yosie, terry GCC

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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">on redemption tour?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/19/big-oil-climate-crisis-lobby-group-api</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GUK no lnx</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></font></font></font></div><div><b>How a powerful US lobby group helps big oil to block climate action</b></div><div>
</div><div>[An ad paid for by<b> API as part of its Energy For Progress </b>campaign to cast natural gas as climate-friendly. API’s chief executive has pledged to resist a raft of Biden’s environmental measures. Photograph: Mike Segar/Reuters]</div><div>
</div><div>The American Petroleum Institute receives millions from oil companies – and works behinds the scenes to stall or weaken legislation</div><div>
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</div><div>Chris McGreal</div><div>Mon 19 Jul 2021&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>When Royal Dutch Shell published its annual environmental report in April, it boasted that it was investing heavily in renewable energy. The oil giant committed to installing hundreds of thousands of charging stations for electric vehicles around the world to help offset the harm caused by burning fossil fuels.</div><div>
</div><div>On the same day, Shell issued a separate report revealing that its single largest donation to political lobby groups last year was made to the American Petroleum Institute, one of the US’s most powerful trade organizations, which drives the oil industry’s relationship with Congress.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Contrary to Shell’s public statements in support of electric vehicles, API’s chief executive, Mike Sommers, has pledged to resist a raft of Joe Biden’s environmental measures, including proposals to fund new charging points in the US. He claims a “rushed transition” to electric vehicles is part of “government action to limit Americans’ transportation choice</b>”.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Shell donated more than $10m to API last year alone.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">And it’s not just Shell. Most other oil conglomerates are also major funders, including ExxonMobil, Chevron and BP, although they have not made their contributions public.</span></div><div>
</div><div>The deep financial ties underscore API’s power and influence across the oil and gas industry, and what politicians describe as the trade group’s defining role in setting major obstacles to new climate policies and legislation.</div><div>
</div><div>Critics accuse Shell and other major oil firms of using API as cover for the industry. While companies run publicity campaigns claiming to take the climate emergency seriously, the trade group works behind the scenes in Congress to stall or weaken environmental legislation.</div><div>
</div><div>Earlier this year, an Exxon lobbyist in Washington was secretly recorded by Greenpeace describing API as the industry’s “whipping boy” to direct public and political criticism away from individual companies.</div><div>
</div><div>Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, a Rhode Island Democrat and strident critic of big oil’s public relations tactics, accused API of “lying on a massive industrial scale” about the climate crisis in order to stall legislation to combat global heating.</div><div>
</div><div>“The major oil companies and API move very much together,” he said.</div><div>
</div><div>Whitehouse said the oil and gas industry now recognizes it is no longer “socially acceptable” to outright deny climate change, and that companies are under pressure to claim they support new energy solutions that are less harmful to the environment. But that does not mean their claims should be taken at face value.</div><div>
</div><div>“The question as to whether they’re even sincere about that, or whether this is just ‘Climate is a hoax 2.0’, is an unknown at this point,” he added.</div><div>
</div><div>Shell has defended its funding by saying that while it is “misaligned” with some of API’s policies, the company continues to sit on the group’s board and executive committee in order to have “a greater positive impact” from within. The petroleum firm claims that its influence helped manoeuvre API, which represents about 600 drilling companies, refiners and other interests such as plastics makers, toward finally supporting a tax on carbon earlier this year.</div><div>
</div><div>With Biden in the White House and growing public awareness of global heating, there are signs API’s influence may be weakening as its own members become divided on how to respond.</div><div>
</div><div><b>The French oil company Total quit the group earlier this year over its climate policies. </b>Shareholder rebellions are pressing Exxon and Chevron to move away from dependence on oil. Top clean energy executives at Shell quit in December over the pace of change by the company.</div><div>
</div><div>API is also fighting a growing number of lawsuits, led by the state of Minnesota, alleging that the trade group was at the heart of a decades-long “disinformation campaign” on behalf of big oil to deny the threat from fossil fuels.</div><div>
</div><div>But despite threats to API’s lasting influence, Whitehouse argues the trade organization represents the true face of the industry. Instead of using its considerable power to push for environmentally friendly energy laws, API is still lobbying to stall progress with the oil industry’s blessing.</div><div>
</div><div>“Their political effort at this point is purely negative, purely against serious climate legislation. And many of them continue to fund the fraudulent climate denialists that have been their mouthpieces for a decade or more,” Whitehouse said.</div><div>
