Copenhagen COP15

Copenhagen, December 2009.Despite widely held expectations that the Copenhagen summit would produce a legally binding treaty, the conference was plagued by negotiating deadlock and the resulting "Copenhagen Accord" which is not legally enforceable.

nsa spied; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/29/snowden-nsa-surveillance-_n_4681362.html

194 countries

GOP delegation (4 0f 60 denied GW)

Barton, MI Upton, Inhofe said GW started

w/ UN and spreak to Holywood elite 428

Lomborg

climategate 425  Phil jones hounded by

foia req by Stephen McIntyre

himalaya error in IPCC was transposed

digits and had already been corrected by

sci 427 glaciers shrinking 2x as decade

before.

china not bound to mandatory targets, but

obmama needed something to placate US.

obama delayed depatying and crashed mtg

w/ china, brazil, s africa and india 430.

china caved and said would make some info

avaiable. w/o obama no deal at all

pooley

=A leaked document known as "The Danish Text" has started an argument between developed and developing nations. The document was subtitled as "The Copenhagen Agreement" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Developing countries</a> reacted to the document by saying that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">developed countries</a> had worked behind closed doors and made an agreement according to their wish without the consent of the developing nations. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumumba_Di-Aping" title="Lumumba Di-Aping" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Lumumba Stanislaus Di-Aping</a>, chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">G77</a>, said, "It's an incredibly imbalanced text intended to subvert, absolutely and completely, two years of negotiations. It does not recognize the proposals and the voice of developing countries".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-90" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[90]</a> A confidential analysis of the text by developing countries showed deep unease over details of the text.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-91" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[91]</a><div></div><div><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/09/danish.draft.climate.text.0850/index.html">http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/09/danish.draft.climate.text.0850/index.html</a></div><div>
</div><div><div> A leaked document known as the "Danish text" has driven an even deeper wedge between rich and poor countries embroiled in U.N. climate talks in Copenhagen.</div><div>
</div><div>The document, subtitled "The Copenhagen Agreement," proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.</div><div>
</div><div>Developing countries have reacted angrily to the text, alleging developed countries have worked behind closed doors to draft a document slanted in their favor.</div><div>
</div><div>"It's an incredibly imbalanced text intended to subvert, absolutely and completely, two years of negotiations. It does not recognize the proposals and the voice of developing countries," said Lumumba Stanislaus Dia Ping, the Sudanese ambassador to the Group of 77 developing countries.</div><div>
</div><div>China also criticized portions of the text that refer to a "peak" year for carbon emissions from developing countries.</div><div>
</div><div>"The developing countries' individual mitigation action could in aggregate yield a [Y percent] deviation in [2020] from business as usual and yielding their collective emissions peak before [20XX] and decline thereafter," the document says. It is expected the figures represented by X and Y will be added during the course of negotiations.</div><div>
</div><div>"It is unfair to set such a peak target for developing countries which are still in the stage of industrialization," said Su Wei, Deputy Head of the Chinese climate delegation.</div><div>
</div><div>The U.N. body hosting the talks has played down the document's importance, stressing that it is an "informal paper" put forward by the Danish prime minister.</div><div>
</div><div>"This was an informal paper ahead of the conference given to a number of people for the purposes of consultations. The only formal texts in the U.N. process are the ones tabled by the Chairs of this Copenhagen conference at the behest of the Parties," said Yvo de Boer, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).</div><div>
</div><div>The text proposes "developed country parties commit to deliver upfront public financing for 2010-201[2] corresponding on average to [10] billion USD annually for early action, capacity building, technology and strengthening adaptation and mitigation readiness in developing countries."</div><div>
</div><div>The draft text also proposes that the money is distributed by a "Climate Fund" by a board with "balanced representation."</div><div>
</div><div>Charity group Oxfam says the Danish text risked sidelining poorer countries as the world seeks to reduce global carbon emissions.</div><div>
</div><div>"Like ants in a room full of elephants poor countries are at risk of been squeezed out of the climate talks in Copenhagen," said Antonio Hill, Oxfam International's climate adviser.</div><div>
</div><div>He said an alternative proposal from China and other emerging economies offered a more "balanced vision," adding it "also needs significant work if it is going to serve the needs of the world's poorest people and prevent a climate catastrophe."</div><div>
</div><div>Around 15,000 delegates are meeting daily in Copenhagen as they seek to form a global agreement on climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>Next week they will be joined by around 100 heads of state to form a final deal, if negotiations in the coming days succeed in closing the gap between rich and poor nations.</div></div><div>
</div><div></div><div>2009  copenhagen india-china</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://www.bustle.com/articles/117126-hillary-clinton-obama-crashing-a-secret-chinese-meeting-seriously-happened-she-described-it-in">https://www.bustle.com/articles/117126-hillary-clinton-obama-crashing-a-secret-chinese-meeting-seriously-happened-she-described-it-in</a></div><div>
</div><div>At Tuesday night's Democratic debate, Hillary Clinton asserted her foreign policy fearlessness. Twice, she mentioned how she and President Obama once "hunted down" the Chinese at a climate conference in Copenhagen in December 2009. "I have been on the forefront of dealing with climate change, starting in 2009, when President Obama and I crashed a meeting with the Chinese," Clinton told Anderson Cooper. It may have surprised viewers, but she was referencing a well-documented <a class="" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2009/12/obamas-dramatic-climate-meet-030801" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">secret meeting between China and India that Clinton crashed</a> to confront the Chinese government about their emission of greenhouse gases. </div><div>
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Here's How To Spot The Best Ones</h2><div class="bTp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: var(--fontWeightBold); margin-top: 0.75rem; opacity: 0.7;">By Tess Garcia</div></div><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><div class="OOM" style="box-sizing: inherit; order: 1;"><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><div class="eZr" style="box-sizing: inherit; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; padding-top: 97.8125px; position: relative;"><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/news/where-does-the-grenfell-tower-inquiry-stand-now-the-families-are-still-waiting-for-justice-22972025" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 1rem 1rem 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;"><img src="https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/image/2020/6/12/f0899ee3-dcb1-4c46-8885-ce001fbd244e-bustle004002jpeg001jpeg001.jpeg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70" sizes="184px" alt="" class="Eds" srcset="https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/image/2020/6/12/f0899ee3-dcb1-4c46-8885-ce001fbd244e-bustle004002jpeg001jpeg001.jpeg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70 184w, https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/image/2020/6/12/f0899ee3-dcb1-4c46-8885-ce001fbd244e-bustle004002jpeg001jpeg001.jpeg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70&dpr=2 368w" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-width: 100%; border: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); display: block; width: 141.766px; height: 97.8125px; transition: opacity 0.4s ease 0s; left: 0px; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; top: 0px;" /></a></div></div><div class="MOw" style="box-sizing: inherit; order: 3;"><h2 class="DlL" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.25; font-weight: var(--fontWeightRegular); letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Where Does The Grenfell Tower Inquiry Stand Now? The Families Are Still Waiting For Justice</h2><div class="bTp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: var(--fontWeightBold); margin-top: 0.75rem; opacity: 0.7;">By Rebecca Fearn</div></div><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><div class="OOM" style="box-sizing: inherit; order: 1;"><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><div class="eZr" style="box-sizing: inherit; min-width: 1px; min-height: 1px; padding-top: 97.8125px; position: relative;"><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;" /><a class="vVv" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/scotus-will-hear-abortion-rights-case-with-major-implications-19301430" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; display: flex; flex: 1 0 calc(50% - 1rem); flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 1rem 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 1.5rem; position: relative;"><img src="https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/getty/2020/6/29/12c287b1-1e3b-4bf2-88e2-9bfecb55f6a6-getty-543041832.jpg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70" sizes="184px" alt="" class="Eds" srcset="https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/getty/2020/6/29/12c287b1-1e3b-4bf2-88e2-9bfecb55f6a6-getty-543041832.jpg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70 184w, https://imgix.bustle.com/uploads/getty/2020/6/29/12c287b1-1e3b-4bf2-88e2-9bfecb55f6a6-getty-543041832.jpg?w=184&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress&cs=srgb&q=70&dpr=2 368w" style="box-sizing: inherit; max-width: 100%; border: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); display: block; width: 141.766px; height: 97.8125px; transition: opacity 0.4s ease 0s; left: 0px; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; top: 0px;" /></a></div></div><div class="MOw" style="box-sizing: inherit; order: 3;"><h2 class="DlL" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; line-height: 1.25; font-weight: var(--fontWeightRegular); letter-spacing: -0.01em;">SCOTUS Will Hear An Abortion Rights Case With Major Implications</h2><div class="bTp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: var(--fontWeightBold); margin-top: 0.75rem; opacity: 0.7;">By Jo Yurcaba and Melanie Mignucci</div></div></div></div></div></aside>The drama emerged <a class="" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-11/news/50508626_1_climate-change-secret-meeting-south-africans" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">after two weeks of unproductive talks</a> with world leaders. On the last Friday of the international climate change summit, President Obama tried to meet with the heads of state from Brazil, China, India and South Africa — the world's biggest polluters. Administration officials told him that those leaders had already left for the airport. In her memoir, Clinton described the next moment in detail. "When we couldn't find any of the leaders of those countries, we knew something was amiss and sent out members of our team to canvass the conference center."
