Earth Day

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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Last Earth Day, Wynn Bruce Set Himself on Fire Outside the Supreme Court. I Tried to Understand Why</b></font></div><div>Some saw my former student’s actions as a climate protest. As I examined the years leading up to his death, I found his grief for our planet was undeniable.</div><div>
</div><div>By Michael Kodas</div><div>April 22, 2023</div><div>Most journalism teachers would be thrilled to see their student’s name in the New York Times, but I shouted a curse and pushed my laptop away. The sobs didn’t come until later, and they returned often over the past year.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Three days earlier, on April 22, 2022—Earth Day—a Buddhist environmental activist sat down on the steps leading to the <b>U.S. Supreme Court, </b>stretched his legs out in front of him, folded his hands at his chest and, without saying a word, lit himself on fire. He was a photojournalist from Boulder, Colorado, the Times reported, and had died the following day. His father and friends believed he was protesting the U.S. government’s failure to confront climate change. His name was Wynn Bruc</span>e.</div><div>
</div><div>Eleven years before that, Wynn sat at the front of my classroom in a Colorado Community College on the first day of that semester’s photojournalism class. While the other students chatted and played with their phones and computers, he sat stock straight with his hands folded in his lap and his gaze focused on me as I plugged in my laptop. He was older than my other students—pushing 40—but was slender and looked fit, with horn-rimmed glasses between his dark, thinning hair and goatee. He had already done some homework—he knew that I focused my work on environmental issues and was excited to learn how to do that kind of photography. But he also wanted us to know about him.</div><div>
</div><div>“I have a brain injury,” he told the small class during our introductions.</div><div>
</div><div>On his way to a Friday night date in Florida when he was 18, the car he was riding in veered into a tree, killing his best friend, who was driving, and leaving Wynn in a coma for 10 days. Doctors drilled holes in his skull to relieve the pressure on his brain. He had been preparing to enter the Air Force, where he had signed up to train as a firefighter, but instead spent nearly six months after regaining consciousness learning how to walk and talk again.</div><div>
</div><div>Wynn didn’t dwell on his injury after telling us why he was different, but talked about his passion for making portraits, particularly of children. He spoke deliberately, briefly gathering his thoughts before each statement, but I saw little evidence of his disability in our first meeting. Still, he explained, his brain injury challenged his ability to organize his life and keep his thinking on track. He’d already started his own business—Bright and True Photography—shooting portraits and parties, but couldn’t manage his work and routines to make a living with the craft he loved.</div><div>
</div><div>“Sometimes I need a little extra help,” he told us.</div><div>
</div><div>Wynn had given up driving due to his disability and rode a bus about 30 minutes to the college. Our class was at night, its first meeting in January, and the dark, Colorado bus stop could be brutally cold and windy. After the first class, I started giving Wynn rides home and to class events. We rode together on a field trip to photograph the Frozen Dead Guy Days festival in Nederland. The event celebrated the memory of a deceased Norwegian outdoorsman brought to Colorado as part of a cryogenics experiment, but it seemed strangely symbolic to me after Wynn passed.</div><div>
