cell phone smart

<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">neglected? orig about cancer risks, shd have gone to kids screen time, now privacy, see stingray for that aspect
</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"></span></font></div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">extended: $ <a href="https://www.risingupwithsonali.com/2019/10/24/doreen-dodgen-magee-discusses-her-book-deviced-balancing-life-and-technology-in-a-digital-world-extended-interview/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.risingupwithsonali.com/2019/10/24/doreen-dodgen-magee-discusses-her-book-deviced-balancing-life-and-technology-in-a-digital-world-extended-interview/</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">u penn study shows 30 min soc med increases anxiety?!</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness&ved=2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0QFjAAegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness&ved=2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0QFjAAegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Social media use increases depression and loneliness | Penn ...</a></font></h3>
<div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://penntoday.upenn.edu › news › social-media-use-increases-depressio...</cite></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=u+penn+study+shows+30+min+soc+med+increases+anxiety&oq=u+penn+study+shows+30+min+soc+med+increases+anxiety&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64.1605j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0Q7B0wAHoECAYQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0QqR8wAHoECAYQBA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:H7YNrX4dQSkJ:https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:H7YNrX4dQSkJ:https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/social-media-use-increases-depression-and-loneliness%2B%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0QIDAAegQIBhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.57;">Nov 9, 2018 - </span>For the first time, an experimental <span style="font-weight: bold;">study shows</span> a causal link between time spent on these social media and <span style="font-weight: bold;">increased</span> depression and loneliness. ... measures including fear of missing out, <span style="font-weight: bold;">anxiety</span>, depression, and loneliness. ... stay, it's incumbent on <span style="font-weight: bold;">society</span> to figure out how to use them in a way that limits ...</font></span><div class="TXwUJf" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Missing: <s>min</s> ‎| Must include: <a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=upenn+study+shows+30+%22min%22+soc+med+increases+anxiety&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-xKuUkuPmAhUKAZ0JHThECl0Q5t4CMAB6BAgGEAg" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">min</a></font></div><div class="TXwUJf" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">free? video</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.risingupwithsonali.com/2019/12/26/deviced-balancing-life-and-technology-in-a-digital-world/">https://www.risingupwithsonali.com/2019/12/26/deviced-balancing-life-and-technology-in-a-digital-world/</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="bNg8Rb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight: normal;">Search Results</font></h1><div eid="UfIMXvzHDc-ztQa0woWYAw" data-async-context="query:sonali%20doreen%20mcgee" id="rso" style="margin-top: 6px;"><div class="bkWMgd"><h2 class="bNg8Rb" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; white-space: nowrap; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-weight: normal;">Web results</font></h2><div class="srg"><div class="g" data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi8tN_jkOPmAhXPWc0KHTRhATMQyDgoAHoECAEQAA" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px;"><div data-hveid="CAEQAQ" data-ved="2ahUKEwi8tN_jkOPmAhXPWc0KHTRhATMQFSgAMAB6BAgBEAE"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3 class="LC20lb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; cursor: pointer;">doreen dodgen-magee psy.d.</span></font></font></font></font></h3>
<div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://doreendm.com</cite></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; height: 0px; line-height: 27px; margin: -4px 0px 2px 3px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-image: initial; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 0px; display: inline-block; top: 7.5px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwi8tN_jkOPmAhXPWc0KHTRhATMQqR8wAHoECAEQBA" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; filter: none; width: 13px; display: inline-block; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;" /></ol></div></span></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57;"><span class="st" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">doreen dodgen-magee, psy.d. is an award winning author, speaker, & psychologist. she has traveled the globe researching and speaking about how technology ...</font></span><div class="TXwUJf" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;">Missing: <s>sonali</s> ‎| Must include: </font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;">sonali</font></div><div class="osl" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‎<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; line-height: 1.57;">About</span> · ‎<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; line-height: 1.57;">Resources</span> · ‎<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; line-height: 1.57;">Shop</span> · ‎<span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; line-height: 1.57;">Speaking</span></font></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 27px;"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi8tN_jkOPmAhXPWc0KHTRhATMQFSgAMAF6BAgFEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.57;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3 class="LC20lb" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="outline-color: initial; outline-width: initial; cursor: pointer;">Deviced!: Balancing Life and Technology in a ... - Amazon.com</span></font></font></font></font></h3>
<div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.57; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.5;">https://www.amazon.com › Deviced-Balancing-Technology-Digital-World</cite></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; height: 0px; line-height: 27px; margin: -4px 0px 2px 3px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-image: initial; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 0px; display: inline-block; top: 7.5px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwi8tN_jkOPmAhXPWc0KHTRhATMQqR8wAXoECAUQBA" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; filter: none; width: 13px; display: inline-block; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;" /></ol></div></span></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.57;"><span class="st" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Deviced!: Balancing Life and Technology in a Digital World and millions of other books are available for instant access.<wbr /> ... Deviced!: Balancing Life and Technology in a Digital World Hardcover – October 8, 2018.<wbr /> ... Start reading Deviced!: Balancing Life and Technology in a Digital World ...</font></span><div class="TXwUJf" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;">Missing: <s>sonali</s> ‎| Must include: </font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px;">sonali</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</span></font></div><div><div class="header-list-style" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 17px; position: relative; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 class="entry-title grid-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bolder; letter-spacing: 1px;"><a href="https://www.projectcensored.org/4-how-big-wireless-convinced-us-cell-phones-and-wi-fi-are-safe/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">How Big Wireless Convinced Us Cell Phones and Wi-Fi are Safe</font></a></h2></div><div class="item-content entry-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Kaiser Permanente study (published December 2017 in Scientific Reports) conducted controlled research testing on hundreds of pregnant women in the San Francisco Bay area and found that those who had been exposed…</font></p></div><div class="penci-readmore-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a class="penci-btn-readmore" href="https://www.projectcensored.org/4-how-big-wireless-convinced-us-cell-phones-and-wi-fi-are-safe/" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Read more<span class="fa fa-angle-double-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></font></a></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/25/how-to-stop-google-from-storing-your-location-history.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/25/how-to-stop-google-from-storing-your-location-history.html</a>
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">vs !</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://truthout.org/articles/googles-sensorvault-can-tell-police-where-youve-been/">https://truthout.org/articles/googles-sensorvault-can-tell-police-where-youve-been/</a>
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Do </font><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
<span>you know where you were five years ago? Did you have an Android