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According to The Times of India, Obama and Clinton then learned that Chinese premier Wen Jiabao had <a class="" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Clinton-reveals-how-Obama-forcibly-prevented-Chinas-secret-meeting-with-India-to-isolate-US/articleshow/36394480.cms" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">organized a secret meeting</a> with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India. "Eventually they discovered the meeting's location. After exchanging looks of 'Are you thinking what I'm thinking?' the president and I set off through the long hallways of the sprawling Nordic convention center, with a train of experts and advisers scrambling to keep up."
Once they found the makeshift conference room where the meeting was being held, Obama, Clinton, and their aides approached a "commotion" as she describes it — foreign aides and security guards outside the door. According to Clinton, White House press secretary Robert Gibbs confronted a Chinese guard. "In the commotion the president slipped through the door and yelled, 'Mr Premier!' really loudly, which got everyone's attention. The Chinese guards put their arms up against the door again, but I ducked under and made it through," Clinton wrot.[pix smiles]
Someone must have scrounged together a few extra chairs for the Americans, because they joined the meeting and engaged in an hour and a half of negotiations. The Telegraph reported in 2009, however, that Obama <a class="" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6845952/Barack-Obama-denies-accusations-that-he-crashed-secret-Chinese-climate-change-talks.html" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">denied crashing the meeting</a>. An administration aide admitted, "I think there was no doubt there was some surprise that we were going to join the bigger meeting."
It was an exciting moment in diplomacy, for sure. But regardless of how Clinton and Obama entered, their exit from the summit in Copenhagen has been duly reported. Participants in the meeting agreed to "take note" of the recommendations for capping pollutants, but did not ultimately sign any binding agreements that would take action on climate change.
Sure, the President didn't need to advertise such a dramatic episode, but it certainly helped Clinton's performance at the Democratic debate on Tuesday. Clinton used the debate as a forum <a class="" href="https://www.bustle.com/articles/116553-the-first-democratic-debate-winner-was-hillary-clinton-it-absolutely-wasnt-by-default" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">to assert her toughness</a> when it comes to foreign policy. She was one of the only candidates to express <a class="" href="http://www.reuters.com/video/2015/10/14/clinton-sanders-omalley-spar-over-no-fly?videoId=365933905" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">support of a no-fly zone over Syria</a> and Cooper asked her competitors if she seemed too quick to resort to military action.
Clinton's description of her aggression against the Chinese government seemed to pay off. Major media outlets <a class="" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/13/politics/democratic-debate-updates/" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">thought she performed well</a> at the debate. The Internet, of course, <a class="" href="http://time.com/4072674/hillary-clinton-hunting-chinese/" target="blank" rel="noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-image: linear-gradient(to right,var(--slot3) 33%,rgba(255,255,255,0) 0); background-position: center bottom; background-size: 6px 2px; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.2em; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">loved her description of herself</a> and Obama "hunting down" the Chinese....<div></div><a href="https://time.com/4142465/john-kerry-cop-21-climate-talks/">https://time.com/4142465/john-kerry-cop-21-climate-talks/</a>
The United States will commit more than $800 million a year to financing climate adaptation efforts in developing countries, Secretary of State John Kerry announced on Wednesday. Kerry, speaking at the <a href="https://time.com/4123568/paris-climate-conference-preview/" target="blank" style="letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">United Nations conference on climate change in Paris</a>, also said the U.S. will join a coalition pushing for the most ambitious agreement.Wednesday’s announcement represents a doubling of last year’s U.S. commitment to fund adaptation efforts and comes as negotiators in Paris continue to wrangle over how an agreement should deal with finance. Developed countries pledged in 2009 to send $100 billion annually to developing countries to support their climate change initiatives, but the details about how such a large figure would be achieved have remained unclear. The U.S. move was intended to provide some assurance for developing countries that such a figure would be reached.“The U.S. not only recognizes our role in creating this problem but doing something about it,” said Kerry, reiterating a statement made by President Obama last week. “The situation demands and this moment demands that we do not leave Paris without an ambitious…and durable agreement."[vid/pix shoes]read More: <a href="https://time.com/4123568/paris-climate-conference-preview/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">What to Know About the Paris Climate Change Conference</a>The U.S. had previously committed $3 billion to a United Nations fund to finance climate efforts in the developing world (a down payment of sorts showing commitment to future funding), though Republicans in Congress have vowed to block the money. The new commitment specifically funds efforts by developing countries to adapt their infrastructure, agriculture and health services to a warming climate—areas that countries often find more difficult to finance than programs that support renewable energy efforts. (Supporting adaptation tends to be costly—think higher sea walls and tougher bridges—while investing in renewable energy can be profitable).<a href="https://time.com/4138150/finance-paris-climate-conference/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">Finance</a> has been key sticking point as developing countries demand assurances that they will receive support from their developed counterparts when it comes to addressing climate change. <a href="http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-cpi-climate-finance-report.htm" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">Research</a> from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) suggests that climate financing increased by $10 billion in 2014 to $62 billion. That’s a significant jump but far short of the $100 billion promise. Negotiators from developing countries want to know that money will actually flow their way, and in a manner they can easily access, before signing off a deal.Kerry also formally announced that the U.S. would join a “high ambition” coalition at the negotiations that includes the European Union and other countries. That group will push for an ambitious, lower <a href="https://time.com/4141821/cop-21-ambition-target-obama/?xid=homepage" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">ceiling for temperature rise</a>, a strong mechanism of ensuring transparency in what countries pledge to do about climate change and a system by which countries improve upon their commitments every five years. Notably absent from the group are India and China, who fear that an overly ambitious deal might stymie their economic growth. “We didn’t come to Paris to build a ceiling,” Kerry said in his announcement. “We came to build a floor.”The speech, which comes as the Paris climate talks enter their final and most critical days, drew immediate praise from observers who say the address will provide momentum on key issues, particularly finance. French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, who is overseeing proceedings, cited the issue as one of three remaining areas of contention in remarks on Wednesday shortly after Kerry’s speech.[Read More: <a href="https://time.com/4140684/obama-paris-climate-talks/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">How the U.S. Became an Unlikely Hero at the Paris Climate Summit</a>]Kerry said in his speech that he remained optimistic that this conference, formally known as the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) would put the world on a pathway to dealing with climate change.“We are seeing momentum for an agreement that has never existed,” he said. “This COP may be the best course we have to correct the course of our planet.”ref 12/15Negotiators from the U.S. arrived in Paris last week for <a href="https://time.com/4123568/paris-climate-conference-preview/" target="blank" style="letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">talks on climate change</a> with a mandate from President Barack Obama to advance a strong deal to stem greenhouse-gas emissions. And with just days remaining before the conference is set to conclude, climate-policy experts say the U.S. has done just that.Still, what makes for a meaningful agreement varies dramatically from country to country. For U.S. negotiators, a strong deal will require action from all countries and not place the liability for climate change solely on the developed world. That’s not to say that the U.S. shouldn’t do more than its less wealthy counterparts, but any deal should be “nuanced and flexible” in how it parcels out responsibility, U.S. climate envoy Todd Stern said at a press conference.Flexibility, in the eyes of the U.S., would include a clear system for countries to revise and improve upon commitments made in the lead-up to the conference. Washington would like to see signatories come back to the drawing board every five years beginning as soon as 2020, while many developing countries like India want to be able to revise their commitments as they see fit.The revision period would allow countries to change their plans as science advances and the effects of climate change become better understood, the U.S. says. The mechanism would help keep temperatures from rising 2°C (3.6°F) by 2100, the temperature scientists have identified as the threshold for some catastrophic effects of climate change. Even if countries meet their current commitments, global temperatures would be on track to rise by more than 3°C (5.4°F) in that time period. Unless those commitments tighten in the future, climate change will almost surely be catastrophic.The U.S. also has demanded a robust system for developing countries to report transparently on their carbon emissions and the progress made toward reducing them. Countries like the U.S. and many European nations already follow uniform guidelines to track and report such information on an annual basis, and the U.S. hopes a deal will push developing countries in that direction. “You’re not going to get exorbitant detail,” Stern