CFAA computer fraud abuse act

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">case crumbles?</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/09/30/assange-extradition-cfaa-hacking/">https://theintercept.com/2020/09/30/assange-extradition-cfaa-hacking/</a></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=
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</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">4/19</font></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A former Democratic staffer on Friday <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/former-democratic-staffer-pleads-guilty-to-doxxing-gop-senators" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 191, 165); transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">pleaded guilty to five federal charges</a>, including<b> computer fraud </b>and witness tampering, after posting the personal information of five Republican senators online, Fox News reports.</p><div class="p1_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jackson A. Cosko was a former unpaid intern for Rep. Sheila Jackson (D-TX); previously, he had worked as a computer systems administrator in Sen. Maggie Hassan’s (D-NH) office until May 2018, when he was fired “for failing to follow office procedures,” according to Fox News. Court records show after the firing he “became angry and repeatedly burglarized the office without being detected.”</p><div class="p2_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="alt_ad_block" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="teadsNative" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In October, police began investigating after Cosko posted the home addresses and phone numbers of Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-KY), Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT), then-Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY).</p><div class="p3_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">According to Fox News, Cosko sent the information after he grew “angry about the senators’ support for Kavanaugh despite sexual assault allegations that President Trump’s nominee was facing during the hearings.”</p><div class="p4_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: Cabin, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cosko <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/capitol-police-probe-additional-doxxing-incidents-targeting-senators-including-rand-paul" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: rgb(0, 191, 165); transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer;">was arrested on Oct. 4, 2018</a>. Two days later, senators voted 50-48 to confirm Kanvanaugh to the Supreme Court.</p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">yikes, fail</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><article class="node-47288 node node-litigation-case view-mode-full clearfix" about="/our-work/litigation/cases/koch-industries-v-john-does-youth-climate-truth" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" style="outline: none; line-height: 1.455; margin-top: 1em;"><header style="outline: none;"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-above" style="outline: none; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"><div class="field-items" style="outline: none;"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded" style="outline: none;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; line-height: 1.455;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to <a href="https://www.eff.org/files/Koch%20v.%20Does.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">a decision</a> issued on Monday, a Utah federal court handed a victory to activists who imitate corporate spokespeople and websites in order to make a political point. (See, for instance,<a href="https://wagingnonviolence.org/2011/04/yes-men-and-us-uncut-announce-tax-return-donation-on-behalf-of-ge/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"> the recent Yes Men action</a> against GE’s tax evasion.) The case was between the group Youth for Climate Truth and the infamous Koch Industries. According to <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/05/utah-court-strikes-blow-free-speech-dismisses" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">analysis from the Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>:</font></p><blockquote style="margin: 0px 3em; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The case has its origin in a brief action carried out by members of Youth For Climate Truth (YFCT), a group concerned about climate change. The action targeted Koch Industries, a billion dollar company that has publicly challenged the science behind climate change theories.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Borrowing <a href="http://theyesmen.org/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">“identity correction”</a>techniques pioneered by groups such as the Yes Men, YFCT issued a press release, purportedly from Koch, in which the company promised to stop funding organizations that deny climate change.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The release was posted for a few hours on a website (</span><a title="www.koch-inc.com" href="http://www.koch-inc.com/" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">www.koch-inc.com</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) that partially imitated Koch Industries’ own website. The action received some media coverage, but no press organization thought the release was real. If Koch were sensible, that should have been the end of it.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But Koch was not sensible. It sued YFCT for trademark infringement, cybersquatting, violation of the <b>Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</b> (for allegedly not complying with the terms of service on the real Koch website) and assorted state claims, then issued subpoenas seeking the identities of the YFCT members. With help from <a href="http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/pressroomredirect.cfm?ID=3336" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">lawyers at Public Citizen,</a> YFCT moved to quash the subpoenas and dismiss the case.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Judge Dale Kimball granted the motion and threw the whole thing out. On the trademark claims, the judge noted that YFCT’s activities were clearly noncommercial and, therefore, governed by the First Amendment, not state or federal trademark law.</font></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">YFCT’s lawyer, Deepak Gupta of Public Citizen, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/business/media/14link.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">told </a><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/business/media/14link.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The New York Times</a></em> that he thought the primary motivation for the lawsuit was to expose the identities of the anonymous perpetrators.</font></p><blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 3em; padding: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s the tail wagging the dog,” Mr. Gupta said of using such accusations “to unmask your critics.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And it’s more common than you may think, he said, adding that he was able include more than a dozen cases on the subject in his court filing. And tellingly, he notes that some of these cases were withdrawn once an anonymous critic had been exposed.