</div><div>Since API was founded in 1919 out of an oil industry cooperation with the government during the first world war, it has evolved into a major political force with nearly $240m in annual revenue.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Its board has been dominated by heavyweights from big oil, such as Rex Tillerson, the Exxon chief who went on to become Donald Trump’s secretary of state, and Tofiq Al Gabsani, the chief of Saudi Refining, a subsidiary of the giant state-owned Aramco oil giant. Al Gabsani was also registered as a lobbyist for the Saudi government.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">API also hired professional lobbyists, including Philip Coone</span>y, who went on to serve under George W Bush as chief of staff of the Council on Environmental Quality until he was forced to resign in 2005 after tampering with government climate assessments to downplay scientific evidence of global heating and to emphasise doubts. Shortly afterward, Cooney was hired by Exxon.</div><div>
</div><div>API came into its own as the realities of the climate crisis crept into public and political discourse, and the industry found itself on the defensive. The trade group, which claimed to represent companies supporting 10m jobs and nearly 8% of the US economy, played a central role in efforts to combat new environmental regulations.</div><div>
</div><div>In many cases, API was prepared to carry out the dirty work that individual companies did not want to be held responsible for. In 1998, after countries signed the Kyoto Protocol to help curb carbon emissions, API drew up a multimillion-dollar disinformation campaign to ensure that “climate change becomes a non-issue”. The plan said “victory will be achieved” when “recognition of uncertainties become part of the ‘conventional wisdom’”.</div><div>
</div><div>Much of this is the basis of several lawsuits against API. The first was filed last year by the Minnesota attorney general, Keith Ellison, who accuses the group of working alongside ExxonMobil and Koch Industries to lie about the scale of the climate crisis. The suit alleges that “previously unknown internal documents” show that API and the others well understood the dangers for decades but “engaged in a public-relations campaign that was not only false, but also highly effective” to undermine climate science.</div><div>
</div><div>The city of Hoboken in New Jersey is also suing API, claiming that it engaged in a conspiracy by joining and funding “front groups” that ran “deceptive advertising and communications campaigns that promote climate disinformation and denialism”.</div><div>
</div><div>The lawsuits allege that API funded scientists known to deny or underplay climate changes, and gave millions of dollars to ostensibly independent organisations, such as the Cato Institute and the George C Marshall Institute, which denied or downplayed the growing environmental crisis.</div><div>
</div><div>“API has been a member of at least five organizations that have promoted disinformation about fossil-fuel products to consumers,” Ellison alleges in Minnesota’s lawsuit. “These front groups were formed to provide climate disinformation and advocacy from a seemingly objective source, when, in fact, they were financed and controlled by ExxonMobil and other sellers of fossil-fuel products.”</div><div>
</div><div>It wasn’t always this way.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">When <b>Terry Yosie joined API in 1988 </b>as vice-president for health and environment, the trade group had spent years funding scientists to research climate issues after hearing repeated warnings. In 1979, API and its members formed the Climate and Energy Task Force of oil and gas company scientists to share research.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Yosie, who moved to API from the Environmental Protection Agency, controlled a $15m budget, part of which he used to give workshops on climate change by EPA officials and other specialists.</span></div><div>
</div><div>“I brought them together in front of oil industry senior level executives for the sole purpose of making sure this industry had some understanding as to what other significant stakeholders thought about climate change, where they saw the issue evolving, what information they were relying on,” he said.</div><div>
</div><div><b>When Yosie left API in 1992, he believed oil the lobby group was still serious about addressing the growing evidence of climate change. But a year later, it disbanded the task force at the same time that Exxon abandoned one of the industry’s biggest research programmes to measure climate change.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Yosie believes that confronted with the true extent of the looming disaster, API and the oil companies ran scared, choosing instead to pursue an agenda informed by climate denialism.</div><div>
</div><div>“As the climate issue began to move from the periphery to the centre stage, I think there was a collective loss of confidence in the entire industry, a fear that this was not a debate that was winnable,” he said.</div><div>
</div><div><b>API and its financial backers founded a front organisation, the deceptively named Global Climate Coalition</b>, to drum up purported evidence that the climate crisis was a hoax. In the late 1990s, the GCC’s chairman, William O’Keefe, was also API’s executive vice-president, a man who falsely claimed that “climate scientists don’t say that burning oil, gas and coal is steadily warming the earth”.</div><div>
</div><div>API and the GCC led attacks on Bill Clinton’s support for the Kyoto protocol with a “global climate science communications plan” that misrepresented the facts about global heating.</div><div>
</div><div>The relationship between API and big oil remained exceptionally close throughout. Exxon’s chief executive served on the lobby group’s executive committee for most of the past three decades, and the two worked together in promoting denialism over the climate crisis.</div><div>
</div><div>The focus of API’s efforts were on Congress, where it led the industry’s opposition to policies, such as the 2009 cap-and-trade legislation to control carbon emissions.</div><div>
</div><div>“Most of the funding for the Republican party, and probably a very considerable amount of the big dark money funding behind the Republican party, comes out of the fossil fuel industry,” said Whitehouse. Last year, API indirectly gave $5m to the conservative Senate Leadership Fund to back Republican election candidates (many of whom question climate science), and to the campaigns of members of the energy committees in both houses of Congress.</div><div>