said of references to transparency in the text. “That’s a page or two, but it’s not a line or two.”Read More: <a href="https://time.com/4140172/paris-cities-states-climate-change/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">How Cities and States Took the Spotlight in Paris Climate Talk</a>Where the U.S. is arguably most eager to persuade other nations to follow its lead is on the contractual terms of the agreement. Negotiators representing many countries — including those in the influential European Union — have called for any agreement to be binding, meaning mandatory. The U.S. has tried to walk a fine line in hopes that some measures, like transparent reporting, will be binding while others will not. “That is an approach that is best suited to broad participation in this agreement, not only by the United States but also by any number of other countries,” Stern said.The U.S. is likely to find a willingness to compromise on the mandates within any agreement, if only because the question may determine whether the deal has to be approved by a U.S. Congress dominated by Republicans resistant to acting on climate change — something that would be dead on arrival in Washington. All concerned at Paris understand the U.S. — the world’s largest economy and second largest emitter of greenhouse gases — needs to join the deal in full for it to be considered credible on the world stage. The U.S. failed to ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol after 95 Senators suggested they would vote against it if it were brought to a vote. But without the U.S. on board, the treaty’s impact was limited.A lot has changed since then. Obama’s White House has worked to show the international community that the U.S. is serious about addressing climate change, starting with the <a href="https://time.com/3981535/white-house-clean-power-plan/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">Clean Power Plan</a>, which aims to reduce U.S. carbon-dioxide emissions from power plants by 32% by 2030 from 2005 levels. It’s no accident that the high-level U.S. delegation sent to Paris includes four Cabinet Secretaries, one of whom is Secretary of State John Kerry. These efforts have given the Obama Administration the political capital necessary to forge a strong deal.That’s a big change from past climate summits. “In Bali, when the U.S. needed to do revising, they needed to call back to Washington, D.C.,” said John Coequyt, the Sierra Club’s director of federal and international climate campaign, referring to a 2007 climate conference. “Here there’s a much stronger delegation.”So strong, in fact, that it has outweighed concerns that Congress — or the next U.S. President, should he or she be Republican — undo whatever is done at Paris. Even a House vote earlier this month to repeal the Clean Power Plan — which would be vetoed by Obama in the unlikely event it passed the Senate — barely seems to register for international negotiators in Paris. “If [I] think about all of the many meetings I’ve had, U.S. politics is by and large not coming up,” Stern said.Coequyt put it even more bluntly: “They’re not having an impact. They’re being ignored.”Read More: <a href="https://time.com/4138150/finance-paris-climate-conference/" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; box-shadow: none !important;">Why the Paris Climate Summit Is All About the Money</a>
<a href="https://time.com/4140684/obama-paris-climate-talks/">https://time.com/4140684/obama-paris-climate-talks/</a>=<a href="http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1929071_1929070_1948702,00.html">http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1929071_1929070_1948702,00.html</a>When President Obama took the stage in Copenhagen on Friday, Dec. 18, the world was impatient. After nearly two weeks of negotiations, including a late night of talks on Thursday, diplomats at the Copenhagen climate summit seemed no closer to forging a practical global-warming agreement. Developed and developing nations remained far apart on emissions reductions and climate finance, and the U.S. and China were still hung up on the issue of transparency. As he began to speak, Obama took the tone of an impatient professor whose students had blown a term-paper deadline. "The question before us is no longer the nature of the [climate] challenge but our capacity to meet it," he said. "While the reality of climate change is not in doubt as the world meets today, our ability to take collective action is in doubt right now, and it hangs in the balance."Indeed it does. Upon arriving at the Bella Center, Obama was immediately hustled into a closed-door meeting with the leaders of several major economies, including China, France and India, to try to pick up the pieces and forge them into some kind of agreement. (Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was not present at the last-minute meeting, which was interpreted by many as a snub.) The key problems haven't changed much since the beginning of the week, when African nations briefly walked out in protest over what they saw as high-handed negotiating tactics from the host country, Denmark. Developing countries — especially the poorer ones — want stronger emissions-reduction pledges from rich nations and hundreds of billions in climate aid. Rich nations — especially the U.S. — want real and transparent commitments for climate action from major developing nations. "There are deep differences in opinion and views of how we should solve this," Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt said Friday morning. "We'll try our best."<aside class="jump" style="font-weight: bold; margin: 22px 0px;"><a href="http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1938690,00.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">(See pictures of global warming's threat to penguins.)</a></aside>There was some progress Thursday after Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made clear the U.S.'s support for some $100 billion in long-term climate finance for the developing world. That seemed to sway some developing nations, including Indonesia and Brazil, which stand to benefit significantly from any climate aid linked to deforestation. And though U.S. demands for transparency from developing nations on their climate action had been a sticking point for China, Beijing finally began to show some flexibility on the issue, with a possible willingness to accept some international monitoring. "You could see some progress being made there," said Jake Schmidt, the international-climate-policy director of the Natural Resources Defense Council.But observers and delegates say many of the poorest nations — led by Sudan, whose U.N. ambassador, Lumumba Stanislaus Di-Aping, heads the G-77 negotiating bloc — are still holding up the talks over procedural issues. They insist that developed nations need to make far deeper emissions-reduction pledges than they have so far — the U.S. is offering to make cuts in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020 — and need to beef up climate finance to the developing world. Since the U.N. climate talks work on a consensus basis, any country, no matter how small, can bring the negotiations to a virtual standstill. As a result, diplomats lost precious time during the week, and instead of signing off on a near finished agreement Friday, world leaders are being asked to actually negotiate upon their arrival in Copenhagen. "[Developing nations] want more developed-nation ambitions, more developed-nation aid," says Melinda Kimble, senior vice president of the U.N. Foundation, which has been observing the talks. "It might be worked out, but fewer and fewer people feel that way."<aside class="jump" style="font-weight: bold; margin: 22px 0px;"><a href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1945379_1944307,00.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">(See the top 10 green ideas of 2009.)</a></aside>That leaves Obama and other world leaders to try to save the day. But the President is limited in what he can do — the White House has been very clear that he won't offer emissions cuts deeper than those in the range of the cap-and-trade bills now in front of Congress, and long-term climate finance is already on the table. His presence should help convince the doubtful that the U.S. is committed to cutting emissions — there's still a lot of mistrust left over from former President George W. Bush's time in office — but those who expect a miracle will be disappointed. "We're not going there for the sake of something that's called an agreement," White House spokesman Robert Gibbs said on Thursday. "Coming back with an empty agreement would be far worse than coming back empty-handed."There may be hope that the U.S. and China could reach an agreement on transparency, however — in a speech preceding Obama's talk, Chinese Premier Wen spoke about improving the methods for releasing the country's emissions-reduction record, "increasing transparency and actively engaging in international information exchange." That sounds close to the magic words of "measurable, verifiable and reportable" that the U.S. has long demanded of major developing nations.<aside class="jump" style="font-weight: bold; margin: 22px 0px;"><a href="http://thepage.time.com/obamas-copenhagen-remarks/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">(Read Obama's remarks in full.)</a></aside>But both Wen and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who followed him at the podium, also emphasized the importance of raising their people out of poverty and adhering to the "common but differentiated responsibilities" of the Kyoto Protocol, which gave developing nations a pass on mandatory climate actions. At the same time, Obama offered no new concessions from the U.S., at least not in his speech, and seemed mostly intent on simply getting something down on paper, and soon. "We were hoping for some movement from the President," said Bill McKibben, an environmental writer and the leader of the green group 350.org. "Instead, his response was, Take it or leave it."That's exactly the offer world leaders and diplomats might face Friday in Copenhagen as they struggle to make up for lost time and produce an agreement before the climate talks end. Expectations for Copenhagen had already been lowered before the summit began, but right now they're dropping even further. Copenhagen was meant to save the world, but its final legacy could be the death of the U.N. climate process as we know it. "These environmental discussions have taken place for almost two decades, and we have very little to show for it other than the increased acceleration of the climate-change phenomenon," Obama said in his conclusion. "The time for talk is over." True enough, but it remains to be seen whether real action will follow.https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/18/copenhagen-dealno lnx gukUN climate summit reached a weak outline of a global agreement in Copenhagen tonight, falling far short of what Britain and many poor countries were seeking and leaving months of tough negotiations to come.After eight draft texts and all-day talks between 115 world leaders, it was left to Barack Obama and Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, to broker a political agreement. The so-called Copenhagen accord "recognises" the scientific case for keeping temperature rises to no more than 2C but does not contain commitments to emissions reductions to achieve that goal.
American officials spun the deal as a "meaningful agreement", but even Obama said: "This progress is not enough."
