality some basis, they had the Butte Chamber of Commerce file a citizen’s complaint against mayor Duncan and Driscoll stemming from the destruction of the Miner’s Union Hall back in June. Not that Duncan and Driscoll had anything to do with the riot or the destruction of the hall. The charges were that they could have prevented it. Then Ayers spent three days in a courtroom guarded by the state militia listening to testimony</span>.</div><div>
</div><div>On the fourth day, October 6, 1914, “Whiskey Roy” removed Mayor Duncan and Sheriff Driscoll from office based on non-existent laws or statutes. All in all, a good example of what you can do legally when you have martial law, censorship, and heavily-armed soldiers marching around with field artillery, gatling guns and outlawed dum-dum bullets.</div><div>
</div><div>A few years later Silver Bow County Sheriff Larry Duggan recalled the events of 1914:</div><div>
</div><div>“In 1914, the Amalgamated called into Butte the state militia through the orders of the putty governor. Already in place was an army of <b>Pinkertons</b> and stool-pigeons operating to create trouble and to poison the minds of the workers against one another while arousing suspicion and distrust. Through the courts – if we may call them such – Tim Driscoll was ousted from the office from Sheriff. Lewis J. Duncan, mayor of Butte, and the only mayor who was ever elected a second time, was also ousted out of office. Conley, warden of the penitentiary, was given the position of provost marshal and threw all the city employees into the street, bag and baggage. The state militia seized the new courthouse, a building that had cost the citizens three-quarters of a million dollars to build, then turned it into a barracks and a stables for the horses loaned to the officers of the militia by Con Kelley and the Amalgamated. <b>At that time, as at the present, thousands of the best workers and citizens were driven out of Butte by starvation and the blacklist system. Since then, through corruption and stealth, the Industrial Kaisers have stolen one election after another. Men have been killed and murdered without a single person being sent to the penitentiary. </b>This is only one part of the over-riding of our laws by those who know no law but that of pistols, black-jacks, high-powered rifles and sawed-off shotguns as was shown a short while ago on the Anaconda Road.”</div><div>
</div><div>The above author, Larry Duggan, Butte’s famous mortician was elected sheriff of Silver Bow County twice during the 1920’s. Like the earlier Socialists, he ordered the corporate gunmen “behind the fence,.” meaning inside the mineyards. Duggan also gained some fame during the nationwide resurgence of the <b>Ku Klux Klan</b> and 100 percent Americanism movement of the 1920’s by issuing a statement that “should the Klan attempt any of their time-honored activities in Silver Bow County, they are to be shot down like wolves.” As for Lewis Duncan, who had arrived as Butte’s first Unitarian minister in 1902, we know little of his life after 1914. Duncan died in Rochester, Minnesota on January 24, 1936, at the age of 78.</div><div>
</div><div>How “WHISKEY ROY” Ayers earned his nickname.</div><div>
</div><div>Burton Wheeler described a civil case in 1920 and what he found upon entering the judge’s chambers. “I found Judge Ayers half-drunk and asked him where the instructions to the jury were and he said they were on his desk.. When I looked on the desk I found the instructions were missing,<b> Apparently the defendants or friends of theirs had stolen the instruction while plying the judge with liquor.”</b></div><div>
</div><div>JACKIE CORR lives in Butte, Montana. He can be reached at: jcorr@bigskyhsd.com</div><div>=</div><div>http://mtstandard.com/news/local/lewis-j-duncan-butte-s-socialist-mayor/article_77f3176c-126d-520a-aa0b-4a70d50604db.html</div><div>
</div><div><div class="subscriber-preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 27px;"><b>Lewis J. Duncan, a Socialist and Butte’s first Unitarian minister,</b> was elected mayor of Butte in 1911 and again in 1913, the first Butte mayor to win two consecutive terms. <b>He was impeached in October 1914</b> after being found guilty of neglecting his duties during the Miners Union Hall bombing in June 1914. Sheriff Timothy Driscoll was also impeached after admitting that his deputies failed to restrain the rioting miners. There is speculation Duncan was impeached to get him out of the way of Amalgamated Copper.</p></div><div id="tncms-region-article_instory_top" class="tncms-region " style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div class="subscriber-preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 27px;"><b>Prior to the trial, Duncan was attacked and stabbed three times in his office in July 1914, and shot and killed his attacker, Erik Lantala, a Finn, in self defense.</b></p></div><div id="tncms-region-article_instory_middle" class="tncms-region " style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="video-ad-asset-container" class="p402_hide" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 1.5s; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="vjs-waiting vjs-user-inactive vjs-controls-disabled vjs-default-skin video-js video-responsive-ad vjs-playing" id="video-ad-asset" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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line-height: 20px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 27px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">However, though Duncan is remembered for his impeachment, his service as mayor was greatly beneficial to Butte. Under his guidance, the city improved sanitation and public health. In his first year as mayor, deaths from contagious diseases dropped 84 percent, and deaths of children younger than 12 dropped by 50 percent. He also curbed municipal graft in the city’s police force, stabilized Butte’s finances and upgraded streets.</span></p></div><div class="subscriber-only" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 27px;">He died in Rochester, Minn., in 1936 at the age of 78.</p></div></div><div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Kings">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Kings</a></div><div>
</div><div>eh</div><div></div><div>bilbo</div><div>
</div><div>http://www.nwhistorycourse.org/ttcourse/Year2/unit1/week2/research.php</div><div></div><div>
</div><div>press</div><div>
</div><div>http://www.distinctlymontana.com/montana-history/04/04/2008/copper-press</div><div>