</font></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.48em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I asked Andy Bichlbaum of the Yes Men about this, and he said the decision didn’t surprise him. But, he added, “it’s always a relief when things happen according to common sense. A decision in Utah is a great place to start—now on to the rest of the world!”</font></p></div></div></div></header></article><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">huffpo</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">...</font></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><h4 style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.1em; font-weight: normal; visibility: visible;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Death Of A Boy Genius</font></strong></h4></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When it came to <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/technology/aaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" aaron="Aaron" swartz="Swartz" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.nytimes.com="www.nytimes.com" technology="technology" aaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html="aaron-swartz-internet-activist-dies-at-26.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">Aaron Swartz</a>, Ortiz seems to have taken Jackson’s words less as a warning and more as a road map. </font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Swartz, a programming prodigy who helped develop the RSS feed as a teenager and co-founded <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Reddit.com</span>, had chosen not to cash in on his extraordinary talents by moving to Silicon Valley. Instead, he became a prominent Internet activist and co-founder of the progressive group Demand Progress. </font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In July 2011, Ortiz <a href="http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/217115/20110719-schwartz.pdf" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" had="had" swartz="Swartz" indicted="indicted" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" s3.documentcloud.org="s3.documentcloud.org" documents="documents" schwartz.pdf="schwartz.pdf" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">had Swartz indicted</a> for committing fraud by allegedly violating a digital library’s terms of service. Swartz had developed a simple (for him) script that allowed his laptop to download millions of academic journal articles housed in that digital library JSTOR. Although JSTOR charged a fee for many articles, they were free for users inside the MIT library, where Swartz plugged in his laptop.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Prosecutors came to believe that Swartz planned to make all the articles he’d downloaded available online for free, according to individuals involved in the case. Whether or not that was his intent, Swartz handed over the hard drives containing the JSTOR data when he was caught, and JSTOR <a href="http://business.time.com/2013/01/14/mit-orders-review-of-aaron-swartz-suicide-as-soul-searching-begins/" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" declined="declined" to="to" press="press" charges="charges" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" business.time.com="business.time.com" mit-orders-review-of-aaron-swartz-suicide-as-soul-searching-begins="mit-orders-review-of-aaron-swartz-suicide-as-soul-searching-begins" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">declined to press charges</a>.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Ortiz continued to pursue the case, comparing Swartz’s transgression to that of <a href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/reddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft/" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" a="a" common="common" thief="thief" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" bits.blogs.nytimes.com="bits.blogs.nytimes.com" reddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft="reddit-co-founder-charged-with-data-theft" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">a common thief</a>. The lead prosecutor on the case, Assistant U.S. Attorney Stephen Heymann, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/stephen-heymann-aaron-swartz_n_3685191.html" target="blank" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" compared="compared" swartz="Swartz" to="to" a="a" rapist="rapist" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.huffingtonpost.com="www.huffingtonpost.com" stephen-heymann-aaron-swartz_n_3685191.html="stephen-heymann-aaron-swartz_n_3685191.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">compared Swartz to a rapist</a> who had “revictimized” MIT by not taking a plea bargain, according to a later MIT investigation. Heymann was also bothered that Swartz launched a “wild Internet campaign” in his own defense. (He had not done so.)</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All together, the federal charges brought against Swartz carried a maximum penalty of 35 years in prison and $1 million in fines. Heymann eventually offered to recommend a <a href="http://archive.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/01/14/mit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars/hQt8sQI64tnV6FAd7CLcTJ/story.html" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" six-month="six-month" prison="prison" sentence="sentence" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" archive.boston.com="archive.boston.com" metrodesk="metrodesk" mit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars="mit-hacking-case-lawyer-says-aaron-swartz-was-offered-plea-deal-six-months-behind-bars" hqt8sqi64tnv6fad7clctj="hQt8sQI64tnV6FAd7CLcTJ" story.html="story.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">six-month prison sentence</a> if Swartz pleaded guilty to the 13 felonies charged. But Swartz, who had physical health problems and also battled depression, was determined to avoid a prison term and multiple felony convictions. He also strenuously resisted the prosecutors’ demands that he be barred for years from using any computing technology.</font></p></div><blockquote class="content-list-component pull-quote" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 5px 0px 25px; padding: 15px 40px; border: none; line-height: 1.5em; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="quote" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; display: block; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1em; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carmen Ortiz is a prosecutor run amok.</font></span><span class="attribution" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Segal, Demand Progress co-founder and friend to Aaron Swartz</font></span></blockquote><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the end, the prospect of imprisonment — and guilt over the stress that the ordeal was causing his family and friends — pushed Swartz deeper into despair, <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/03/11/requiem-for-a-dream" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" according="according" to="to" people="people" close="close" him="him" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.newyorker.com="www.newyorker.com" magazine="magazine" requiem-for-a-dream="requiem-for-a-dream" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">according to people close to him</a>. He took his own life in January 2013.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even before that tragedy, a wide range of activists, elected officials and legal scholars had <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/14/aaron-swartz-carmen-ortiz_n_2472146.html?1358189541" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" accused="accused" ortiz="Ortiz" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.huffingtonpost.com="www.huffingtonpost.com" aaron-swartz-carmen-ortiz_n_2472146.html="aaron-swartz-carmen-ortiz_n_2472146.