"We have come a long way, but we have much further to go," he added.Gordon Brown hailed the night as a success on five out of six measures.
In a press conference held after the talks broke up, Brown said the agreement was a "vital first step" and accepted there was a lot more work to do to get assurances it would become a legally binding agreement. He declined to call it a "historic" conference: "This is the first step we are taking towards a green and low carbon future for the world, steps we are taking together. But like all first steps, the steps are difficult and they are hard.""I know what we really need is a legally binding treaty as quickly as possible."The deal was brokered between China, South Africa, India, Brazil and the US, but late last night it was unclear whether it would be adopted by all 192 countries in the full plenary session. The deal aims to provide $30bn a year for poor countries to adapt to climate change from next year to 2012, and $100bn a year by 2020.
But it disappointed African and other vulnerable countries which had been holding out for deeper emission cuts to hold the global temperature rise to 1.5C this century. As widely expected, all references to 1.5C in past drafts were removed at the last minute, but more surprisingly, the earlier 2050 goal of reducing global CO2 emissions by 80% was also dropped.
The agreement also set up a forestry deal which is hoped would significantly reduce deforestation in return for cash. It lacked the kind of independent verification of emission reductions by developing countries that the US and others demanded.
Obama hinted that China was to blame for the lack of a substantial deal. In a press conference he condemned the insistence of some countries to look backwards to previous environmental agreements. He said developing countries should be "getting out of that mindset, and moving towards the position where everybody recognises that we all need to move together".
This was a not-so-veiled reference to the row over whether to ditch the Kyoto protocol and its legal distinction between developed and developing countries. Developing nations saw this as an attempt by the rich world to wriggle out of its responsibility for climate change. Many observers blamed the US for coming to the talks with an offer of just 4% emissions cuts on 1990 levels. The final text made no obligations on developing countries to make cuts.
Negotiators will now work on individual agreements such as forests, technology, and finance – but, without strong leadership, the chances are that it will take years to complete.
Obama cast his trip as a sign of renewed US global leadership: "The time has come for us to get off the sidelines and shape the future that we seek; that is why I came to Copenhagen."
But the US president also said he would not be staying for the final vote "because of weather constraints in Washington".
Lumumba Di-Aping, chief negotiator for the G77 group of 130 developing countries, said the deal had "the lowest level of ambition you can imagine. It's nothing short of climate change scepticism in action. It locks countries into a cycle of poverty for ever. Obama has eliminated any difference between him and Bush."
John Sauven, executive director of Greenpeace UK, said: "The city of Copenhagen is a crime scene tonight, with the guilty men and women fleeing to the airport. Ed Miliband [UK climate change secretary] is among the very few that come out of this summit with any credit." It is now evident that beating global warming will require a radically different model of politics than the one on display here in Copenhagen."
Lydia Baker of Save the Children said world leaders had "effectively signed a death warrant for many of the world's poorest children. Up to 250,000 children from poor communities could die before the next major meeting in Mexico at the end of next year."===The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Center" title="Bella Center" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Bella Center</a> in Copenhagen, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Denmark</a>, between 7 and 18 December. The conference included the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>(UNFCCC) and the 5th Meeting of the Parties (MOP 5) to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Kyoto Protocol</a>. According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Road_Map" title="Bali Road Map" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Bali Road Map</a>, a framework for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">climate change mitigation</a> beyond 2012 was to be agreed there.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a>On Friday 18 December, the final day of the conference, international media reported that the climate talks were "in disarray".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[4]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[5]</a> Media also reported that in lieu of a summit collapse, only a "weak political statement" was anticipated at the conclusion of the conference.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord" title="Copenhagen Accord" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Copenhagen Accord</a> was drafted by the United States, China, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Brazil</a> and South Africa on 18 December, and judged a "meaningful agreement" by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government" title="United States government" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States government</a>. It was "taken note of", but not "adopted", in a debate of all the participating countries the next day, and it was not passed unanimously. The document recognised that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the present day and that actions should be taken to keep any temperature increases to below 2 °C. The document is not legally binding and does not contain any legally binding commitments for reducing CO
2 emissions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">[8</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">]</a>In January 2014, documents leaked by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Edward Snowden</a> and published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbladet_Information" title="Dagbladet Information" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Dagbladet Information</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[9]</a> revealed that the US government negotiators were in receipt of information during the conference that was being obtained by spying against other conference delegations. The US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">National Security Agency</a> provided US delegates with advance details other delegations' positions, including the Danish plan to "rescue" the talks should they flounder. Members of the Danish negotiating team said that both the US and Chinese delegations were "peculiarly well-informed" about closed-door discussions: "They simply sat back, just as we had feared they would if they knew about our document."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Vidal2014-10" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a>
<div class="toclimit-3" style="line-height: 22.4px;"><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div id="toctitle" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> </div><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Background_and_lead-up" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1 Background and lead-up</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Negotiating_position_of_the_European_Union" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.1 Negotiating position of the European Union</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Official_pre-Copenhagen_negotiation_meetings" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.2 Official pre-Copenhagen negotiation meetings</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Listing_of_proposed_actions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.3 Listing of proposed actions</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Technology_measures" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.4 Technology measures</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Related_public_actions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">1.5 Related public actions</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#The_Conference" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">2 The Conference</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Activism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.1 Activism</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#International_activism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.2 International activism</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Klimaforum09_.E2.80.93_People.27s_Climate_Summit" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.3 Klimaforum09 – People's Climate Summit</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#The_Danish_Text" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration: none;">2.4 The Danish Text</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#.22Tuvalu_Protocol.22" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.5 "Tuvalu Protocol"</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Indigenous_rights" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.6 Indigenous rights</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Negotiating_problems" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.7 Negotiating problems</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Hopenhagen" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2.8 Hopenhagen</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Outcome" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">3 Outcome</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Reactions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4 Reactions</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Governments" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.1 Governments</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Non-governmental_organizations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">4.2 Non-governmental organizations</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Analysis_and_aftermath" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5 Analysis and aftermath</a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Failure_blamed_on_developed_countries" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.1 Failure blamed on developed countries</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Failure_blamed_on_developing_countries" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.2 Failure blamed on developing countries</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Media" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.3 Media</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Academics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.4 Academics</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#Emissions_reductions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">5.5 Emissions reductions</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#US_government_spying" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">6 US government spying</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">7 See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">8 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">9 External links</a></li></ul></div></div>