</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Anaconda Copper Mining Company</b> (also known 1899-1915 as the <b>Amalgamated Copper Mining Company</b>) was one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century. Founded in 1881 when<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Daly" title="Marcus Daly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Marcus Daly</a> bought a silver mine, the company expanded rapidly based on the discovery of huge copper deposits. Daly built a smelter to process copper mined in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,Montana" title="Butte, Montana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Butte</a>. By 1910, Anaconda had expanded its operations and bought the assets of two other Montana copper companies.<b> In 1922 it bought mining operations in Mexico and Chile; the latter was the largest mine in the world and yielded two-thirds of the company's profits. The company added aluminum reduction to its portfolio in 1955.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 1960 its operations still had 37,000 employees in North America and Chile. It was purchased by Atlantic Richfield Company (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ARCO</a>) on January 12, 1977. Anaconda halted production in 1983. It currently exists only as a massive environmental liability for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">BP</a>, the current owner of ARCO.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#History_of_Anaconda_Copper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History of Anaconda Copper</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Beginnings" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Beginnings</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Rothschilds" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Rothschilds</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Rockefellers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Rockefellers</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Amalgamated_competes_in_copper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Amalgamated competes in copper</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#The_golden_twenties" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The golden twenties</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Great_speculation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Great speculation</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Great_Depression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Great Depression</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Beginning_of_WWII" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Beginning of WWII</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#1950s" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1950s</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#1970s" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1970s</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Superfund_site" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Superfund site</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Aluminum_operations_in_Columbia_Falls" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Aluminum operations in Columbia Falls</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Anaconda_Copper_in_literature_and_film" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Anaconda Copper in literature and film</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#Semiotics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Semiotics</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#.22Copper_Collar.22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">"Copper Collar"</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_Anaconda_Copper">History of Anaconda Copper</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=1" title="Edit section: History of Anaconda Copper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginnings">Beginnings</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Anaconda Copper Mining Company was started in 1881 when </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Daly" title="Marcus Daly" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Marcus Daly</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> bought a small </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver mine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">silver mine</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> called Anaconda near </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,Montana" title="Butte, Montana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Butte, Montana</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Gold and silver mining had taken place in Helena in the west of the state. (Anaconda Company eventually owned all the mines on Butte Hill.)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He asked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George Hearst</a>, San Francisco mining magnate, for additional support. Hearst agreed to buy one-fourth of the new company's stock without visiting the site</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Huge deposits of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">copper</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> were soon discovered and Daly became a copper magnate. Daly quietly bought up neighboring mines, forming a mining company. He built a smelter at Anaconda on the which he connected to Butte by a railway.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Butte, a small and poor town, became one of the most prosperous cities in the country, often called "the Richest Hill on Earth." From 1892 through 1903, the Anaconda mine was the largest copper-producing mine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup> It produced more than $300 billion worth of metal in its lifetime.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rothschilds">Rothschilds</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=3" title="Edit section: Rothschilds" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1889 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Rothschilds</a> tried to gain control of the world copper market. In 1892 the French Rothschilds began negotiations to buy the Anaconda mine. In mid-October 1895 the Rothschilds, French and British, bought one quarter of the stock in Anaconda for $7.5 million. By the late 1890s the Rothschilds probably had control over the sale of about forty percent of the world’s copper production.