</div><div>[Marty Hoffert, Professor Emeritus of Physics at New York University, poses for a portrait in his garage, surrounded by his RC planes, in Ocala, Florida on Sunday afternoon, June 27, 2021.</div><div>The scientists hired by big oil who predicted the climate crisis long ago</div><div>Read more]</div><div>
</div><div>Growing public disquiet, and the departure of oil-friendly Donald Trump from the White House, shifted the ground for API. In March it launched a Climate Action Framework, which for the first time endorsed policies such as carbon pricing. It also stated its support for the Paris climate agreement.</div><div>
</div><div>API called the plan “robust” but others noted the lack of specifics and its sincerity was called into question when an Exxon lobbyist was caught on camera earlier this year saying that a carbon tax will never happen and that support for the measure was a public relations ploy intended to stall more serious measures.</div><div>
</div><div>And between API’s lost support from Total, and the Shell executives who resigned in December over what they regarded as the company’s foot-dragging on greener fuels, there are signs of shifting attitudes within the industry itself.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Shell and BP have said they will continue to review their support for API.<b> Shell said that where it disagrees with API’s position, the company “will pursue advocacy separately”.</b></span></div><div>
</div><div><b>However, Peter Frumhoff, director of science and policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists, is sceptical that there has been any significant change in direction.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>“I think it’s fair to say that API and its prominent member companies have have a broadly shared goal, which is to keep the social licence of the oil and gas industry operating, and therefore enabling them to continue to extract oil and gas for as long as possible, as profitably as possible,” he said.</b></div><div>
</div><div>This story is published as part of Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of news outlets strengthening coverage of the climate story</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">frontline 4/22</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">pt 1:</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">part 1:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>JAMES HANSEN:</b></span></font></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I realized I was going out on a limb. Not all scientists agreed with me that we were ready to say those things. But they were based on sound physics and observations and models.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>It was as if the rocket had lifted off. I wrote on the hearing transcript, "historic."</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Some experts are saying now that the whole world is heating up because of a global greenhouse effect.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And in the long run that could mean devastating changes to all life on Earth.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>By the next morning, the story was on the front page of&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The New York Times</span>.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE REPORTER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are no easy solutions. We’re talking here about the use of gas and coal and oil.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scientists urge heavy conservation, a switch to solar energy and a search for new power sources. Pragmatists would argue that we cannot change our energy habits overnight. Scientists say we had better get going.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">SEN. AL GORE, D-Tennessee, 1985-1993:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In those years there was still a spirit of bipartisanship. When really important challenges to the public interest appeared, you could work across the political aisle.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DAVID HARWOOD:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I felt like tremendous progress was being made. There was greater awareness. There was public policy emerging. There was international negotiations developing.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>TIMOTHY WIRTH:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Momentum is on our side. And it kind of opened up the world, the feeling of "Wow, this is really going to change." But the minute targets and timetables began to appear, those were magic signals to the industry. "Uh-oh, this is serious." Little did we know how devastating the counterattack was going to be.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="">TERRY YOSIE, SVP, E. Bruce Harrison PR firm, 1992-1997 :</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I've collected documents from every place where I've worked. My basement looks like a trash bin and a fire hazard. But nevertheless!</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I knew that having access to original documents, that were, in my view critical to certain decisions being made would be enormously valuable.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive]</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;I’m Terry Yosie, vice president for health and environment at the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> American Petroleum Institute</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> I want to thank you—</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">API at that time was tremendously influential. It was the chief lobbying organization for the petroleum industry and had representation from some of the major oil companies—Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Shell, BP. Companies like that.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By early 1989, the newspapers, the television networks were bombarding API with questions such as, "What do you think of Hansen's testimony?" "What is your view of climate change in general?" "What do you think needs to be done about climate change?" "Terry, what do you make of all of this?"