</div><div>During the hours he sat in my passenger seat, I learned Wynn practiced Buddhism in the Shambhala tradition, hiked in the mountains whenever he could, attended yoga classes and loved dancing and music. He rode his bike year round to his insight meditation sangha, therapeutic dance gatherings, work at a local natural food store and just about every other corner of Boulder, where we both lived. Employees at the local REI, the outdoor gear store, knew him by name.</div><div>
</div><div>“You’re about as Boulder as someone can get,” I joked during one of our drives, kidding him about how well he fit with the city’s reputation as a home for adventurers, spiritual seekers and bicycle commuters. He told me he felt privileged to live in a community where so much environmental work was done. </div><div>
</div><div>With the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the largest National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration office in the country, the National Renewable Energy Lab, a top-tier science university and a plethora of other environmental labs and nonprofits, the Boulder area likely has the greatest density of climate scientists, policymakers and activists in the country. Some of them would be a part of his life, too.</div><div>
</div><div>But we also talked about the community’s environmental shortcomings. I spoke to Wynn’s class about photographing the reported 10,000 people who came to the University of Colorado Boulder’s campus for a “smoke out” commemorating 420—a date and time celebrating the consumption of cannabis—but only encountering a tiny fraction of that for Earth Day events on the campus two days later. Wynn complained to me about the thousands of vehicles that gridlocked the highway to Colorado ski resorts, and I admitted that the car he was riding in was often among them.</div><div>
</div><div>Wynn required tutoring to help him with some of his school work and to complete some basic tasks like personal finance. But some of his accomplishments seemed superhuman given his disability. He had managed to get the townhouse where he lived added to the city’s affordable housing stock and purchase it. He’d taken trips alone to explore Hawaii, Central A<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">merica and New Zealand, where, in one of his writings I unearthed after he died, he described spontaneously stripping to dive into one of the country’s frigid alpine lakes on Christmas Day. In the years after we met, I encouraged my students and colleagues to find ways to be “happy warriors” to keep grim news about climate and the environment from overwhelming them, and more than once cited Wynn as an example of someone who seemed to have done that.</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>During the hours we rode together in my car, we talked a lot about wildfire and climate. I had started writing a book about the wildfire crisis and the Fourmile Canyon Fire. It was the first of four fires in four years that would break Colorado’s “most destructive” wildfire record and had burned just outside Boulder a few months before we met. </b></div><div>
</div><div>Wynn was curious about the fire that had threatened the city where we lived, but he would have learned about it even if he wasn’t. It was impossible for anyone to spend time with me and not hear more than they cared to about the impacts of climate and fire on our world. In a town filled with the abstractions of climate science, it was one of the first concrete impacts. There would be many more before Wynn himself became one of them. </div><div>
</div><div>As I tried to understand his desperate act, remnants of his life haunted my own.</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/exhibits/show/main_exhibit/earthday/environmental-action-moving-fo/the-dirty-dozen"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/exhibits/show/main_exhibit/earthday/environmental-action-moving-fo/the-dirty-dozen</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the <span>first campaign was for the November 1970 congressional elections.