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rockefellers">Rockefellers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=4" title="Edit section: Rockefellers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Rothschilds' role in Anaconda was brief. In 1899, Daly teamed up with two directors of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Standard Oil</a> to create the giant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Copper_Mining_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Copper Mining Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Amalgamated Copper Mining Company</a>, one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century. The leading roles in the takeover were played by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H.Rogers" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Rogers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Henry Huttleston Rogers</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D.Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">John D. Rockefeller</a>’s friend and a key man in his Standard Oil businesses) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rockefeller" title="William Rockefeller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">William Rockefeller</a> (John’s brother). They were aided by company promoter<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W.Lawson(businessman)" title="Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Thomas W. Lawson</a>. Although Rogers and William Rockefeller were Standard Oil directors, the company of Standard Oil did not have a stake in this business, nor did its founder and head, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D.Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">John D. Rockefeller</a>, who disliked such stock promotions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By 1899 Amalgamated Copper acquired majority stock in the Anaconda Copper Company, and the Rothschilds appear to have had no further role in the company. By his death in 1900, Marcus Daly had just become president of the holding company valued at $75 million .</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lawson later had a falling out with Rogers and Rockefeller, and wrote of the experience in a book <i>Frenzied Finance</i> (1905). Colored by Lawson's bitterness, the book offered insight into aspects of high finance.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Amalgamated_competes_in_copper">Amalgamated competes in copper</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>At the beginning of the 1900s, due to electrification (and Amalgamated's maintenance of an artificially high copper price), copper was very profitable, and copper mining expanded rapidly. </b>Between 1899 and 1915, Anaconda, controlled by Standard Oil insiders, stayed under the name of Amalgamated Copper Company.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Amalgamated was in conflict with powerful copper king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.Augustus_Heinze" title="F. Augustus Heinze" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">F. Augustus Heinze</a>, who also owned mines in Butte; in 1902 he consolidated these as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Copper_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United Copper Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United Copper Company</a>. Neither organization was able to monopolize copper extraction in Montana. In addition, although Butte was the most prolific copper-mining district in the world, Amalgamated could not control production from other copper-mining districts, such as those in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Country" title="Copper Country" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Michigan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Arizona</a>, and countries outside the United States.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marcus Daly died in 1900. His widow began a close friendship with a shrewd, intelligent businessman, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D.Ryan(mining)" title="John D. Ryan (mining)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John D. Ryan</a>, who assumed the presidency of Daly's bank and management of his widow's fortune. The leaders of Amalgamated turned to Ryan, famous for his negotiation skills, for help in creating a monopoly at Butte.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Control of producing mines was a key to high income. Ryan convinced Heinze to walk away with abundant compensation, taking over Heinze's properties, as well as the properties of</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Clark" title="William A. Clark" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">William A. Clark</a> (Butte’s third copper king).</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The Rockefellers gained complete control of Butte's copper as they merged these companies with Amalgamated. The reorganized company was again named Anaconda. Ryan was made its president, and was rewarded with a significant package of Amalgamated shares.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The "right hand" of John Ryan was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Kelley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Kelley (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;">Cornelius Kelley</a>, a young attorney, who soon was given the position of vice-president.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Henry Rogers died suddenly in 1909 of a stroke, but William Rockefeller brought in his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Rockefeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Rockefeller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Percy Rockefeller</a> to help with leadership.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_golden_twenties">The golden twenties</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the 1920s, metal prices went up and mining activity increased. Those were really the golden years for Anaconda. The company was managed by Ryan-Kelley team and was growing fast, expanding into the exploitation of new resources: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">manganese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">zinc</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">aluminum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">uranium</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">silver</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1922 the company acquired mining operations in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chile</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mexico</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The mining operation in Chile (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chuquicamata</a>), was acquired from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheims" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Guggenheims</a> in 1923</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Hawley-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></sup> It cost Anaconda $77 million, was the largest copper mine in the world. It produced copper yielding two-thirds to three-fourths of the Anaconda Company's profits. The same year ACM purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Company" title="American Brass Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">American Brass Company</a>, the nation's largest brass fabricator and a major consumer of copper and zinc. In 1926 Anaconda acquired the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesche" title="Giesche" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Giesche</a> company, a large mining and industrial firm, operating in the Upper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Silesia</a> region of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Poland</a>. This nation had gained independence after World War I.