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">accused Ortiz</a> of prosecutorial overreach. Many blamed her for his death.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Segal, Swartz’s friend and colleague at Demand Progress, agrees. “Carmen Ortiz is a prosecutor run amok, with a long and well-known track record of filing unscrupulous and frivolous charges,” said Segal, a former Rhode Island statehouse representative. “T<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">hat prosecution led to the demise of one of the world’s greatest young activists, thinkers, and technologists.”</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Outrage at Ortiz’s treatment of Swartz was not confined to the liberal side. Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas), a former prosecutor himself, and Rep. Darrell Issa (R-Calif.) both </span><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/john-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" slammed="slammed" ortiz="Ortiz" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.huffingtonpost.com="www.huffingtonpost.com" john-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html="john-cornyn-eric-holder-aaron-swartz_n_2505528.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" box-shadow="box-shadow" rgb="rgb" px="px" inset="inset">slammed Ortiz</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">in the wake of Swartz’s death. A White House petition calling for her to be fired collected</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/15/petition-to-remove-carmen-ortiz_n_2479458.html" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" over="over" signatures="signatures" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" http="http" www.huffingtonpost.com="www.huffingtonpost.com" petition-to-remove-carmen-ortiz_n_2479458.html="petition-to-remove-carmen-ortiz_n_2479458.html" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" box-shadow="box-shadow" rgb="rgb" px="px" inset="inset">over 61,000 signatures</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">, though the</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> </span><a href="https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/remove-united-states-district-attorney-carmen-ortiz-office-overreach-case-aaron-swartz" data-beacon="{" p="p" lnid="lnid" white="White" house="House" declined="declined" to="to" respond="respond" mpid="mpid" plid="plid" https="https" petitions.whitehouse.gov="petitions.whitehouse.gov" petition="petition" remove-united-states-district-attorney-carmen-ortiz-office-overreach-case-aaron-swartz="remove-united-states-district-attorney-carmen-ortiz-office-overreach-case-aaron-swartz" data-beacon-parsed="true" class="bn-clickable" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" box-shadow="box-shadow" rgb="rgb" px="px" inset="inset">White House declined to respond</a><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"> on the ground that the matter was a personnel issue.</span></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christina Sterling, a spokeswoman for Ortiz, said in an email that federal prosecutors offered Swartz multiple plea bargain deals. The final proposal would have allowed Swartz to argue for, although not necessarily receive, probation.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“All of the plea proposals made by prosecutors were a small fraction of the sentence called for by the federal sentencing guidelines,” Sterling added.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Silverglate doesn’t think that explanation goes nearly far enough.</font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“No law forced Ortiz to use an atomic bomb against a mosquito,” the criminal defense attorney said. </font></p></div><div class="content-list-component bn-content-list-text text" data-beacon="{" p="p" mnid="mnid" citation="citation" data-beacon-parsed="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; width: 705px; max-width: 720px; min-width: initial;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Meanwhile, said Coakley, there’s a question about whether priorities are in the right order. “If you want to look at New York, they’ve been focused on financial crimes, people who’ve committed crimes related to the integrity of our whole financial system,” she said. “We still have human trafficking rings; we have enormous threats from domestic and other kinds of terrorist threats.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75rem;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/12/21/attorney-carmen-ortiz-announces-resignation">https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/12/21/attorney-carmen-ortiz-announces-resignation</a>/fV7IJmesqOU8SEYd1pylEO/story.html</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Georgia, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" em="em"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Georgia, " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" em="em">Bulger, Boston’s most notorious criminal, was apprehended in 2011, Ortiz’s office oversaw his prosecution in one of the state’s most high-profile trials. She was named the Boston Globe Magazine’s 2011 Bostonian of the Year, and she was quietly mentioned in political circles as a 2014 Democratic candidate for governor.</span></font></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“She always tried to make decisions based on what she thought was the right thing to do,” said Jack Pirozzolo, formerly Ortiz’s first assistant who is now an attorney for Sidley Austin. “And no one can argue that she successfully steered the office through some of the most difficult situations in the history of the city, including the Marathon bombing and the Bulger cases, just to name two.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Ortiz was also increasingly being criticized for overzealous prosecutions, especially the prosecution of Aaron Swartz, the Internet entrepreneur and activist. He was arrested in 2011 for breaking into a closet at MIT and hacking into a network of literary journals as a political statement advocating for the free flow of information on the Internet. He was charged with a felony, and Ortiz’s office recommended that he serve several months in prison.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As his case was pending, Swartz killed himself in January 2013 — and his supporters and family attribute his death to the aggressive prosecution.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I feel tremendous sorrow for what his family has gone through,” Ortiz said Wednesday.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I regret I wasn’t able to identify that situation early on and we didn’t have that opportunity to have that go on a different path because a young man at the end of the day did lose his life.”</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Martin Weinberg, a Boston-based attorney who battled Ortiz in several high-profile cases, including the probation case, represented Swartz. Weinberg said he has disagreed with many of Ortiz’s decisions, but said her overall tenure should be recognized for her sound judgment...