Environmental Action spent several months researching congressmen’s

voting records before identifying 12 congressmen who were enemies of the

environmental movement. Environmental Action leveraged their national

credibility with the media and the public to identify and defeat

lawmakers who were not responsive to the national climate on

environmentalism<b>. The first Dirty Dozen </b>included E. Ross Adair,

R-Indiana; William Ayres, R-Ohio; William Cowger, R-Kentucky; David

Dennis, R-Indiana; George Fallon, D-Maryland; John Kyl, R-Iowa; Earl

Landgrebe, R-Indiana; Odin Langen, R-Minnesota; Byron Rogers,

D-Colorado; Henry Schadeberg, R-Wisconsin; Lawrence Winn, R-Kansas; and

Roger Zion, R- Indiana.
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</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Earth Day</b> is an annual event, celebrated on April 22, on which day events <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">worldwide</a> are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. It was first celebrated in 1970, and is now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> and celebrated in more than 193 countries each year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On Earth Day 2016, the landmark <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Paris Agreement</a> is scheduled to be signed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">China</a>, and some 120 other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> This signing satisfies a key requirement for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_into_force" title="Coming into force" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">entry into force</a> of the historic draft <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">climate protection treaty</a> adopted by consensus of the 195 nations present at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> in Paris.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1969 at a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">UNESCO</a> Conference in San Francisco, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">peace activist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McConnell(peace_activist)" title="John McConnell (peace activist)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John McConnell</a> proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">U Thant</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations</a>. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gaylord Nelson</a>as an environmental <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">teach-in</a> first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>award in recognition of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Hayes" title="Denis Hayes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Denis Hayes</a>, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup> Numerous communities celebrate <b>Earth Week</b>, an entire week of activities focused on the environmental issues that the world faces.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: medium none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_1970" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day 1970</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#New_York_City" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">New York City</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Philadelphia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Philadelphia</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Predictions_from_Earth_Day_1970" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Predictions from Earth Day 1970</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_1990" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day 1990</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_2000" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day 2000</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Subsequent_Earth_Day_events" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Subsequent Earth Day events</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#The_Earth_Day_name" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The Earth Day name</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_Canada" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day Canada</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#History_of_the_Equinox_Earth_Day.28March_20.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20)</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#April_22_observances" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">April 22 observances</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Growing_eco-activism_before_Earth_Day_1970" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Significance_of_April_22" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Significance of April 22</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_anthems" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day anthems</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Anthem.28Abhay_K.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Anthem (Abhay K)</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#Earth_Day_Anthem.28William_Wallace.29" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Earth Day Anthem (William Wallace)</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></font></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Earth_Day_1970">Earth Day 1970</span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; font-size: 13.16px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 152px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg/150px-Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg/225px-Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg/300px-Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="475" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="150" height="220" /></a></font><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">U.S. Senator </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Edmund Muskie</a> speaking at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia on Earth Day, 1970</font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The first Earth Day celebrations took place in two thousand colleges and universities, roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities across the United States. More importantly, it "brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup> It now is observed in 192 countries, and coordinated by the nonprofit Earth Day Network, chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer Denis Hayes, according to whom Earth Day is now "the largest secular holiday in the world, celebrated by more than a billion people every year."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup> Environmental groups have sought to make Earth Day into a day of action to change human behavior and provoke policy changes.<sup id="cite_ref-edn_history_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-edn_history-10" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_York_City">New York City</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the winter of 1969–1970, a group of students met at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Columbia University</a> to hear Denis Hayes talk about his plans for Earth Day. Among the group were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kent" title="Fred Kent" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fred Kent</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Grannis" title="Pete Grannis" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pete Grannis</a>, and Kristin and William Hubbard. This group agreed to head up the New York City activities within the national movement. Fred Kent took the lead in renting an office and recruiting volunteers. "The big break came when Mayor Lindsay agreed to shut down Fifth Avenue for the event. A giant cheer went up in the office on that day," according to Kristin Hubbard (now Kristin Alexandre). 'From that time on we used Mayor Lindsay's offices and even his staff. I was Speaker Coordinator but had tremendous help from Lindsay staffer Judith Crichton."