phone at the time? It turns out Google might know—and it might be

telling law enforcement.</span>

</font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span>In a new </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/13/us/google-location-tracking-police.html"><span>article</span></a><span>, the <em>New York Times</em>

details a little-known technique increasingly used by law enforcement

to figure out everyone who might have been within certain geographic

areas during specific time periods in the past. The technique relies on

detailed location data collected by Google from most Android devices as

well as iPhones and iPads that have Google Maps and other apps

installed. This data resides in a Google-maintained database called

“Sensorvault,” and because Google stores this data indefinitely,

Sensorvault “includes detailed location records involving at least

hundreds of millions of devices worldwide and dating back nearly a

decade.”</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span>The data Google is turning over to law enforcement is so

precise that one deputy police chief said it “shows the whole pattern of

life.” It’s collected even when people aren’t making calls or using

apps, which means it can be even more detailed than data generated by

cell towers....</span></font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" /></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=
</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">There is a lot of evidence suggesting that we need to be a lot more careful about these cellphones. The World Health Organization has listed them as a possible carcinogen. And just last week, here in the United States, the National Institutes of Health had a major study, peer-reviewed, about cellphone radiation. And the peer-review scientists, who are independent of government, said that there was, quote, “clear evidence,” unquote, that cellphones can cause cancer.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><a href="http://www.risingupwithsonali.com/mark-hertsgaard-discusses-his-in-depth-story-for-the-nation-how-big-wireless-made-us-think-that-cell-phones-are-safe-extended-interview/">http://www.risingupwithsonali.com/mark-hertsgaard-discusses-his-in-depth-story-for-the-nation-how-big-wireless-made-us-think-that-cell-phones-are-safe-extended-interview/</a></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">
</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MARK HERTSGAARD – The American Cancer Society says on its website that, “Radio frequency waves given off by cell phones don’t have enough energy to damage DNA directly or to heat body tissues. Because of this, it’s not clear how cell phones might be able to cause cancer. Most studies done in the lab have supported the idea that RF waves do not cause DNA damage.”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Indeed the idea that cell phones cause cancer is generally accepted as an assertion of conspiracy theorists. Now, an in-depth investigative report by The Nation magazine has found that since the 1990s cell phone industry representatives have sought to hide the link between certain forms of brain tumors and cell phone use.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/how-big-wireless-made-us-think-that-cell-phones-are-safe-a-special-investigation/">https://www.thenation.com/article/how-big-wireless-made-us-think-that-cell-phones-are-safe-a-special-investigation/</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, The Nation’s investigative editor at large, author of seven books that have been translated into sixteen languages, including On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency. His most recent books are Bravehearts: Whistle Blowing in the Age of Snowden and Hot: Living Through the Next Fifty Years on Earth. His Nation magazine cover story is called How Big Wireless Made Us Think That Cell Phones Are Safe: A Special Investigation.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.risingupwithsonali.com/cell-phones-and-cancer-not-just-a-conspiracy-theory/">http://www.risingupwithsonali.com/cell-phones-and-cancer-not-just-a-conspiracy-theory/</a></span></p></span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">=</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">the nation</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">...</span>Remarkably, cell phones had been allowed onto the US consumer market a decade earlier without any government safety testing. Now, some customers and industry workers were being diagnosed with cancer. In January 1993, David Reynard sued the NEC America Company, claiming that his wife’s NEC phone caused her lethal brain tumor. After Reynard appeared on national TV, the story went viral. A congressional subcommittee announced an investigation; investors began dumping their cell-phone stocks; and Wheeler and the CTIA swung into action.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A week later, Wheeler announced that his industry would pay for a comprehensive research program. Cell phones were already safe, Wheeler told reporters; the new research would simply “re-validate the findings of the existing studies.” </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Carlo seemed like a good bet to fulfill Wheeler’s mission. He was an epidemiologist who also had a law degree, and he’d conducted studies for other controversial industries. After a study funded by Dow Corning, Carlo had declared that breast implants posed only minimal health risks. With chemical-industry funding, he had concluded that low levels of dioxin, the chemical behind the Agent Orange scandal, were not dangerous. In 1995, Carlo began directing the industry-financed Wireless Technology Research project (WTR), whose eventual budget of $28.5 million made it the best-funded investigation of cell-phone safety to date.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Outside critics soon came to suspect that Carlo would be the front man for an industry whitewash. They cited his dispute with Henry Lai, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Washington, over a study that Lai had conducted examining whether cell-phone radiation could damage DNA. In 1999, Carlo and the WTR’s general counsel sent a letter to the university’s president urging that Lai be fired for his alleged violation of research protocols. Lai accused the WTR of tampering with his experiment’s results. Both Carlo and Lai deny the other’s accusations.