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<h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The Danish Text<span class="mw-editsection" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[</h3>A leaked document known as "The Danish Text" has started an argument between developed and developing nations. The document was subtitled as "The Copenhagen Agreement" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" title="Developing countries" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Developing countries</a> reacted to the document by saying that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">developed countries</a> had worked behind closed doors and made an agreement according to their wish without the consent of the developing nations. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumumba_Di-Aping" title="Lumumba Di-Aping" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lumumba Stanislaus Di-Aping</a>, chairman of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">G77</a>, said, "It's an incredibly imbalanced text intended to subvert, absolutely and completely, two years of negotiations. It does not recognize the proposals and the voice of developing countries".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-92" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[92]</a> A confidential analysis of the text by developing countries showed deep unease over details of the text.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-93" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[93]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Tuvalu Protocol"<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[</h3><div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu_and_the_United_Nations" title="Tuvalu and the United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Tuvalu and the United Nations</a></div>The Tuvaluan delegation, led by Ian Fry, played an active role in the Conference, attracting media attention. The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations. The proposal -dubbed by the media and by NGOs as the "Tuvalu Protocol"- was "immediately supported by other small island states, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Grenada</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and several African states", but opposed by countries including China, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">India</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Saudi Arabia</a>. The disagreement caused a suspension in negotiations, and prompted supportive campaign groups to "demonstrate[...] outside the meeting in favour of Tuvalu, chanting: 'Tuvalu is the new deal.'"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-94" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[94]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Milne-95" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[95]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-96" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[96]</a> Tuvalu's position was supported by, among others, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">East Timor</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jamaica</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vanuatu</a>, and by Papua New Guinean chief negotiator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Conrad" title="Kevin Conrad" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Kevin Conrad</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-97" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[97]</a> Tuvalu and its representative Ian Fry "were the toast of the thousands of environmentalists at the conference, who held a noisy demonstration in support of the island state's position".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-98" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[98]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-99" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[99]</a> In an article entitled "You caused it, you fix it: Tuvalu takes off the gloves", the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="Sydney Morning Herald" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Sydney Morning Herald</a> noted that, by asking for a protocol that would legally bind developing countries, Tuvalu had "cracked a diplomatic axiom that has prevailed since the UN climate convention came into being in 1992: rich countries caused global warming, and it was their responsibility to fix it".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-100" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[100]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Economic Times</a> in India noted that the Tuvaluan proposal had " take[n] centre stage", holding up proceedings for two consecutives days until it was rejected due to opposition from larger nations.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-101" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[101]</a> Australian Senator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Milne" title="Christine Milne" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Christine Milne</a> described Tuvalu as "the mouse that roared" at the Conference.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Milne-95" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[95]</a> Fry refused to support the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord" title="Copenhagen Accord" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">final agreement</a> reached by the Conference, describing it as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_pieces_of_silver" title="30 pieces of silver" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">30 pieces of silver</a> to betray our future and our people",<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-102" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[102]</a> after delivering a final plea in a speech with tears in his eyes, concluding "The fate of my country rests in your hands". His "tear-jerking performance [...] prompted wild applause among the crowded Copenhagen conference floor".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-103" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[103]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Indigenous rights</h3>Indigenous rights organization <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Survival International</a> has raised concerns that some measures to mitigate the problem of climate change affect the survival of tribal people as much as climate change.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-104" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[104]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-105" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[105]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-106" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[106]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-107" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[107]</a>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a> has expressed similar concerns. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Corry" title="Stephen Corry" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Stephen Corry</a>, director of Survival International, explains that "projects that victimise the people and harm the environment cannot be promoted or marketed as green projects". Survival International calls attention to the fact that these people, who least contribute to the problem of climate change, are already the most affected by it; and that we must seek solutions that involve indigenous people.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-108" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[108]</a> Andrew E. Miller, human rights campaigner at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Amazon Watch</a>, said, "Many indigenous peoples, understandably, are skeptical that the latest silver bullet is really in their interest. In fact, serious concerns have arisen that implementation of REDD [Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation] could counteract fundamental indigenous rights, in the same way that countless conservation schemes have limited local subsistence activities and led to displacement around the world."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-109" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[109]</a> Similar criticism came out of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">climate justice</a> network <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Justice_Now!" title="Climate Justice Now!" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Climate Justice Now!</a>.In March 2010, Executive Secretary, Estebancio Castro, of the International Alliance of Indigenous Tribal Peoples of the Tropical Forests suggested that "indigenous people need recognition of their rights at the local and national level, to be reflected in the negotiating process."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-110" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[110]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Negotiating problems<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Negotiating problems" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>On 16 December, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a> reported that the summit in Copenhagen was in jeopardy. "We have made no progress" said a source close to the talks. "What people don't realise is that we are now not really ready for the leaders. These talks are now 17 hours late." Negotiators were openly talking of the best possible outcome being a "weak political agreement that would leave no clear way forward to tackle rising greenhouse gas emissions". This would mean that negotiations would continue into 2010 increasing the damage done by emissions.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-guard16-111" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[111]</a>On 18 December, the head of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Program" title="United Nations Environmental Program" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations Environmental Program</a> told the BBC that "the summit as of this morning is a summit in crisis" and that only the arrival of heads of state could bring the summit to a successful conclusion. Head of climate change for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">WWF</a> in Britain, said that the proposals made so far, especially those from industrialised countries "all far short of what the world needs".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-112" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[112]</a>...<h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Analysis and aftermath</h2>Despite widely held expectations that the Copenhagen summit would produce a legally binding treaty, the conference was plagued by negotiating deadlock and the resulting "Copenhagen Accord" which is not legally enforceable. BBC environment analyst <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Harrabin" title="Roger Harrabin" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">Roger Harrabin</a> attributed the failure of the summit to live up to expectations to a number of factors including the recent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2010" class="mw-redirect" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">global recession</a> and conservative domestic pressure in the US and China.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Harrabin-136" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[136]</a>Gregg Easterbrook described the Copenhagen Accord as "vague, nonbinding comments about how other people should use less fossil fuel". According to Easterbrook, international climate change negotiations are "complex, expensive and goin' nowhere" and are prone to creating the appearance of action while distracting attention from the lack of real change.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-ebrook-128" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[128]</a>In the week following the end of the Copenhagen summit, carbon prices in the EU dropped to a six-month low.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-137" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[137]</a>The Copenhagen Accord asked countries to submit emissions targets by the end of January 2010, and paves the way for further discussions to occur at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2010 UN climate change conference</a> in Mexico and the mid-year session in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Bonn</a>. By early February, 67 countries had registered their targets.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-138" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[138]</a> Countries such as India and Association of Island States made clear that they believed that Copenhagen Accord could not replace negotiations within the UNFCCC.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-139" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[139]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-140" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[140]</a> Other commentators consider that "the future of the UN's role in international climate deals is now in doubt."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Harrabin-136" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[136]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-141" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[141]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Failure blamed on developed countries<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Failure blamed on developed countries" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George Monbiot</a> blamed the failure of the conference to achieve a binding deal on the United States Senate and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Barack Obama</a>. By negotiating the Copenhagen Accord with only a select group of nations, most of the UN member states were excluded. If poorer nations did not sign the Accord then they would be unable to access funds from richer nations to help them adapt to climate change. He noted how the British and American governments have both blamed China for the failure of the talks but said that Obama placed China in "an impossible position" – "He demanded concessions while offering nothing."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-142" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[142]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Khor" title="Martin Khor" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Martin Khor</a> blamed Denmark for convening a meeting of only 26 nations in the final two days of the conference. He says that it undermined the UN's multilateral and democratic process of climate negotiations. It was in these meetings that China vetoed long-term emission-reduction goals for global emissions to decrease by 50%, and developed countries emissions to fall by 80% by 2050 compared to 1990. Khor states that this is when other countries began to blame the failures on China. If China had accepted this, by 2050 their emissions per capita would have had to be around one half to one fifth per capita of those of the United States.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-143" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[143]</a>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Mahbubani" title="Kishore Mahbubani" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Kishore Mahbubani</a>, President Obama interrupted a negotiating session to which he had not been invited and began yelling at members of the Chinese delegation, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Premier</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wen Jiabao</a>, eliciting an angry response from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Zhenhua" title="Xie Zhenhua" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Xie Zhenhua</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-144" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[144]</a><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Failure blamed on developing countries<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Failure blamed on developing countries" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> has reported that India, China and other emerging nations cooperated at Copenhagen to thwart attempts at establishing legally binding targets for carbon emissions, in order to protect their economic growth.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-Sally_Sara-131" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[131]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-145" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[145]</a>UK Climate Change secretary Ed Miliband accused China specifically of sinking an agreement, provoking a counter response from China that British politicians were engaging in a political scheme.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-146" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[146]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-147" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[147]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Mark Lynas</a>, who was attached to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Maldives</a> delegation, accused China of "sabotaging" the talks and ensuring that Barack Obama would publicly shoulder the blame.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-148" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[148]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-lynas-149" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[149]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a> has quoted Lynas as further commenting:<dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="line-height: 1.6; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"...the NGO movement is ten years out of date. They’re still arguing for ‘climate justice’, whatever that means, which is interpreted by the big developing countries like India and China as a right to pollute up to Western levels. To me carbon equity is the logic of mutually assured destruction. I think NGOs are far too soft on the Chinese, given that it’s the world’s biggest polluter, and is the single most important factor in deciding when global emissions will peak, which in turn is the single most important factor in the eventual temperature outcome...</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="line-height: 1.6; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;">"I think the bottom line for China (and India) is growth, and given that this growth is mainly based on coal, there is going to have to be much more pressure on China if global emissions are to peak within any reasonable time frame. In Beijing the interests of the Party come first, second and third, and global warming is somewhere further down the list. Growth delivers stability and prosperity, and keeps the party in power."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-150" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[150]</a></dd></dl>China's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua" title="Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Xinhua</a> news agency responded to these allegations by asserting that Premier Wen Jiabao played a sincere, determined and constructive role at the last minute talks in Copenhagen and credited him with playing a key role in the "success" of the conference.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-151" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[151]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-152" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[152]</a> However, Wen did not take part in critical closed-door discussions at the end of the conference.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-lynas-149" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[149]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-153" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[153]</a> According to Wen himself, the Chinese delegation was not informed about the critical discussion.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-154" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[154]</a>The editorial of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Australian</a> newspaper, blamed African countries for turning Copenhagen into "a platform for demands that the world improve the continent's standard of living" and claimed that "Copenhagen was about old-fashioned anti-Americanism, not the environment".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-155" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[155]</a>Indian journalist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praful_Bidwai" title="Praful Bidwai" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Praful Bidwai</a> puts the blame on both developed and a few developing countries such as India, arguing that the "Copenhagen Accord is an illegitimate, ill-conceived, collusive deal between a handful of countries that are some of the world's greatest present and future emitters."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference#cite_note-156" style="text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[156]</a> He argues that India's policy is driven by elites determined to maintain high-consumer lifestyles which will have devastating effects for the vast majority of India's poor.good sum/kate s: <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/print/33746">http://www.motherjones.com/print/33746</a><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2009/12/divide-and-conquer-copenhagen">http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2009/12/divide-and-conquer-copenhagen</a>