</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The decision was made that a briefing needed to be prepared for industry CEOs.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] <b>“Global Warming: The Knowns and Unknowns. By Terry F. Yosie, American Petroleum Institute."</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] </span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“There is scientific consensus that the atmosphere is changing due to human activities. There are three schools of thought that characterize the scientific and public debate over global warming. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The first is</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> that a crisis exists and that immediate measures are needed to ameliorate it through strong government actions. The second school of thought is that the problem will go away by itself. The third school of thought, and one that reflects API's present thinking, was expressed by a scientist named<b> Patrick Michaels in a recent article in&nbsp;<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Washington Post</span>.</b> ‘Our policies,’ noted Michaels, ‘should be no more drastic than the scientific conclusions they are based upon.’"</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>PROF. PATRICK MICHAELS,</b>&nbsp;Univ. of Virginia, 1980-2007:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">I’m not—I hate this word—I'm not a denier. I'm a lukewarmer. Totally different. And people get that wrong.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The lukewarm view on climate change, which means climate change is real, people have something to do with it,<b> but it's probably not the end of the world. I'm probably a lukewarm libertarian, too</b>.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Archive] </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">There is a real problem with this so-called global warming apocalypse projection. The Earth may in fact be going in the other direction, and until we solve that, it seems to me that we ought not take any very expensive remuneration.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TERRY YOSIE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Pat Michaels was not a major voice in the scientific community on climate change. But I think he was primarily useful to the industry as an external voice of doubt creating more skepticism about policymakers taking action</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] “In that vein, API must become an active participant in the scientific and policy debate. We are well on our way to doing that.<b> We must make policymakers fully aware of the uncertainty surrounding the global warming issue.”</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's amazing. I mean, it's a call to action. They're realizing it's going down, we need to be in the room talking about uncertainty and downplaying the urgency, effectively. That that is the call.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN, FRONTLINE producer/director:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Can I ask you to take a look at the document in front of you?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This thing?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yeah, which we found in the Exxon archives.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">This says it all right here. This paragraph starts, "<b>Exxon’</b>s long-term public presence and contributions to the scientific field give us unique credibility within the petroleum industry. We served on a task force of the <b>American Petroleum Institute and contributed significantly to the development of the API position on climate change.</b>”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>So essentially what we see as the API position is the Exxon position on climate change.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[Reading] </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">"Our advice and input influenced the positions of NAM—the National Association of Manufacturers—CMA—the Chemical Manufacturers Association—and the Global Change Coalition," which is probably the Global Climate Coalition.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">These </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">trade associations are key.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> They are working with other shields and other umbrellas. Their focus is trying to emphasize uncertainty. And we can show that they pretty much did that in following years.</span></b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NARRATION:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In response to questions, API said critics were "cherry-picking information from decades ago to support a misleading predetermined narrative," and that as climate science has evolved, so has the industry.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Exxon Mobil has denied that its policy at that time was to emphasize uncertainty.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1992...</font></span></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/#video-2">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/#video-2</a></font></div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">----</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">mofo cya:</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">jerry taylor started by edit michaels books --> niskasen</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM, E. Bruce Harrison PR firm, 1993-97:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Everybody wanted to get the Global Climate Coalition account because it was a coalition of the biggest industries in America.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I was brought in to handle press relations for the Global Climate Coalition. A lot of reporters were assigned to write stories, and they were struggling with the complexity of the issue. So I would write backgrounders so that reporters could read them and get up to speed.