</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.125em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style: none; line-height: 1.75em;" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" serif="serif"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">nom by ted kennedy</font></p><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://news.wgbh.org/2016/12/22/local-news/carmen-ortiz-triumphs-controversies-and-lingering-impact-aaron-swartz">http://news.wgbh.org/2016/12/22/local-news/carmen-ortiz-triumphs-controversies-and-lingering-impact-aaron-swartz</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><div><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The controversy involving Ortiz's pursuit of computer programmer Aaron Swartz has defined her tenure as much as her prosecution of gangsters and terrorists.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Swartz faced a possible 35-year prison sentence and a $1 million fine on charges that he accessed a subscription-only database of scientific articles through the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and planned to make the articles public. Swartz turned down a plea dealt that would have resulted in a felony and six months in federal prison. In January 2013, he hanged himself in his New York apartment.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It’s an incredible tragedy that this young man took his life,” Ortiz said, noting that her office didn’t know Swartz was in such a vulnerable place at the time.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ortiz added that she also regrets what she said is misinformation surrounding the case.</font></p></div></div></div><div class="field-item odd" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-pull-quote" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><blockquote class="pullquote" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 2rem;"><p class="pullquote__quote" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem -2rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-left: 2rem; border-left: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Sometimes it’s good to blame someone else in those situations. And to blame the government, that’s a great way to point the finger,”<span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-align="text-align" right="right">Carmen Ortiz</span></font></p></blockquote></div></div></div><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Listen below for part one of WGBH News's interview with Carmen Ortiz, where she talks more about the Aaron Swartz case.</font></span></p></div></div></div><div class="field-item odd" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-audio-clip" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field field-name-field-clip field-type-file field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="mejs-wrapper mejs-green" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 48px;"><span class="mejs-offscreen" style="box-sizing: inherit; top: -10000px; left: -10000px; overflow: hidden; width: 1px; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Audio Player</font></span><span class="mejs-offscreen" style="box-sizing: inherit; top: -10000px; left: -10000px; overflow: hidden; width: 1px; height: 1px; position: absolute !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The way that its messaged out there, unfortunately, is that facing many years in prison caused him to take the steps that he took, when at the time that that occurred, that was not accurate,” Ortiz said.</font></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="entity entity-paragraphs-item paragraphs-item-text" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“As I understand it, my prosecutors had been dealing with defense lawyers in that case and were talking about resolving the case to a matter of months,” she added. “The implication that this occurred because of how severe the penalties might be really weren’t swayed."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ortiz admits that her office could have communicated better with the public about the lessons of the Swartz case. In the end, however, she blames neither herself nor prosecutor Stephen Heymann for Swartz's death. The reality, she said, is that no one is responsible.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“I think when it immediately occurred and I became aware of it and we were blamed and I was blamed initially, certainly by the family, I felt that they had just suffered a tragic loss, and sometimes it’s good to blame someone else in those situations. And to blame the government, that’s a great way to point the finger,” she said. “I just wish we had the opportunity to save him.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; line-height: 1.8;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div></div></div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">bo 2015 duck petitions as personnel issue</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/obama-wont-fire-aaron-swartzs-federal-prosecutors/
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Aaron_Swartz"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Aaron_Swartz</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4">The <b style="">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</b> (<b style="">CFAA</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FirstEnacted_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-FirstEnacted-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup> was enacted by Congress in 1986 as an amendment to existing computer fraud law (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030" style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" background-position="background-position" right="right" center="center" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" repeat="repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030</a>), which had been included in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Crime_Control_Act_of_1984" title="Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984</a>. The law prohibits accessing a computer without authorization, or in excess of authorization.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer-related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill characterized the 1983 techno-thriller film WarGames—in which a young Matthew Broderick breaks into a U.S. military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war and unwittingly almost starts World War III—as “a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the personal computer.”</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The CFAA was written to increase the scope of the previous version of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030" style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" background-position="background-position" right="right" center="center" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" repeat="repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030</a> while, in theory, limiting federal jurisdiction to cases "with a compelling federal interest-i.e., where computers of the federal government or certain financial institutions are involved or where the crime itself is interstate in nature</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">." (see "Protected Computer", below).