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Critics also attacked what they regarded as the slow pace of WTR research. The WTR was merely “a confidence game” designed to placate the public but stall real research, according to Louis Slesin, editor of the trade publication Microwave News. “By dangling a huge amount of money in front of the cash-starved [scientific] community,” Slesin argued, “Carlo guaranteed silent obedience. Anyone who dared complain risked being cut off from his millions.” Carlo denies the allegation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whatever Carlo’s motives might have been, the documented fact is that he and Wheeler would eventually clash bitterly over the WTR’s findings, which Carlo presented to wireless-industry leaders on February 9, 1999. By that date, the WTR had commissioned more than 50 original studies and reviewed many more. Those studies raised “serious questions” about cell-phone safety, Carlo told a closed-door meeting of the CTIA’s board of directors, whose members included the CEOs or top officials of the industry’s 32 leading companies, including Apple, AT&T, and Motorola.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carlo sent letters to each of the industry’s chieftains on October 7, 1999, reiterating that the WTR’s research had found the following: “The risk of rare neuro-epithelial tumors on the outside of the brain was more than doubled…in cell phone users”; there was an apparent “correlation between brain tumors occurring on the right side of the head and the use of the phone on the right side of the head”; and “the ability of radiation from a phone’s antenna to cause functional genetic damage [was] definitely positive….”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carlo urged the CEOs to do the right thing: give consumers “the information they need to make an informed judgment about how much of this unknown risk they wish to assume,” especially since some in the industry had “repeatedly and falsely claimed that wireless phones are safe for all consumers including children.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The World Health Organization classifies cell-phone radiation as a “possible” carcinogen.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The very next day, a livid T<b>om Wheeler</b> began publicly trashing Carlo to the media. In a letter he shared with the CEOs, Wheeler told Carlo that the CTIA was “certain that you have never provided CTIA with the studies you mention”—an apparent effort to shield the industry from liability in the lawsuits that had led to Carlo’s hiring in the first place. Wheeler charged further that the studies had not been published in peer-reviewed journals, casting doubt on their validity.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wheeler’s tactics succeeded in dousing the controversy. Although Carlo had in fact repeatedly briefed Wheeler and other senior industry officials on the studies, which had indeed undergone peer review and would soon be published, reporters on the technology beat accepted Wheeler’s discrediting of Carlo and the WTR’s findings. (Wheeler would go on to chair the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates the wireless industry. He agreed to an interview for this article but then put all of his remarks off the record, with one exception: his statement that he has always taken scientific guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration, which, he said, “has concluded, ‘the weight of scientific evidence had not linked cell phones with any health problems.’”)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> =</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> cancer tobacco playbook the nation hertsgaard, regulatory capture, sci supp 3</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A closer look reveals the industry’s sleight of hand. When Henry Lai, the professor whom Carlo tried to get fired, analyzed 326 safety-related studies completed between 1990 and 2005, he learned that 56 percent found a biological effect from cell-phone radiation and 44 percent did not; the scientific community apparently was split. But when Lai recategorized the studies according to their funding sources, a different picture emerged: 67 percent of the independently funded studies found a biological effect, while a mere 28 percent of the industry-funded studies did. Lai’s findings were replicated by <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797826/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">a 2007 analysis in <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">Environmental Health Perspectives</em></a> that concluded industry-funded studies were two and a half times less likely than independent studies to find a health effect.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One key player has not been swayed by all this wireless-friendly research: the insurance industry. <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">The Nation</em> has not been able to find a single insurance company willing to sell a product-liability policy that covered cell-phone radiation. “Why would we want to do that?” one executive chuckled before pointing to more than two dozen lawsuits outstanding against wireless companies, demanding a total of $1.9 billion in damages. Some judges have affirmed such lawsuits, including a<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/21/italian-court-rules-mobile-phone-use-caused-brain-tumour" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;"> judge in Italy who refused to allow industry-funded research as evidence</a>.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even so, the industry’s neutralizing of the safety issue has opened the door to the biggest, most hazardous prize of all: the proposed revolutionary transformation of society dubbed the “Internet of Things.” Lauded as a gigantic engine of economic growth, the Internet of Things will not only connect people through their smartphones and computers but will connect those devices to a customer’s vehicles and home appliances, even their baby’s diapers—all at speeds faster than can currently be achieved.</font></p><aside class="pull-quote-module" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); padding: 25px 0px; margin: 35px 0px; position: relative;" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div class="pull-quote-blocks" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.43em; word-spacing: 0.3px; text-transform: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Billions of cell-phone users have been subjected to a public-health experiment without informed consent.