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="">TERRY YOSIE: basement full of paper</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] “It is important for GCC to continue to emphasize the scientific uncertainty surrounding climate change.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] “Scientists, economists, academics and other noted experts carry greater credibility with the media and general public than industry representatives.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] “Communication efforts should be directed toward expanding the platform for <b>third-party</b> spokespersons.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The idea behind a third party is that you form a relationship with somebody who already has some stature or standing around a particular topic, in this case climate change, and you recruit that person, you pay that person to give a speech or write an op-ed. The Global Climate Coalition would do the background work of placing that op-ed or maybe editing it.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I met some really brilliant climatologists and meteorologists. I met Pat Michaels. He'd struck me as someone who was very smart. He loved talking about this issue.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What was your relationship with the GCC? Global Climate Coalition?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>PATRICK MICHAELS:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Oh, God. Not much.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You were on their scientific advisory board.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PATRICK MICHAELS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yeah. What does that mean? I don't think we ever had a meeting.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I understand you did.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PATRICK MICHAELS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>We did? It wasn't much of a relationship at all. I mean, when you bring up GCC, it's like, "Oh, wait a minute, who were those guys?"</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How did the funding that you received from the fossil fuel industry impact what you were able to do work-wise and impact the views that you took?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PATRICK MICHAELS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Didn't change what I do, didn't change the way I think.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How much do you think you did receive from industry?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PATRICK MICHAELS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>I don’t know.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Do you feel like in a way you were sort of used by them, that you were—</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PATRICK MICHAELS:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">No, I was using them. You got that wrong. What—I mean—I'm somewhat verbal, and I like to write, and I have an overestimation of my ability, my sense of humor. But can you imagine somebody giving you a little bit of money to say "Write whatever you want every two weeks?"<b>&nbsp;We had a blast doing that.</b>&nbsp;We weren't doing what we were told; we were doing what we wanted.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The Global Climate Coalition</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is seeding doubt everywhere, sort of fogging the air with these counterarguments that are contradictory and nonsensical. Running this propaganda across the country, putting millions of dollars into this media effort. And environmentalists really don't know what's hitting them.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Did it cross your mind or give you any late-night worries that you were being paid by a group that had a vested interest in delaying action, blocking action, creating doubt in the minds of the public and policymakers?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The backgrounders I was writing, the narrative that I represented as the communications lead for the Global Climate Coalition was not a popular narrative. There's no question about that. Was there truth in all the materials? Yes, there was. There was a lot we didn't know at the time, and part of my role was to highlight what we didn't know. It wasn't just that we, that is the <b>Global Climate Coalition, needed to come up with contrarian voices. The media needed them to have balance.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JOHN PASSACANTANDO:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You want to make an assumption that it's a meritocracy. A good argument will prevail, and it will displace a bad argument. But what the geniuses of the PR firms who work for these big fossil fuel companies know is that truth has nothing to do with who wins the argument. If you say something enough times, people will begin to believe it.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Finally tonight, some new word on the temperature of the world. Charlayne Hunter-Gault has that story.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's warmer than ever, and last year set a record. That's what British meteorologists reported—</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They say that 1995 was the warmest year since records first were kept in 1856.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE SPEAKER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You have ice slowly melting. You have sea levels rising. You have places like the Maldive Islands, that’s only a meter above sea level, that could be completely underwater.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BENJAMIN SANTER, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Laboratory, 1992-2021:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We knew. We knew in '95 that humans were affecting the global climate. In 1990, the First Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, concludes that it's too soon to tell definitively whether there is or is not a human-caused global warming signal. Five years later, a very, very different finding: People at different institutes, using different statistical methods, different models, formally identified a human-caused global warming signal. This was a paradigm shift in scientific understanding of the reality of human effects on climate.