<h1 class="title-news" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 20px 0px 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow: visible; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: 36px; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold !important;">Snowden Docs: U.S. Spied On Negotiators At 2009 Climate Summit</h1>

Posted: 01/29/2014 9:17 pm EST  |  Updated: 01/30/2014 12:59 pm EST

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<p style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow: visible; text-indent: 1.5em; text-align: justify; line-height: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">WASHINGTON -- The National Security Agency monitored the communications of other governments ahead of and during the 2009 United Nations climate negotiations in Copenhagen, Denmark, according to the <a href="http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/unclimatechangeconference.pdf" target="_hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">latest document from whistleblower Edward Snowden.</a>

The document, with portions marked "top secret," indicates that the NSA was monitoring the communications of other countries ahead of the conference, and intended to continue doing so throughout the meeting. Posted on an internal NSA website on Dec. 7, 2009, the first day of the Copenhagen summit, it states that "analysts here at NSA, as well as our Second Party partners, will continue to provide policymakers with unique, timely, and valuable insights into key countries' preparations and goals for the conference, as well as the deliberations within countries on climate change policies and negotiation strategies."

"Second Party partners" refers to the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, with which the U.S. has an intelligence-sharing relationship. "While the outcome of the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference remains uncertain, signals intelligence will undoubtedly play a significant role in keeping our negotiators as well informed as possible throughout the 2-week event," the document says.

The Huffington Post published the documents Wednesday night in <a href="http://www.information.dk/486360" target="_hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">coordination with the Danish daily newspaper Information,</a> which worked with American journalist Laura Poitras.

The December 2009 meeting in Copenhagen was the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which brings together 195 countries to negotiate measures to address rising greenhouse gas emissions and their impact. The Copenhagen summit was the first big climate meeting after the election of President Barack Obama, and was widely expected to yield a significant breakthrough. Other major developed nations were already part of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which set emissions limits, while the United States -- the world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases when the protocol went into effect in 2004 -- had famously declined to join. The two-week meeting was supposed to produce a successor agreement that would include the U.S., as well as China, India and other countries with rapidly increasing emissions.

The document indicates that the NSA planned to gather information as the leaders and negotiating teams of other countries held private discussions throughout the Copenhagen meeting. "[L]eaders and negotiating teams from around the world will undoubtedly be engaging in intense last-minute policy formulating; at the same time, they will be holding sidebar discussions with their counterparts -- details of which are of great interest to our policymakers," the document states. The information likely would be used to brief U.S. officials, such as Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Obama, among others, according to the document.

The document does not detail how the agency planned to continue gathering information during the summit, other than noting that it would be capturing signals intelligence such as calls and emails. Previous disclosures have indicated that the NSA has the ability to <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/23/merkel-phone-tapped_n_4150812.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">monitor the mobile phones of heads of state</a>. Other documents that Snowden has released <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/16/gchq-intercepted-communications-g20-summits" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">indicate that the U.K.'s intelligence service</a> tapped into delegates' email and telephone communications at the 2009 G-20 meetings in London. Other previous Snowden disclosures documented the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/27/g20-spying-nsa-documents_n_4353254.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">surveillance of the G-8 and G-20 summits in Canada in 2010</a>, and the U.N. <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/02/nsa-australia-bali-conference-spy-indonesia" target="_hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">climate change conference in Bali</a> in 2007.

The document also refers to some intelligence gathered ahead of the meeting, including a report that "detailed China's efforts to coordinate its position with India and ensure that the two leaders of the developing world are working towards the same outcome." It refers to another report that "provided advance details of the Danish proposal and their efforts to launch a 'rescue plan' to save COP-15."

The Danish proposal was a draft agreement that the country's negotiators had drawn up in the months ahead of the summit in consultation with a small number key of countries. The text <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/08/copenhagen-climate-summit-disarray-danish-text" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">was leaked to The Guardian</a> early in the conference, causing some disarray as countries that were not consulted balked that it promoted the interests of developed nations and undermined principles laid out in previous climate negotiations. As Information reports, Danish officials wanted to keep U.S. negotiators from seeing the text in the weeks ahead of the conference, worried that it may dim their ambitions in the negotiations for proposed cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.

The Danes did share the text with the U.S. and other key nations ahead of the meeting. But the NSA document noting this as "advance details" indicates that the U.S. may have already intercepted it. The paragraph referring to the Danish text is marked "SI" in the Snowden document -- which most likely means "signals intelligence," indicating that it came from electronic information intercepted by the NSA, rather than being provided to the U.S. negotiators.

That could be why U.S. negotiators took the positions they did going into the conference, a Danish official told Information. "They simply sat back, just as we had feared they would if they knew about our document," the official said. "They made no constructive statements. Obviously, if they had known about our plans since the fall of 2009, it was in their interest to simply wait for our draft proposal to be brought to the table at the summit."

Members of the Danish delegation indicated in interviews with Information that they thought the American and Chinese negotiators seemed "peculiarly well-informed" about discussions that had taken place behind closed doors. "Particularly the Americans," said one official. "I was often completely taken aback by what they knew."

Despite high hopes for an agreement at Copenhagen, the negotiations started slowly and there were few signs of progress. Obama and heads of state from more than 100 nations arrived late in the second week in hopes of achieving a breakthrough, but the final day wore on without an outcome. There were few promising signals until late Friday night, when Obama made a surprise announcement that he -- along with leaders from China, India, Brazil and South Africa -- had come up with the "Copenhagen Accord."

The three-page document set a goal of keeping the average rise in global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius, but allowed countries to write their own plans for cutting emissions -- leaving out any legally binding targets or even a path to a formal treaty. Obama called the accord "an unprecedented breakthrough" in a press conference, then took off for home on Air Force One. But other countries balked, pointing out that the accord was merely a political agreement, drafted outside the U.N. process and of uncertain influence for future negotiations.

The climate summits since then have advanced at a glacial pace; a legally binding treaty <a href="http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/11/27-climate-change-warsaw-cop19-timeline-hultman" target="_hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">isn't currently expected until 2015</a>. And the U.S. Congress, despite assurances made in Copenhagen, never passed new laws cutting planet-warming emissions. (The Environmental Protection Agency is, however, moving forward with regulations on emissions from power plants, but a new law to addressing the issue had been widely considered as preferable.)

The revelation that the NSA was surveilling the communications of leaders during the Copenhagen talks is unlikely to help build the trust of negotiators from other nations in the future.

"It can't help in the sense that if people think you're trying to get an unfair advantage or manipulate the process, they're not going to have much trust in you," said Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists and a seasoned veteran of the U.N. climate negotiations. Meyer said he worried that the disclosure might cause the parties to "start becoming more cautious, more secretive, and less forthcoming" in the negotiations. "That's not a good dynamic in a process where you're trying to encourage collaboration, compromise, and working together, as opposed to trying to get a comparative advantage," he said.

Obama has defended the NSA's work as important in fighting terrorism at home and abroad. But the latest Snowden document indicates that the agency plays a broader role in protecting U.S. interests internationally.