</font></p></div></aside><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is a catch, though: The Internet of Things will require augmenting today’s 4G technology with 5G, thus “massively increasing” the general population’s exposure to radiation, according to <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B14R6QNkmaXuelFrNWRQcThNV0U/view" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">a petition signed by 236 scientists worldwide</a> who have published more than 2,000 peer-reviewed studies and represent “a significant portion of the credentialed scientists in the radiation research field,” according to Joel Moskowitz, the director of the Center for Family and Community Health at the University of California, Berkeley, who helped circulate the petition. Nevertheless, like cell phones, 5G technology is on the verge of being introduced without pre-market safety testing.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lack of definitive proof that a technology is harmful does not mean the technology is safe, yet the wireless industry has succeeded in selling this logical fallacy to the world. In truth, the safety of wireless technology has been an unsettled question since the industry’s earliest days. The upshot is that, over the past 30 years, billions of people around the world have been subjected to a massive public-health experiment: Use a cell phone today, find out later if it causes cancer or genetic damage. Meanwhile, the wireless industry has obstructed a full and fair understanding of the current science, aided by government agencies that have prioritized commercial interests over human health and news organizations that have failed to inform the public about what the scientific community really thinks. In other words, this public-health experiment has been conducted without the informed consent of its subjects, even as the industry keeps its thumb on the scale.</font></p><p class="drop_c" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin-bottom: 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin-right="margin-right" margin-left="margin-left" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" margin-top="margin-top" important="important"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="wpsdc-drop-cap" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: " knockout="Knockout" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" float="float" left="left" line-height="line-height">“</span><span class="wpsdc-drop-cap" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: " knockout="Knockout" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" float="float" left="left" line-height="line-height">T</span>he absence of absolute proof does not mean the absence of risk,” Annie Sasco, the former director of epidemiology for cancer prevention at France’s National Institute of Health and Medical Research, told the attendees of the 2012 Childhood Cancer conference. “The younger one starts using cell phones, the higher the risk,” Sasco continued, urging a public-education effort to inform parents, politicians, and the press about children’s exceptional susceptibility.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For adults and children alike, the process by which wireless radiation may cause cancer remains uncertain, but it is thought to be indirect. Wireless radiation has been <a href="https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520941992.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">shown to damage the blood-brain barrier</a>, a vital defense mechanism that shields the brain from carcinogenic chemicals elsewhere in the body (resulting, for example, from secondhand cigarette smoke). Wireless radiation has also been shown to <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1431.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">interfere with DNA replication</a>, a proven progenitor of cancer. In each of these cases, the risks are higher for children: Their skulls, being smaller, absorb more radiation than adults’ skulls do, while children’s longer life span increases their cumulative exposure.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The wireless industry has sought to downplay concerns about cell phones’ safety, and the Federal Communications Commission has followed its example. In 1996, the FCC established cell-phone safety levels based on “specific absorption rate,” or SAR. Phones were required to have a SAR of 1.6 watts or less per kilogram of body weight. In 2013, <a href="https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520941318.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">the American Academy of Pediatrics advised the FCC</a> that its guidelines “do not account for the unique vulnerability and use patterns specific to pregnant women and children.” Nevertheless, the FCC has declined to update its standards.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The FCC has granted the industry’s wishes so often that it qualifies as a “captured agency,” argued journalist Norm Alster in <a href="http://ethics.harvard.edu/files/center-for-ethics/files/capturedagency_alster.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">a report</a> that Harvard University’s Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics published in 2015. The FCC allows cell-phone manufacturers to self-report SAR levels, and does not independently test industry claims or require manufacturers to display the SAR level on a phone’s packaging. “Industry controls the FCC through a soup-to-nuts stranglehold that extends from its well-placed campaign spending in Congress through its control of the FCC’s congressional oversight committees to its persistent agency lobbying,” Alster wrote. He also quoted the CTIA website praising the FCC for “its light regulatory touch.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The revolving-door syndrome that characterizes so many industries and federal agencies reinforces the close relationship between the wireless industry and the FCC. Just as Tom Wheeler went from running the CTIA (1992– 2004) to chairing the FCC (2013–2017), Meredith Atwell Baker went from FCC commissioner (2009–2011) to the presidency of the CTIA (2014 through today). To ensure its access on Capitol Hill, the wireless industry made $26 million in campaign contributions in 2016, <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/totals.php?ind=B09" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">according to the Center for Responsive Politics</a>, and spent $87 million on lobbying in 2017.