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I was 40 years old. I had spent 1 1/2 years working as convening lead author for Chapter 8 of the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report, "Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We were in plenary in the beautiful Palacio de Congresos de Madrid, delegates from nearly 100 countries. We're all there to discuss the language that was relevant to Chapter 8. Some of the industry scientists were involved in the process. Haroon Kheshgi from Exxon was there from the beginning of our work on Chapter 8 right through to the end.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The Global Climate Coalition and the Saudis and Kuwaitis dominated the plenary sessions, saying,</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"If you say something's uncertain, then it can be overturned." Which led to all of these sometimes heated exchanges, because uncertainty is an irreducible part of climate science. The notion that uncertainties mean you can't say anything useful about anything is prepostero</b>us.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">There were these extraordinary back-and-forth discussions. And my job was to implement those changes that we had discussed and agreed upon. I think the most critical part of the changes after Madrid was the <b>deletion of the concluding summary.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chapter 8 had a summary up front and a summary at the end. No other chapter had a summary at the end. Now the second summary discussed many of the uncertainties, essentially repeating much of the up-front summary. So some of the government comments that we received said, <b>"You need to delete the second summary." Which we did.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The bottom-line finding agreed upon by all countries present in Madrid was 12 words: quote, <b>the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate</b>, unquote.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Madrid was a triumph of the science. The science won. It was a big deal.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FEMALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hi, I’m Joie Chen. An international panel of scientists agrees we can blame ourselves for global warming....</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE NEWSREADER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">—in Madrid, where 2,500 scientists from around the world have finally agreed with one another and are convinced that burning oil and coal is causing the world's temperature to rise, which may bring with it environmental disaster.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How do you think this is going to affect policy action on this?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">MALE SPEAKER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's certainly ammunition for those that would like more government regulation of industry to move away from fossil fuels to other forms of energy.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BENJAMIN SANTER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In retrospect those 12 words were the handwriting on the wall.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">What happened next was that the Global Climate Coalition really came onto my radar screen. </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the spring of 1996, they published this report, "The IPCC: Institutionalized</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> 'Scientific Cleansing.'</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" They were arguing that I had purged all discussion of uncertainty from the document, which was patently untrue. Twenty percent of Chapter 8 was specifically devoted to the discussion of uncertainties.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] "The changes quite clearly have the obvious political purpose of cleansing the underlying scientific report of important information and scientific analysis that would lead policymakers and the public to be very cautious, if not skeptical, about blaming human activities for climate change over the past century."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I had grandparents who were "cleansed" because of their religion in the Second World War. People were being cleansed because of their religion in Bosnia. And the Global Climate Coalition, through this odious "scientific cleansing," was arguing that I was guilty of a crime.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] "These revisions raise very serious questions about whether the IPCC has compromised or even lost its scientific integrity."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Um, I certainly had a, probably a role in the creation of this. There's a level of detail here I just, I don't remember. But what I do—<b>I do remember the gist of this, where things were said at one point in the process and then they disappeared at the next, and that struck me as troubling. And so I noted that to the folks in the Coalition.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BENJAMIN SANTER:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">This stuff caught on like wildfire. Patrick Michaels devoted substantial time to amplifying the Global Climate Coalition’s allegations.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Others picked up that report and repeated bits of it verbatim.<b> Things became worse when Prof. Frederick Seitz wrote an op-ed in&nbsp;</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>The Wall Street Journal</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>. </b>I was accused of the worst abuse of the peer-reviewed system that Prof. Seitz had seen in his 60 years as a scientist. Folks were calling for my dismissal with dishonor from my position.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> A gentleman intimated that I was about to be indicted by the Hague International Court of Justice for quote, falsification of international scientific documents.