National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden declined to comment directly on the Snowden document in an email to The Huffington Post, but did say that "the U.S. Government has made clear that the United States gathers foreign intelligence of the type gathered by all nations." She noted that Obama's Jan. 17 speech on the NSA "laid out a series of concrete and substantial reforms the Administration will adopt or seek to codify with Congress" regarding surveillance.

"In particular, he issued a new Presidential Directive that lays out new principles that govern how we conduct signals intelligence collection, and strengthen how we provide executive branch oversight of our signals intelligence activities," Hayden said. "It will ensure that we take into account our security requirements, but also our alliances; our trade and investment relationships, including the concerns of our companies; and our commitment to privacy and basic liberties. And we will review decisions about intelligence priorities and sensitive targets on an annual basis, so that our actions are regularly scrutinized by the President’s senior national security team."

<a href="http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/unclimatechangeconference.pdf" target="_hplink" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; text-decoration: underline; overflow: visible; outline: 0px; text-indent: 0px !important;">Read the full document here.</a>

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<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/29/snowden-nsa-surveillance-n_4681362.html?view=print&comm_ref=false">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/29/snowden-nsa-surveillance-n_4681362.html?view=print&comm_ref=false</a>

=<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">esquire:<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And suddenly it's old-home week. Here's the famous Steve Milloy, who turns out to be a youthful guy with a bulldog chest and an air of permanent irony. "He's the godfather," Morano says.<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Milloy laughs: hahahaha. He has a very distinctive laugh, flat and braying. "We've got an event tomorrow," he says. "We're constructing a wall, the Copenhagen Wall, like the Berlin Wall that divided the free from the slave."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The idea is a ten-foot cardboard wall with a picture of a modern city on one side and a primitive one on the other. To illustrate the injustice of rich nations telling poor ones to control their carbon emissions, the college kids are going to spray-paint CO2 = Life across it, Hahahahaha.<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Morano spots Lord Christopher Monckton, another famous contrarian. He has googly eyes like Marty Feldman and a plummy English accent straight out of Monty Python. He claims to have been a science advisor to Margaret Thatcher, although environmentalists hotly dispute this.<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I heard you got heckled yesterday," Morano says.<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Yes, Hitler Youth," Monckton answers. He was giving a speech at an event sponsored by Americans for Prosperity, an event just like this one, when a dozen young Americans rose up and began chanting, "Clean energy makes jobs." He called them Hitler Youth and they got terribly upset. "They said, 'We have the right to free speech,' and I said, 'Yes, but not in our meeting.' "<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Hahahahaha."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And here's Tom Harris, a thin bearded man who runs the International Climate Science Coalition. He's circulating a petition that demands "OBSERVABLE EVIDENCE" of climate change, a sentiment that has exploded since Climate-gate, he says. "Suddenly I'm getting twenty responses a day, scientists saying, 'Sign me up, sign me up.' They're worried their whole profession will be disgraced."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">There's more of them — Phelim McAleer, an Irish filmmaker who is planning to protest by dressing up as a polar bear who is not endangered; Cal Beisner, who runs the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation; Craig Rucker of the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow. They stand around making contrarian small talk, which includes a lot of speculation about the identity of the e-mail hacker — the Saudi intelligence service is a popular suspect — and an endless stream of "I told you so" moments. "Did you hear James Hansen on Letterman?" Morano asks. "He basically said 'bad judgment' — they used 'bad judgment.' "<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Hide it better next time," Harris says.<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"And they're also not doing an investigation."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"There's a lot of hardcore evidence of corruption."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Milloy talks about the theme of his latest book, Green Hell: How Environmentalists Plan to Control Your Life and What You Can Do To Stop Them. They want to tell us what to eat, where to live, how many kids to have, how soft our toilet paper will be. Obama wants to put smart meters on every house so he can control our electricity. "You can't say you're a socialist but you can say you're an environmentalist and have the same goals — it's too bad Joe Stalin missed this one."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Morano seems uncomfortable with this line of argument. "I would still argue environmentalism is not his big issue."<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/29/snowden-nsa-surveillance-_n_4681362.html<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">huffpo<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
 The National Security Agency monitored the communications of other governments ahead of and during the 2009 UnitedNations climate negotiations in Copenhagen, Denmark, according to the latest document from whistleblower Edward Snowden.The document, with portions marked "top secret," indicates that the NSA was monitoring the communications of other countries ahead ofthe conference, and intended to continue doing so throughout the meeting. Posted on an internal NSA website on Dec. 7, 2009, the first dayof the Copenhagen summit, it states that "analysts here at NSA, as well as our Second Party partners, will continue to provide policymakerswith unique, timely, and valuable insights into key countries' preparations and goals for the conference, as well as the deliberations withincountries on climate change policies and negotiation strategies.""Second Party partners" refers to the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, with which the U.S.has an intelligencesharing relationship. "While the outcome of the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference remains uncertain, signalsintelligence will undoubtedly play a significant role in keeping our negotiators as well informed as possible throughout the 2week event,"the document says.The Huffington Post published the documents Wednesday night in coordination with the Danish daily newspaper Information, whichworked with American journalist Laura Poitras.The December 2009 meeting in Copenhagen was the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change, which brings together 195 countries to negotiate measures to address rising greenhouse gas emissions and their impact.The Copenhagen summit was the first big climate meeting after the election of President Barack Obama, and was widely expected to yield asignificant breakthrough. Other major developed nations were already part of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which set emissions limits, while theSeptember 7, 2015
United States the world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases when the protocol went into effect in 2004 had famously declined to join.The two week meeting was supposed to produce a successor agreement that would include the U.S., as well as China, India and othercountries with rapidly increasing emissions.
The document indicates that the NSA planned to gather information as the leaders and negotiating teams of other countries held privatediscussions throughout the Copenhagen meeting. "[L]eaders and negotiating teams from around the world will undoubtedly be engaging inintense lastminute policy formulating; at the same time, they will be holding sidebar discussions with their counterparts details of whichare of great interest to our policymakers," the document states. The information likely would be used to brief U.S. officials, such as Secretaryof State Hillary Clinton and Obama, among others, according to the document.
The document does not detail how the agency planned to continue gathering information during the summit, other than noting that it wouldbe capturing signals intelligence such as calls and emails. Previous disclosures have indicated that the NSA has the ability to monitor themobile phones of heads of state. Other documents that Snowden has released indicate that the U.K.'s intelligence service tapped intodelegates' email and telephone communications at the 2009 G20 meetings in London. Other previous Snowden disclosures documentedthe surveillance of the G8 and G20 summits in Canada in 2010, and the U.N. climate change conference in Bali in 2007.The document also refers to some intelligence gathered ahead of the meeting, including a report that "detailed China's efforts to coordinateits position with India and ensure that the two leaders of the developing world are working towards the same outcome." It refers to anotherreport that "provided advance details of the Danish proposal and their efforts to launch a 'rescue plan' to save COP15."The Danish proposal was a draft agreement that the country's negotiators had drawn up in the months ahead of the summit in consultationwith a small number key of countries. The text was leaked to The Guardian early in the conference, causing some disarray as countries thatwere not consulted balked that it promoted the interests of developed nations and undermined principles laid out in previous climatenegotiations. As Information reports, Danish officials wanted to keep U.S. negotiators from seeing the text in the weeks ahead of theconference, worried that it may dim their ambitions in the negotiations for proposed cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.The Danes did share the text with the U.S. and other key nations ahead of the meeting. But the NSA document noting this as "advancedetails" indicates that the U.S. may have already intercepted it. The paragraph referring to the Danish text is marked "SI" in the Snowdendocument which most likely means "signals intelligence," indicating that it came from electronic information intercepted by the NSA,rather than being provided to the U.S. negotiators.That could be why U.S. negotiators took the positions they did going into the conference, a Danish official told Information. "They simply satback, just as we had feared they would if they knew about our document," the official said. "They made no constructive statements.Obviously, if they had known about our plans since the fall of 2009, it was in their interest to simply wait for our draft proposal to bebrought to the table at the summit."
Members of the Danish delegation indicated in interviews with Information that they thought the American and Chinese negotiators seemed"peculiarly wellinformed" about discussions that had taken place behind closed doors. "Particularly the Americans," said one official. "I wasoften completely taken aback by what they knew."Despite high hopes for an agreement at Copenhagen, the negotiations started slowly and there were few signs of progress. Obama and headsof state from more than 100 nations arrived late in the second week in hopes of achieving a breakthrough, but the final day wore on withoutan outcome. There were few promising signals until late Friday night, when Obama made a surprise announcement that he along withleaders from China, India, Brazil and South Africa had come up with the "Copenhagen Accord."The threepage document set a goal of keeping the average rise in global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius, but allowed countries towrite their own plans for cutting emissions leaving out any legally binding targets or even a path to a formal treaty. Obama called theaccord "an unprecedented breakthrough" in a press conference, then took off for home on Air Force One. But other countries balked,pointing out that the accord was merely a political agreement, drafted outside the U.N. process and of uncertain influence for futurenegotiations.The climate summits since then have advanced at a glacial pace; a legally binding treaty isn't currently expected until 2015. And the U.S.Congress, despite assurances made in Copenhagen, never passed new laws cutting planetwarming emissions. (The EnvironmentalProtection Agency is, however, moving forward with regulations on emissions from power plants, but a new law to addressing the issue hadbeen widely considered as preferable.)The revelation that the NSA was surveilling the communications of leaders during the Copenhagen talks is unlikely to help build the trust ofnegotiators from other nations in the future."It can't help in the sense that if people think you're trying to get an unfair advantage or manipulate the process, they're not going to havemuch trust in you," said Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists and a seasoned veteran of theU.N. climate negotiations. Meyer said he worried that the disclosure might cause the parties to "start becoming more cautious, moresecretive, and less forthcoming" in the negotiations. "That's not a good dynamic in a process where you're trying to encourage collaboration,compromise, and working together, as opposed to trying to get a comparative advantage," he said.
Obama has defended the NSA's work as important in fighting terrorism at home and abroad. But the latest Snowden document indicatesthat the agency plays a broader role in protecting U.S. interests internationally.National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden declined to comment directly on the Snowden document in an email to TheHuffington Post, but did say that "the U.S. Government has made clear that the United States gathers foreign intelligence of the typegathered by all nations." She noted that Obama's Jan. 17 speech on the NSA "laid out a series of concrete and substantial reforms theAdministration will adopt or seek to codify with Congress" regarding surveillance."In particular, he issued a new Presidential Directive that lays out new principles that govern how we conduct signals intelligence collection,and strengthen how we provide executive branch oversight of our signals intelligence activities," Hayden said. "It will ensure that we takeinto account our security requirements, but also our alliances; our trade and investment relationships, including the concerns of ourcompanies; and our commitment to privacy and basic liberties. And we will review decisions about intelligence priorities and sensitivetargets on an annual basis, so that our actions are regularly scrutinized by the President’s senior national security team."Read the full document<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">==<p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GTON The National Security Agency monitored the communications of other governments ahead of and during the 2009 United