</font></p><p class="drop_c" style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin-bottom: 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin-right="margin-right" margin-left="margin-left" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" margin-top="margin-top" important="important"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="wpsdc-drop-cap" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: " knockout="Knockout" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold" margin="margin" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" float="float" left="left" line-height="line-height">N</span>eutralizing the safety issue has been an ongoing imperative because the research keeps coming, much of it from outside the United States. But the industry’s European and Asian branches have, like their US counterpart, zealously war-gamed the science, spun the news coverage, and thereby warped the public perception of their products’ safety.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The WHO began to study the health effects of electric- and magnetic-field radiation (EMF) in 1996 under the direction of Michael Repacholi, an Australian biophysicist. Although Repacholi claimed on disclosure forms that he was “independent” of corporate influence, in fact Motorola had funded his research: While Repacholi was director of the WHO’s EMF program, Motorola paid $50,000 a year to his former employer, the Royal Adelaide Hospital, which then transferred the money to the WHO program. When journalists exposed the payments, Repacholi <a href="http://microwavenews.com/CT.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">denied</a> that there was anything untoward about them because Motorola had not paid him personally. Eventually, Motorola’s payments were bundled with other industry contributions and funneled through the Mobile and Wireless Forum, a trade association that gave the WHO’s program $150,000 annually. In 1999, Repacholi helped engineer a WHO statement that “EMF exposures below the limits recommended in international guidelines do not appear to have any known consequence on health.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Two wireless trade associations contributed $4.7 million to <a href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">the Interphone study</a> launched by the WHO’s International Agency for Cancer Research in 2000. That $4.7 million represented 20 percent of the $24 million budget for the Interphone study, which convened 21 scientists from 13 countries to explore possible links between cell phones and two common types of brain tumor: glioma and meningioma. The money was channeled through a “firewall” mechanism intended to prevent corporate influence on the IACR’s findings, but whether such firewalls work is debatable. “Industry sponsors know [which scientists] receive funding; sponsored scientists know who provides funding,” Dariusz Leszczynski, an adjunct professor of biochemistry at the University of Helsinki, has explained.</font></p><aside class="pull-quote-module" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); padding: 25px 0px; margin: 35px 0px; position: relative;" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div class="pull-quote-blocks" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.43em; word-spacing: 0.3px; text-transform: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The FCC grants the wireless industry’s wishes so often that it qualifies as a “captured agency.”</font></p></div></aside><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To be sure, the industry could not have been pleased with some of the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/39/3/675/631387" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">Interphone study’s conclusions</a>. The study found that the heaviest cell-phone users were <a href="http://microwavenews.com/Interphone.Appendix2.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">80 percent more likely to develop glioma</a>. (The initial finding of 40 percent was increased to 80 to correct for selection bias.) The Interphone study also concluded that individuals who had owned a cell phone for 10 years or longer saw their risk of glioma increase by nearly 120 percent. However, the study did not find any increased risk for individuals who used their cell phones less frequently; nor was there evidence of any connection with meningioma.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When the Interphone conclusions were released in 2010, industry spokespeople blunted their impact by deploying what experts on lying call “creative truth-telling.” “Interphone’s conclusion of no overall increased risk of brain cancer is consistent with conclusions reached in an already large body of scientific research on this subject,” John Walls, the vice president for public affairs at the CTIA, <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100517006038/en/CTIA%E2%80%93The-Wireless-Association-Statement-Interphone-Study" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">told reporters</a>. The wiggle word here is “overall”: Since some of the Interphone studies did not find increased brain-cancer rates, stipulating “overall” allowed Walls to ignore those that did. The misleading spin confused enough news organizations that their coverage of the Interphone study was essentially reassuring to the industry’s customers. <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">The Wall Street Journal</em> announced “Cell Phone Study Sends Fuzzy Signal on Cancer Risk,” while the BBC’s headline declared: “No Proof of Mobile Cancer Risk.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The industry’s $4.7 million contribution to the WHO appears to have had its most telling effect in May 2011, when the WHO convened scientists in Lyon, France, to discuss how to classify the cancer risk posed by cell phones. The industry not only secured “observer” status at Lyon for three of its trade associations; it placed two industry-funded experts on the working group that would debate the classification, as well as additional experts among the “invited specialists” who advised the group.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Niels Kuster, a Swiss engineer, initially filed a conflict-of-interest statement affirming only that his research group had taken money from “various governments, scientific institutions and corporations.” But after Kuster co-authored a summary of the WHO’s findings in <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">The Lancet Oncology</em>, the medical journal <a href="https://retractionwatch.com/2015/06/24/lancet-oncology-updates-coi-for-monograph-on-cancer-risk-of-cell-phones-other-devices/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">issued a correction</a> expanding on Kuster’s conflict-of-interest statement, noting payments from the Mobile Manufacturers Forum, Motorola, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, GSMA, and Deutsche Telekom. Nevertheless, Kuster participated in the entire 10 days of deliberations.