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to shutting down <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fifth Avenue</a>, Mayor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John Lindsay</a> made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Central Park</a> available for Earth Day. The crowd was estimated as more than one million—by far the largest in the nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Manhattan</a> was also the home of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" title="NBC" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">NBC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS" title="CBS" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">CBS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ABC</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Time</a></i>, and<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Newsweek</a></i>, it provided the best possible anchor for national coverage from their reporters throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Edmund Muskie</a> was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Fairmount Park</a> in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ralph Nader</a>; Landscape Architect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ian McHarg</a>; Nobel prize-winning Harvard Biochemist, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">George Wald</a>; U.S. Senate Minority Leader, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Hugh Scott</a>; and poet, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Allen Ginsberg</a>.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Predictions_from_Earth_Day_1970">Predictions from Earth Day 1970</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the 1970 Earth Day, given assumptions of continued exponential annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">population growth</a> of 2% or more<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup> and unchanged or increasing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">climate impact per person</a>, the following predictions were made:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Hayes" title="Denis Hayes" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Denis Hayes</a>, the chief organizer for the first Earth Day, wrote, "It is already too late to avoid mass starvation."</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gaylord Nelson</a>, the founder of Earth Day, stated, "Dr. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.Dillon_Ripley" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Dillon Ripley" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">S. Dillon Ripley</a>, secretary of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Smithsonian Institution</a>, believes that in 25 years, somewhere between 75 and 80 percent of all the species of living animals will be extinct."</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Peter Gunter, a professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Texas State University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">North Texas State University</a>, stated, "... by 1975 widespread famines will begin in India; these will spread by 1990 to include all of India, Pakistan, China and the Near East, Africa. By the year 2000, or conceivably sooner, South and Central America will exist under famine conditions.... By the year 2000, thirty years from now, the entire world, with the exception of Western Europe, North America, and Australia, will be in famine."</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R.Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Paul Ehrlich</a>, author of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Population Bomb</a></i>, predicted that between 1980 and 1989, 4 billion people, including 65 million Americans, would starve to death.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Magazine" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Life Magazine</a></i> wrote, "... by 1985 air pollution will have reduced the amount of sunlight reaching earth by one half."</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ecologist Kenneth Watt stated, "The world has been chilling sharply for about twenty years. If present trends continue, the world will be about four degrees colder for the global mean temperature in 1990, but eleven degrees colder in the year 2000. This is about twice what it would take to put us into an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">ice age</a>."</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Watt also stated, "By the year 2000, if present trends continue, we will be using up crude oil at such a rate … that there won’t be any more crude oil."</font></li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Earth_Day_1990">Earth Day 1990</span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">environmental issues</a> onto the world stage, Earth Day activities in 1990 gave a huge boost to<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">recycling</a> efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United Nations</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Rio de Janeiro</a>. Unlike the first Earth Day in 1970, this 20th Anniversary was waged with stronger marketing tools, greater access to television and radio, and multimillion-dollar budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1989_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day#cite_note-nytimes1989-14" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Gaylord Anton Nelson</b> (June 4, 1916 – July 3, 2005) was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">American</a> politician from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wisconsin</a> who served as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Senator</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">governor</a>. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Democratic Party" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Democrat</a>, he was the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Earth Day</a>, which launched a new wave of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">environmental activism</a>.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: medium none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></h2><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Biography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Early_life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Political_career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political career</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Life_after_politics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Life after politics</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Fraternity_membership" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Fraternity membership</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Death_and_legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Death and legacy</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#Primary_sources" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Primary sources</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></font></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nelson was born in 1916 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake,Wisconsin" title="Clear Lake, Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Clear Lake</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wisconsin</a>, where he grew up and was educated in the public schools. In 1939, he majored in Political Science at what is now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Jose State University</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,California" title="San Jose, California" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">San Jose, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> In 1942, he received a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Juris doctor" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">J.D.</a> degree from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Law_School" title="University of Wisconsin Law School" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of Wisconsin Law School</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Madison</a>, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law. He also served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">United States Army</a>, seeing action in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa campaign" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Okinawa campaign</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">World War II</a>.</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1948, Nelson was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wisconsin State Senate</a>. He remained a member until 1958. That year, Nelson was elected governor of Wisconsin, and he served two two-year terms before successfully running for Senate in 1962. He served three consecutive terms as a senator from 1963 to 1981. In 1963 he convinced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F.Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John F. Kennedy</a> to take a national speaking tour to discuss conservation issues. Senator Nelson founded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Earth Day</a>, which began as a teach-in about environmental issues on April 22, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Journal_obit_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-State_Journal_obit-2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although known primarily for his environmental work, Nelson also was a leading consumer advocate, strong supporter of civil rights and civil liberties, and one of the early outspoken opponents of the Vietnam war.