</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In addition to amending a number of the provisions in the original section 1030, the CFAA also </span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">criminalized additional computer-related acts</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Provisions addressed the distribution of malicious code and denial of service attacks. Congress also included in the CFAA a provision criminalizing trafficking in passwords and similar items</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FirstEnacted_1-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-FirstEnacted-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Since then, the Act has been amended a number of times—in 1989, 1994, 1996, in<b> 2001 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">USA PATRIOT Act</a></b>, 2002, and in 2008 by the Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In January 2015 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Barack Obama</a> proposed expanding the CFAA and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICO_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="RICO Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">RICO Act</a> in his <i style="">Modernizing Law Enforcement Authorities to Combat Cyber Crime</i> proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">DEF CON</a> organizer and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Cloudflare</a> researcher Marc Rogers, Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ron Wyden</a>, and Representative<b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Zoe Lofgren</a></b> have stated opposition to this on the grounds it will make many regular Internet activities illegal, and moves further away from what they were trying to accomplish with <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Aaron_Swartz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Aaron's Law</a>.</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Protected_computers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Protected computers</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Criminal_offenses_under_the_Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criminal offenses under the Act</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Specific_sections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Specific sections</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Notable_cases_and_decisions_referring_to_the_Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notable cases and decisions referring to the Act</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Criminal_Cases" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criminal Cases</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Civil_Cases" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Civil Cases</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Aaron_Swartz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Aaron Swartz</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#Amendments_history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Amendments history</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Protected_computers">Protected computers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protected computers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The only computers, in theory, covered by the CFAA are defined as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_computer" title="Protected computer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">protected computers</a>". They are defined under section <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030(e)(2)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(e)(2)</a> to mean a computer:</font></p><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">exclusively for the use of a financial institution or the United States Government, or any computer, when the conduct constituting the offense affects the computer's use by or for the financial institution or the Government; or</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">which is used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States...</font></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In practice, any ordinary computer has come under the jurisdiction of the law, including cellphones, due to the inter-state nature of most internet communication.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criminal_offenses_under_the_Act">Criminal offenses under the Act</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criminal offenses under the Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(a) Whoever—</font></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(1) having knowingly accessed a computer without authorization or exceeding authorized access, and by means of such conduct having obtained information that has been determined by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive order or statute to require protection against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national defense or foreign relations, or any restricted data, as defined in paragraph y. of section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, with reason to believe that such information so obtained could be used to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation willfully communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it;</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(2) intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains—</font><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(A) information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer as defined in section 1602 (n) [1] of title 15, or contained in a file of a consumer reporting agency on a consumer, as such terms are defined in the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.);</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(B) information from any department or agency of the United States; or</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(C) information from any protected computer;</font></dd></dl></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(3) intentionally, without authorization to access any nonpublic computer of a department or agency of the United States, accesses such a computer of that department or agency that is exclusively for the use of the Government of the United States or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, is used by or for the Government of the United States and such conduct affects that use by or for the Government of the United States;</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(4) knowingly and with intent to defraud, accesses a protected computer without authorization, or exceeds authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthers the intended fraud and obtains anything of value, unless the object of the fraud and the thing obtained consists only of the use of the computer and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any 1-year period;</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(5)</font><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(A) knowingly causes the transmission of a program, information, code, or command, and as a result of such conduct, intentionally causes damage without authorization, to a protected computer;</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(B) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, recklessly causes damage; or</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(C) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, causes damage and loss.