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The industry also mounted a campaign to discredit Lennart Hardell, a Swedish professor of oncology serving on the working group. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/6603070" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">Hardell’s studies</a>, which found an increase in gliomas and acoustic neuromas in long-term cell-phone users, were some of the strongest evidence that the group was considering.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hardell had already attracted the industry’s displeasure back in 2002, when he began arguing that children shouldn’t use cell phones. Two scientists with industry ties quickly <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4122/e9cc3b08a2ebead92692aa20410fe1b15f8f.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">published a report</a> with the Swedish Radiation Authority dismissing Hardell’s research. His detractors were John D. Boice and Joseph K. McLaughlin of the International Epidemiology Institute, a company that provided “Litigation Support” and “Corporate Counseling” to various industries, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403080359/https://www.cspinet.org/integrity/nonprofits/international_epidemiology_institute.html/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">according to its website</a>. Indeed, at the very time Boice and McLaughlin were denigrating Hardell’s work, the institute was providing expert-witness services to Motorola in a brain-tumor lawsuit against the company.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The wireless industry didn’t get the outcome that it wanted at Lyon, but it did limit the damage. A number of the working group’s scientists had favored increasing the classification of cell phones to Category 2A, a “probable” carcinogen; but<a href="http://interphone.iarc.fr/UICC_Report_Final_03102011.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;"> in the end, the group could only agree</a> on an increase to 2B, a “possible” carcinogen.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That result enabled the industry to continue proclaiming that there was no scientifically established proof that cell phones are dangerous. Jack Rowley of the GSMA trade association said that “interpretation should be based on the overall balance of the evidence.” Once again, the slippery word “overall” downplayed the significance of scientific research that the industry didn’t like.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industry-funded scientists had been pressuring their colleagues for a decade by then, according to Leszczynski, another member of the Lyon working group. Leszczynski was an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School when he first experienced such pressure, in 1999. He had wanted to investigate the effects of radiation levels higher than the SAR levels permitted by government, hypothesizing that this might better conform to real-world practices. But when he proposed the idea at scientific meetings, <a href="https://betweenrockandhardplace.wordpress.com/2015/02/12/the-gamechanger-revision-of-dosimetry-by-schmid-kuster/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">Leszczynski said</a>, it was shouted down by Mays Swicord, Joe Elder, and C.K. Chou—scientists who worked for Motorola. As Leszczynski recalled, “It was a normal occurrence at scientific meetings—and I attended really a lot of them—that whenever [a] scientist reported biological effects at SAR over [government-approved levels], the above-mentioned industry scientists, singularly or as a group, jumped up to the microphone to condemn and to discredit the results.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Years later,<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644546" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;"> a study</a> that Leszczynski described as a “game changer” discovered that even phones meeting government standards, which in Europe were a SAR of 2.0 watts per kilogram, could deliver exponentially higher peak radiation levels to certain skin and blood cells. (SAR levels reached a staggering 40 watts per kilogram—20 times higher than officially permitted.) In other words, the official safety levels masked dramatically higher exposures in hot spots, but industry-funded scientists obstructed research on the health impacts.</font></p><aside class="pull-quote-module" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); padding: 25px 0px; margin: 35px 0px; position: relative;" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div class="pull-quote-blocks" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.43em; word-spacing: 0.3px; text-transform: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Everyone knows that if your research results show that radiation has effects, the funding flow dries up.” —Dariusz Leszczynski, adjunct professor of biochemistry at the University of Helsinki</font></p></div></aside><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Everyone knows that if your research results show that radiation has effects, the funding flow dries up,” Leszczynski said in an interview in 2011. Sure enough, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland, where Leszczynski had a long career, discontinued research on the biological effects of cell phones and discharged him a year later.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to scientists involved in the process, the WHO may decide later this year to reconsider its categorization of the cancer risk posed by cell phones; the WHO itself told <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">The Nation</em> that before making any such decision, it will review the final report of the National Toxicology Program, a US government initiative. The <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/05/26/055699.full.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">results reported by the NTP</a> in 2016 seem to strengthen the case for increasing the assessment of cell-phone radiation to a “probable” or even a “known” carcinogen. Whereas the WHO’s Interphone study compared the cell-phone usage of people who had contracted cancer with that of people who hadn’t, the NTP study exposed rats and mice to cell-phone radiation and observed whether the animals got sick.