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At that time Anaconda was the fourth-largest company in the world. These heady times, however, were short-lived.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Great_speculation">Great speculation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=7" title="Edit section: Great speculation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1928 Ryan and Percy Rockefeller aggressively speculated on Anaconda shares, causing them to go up at first (at which point they sold) and then to go down (at which point they bought them back). Known today as a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump" title="Pump and dump" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">pump and dump</a>", at the time the actions were not illegal, and took place frequently. Under the pressure of a "joint account" set up by Ryan and Rockefeller of nearly a million and a half shares of Anaconda Copper Company, prices fluctuated from $40 in December 1928, to $128 in March 1929.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smaller investors were completely wiped out. The results are still considered one of the great fleecings in Wall Street history. The United States Senate held hearings on the stock manipulations, concluding that those operations cost the public, at the very least, $150 million. A 1933 Senate banking committee called these operations the greatest frauds in American banking history and a leading cause of the 1930s depression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=8" title="Edit section: Great Depression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1929 Anaconda Copper Mining Co. issued new stock and used some of the money to buy shares of speculative companies. When the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock Market Crash" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">market crashed</a> on Oct. 29, 1929, Anaconda suffered serious financial setbacks. At the same time, copper prices started going down dramatically. During the winter of 1932-33, as the Depression expanded, copper prices dropped to $0.103 per kg, down from an average of $0.295 per kg only two years earlier.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Great Depression</a> took a toll in the mining industry; decline in demand led to the company making massive layoffs in both the United States and Chile (up to 66 percent unemployment rate in the Chilean mines). On March 26, 1931, Anaconda cut its dividend rate 40%. John D. Ryan died in 1933 and was buried in a copper coffin. His mighty Anaconda shares, once worth $175 each, had dropped to $4 at the bottom of the Great Depression. Cornelius Kelley became the Chairman in 1940.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginning_of_WWII">Beginning of WWII</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=9" title="Edit section: Beginning of WWII" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">
The end of World War II brought another downturn in the copper industry because of a decline in demand after war production ended.</span>Butte mining, like most U.S. industry, remained depressed until the dawn of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">World War II</a>, when the demand for war materials greatly increased the need for copper, zinc, and manganese. Anaconda ranked 58th among United States corporations in the value of World War II-military production contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></sup> That relieved some of the economic tensions.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="1950s">1950s</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=10" title="Edit section: 1950s" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the post-war years, demand and prices of copper dropped</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Copper_Collar.22">"Copper Collar"</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaconda_Copper&action=edit§ion=16" title="Edit section: " copper="Copper" collar="Collar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The term <i>copper collar</i>, coined in the late 1800s, was a metaphor used to describe a person or a company directly influenced or controlled by the Anaconda Company.</p><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;">“From the 1920s until 1959, journalists working at the newspapers could write nothing that clashed with the company’s business enterprises. Journalists were thus not allowed to develop and exercise their professional skills through their news judgment—lawyers and accountants made news judgments, not journalists—and were frozen for decades in this pre-professional model.”<sup id="cite_ref-McNay_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-McNay-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By 1920, the Anaconda Company owned several of the states newspapers including the <i>Butte Post,</i> <i>Butte Miner,</i> <i>Anaconda Standard,</i> <i>Daily Missoulian,</i> <i>Helena Independent,</i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Gazette" title="Billings Gazette" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Billings Gazette</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Work_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Work-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> The Anaconda Company controlled the economic and political dealings throughout Montana well into the mid-1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Behan_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Behan-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; font-size: 13.16px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semiotic_Square.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="" semiotic="Semiotic" square="Square" of="of" the="the" anaconda="Anaconda" copper="copper" company="Company" and="and" collar="collar" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Semiotic_Square.jpg/220px-Semiotic_Square.