</font></dd></dl></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(6) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics (as defined in section 1029) in any password or similar information through which a computer may be accessed without authorization, if—</font><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(A) such trafficking affects interstate or foreign commerce; or</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(B) such computer is used by or for the Government of the United States;</font></dd></dl></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(7) with intent to extort from any person any money or other thing of value, transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any—</font><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(A) threat to cause damage to a protected computer;</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(B) threat to obtain information from a protected computer without authorization or in excess of authorization or to impair the confidentiality of information obtained from a protected computer without authorization or by exceeding authorized access; or</font></dd><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">(C) demand or request for money or other thing of value in relation to damage to a protected computer, where such damage was caused to facilitate the extortion<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></dd></dl></dd></dl><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Specific_sections">Specific sections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific sections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(1)</a></span>: Computer Espionage. This section takes much of its language from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Espionage Act of 1917</a>, with the notable addition being that it also covers information related to "Foreign Relations", not simply "National Defense" like the Espionage Act.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(2)</a></span>: Computer trespassing, and taking government, financial, or commerce info</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(3)</a></span>: Computer trespassing in a government computer</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(4)</a></span>: Committing fraud with computer</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(5)</a></span>: Damaging a protected computer (including viruses, worms)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(6)</a></span>: Trafficking in passwords of a government or commerce computer</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(7)</a></span>: Threatening to damage a protected computer</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#b" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(b)</a></span>: Conspiracy to violate (a)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#c" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(c)</a></span>: Penalties</font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_cases_and_decisions_referring_to_the_Act">Notable cases and decisions referring to the Act</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable cases and decisions referring to the Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is both a criminal law and a statute that creates a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_cause_of_action" title="Implied cause of action" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">private right of action</a>, allowing private individuals and companies to sue to recover damages caused by violations of this law. There have been a number of notable court cases interpreting the CFAA in both criminal and civil cases.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criminal_Cases">Criminal Cases</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criminal Cases" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Morris(1991)" title="United States v. Morris (1991)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Morris (1991)</a></i>, 928 F.2d 504, decided March 7, 1991. After the release of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Morris worm</a>, an early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">computer worm</a>, its creator was convicted under the Act for causing damage and gaining unauthorized access to "federal interest" computers. The Act was amended in 1996, in part, to clarify language whose meaning was disputed in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-usvmorris505_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-usvmorris505-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Lori_Drew" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Lori Drew" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Lori Drew</a></i>, 2008. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cyberbullying</a> case involving the suicide of a girl harassed on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">myspace</a>. Charges were under 18 USC 1030(a)(2)(c) and (b)(2)(c). Judge Wu decided that using <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_2_C" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(2)(C)</a></span> against someone violating a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">terms of service</a> agreement would make the law overly broad. 259 F.R.D. 449 <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4"><i style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_14" title="PayPal 14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">United States v. Collins et al</a></i>, 2011. A group of men and women connected to the collective <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous(group)" title="Anonymous (group)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Anonymous</a> signed a plea deal to charges of conspiring to disrupt access to the payment website PayPal in response to the payment shutdown to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikileaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikileaks" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Wikileaks</a> over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Holland_Foundation" title="Wau Holland Foundation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Wau Holland Foundation</a> which was part of a wider Anonymous campaign, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Payback" title="Operation Payback" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Operation Payback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a></sup> They later became known under the name PayPal 14.</font></li></ul><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Aaron_Swartz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Aaron Swartz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">United States v. Aaron Swartz</a></i>, 2011. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Aaron Swartz</a> allegedly entered an MIT wiring closet and set up a laptop to mass-download articles from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">JSTOR</a>. He allegedly avoided various attempts by JSTOR and MIT to stop this, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address_spoofing" class="mw-redirect" title="MAC address spoofing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">MAC address spoofing</a>. He was indicted for violating CFAA provisions (a)(2), (a)(4), (c)(2)(B)(iii), (a)(5)(B), and (c)(4)(A)(i)(I),(VI).