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There is a carcinogenic effect,” announced Ron Melnick, the designer of the study. Male rats exposed to cell-phone radiation developed cancer at a substantially higher rate, though the same effect was not seen in female rats. Rats exposed to radiation also had lower birth rates, higher infant mortality, and more heart problems than those in the control group. The cancer effect occurred in only a small percentage of the rats, but that small percentage could translate into a massive amount of human cancers. “Given the extremely large number of people who use wireless communications devices, even a very small increase in the incidence of disease…could have broad implications for public health,” the NTP’s draft report explained.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But this was not the message that media coverage of the NTP study conveyed, as the industry blanketed reporters with its usual “more research is needed” spin. “<a href="https://www.vox.com/2016/5/27/11797924/cellphones-cancer-bad-reporting" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">Seriously, stop with the irresponsible reporting on cell phones and cancer</a>,” demanded a <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">Vox</em> headline. “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/05/27/do-cellphones-cause-cancer-dont-believe-the-hype/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">Don’t Believe the Hype</a>,” urged <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">The Washington Post</em>. <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">Newsweek</em>, for its part, <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/can-cell-phone-radiation-harm-your-health-new-california-guidelines-raise-751121" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">stated the NTP’s findings in a single paragraph</a>, then devoted the rest of the article to an argument for why they should be ignored.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The NTP study was to be peer-reviewed at a meeting on March 26–28, amid signs that the program’s leadership is pivoting to downplay its findings. The NTP had issued a public-health warning when the study’s early results were released in 2016. But when the NTP released essentially the same data in February 2018, John Bucher, the senior scientist who directed the study, announced in a telephone press conference that “I don’t think this is a high-risk situation at all,” partly because the study had exposed the rats and mice to higher levels of radiation than a typical cell-phone user experienced.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">Microwave News</em>’s Slesin <a href="http://microwavenews.com/news-center/what-changed" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">speculated on potential explanations</a> for the NTP’s apparent backtracking: new leadership within the program, where a former drug-company executive, Brian Berridge, now runs the day-to-day operations; pressure from business-friendly Republicans on Capitol Hill and from the US military, whose weapons systems rely on wireless radiation; and the anti-science ideology of the Trump White House. The question now: Will the scientists doing the peer review endorse the NTP’s newly ambivalent perspective, or challenge it?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">---</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">...</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" word-spacing="word-spacing">Remarkably, cell phones had been allowed onto the US consumer market a decade earlier without any government safety testing. Now, some customers and industry workers were being diagnosed with cancer. In January 1993,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" word-spacing="word-spacing"> </span><a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/01/03/Lawsuit-claims-cellular-phones-cause-cancer/3575726037200/" style="word-spacing: 0.3px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s; outline: 0px !important;">David Reynard sued the NEC America Company</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" word-spacing="word-spacing">, claiming that his wife’s NEC phone caused her lethal brain tumor. After Reynard appeared on national TV, the story went viral. A congressional subcommittee announced an investigation; investors began dumping their cell-phone stocks; and Wheeler and the CTIA swung into action.</span></font></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A week later, Wheeler announced that his industry would pay for a comprehensive research program. Cell phones were already safe, Wheeler told reporters; the new research would simply “re-validate the findings of the existing studies.”</font></p><div class="teads-inread sm-screen" style="box-sizing: content-box; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" margin="margin" auto="auto" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" overflow="overflow" height="height" transition="transition" s="s" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color" max-width="max-width" hidden="hidden"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div class="teads-ui-components-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 10px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; text-align: center !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; height: 21px !important; line-height: 21px !important; letter-spacing: 0.3px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ADVERTISING</font></div><div id="moatPxDiv554692" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px; height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div id="moatPxDiv988336" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px; height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div id="moatPxDiv469601" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px; height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div id="moatPxDiv346683" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px; height: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><div class="teads-player" id="teads0" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; margin-bottom: 0px !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Carlo seemed like a good bet to fulfill Wheeler’s mission. He was an epidemiologist who also had a law degree, and he’d conducted studies for other controversial industries. After a study funded by Dow Corning, Carlo had declared that breast implants posed only minimal health risks. With chemical-industry funding, he had concluded that low levels of dioxin, the chemical behind the Agent Orange scandal, were not dangerous. In 1995, Carlo began directing the industry-financed Wireless Technology Research project (WTR), whose eventual budget of $28.5 million made it the best-funded investigation of cell-phone safety to date.