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Semiotic_Square.jpg/330px-Semiotic_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Semiotic_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="288" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semiotic_Square.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data" /></div></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semiotic_Square.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; -webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">As the state's largest employer, the Anaconda Company dominated Montana politics. In the political arena the <i>"copper collar"</i>symbolized influence, wealth, and power. In 1894, Montana held an election to decide which city would be its capital. Marcus Daly, an Anaconda supporter, used his power over the papers to further his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;" /></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Holmes-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[13]</a> While campaigning, “Anaconda’s supporters portrayed Helena as a center of avarice and elitism while promoting their choice as the pick of the working man. In return, Helena’s backers claimed that if the victory should go to their opponent the entire state would be strangled by the “copper collar” of Daly’s Anaconda Copper Mining Company."<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Lambert-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[14]</a></sup> Daly’s campaign was unsuccessful and Helena became the state's capital. Flexing its political muscle again in 1903, the Anaconda Company closed down operations, putting 15,000 men out of work until the legislature enacted the regulations it demanded. Montanans were angered by this decision and, from that point forward, to suggest that a politician “wore a copper collar” could cost him the election.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaconda_Copper#cite_note-Smith-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[15]</a></sup></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">gangs of america: SPEECH = MONEY</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Consider the case of Montana<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. For nearly a century, the state of</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Montana was run as a virtual colony by the aptly named Anaconda</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Copper Company</span>. Anaconda was born in 1895 out of set of mergers</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">that followed an intense power struggle for industry dominance known</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">as the War of the Copper Kings, some of it literally fought as physical</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">combat in the tunnels of the mines at Butte in the 1890s. The company</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">had a tradition of corruption and hard-ball political tactics. At one point,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">displeased with the decision of a state judge in favor of one of its rivals,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anaconda shut down all its mines and smelters in the state for three</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">weeks, cutting off thousands of workers from their paychecks, until the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">governor called a special session of the legislature to pass a new bill that</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> 183</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">resolved the dispute in favor of the company. Over the next sixty years,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anaconda maintained its grip on the state, owning all but one major</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">state newspaper and continuing to dominate the Montana legislature.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While Anaconda’s mines and smelters devastated large tracts of the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">state, the company’s political allies quashed attempts to enact legislation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to protect the health of the state’s citizens. Other mining companies</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">took advantage of the anything-goes regulatory environment created by</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anaconda, with tragic results.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the town of Libby, Montana, the <b>W. R. Grace Company</b> operated</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">a vermiculite mine that spewed 5,000 pounds of highly toxic <b>asbestos</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">dust into the air every day, according to the company’s own tests.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The connection between asbestos and fatal lung disease had been</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">known since the 1920s, but efforts by the company to protect its employees</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">from exposure were minimal at best. Internal reports documenting</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the problem were concealed, and the company told workers that the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">type of asbestos contained in the mine’s dust was a non-hazardous variety.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By the 1960s, the evidence had become impossible to ignore: numerous</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">workers in Libby were dying slow, excruciating deaths caused</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by debilitating lung ailments including fatal asbestosis (a thickening and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hardening of the lung tissue), mesothelioma (cancer of the lung’s lining),</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and lung cancer (cancer of the lung itself). An x-ray survey in</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1969 showed that almost half of the people who had worked at the mine</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">for 11 to 20 years had lung disease; among workers with 21 to 25 years</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">tenure, the rate was 92 percent. In 1999, a survey by the Seattle Post-</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Intelligencer confirmed 192 deaths, with an additional 375 people diagnosed</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">with fatal lung disease.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>