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a></sup> The case was dismissed after Swartz committed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">suicide</a> in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a></sup></font></li></ul><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Nosal" title="United States v. Nosal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Nosal</a></i>, 2011. Nosal and others allegedly accessed a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_computer" title="Protected computer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">protected computer</a> to take a database of contacts from his previous employer for use in his own business, violating 1030(a)(4)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup> This is a complex case with two trips to the Ninth Circuit, and another seen as likely after the latest conviction in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems#Antitrust_lawsuit" title="Cisco Systems" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Peter Alfred-Adekeye</a></i> 2011. Adekeye allegedly violated (a)(2), when he allegedly downloaded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CISCO" class="mw-redirect" title="CISCO" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CISCO</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IOS</a>, allegedly something that the CISCO employee who gave him an access password did not permit. Adekeye was CEO of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiven" title="Multiven" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Multiven</a> and had accused CISCO of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-competitive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-competitive</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i>United States v <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Aleynikov" title="Sergey Aleynikov" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sergey Aleynikov</a></i>, 2011. Aleynikov was a programmer at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Goldman Sachs</a> accused of copying code, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading" title="High-frequency trading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">high-frequency trading</a> code, allegedly in violation of 1030(a)(2)(c) and 1030(c)(2)(B)i-iii and 2. This charge was later dropped, and he was instead charged with theft of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trade secrets</a> and transporting stolen property.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_Nadim_Prouty" title="Nada Nadim Prouty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v Nada Nadim Prouty</a></i>, circa 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup> Prouty was an FBI and CIA agent who was prosecuted for having a fraudulent marriage to get US residency. She claims she was persecuted by a U.S. attorney who was trying to gain media coverage by calling her a terrorist agent and get himself promoted to a federal judgeship.<sup id="cite_ref-frogs1_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-frogs1-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v.Neil_Scott_Kramer" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Neil Scott Kramer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Neil Scott Kramer</a></i>, 2011. Kramer was a court case where a cellphone was used to coerce a minor into engaging sex with an adult. Central to the case was whether a cellphone constituted a computer device. Ultimately, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit found that a cell phone can be considered a computer if "the phone perform[s] arithmetic, logical, and storage functions", paving the way for harsher consequences for criminals engaging with minors over cellphones.<sup id="cite_ref-us_v_neil_scott_kramer_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-us_v_neil_scott_kramer-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_v.Kane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Kane (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States v. Kane</a></i>, 2011. Exploiting a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">software bug</a> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Poker machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">poker machine</a> does not constitute hacking<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup> because the poker machine in question was not a “protected computer” under the statute (not being connected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Internet</a> it was judged not to qualify as "protected computer" affecting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate commerce" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">interstate commerce</a>) and because the sequence of button presses that triggered the bug were considered "not exceed their authorized access." As of November 2013 the defendant still faces a regular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">wire fraud</a> charge.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></li></ul><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_Cases">Civil Cases</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil Cases" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i>Theofel v. Farey Jones</i>, 2003 U.S. App. Lexis 17963, decided August 28, 2003 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit), holding that the use of a civil subpoena which is "patently unlawful," "in bad faith," or "at least gross negligence" to gain access to stored email is a breach of both the CFAA and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_Communications_Act" title="Stored Communications Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Stored Communications Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Airport_Centers,L.L.C.v.Citrin" title="International Airport Centers, L.L.C. v. Citrin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">International Airport Centers, L.L.C. v. Citrin</a></i>, 2006, <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_5_A_i" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(5)(A)(i)</a></span>, in which Jacob Citrin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_erasure" title="Data erasure" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">deleted files</a> from his company computer before he quit, in order to conceal alleged bad behavior while he was an employee.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVRC_Holdings_v.Brekka" class="mw-redirect" title="LVRC Holdings v. Brekka" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">LVRC Holdings v. Brekka</a></i>, 2009 1030(a)(2), 1030(a)(4), in which LVRC sued Brekka for allegedly taking information about clients and using it to start his own competing business.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist_v.3Taps" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigslist v. 3Taps" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Craigslist v. 3Taps</a></i>, 2012. 3Taps was accused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Craigslist</a> of breaching CFAA by circumventing an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_blocking" title="IP address blocking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IP block</a> in order to access Craigslist's website and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">scrape</a> its classified ads without consent. In August 2013, US federal judge found 3Taps's actions violated CFAA and that it faces civil damages for “unauthorized access”. Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R.Breyer" title="Charles R. Breyer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Breyer</a> wrote in his decision that "the average person does not use “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_proxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous proxies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anonymous proxies</a>” to bypass an IP block set up to enforce a banning communicated via personally-addressed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cease-and-desist_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-and-desist letter" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cease-and-desist letter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup> He also noted "Congress apparently knew how to restrict the reach of the CFAA to only certain kinds of information, and it appreciated the public v. nonpublic distinction — but [the relevant section] contains no such restrictions or modifiers."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_v.PMSI,Inc." title="Lee v. PMSI, Inc." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lee v. PMSI, Inc.