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Outside critics soon came to suspect that Carlo would be the front man for an industry whitewash. They cited his <a href="http://microwavenews.com/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/backissues/m-a99issue.pdf#page=12" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">dispute with Henry Lai</a>, a professor of biochemistry at the University of Washington, over a study that Lai had conducted examining whether cell-phone radiation could damage DNA. In 1999, Carlo and the WTR’s general counsel sent a letter to the university’s president urging that Lai be fired for his alleged violation of research protocols. Lai accused the WTR of tampering with his experiment’s results. Both Carlo and Lai deny the other’s accusations.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Critics also attacked what they regarded as the slow pace of WTR research. The WTR was merely “a confidence game” designed to placate the public but stall real research, <a href="http://microwavenews.com/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/backissues/m-j03issue.pdf#page=18" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">according</a> to Louis Slesin, editor of the trade publication <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: inherit;">Microwave News</em>. “By dangling a huge amount of money in front of the cash-starved [scientific] community,” Slesin argued, “Carlo guaranteed silent obedience. Anyone who dared complain risked being cut off from his millions.” Carlo denies the allegation.</font></p><aside class="left indent indents current-issue" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 255px; margin: 20px 60px 0px -130px; position: relative; padding: 20px 0px;" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" float="float" left="left" important="important"><h4 style="box-sizing: border-box; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(229, 223, 212); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-family: " knockout="Knockout" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" rem="rem" font-weight="font-weight" margin="margin" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" color="color" rgb="rgb" line-height="line-height" text-transform="text-transform" uppercase="uppercase"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CUR.
</font></h4></aside><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whatever Carlo’s motives might have been, the documented fact is that he and Wheeler would eventually clash bitterly over the WTR’s findings, which Carlo presented to wireless-industry leaders on February 9, 1999. By that date, the WTR had commissioned more than 50 original studies and reviewed many more. Those studies raised “serious questions” about cell-phone safety, Carlo told a closed-door meeting of the CTIA’s board of directors, whose members included the CEOs or top officials of the industry’s 32 leading companies, including Apple, AT&T, and Motorola.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carlo sent letters to each of the industry’s chieftains on October 7, 1999, reiterating that the WTR’s research had found the following: “The risk of rare neuro-epithelial tumors on the outside of the brain was more than doubled…in cell phone users”; there was an apparent “correlation between brain tumors occurring on the right side of the head and the use of the phone on the right side of the head”; and “the ability of radiation from a phone’s antenna to cause functional genetic damage [was] definitely positive….”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carlo urged the CEOs to do the right thing: give consumers “the information they need to make an informed judgment about how much of this unknown risk they wish to assume,” especially since some in the industry had “repeatedly and falsely claimed that wireless phones are safe for all consumers including children.”</font></p><aside class="pull-quote-module" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(229, 223, 212); padding: 25px 0px; margin: 35px 0px; position: relative;" mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><div class="pull-quote-blocks" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-size: 1.25rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.43em; word-spacing: 0.3px; text-transform: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The World Health Organization classifies cell-phone radiation as a “possible” carcinogen.</font></p></div></aside><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The very next day, a livid Tom Wheeler began publicly trashing Carlo to the media. In a letter he shared with the CEOs, Wheeler told Carlo that the CTIA was “certain that you have never provided CTIA with the studies you mention”—an apparent effort to shield the industry from liability in the lawsuits that had led to Carlo’s hiring in the first place. Wheeler charged further that the studies had not been published in peer-reviewed journals, casting doubt on their validity.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wheeler’s tactics succeeded in dousing the controversy. Although Carlo had in fact repeatedly briefed Wheeler and other senior industry officials on the studies, which had indeed undergone peer review and would soon be published, reporters on the technology beat accepted Wheeler’s discrediting of Carlo and the WTR’s findings. (Wheeler would go on to chair the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates the wireless industry. He agreed to an interview for this article but then put all of his remarks off the record, with one exception: his statement that he has always taken <a href="https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116282.htm" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(207, 14, 14); border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: inherit; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s ease 0s; outline: currentcolor none 0px !important;">scientific guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration</a>, which, he said, “has concluded, ‘the weight of scientific evidence had not linked cell phones with any health problems.’”)</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; border: 0px; font-family: " mercury="Mercury" display="Display" a="A" b="B" font-size="font-size" px="px" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height" word-spacing="word-spacing" color="color" rgb="rgb" background-color="background-color"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"></span></font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>