Nations climate negotiations in Copenhagen, Denmark, according to the latest document from whistleblower Edward Snowden.

The document, with portions marked "top secret," indicates that the NSA was monitoring the communications of other countries ahead of

the conference, and intended to continue doing so throughout the meeting. Posted on an internal NSA website on Dec. 7, 2009, the first day

of the Copenhagen summit, it states that "analysts here at NSA, as well as our Second Party partners, will continue to provide policymakers

with unique, timely, and valuable insights into key countries' preparations and goals for the conference, as well as the deliberations within

countries on climate change policies and negotiation strategies."

"Second Party partners" refers to the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, with which the U.S.

has an intelligencesharing relationship. "While the outcome of the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference remains uncertain, signals

intelligence will undoubtedly play a significant role in keeping our negotiators as well informed as possible throughout the 2week event,"

the document says.

The Huffington Post published the documents Wednesday night in coordination with the Danish daily newspaper Information, which

worked with American journalist Laura Poitras.

The December 2009 meeting in Copenhagen was the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change, which brings together 195 countries to negotiate measures to address rising greenhouse gas emissions and their impact.

The Copenhagen summit was the first big climate meeting after the election of President Barack Obama, and was widely expected to yield a

significant breakthrough. Other major developed nations were already part of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which set emissions limits, while the

September 7, 2015

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United States the world's biggest emitter of greenhouse gases when the protocol went into effect in 2004 had famously declined to join.

The twoweek meeting was supposed to produce a successor agreement that would include the U.S., as well as China, India and other

countries with rapidly increasing emissions.

The document indicates that the NSA planned to gather information as the leaders and negotiating teams of other countries held private

discussions throughout the Copenhagen meeting. "[L]eaders and negotiating teams from around the world will undoubtedly be engaging in

intense lastminute policy formulating; at the same time, they will be holding sidebar discussions with their counterparts details of which

are of great interest to our policymakers," the document states. The information likely would be used to brief U.S. officials, such as Secretary

of State Hillary Clinton and Obama, among others, according to the document.

The document does not detail how the agency planned to continue gathering information during the summit, other than noting that it would

be capturing signals intelligence such as calls and emails. Previous disclosures have indicated that the NSA has the ability to monitor the

mobile phones of heads of state. Other documents that Snowden has released indicate that the U.K.'s intelligence service tapped into

delegates' email and telephone communications at the 2009 G20 meetings in London. Other previous Snowden disclosures documented

the surveillance of the G8 and G20 summits in Canada in 2010, and the U.N. climate change conference in Bali in 2007.

The document also refers to some intelligence gathered ahead of the meeting, including a report that "detailed China's efforts to coordinate

its position with India and ensure that the two leaders of the developing world are working towards the same outcome." It refers to another

report that "provided advance details of the Danish proposal and their efforts to launch a 'rescue plan' to save COP15."

The Danish proposal was a draft agreement that the country's negotiators had drawn up in the months ahead of the summit in consultation

with a small number key of countries. The text was leaked to The Guardian early in the conference, causing some disarray as countries that

were not consulted balked that it promoted the interests of developed nations and undermined principles laid out in previous climate

negotiations. As Information reports, Danish officials wanted to keep U.S. negotiators from seeing the text in the weeks ahead of the

conference, worried that it may dim their ambitions in the negotiations for proposed cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.

The Danes did share the text with the U.S. and other key nations ahead of the meeting. But the NSA document noting this as "advance

details" indicates that the U.S. may have already intercepted it. The paragraph referring to the Danish text is marked "SI" in the Snowden

document which most likely means "signals intelligence," indicating that it came from electronic information intercepted by the NSA,

rather than being provided to the U.S. negotiators.

That could be why U.S. negotiators took the positions they did going into the conference, a Danish official told Information. "They simply sat

back, just as we had feared they would if they knew about our document," the official said. "They made no constructive statements.

Obviously, if they had known about our plans since the fall of 2009, it was in their interest to simply wait for our draft proposal to be

brought to the table at the summit."

Members of the Danish delegation indicated in interviews with Information that they thought the American and Chinese negotiators seemed

"peculiarly wellinformed" about discussions that had taken place behind closed doors. "Particularly the Americans," said one official. "I was

often completely taken aback by what they knew." <p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Despite high hopes for an agreement at Copenhagen, the negotiations started slowly and there were few signs of progress. Obama and heads

of state from more than 100 nations arrived late in the second week in hopes of achieving a breakthrough, but the final day wore on without

an outcome. There were few promising signals until late Friday night, when Obama made a surprise announcement that he along with

leaders from China, India, Brazil and South Africa had come up with the "Copenhagen Accord."

The threepage document set a goal of keeping the average rise in global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius, but allowed countries to

write their own plans for cutting emissions leaving out any legally binding targets or even a path to a formal treaty. Obama called the

accord "an unprecedented breakthrough" in a press conference, then took off for home on Air Force One. But other countries balked,

pointing out that the accord was merely a political agreement, drafted outside the U.N. process and of uncertain influence for future

negotiations.

The climate summits since then have advanced at a glacial pace; a legally binding treaty isn't currently expected until 2015. <p style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And the U.S.

Congress, despite assurances made in Copenhagen, never passed new laws cutting planetwarming emissions. (The Environmental

Protection Agency is, however, moving forward with regulations on emissions from power plants, but a new law to addressing the issue had

been widely considered as preferable.)

The revelation that the NSA was surveilling the communications of leaders during the Copenhagen talks is unlikely to help build the trust of

negotiators from other nations in the future.

"It can't help in the sense that if people think you're trying to get an unfair advantage or manipulate the process, they're not going to have

much trust in you," said Alden Meyer, director of strategy and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists and a seasoned veteran of the

U.N. climate negotiations. Meyer said he worried that the disclosure might cause the parties to "start becoming more cautious, more

secretive, and less forthcoming" in the negotiations. "That's not a good dynamic in a process where you're trying to encourage collaboration,

compromise, and working together, as opposed to trying to get a comparative advantage," he said.

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