</a></i>, 2011. PMSI, Inc. sued former employee Lee for violating the CFAA by browsing Facebook and checking personal email in violation of the company's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptable_use_policy" title="Acceptable use policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">acceptable use policy</a>. The court found that breaching an employer's acceptable use policy was not "unauthorized access" under the act and, therefore, did not violate the CFAA.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America_v.George_Hotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz</a></i> and <i>Hotz v. SCEA</i>, 2011. SCEA sued "Geohot" and others for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">jailbreaking</a> the PlayStation 3 system. The lawsuit alleged, among other things, that Hotz violated <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030#a_2_c" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">§ 1030(a)(2)(c)</a></span> ([by] taking info from any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_computer" title="Protected computer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">protected computer</a>). Hotz denied liability and contested the Court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over him.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup> The parties settled out of court. The settlement caused Geohot to be unable to legally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hack (computer security)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hack</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">PlayStation 3</a> system furthermore.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulte_Homes,Inc.v.Laborers%27_International_Union" title="Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers' International Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers' International Union</a></i> 2011. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulte_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulte Homes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pulte Homes</a> brought a CFAA suit against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborers%27_International_Union_of_North_America" title="Laborers' International Union of North America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Laborers' International Union of North America</a> (LIUNA). After Pulte fired an employee represented by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">union</a>, LIUNA urged members to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">call</a> and send <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" title="Email" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">email</a> to the company, expressing their opinions. As a result of the increased traffic, the company's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Email server" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">email system</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">crashed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup></font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4">Provisions of the CFAA that effectively make it a federal crime to violate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">terms of service</a> of Internet sites have been criticized for allowing companies to forbid legitimate activities such as research, or remove protections found elsewhere in law. Terms of service can be changed at any time without notifying users. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Tim Wu</a> called the CFAA “the worst law in technology”.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Aaron_Swartz">Aaron Swartz</span></font></h3><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; width: 448.125px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div class="" style="position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The government was able to bring such disproportionate charges against Aaron because of the broad scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and the wire fraud statute. It looks like the government used the vague wording of those laws to claim that violating an online service’s user agreement or terms of service is a violation of the CFAA and the wire fraud statute.</font><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Using the law in this way could criminalize many everyday activities and allow for outlandishly severe penalties.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When our laws need to be modified, Congress has a responsibility to act. A simple way to correct this dangerous legal interpretation is to change the CFAA and the wire fraud statutes to exclude terms of service violations. I will introduce a bill that does exactly that.</font></div><cite style="font-style: inherit; display: block;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Rep. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Zoe Lofgren</a>, Jan 15, 2013 <sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup></font></cite></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
In addition to Lofgren's efforts, Representatives <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Darrell Issa</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jared Polis</a> (also on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House Judiciary Committee</a>) raised questions about the government's handling of the case. Polis called the charges "ridiculous and trumped up," referring to Swartz as a "martyr."<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_40-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-Hill-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup> Issa, chair of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House Oversight Committee</a>, announced an investigation of the Justice Department's prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_40-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-Hill-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></sup>In the wake of the prosecution and subsequent suicide of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Aaron Swartz</a>, lawmakers proposed amending the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Zoe Lofgren</a> drafted a bill that would help "prevent what happened to Aaron from happening to other Internet users".<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_37-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup>Aaron's Law (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2454" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">H.R. 2454</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1196" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cpath="Cpath" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" m1.5="M1.5" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" m5.765="M5.765" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" m9.995="M9.995" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">S. 1196</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup>) would exclude <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">terms of service</a> violations from the 1984 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute, despite the fact that Swartz was not prosecuted based on Terms of Service violations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[39]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">By May 2014, Aaron's Law was stalled in committee, reportedly due to tech company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oracle</a>'s financial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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