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>That document set in motion a number of public attacks on the lead scientist, the lead author of that chapter.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oh.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JANE McMULLEN:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He was particularly shaken by the accusation that he was guilty of scientific cleansing. He found that hard to take.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DON RHEEM:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yeah, that wouldn't have been terminology, by the way, that I would have used</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> How this was used and what others did with it was outside of my control and purview. And it troubles me to hear that this had such an impact on an individual. That's not something I would want to do to anybody.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>BENJAMIN SANTER:</b></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>This attack on individuals, on their integrity, decency, honesty, involved high personal cost, and the Global Climate Coalition knew what they were doing. Sow those seeds of doubt, and watch them grow and mature. And they did.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">KERT DAVIES:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Clearly, one of the GCC’s main missions was to blunt the scientific urgency driven by scientific reports.</b></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Simultaneously, there's an assessment done, written by a Mobil scientist within the GCC. So it says, "Can human activities affect the climate?" And the answer is, "The scientific basis for the greenhouse effect and the potential impact of human emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 on the climate is well established and cannot be denied."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What's really interesting about this document is the back six pages—and this is just a draft; this was never published as far as we know. [Reading] "Several arguments have been put forward attempting to challenge the conventional view of greenhouse gas-induced climate change."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Patrick Michaels is named as one of the people putting forward these arguments and concludes, "They do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change." So don’t use don’t use their voice!</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NEELA BANERJEE, Supervising Climate Editor, NPR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The science was growing more certain, and Exxon's own scientists were working with scientists in academia to discern the human fingerprint on a changing climate.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I'm looking at an article written by Lee Raymond, who was chairman of Exxon Corp., and it looks like this is from the mid-1990s. "Global warming: who's right? Facts about a debate that's turned up more questions than answers."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee Raymond was certainly the person with the greatest stature in the oil industry to push for this narrative, that the science around climate change was uncertain and therefore we shouldn't act precipitously to address it.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PROF. MARTIN HOFFERT, Exxon consultant, 1981-87:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What's the date of this? My God. Is this '82? No, this says 1996. We—[laughs] I am just flabbergasted by this.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Reading] “The unproven theory [laughs]—This policy, if implemented, has ominous economic implications, yet scientific evidence remains inconclusive as to whether human activities affect global climate.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It's just total baloney. This person should never be the CEO of an energy company. I think it's outrageous that he would say such a thing because he has a world-class climate and carbon cycle research group in his own laboratory in Exxon Research & Engineering. He could pick up the phone and ask one of the people in that group if that statement is true, and they would tell him that it isn't.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He's using something which is a lie to justify a policy which is bad for the world. And I would have to say that on an ethical basis, it's actually evil. I think he should be ashamed of himself. And I think he should apologize to the world for saying that.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NARRATOR:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee Raymond did not respond to interview requests.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In its statement to us, Exxon Mobil insisted that its "public statements about climate change are, and have always been, truthful, fact-based, transparent and consistent with the contemporary understanding of mainstream climate science."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Until his retirement in 2005, Lee Raymond continued to publicly question the science of climate change.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee Raymond</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Interviewed in 2005</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LEE RAYMOND:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is a natural variability that has nothing to do with man.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHARLIE ROSE:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What would that be?</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LEE RAYMOND:</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The climate has changed every year for millions of years. Now the question is, is part of what's happening related to something other than natural variability? And if so, how do you determine what that is? And the reality is, the science isn't there to make that determination.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Chapter iv. The Grand Fog</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.725em; hyphens: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div>