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_obit_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-JS_obit-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1970, Nelson called for Congressional hearings on the safety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">combined oral contraceptive pills</a>, which were famously called "The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Pill_Hearings" title="Nelson Pill Hearings" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Nelson Pill Hearings</a>." As a result of the hearings, side-effect disclosure in patient inserts was required for the pill – the first such disclosure for a pharmaceutical drug.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nelson was also a noted advocate of small business. While chairman of the Senate Small Business Committee, he led successful efforts to authorize the first modern White House Conference on Small Business, create the system of Small Business Development Centers at U.S. universities, and improve the way that federal agencies regulate small businesses and other small entities, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_obit_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-JS_obit-3" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1973, Nelson was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gerald Ford</a> to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Vice President</a>. (The other two were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Thomas Eagleton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hathaway" title="William Hathaway" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William Hathaway</a>.)</font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Life_after_politics">Life after politics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life after politics" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After Nelson's 1980 defeat for re-election, he became counselor for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society(United_States)" title="The Wilderness Society (United States)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">The Wilderness Society</a> in January 1981. He received the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in September 1995 in recognition of his environmental work.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nelson viewed the stabilization of the nation's population as an important aspect of environmentalism. In his words:</font></p><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The bigger the population gets, the more serious the problems become…. We have to address the population issue. The United Nations, with the U.S. supporting it, took the position in Cairo in 1994 that every country was responsible for stabilizing its own population. It can be done. But in this country, it's phony to say "I'm for the environment but not for limiting immigration."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He also rejected the suggestion that economic development should take precedence over environmental protection:</font></p><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the environment, not the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2002, Nelson appeared on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth" title="To Tell the Truth" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">To Tell the Truth</a></i> as a contestant, with his founding of Earth Day highlighted.</font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Fraternity_membership">Fraternity membership</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fraternity membership" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nelson was an initiated member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pi Kappa Phi</a> Fraternity, having been initiated in 1971 during a trip to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grange,Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Grange, Georgia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">La Grange, Georgia</a> to promote the second annual Earth Day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.3; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaylord_Nelson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nelson died of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">cardiovascular</a> failure at age 89 on July 3, 2005.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> is named after him in recognition of his love for nature. In addition, the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson_Wilderness" title="Gaylord Nelson Wilderness" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gaylord Nelson Wilderness</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Islands_National_Lakeshore" title="Apostle Islands National Lakeshore" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Apostle Islands National Lakeshore</a> -– comprising more than 80% of the land area of the park –- was named after him in honor of his efforts to have the park created.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Nelson_State_Park" title="Governor Nelson State Park" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Governor Nelson State Park</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waunakee,_Wisconsin" title="Waunakee, Wisconsin" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Waunakee, Wisconsin</a>, is also named after him. Also, an elementary school in Clear Lake Wisconsin is named Gaylord A. Nelson Educational Center.</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">lamar smith --> wfb --> </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0em 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px; border: 0px none; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.94em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After his arrest, Einhorn jumped bail and spent decades evading authorities by hiding out in Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and France. After 23 years, he was finally extradited to the United States from France and put on trial. Taking the stand in his own defense, Einhorn claimed that his ex-girlfriend had been killed by CIA agents who framed him for the crime because he knew too much about the agency's paranormal military research. He was <a href="http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/why-do-adults-kill-children--0747/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); outline: 0px; font-size: 15.04px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6em; text-decoration: none;">convicted of murdering </a>Maddux and is currently serving a life sentence.</font></p><p style="margin: 0em 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px; border: 0px none; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.94em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although Einhorn was only the master of ceremonies at the first Earth Day event, he maintains that Earth Day was his idea and that he's responsible for launching it. Understandably, Earth Day's organizers have distanced themselves from his name, citing Gaylord Nelson, an environmental activist and former Wisconsin governor and U.S. senator who died in 2005, as Earth Day's official founder and organizer.</font></p><p style="margin: 0em 0px; padding: 0.6em 0px; border: 0px none; outline: 0px; font-size: 0.94em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sen. Gaylord Nelson created <a href="http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/surprising-recyclables-1598/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); outline: 0px; font-size: 15.04px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.6em; text-decoration: none;">Earth Day </a>in the spring of 1970 as a way to bring national awareness to the fact that, at the time, there were no legal or regulatory mechanisms in place to protect the environment. About 20 million participants at various Earth Day events across the U.S. made Earth Day a success, and in December of 1970, Congress authorized the creation of a new federal agency to tackle environmental issues — the EPA.</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42711922/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/earth-day-co-founder-killed-composted-girlfriend/#.U4TR0pRdWgc">http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42711922/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/earth-day-co-founder-killed-composted-girlfriend/#.U4TR0pRdWgc</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>