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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">see NERA main</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/fueling-dissent/">https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/fueling-dissent/</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FUELING DISSENT</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">How the oil industry set out to undercut clean air</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After casting doubt on climate change for decades, industry consultants have turned their attention to air pollution</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Illustration by Robert Fresson</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by Jie Jenny Zou</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tom Dart of Guardian US contributed reporting</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>December 12, 2017</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">SAN ANTONIO, Texas ― On sunny days, when his classmates at St. John Bosco Elementary School run out to play, Gabriel Rosales heads to the school nurse for a dose of Albuterol. The fine mist opens his airways, relaxing the muscles in his chest. Without it, recess could leave the 9-year-old gasping for breath. He gets a second dose at the end of the day before heading home.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Over the past year, Gabriel’s asthma has worsened. Visits to the emergency room, shortened trips to the park, and reliance on inhalers have become his new norm. “It got to the point where I couldn’t even leave him with anybody,” said his father, Gabe, who works as a consultant to the National Association of Public Employees, a workers’ advocacy group, and a seasonal field director of the Bexar County Democratic Party. “One time he almost looked blue.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gabriel’s health is deteriorating alongside air quality in San Antonio, where oil and gas development, a hotter climate and a growing population have combined to spell misery for a city that once boasted clean air compared to other Texas metropolitan areas. Part of the problem lies southeast of the city in the Eagle Ford Shale, a 400-mile-long hub of hydraulic fracturing that unleashes microscopic particles and smog-causing, ground-level ozone.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b>The state’s environmental regulator — the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality — hasn’t made things better.&nbsp;</b>In fact, it’s followed in the footsteps of Big Oil’s biggest lobby, the American Petroleum Institute, which has forestalled progress on ozone for decades. Using consultants also hired by<b>&nbsp;API,&nbsp;</b>the commission has spent millions of taxpayer dollars in an effort to undercut scientific evidence linking particulate matter and ozone with bronchitis, asthma and premature death.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">Read more about API's history of climate denial and its ties to the White House ]</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Air quality is the new frontier for climate-change skeptics long tied to API. The institute has fueled uncertainty on climate by producing what critics call misleading scientific and economic studies. Now, by attempting to discredit established research on ozone and fine particles, API and its cadre of doubters are trying to undermine the Clean Air Act — the landmark U.S. law credited with saving millions of lives. Working in concert with other free-market groups, they’re taking their message to Capitol Hill. API officials did not grant interview requests from the Center for Public Integrity.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Residents of San Antonio’s low-income, mostly Latino neighborhoods — like Hillcrest, where Gabriel Rosales lives — bear the brunt of poor air quality even if they aren’t in ozone hot spots, said Mario Bravo, an outreach specialist with the Environmental Defense Fund. “They have less access to health care,” Bravo said. “They have less access to transportation to get to the health-care providers.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">‘A lot like climate’</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In June, two peer-reviewed studies trumpeted a conclusion at odds with years of solid science: fine-particle pollution long linked to premature death and chronic illness isn’t as dangerous as health advocates contend. If true, the findings would call into question health benefits claimed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which has set ever-tightening air-quality standards.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">There was a catch, however. The articles — which were published within a week of one another — appeared in Critical Reviews in Toxicology and Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, two journals favored by industry consultants alleged to promote pay-for-play science. And both studies were funded by API, a trade group that has spent $40 million since 2013 to lobby Congress on topics ranging from taxes to global warming.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Twitter</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>“Our study is published...air quality does not kill. $600 million of EPA junk science up in smoke,” climate-change skeptic and Donald Trump acolyte Steve Milloy tweeted in June, linking to the Regulatory Toxicology article</b>. During a congressional luncheon a month later, the former coal executive took credit for conceiving the study before turning it over to friend,&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">S. Stanley Young, and two other statisticians</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, who authored the final article. No mention of Milloy’s involvement is made in the publication.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Read more about how Big Oil is trying to sow skepticism of science among judges ]</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Some of the same data were used in the Critical Reviews article published by Louis Anthony “Tony” Cox Jr</b>., which also disputed the link between fine particles and mortality. Cox, a biostatistician from Colorado,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">&nbsp;started consulting for API in 1988.&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cox disclosed that his paper “benefitted from close proofreading and copy-editing suggestions from API” but denied in an interview that his findings were influenced.<b>&nbsp;In November, he was named the next chair of the EPA’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee, drawing criticism from groups like the Union of Concerned Scientists.</b></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The science on particle pollution, much like the science on global warming, is exhaustive and widely accepted, with thousands of studies pointing to serious health implications. The World Health Organization notes that particulate matter “affects more people than any other pollutant,” with effects observed at even “very low concentrations.” The particles — found in automotive and industrial exhaust and smaller than one-fifth of the width of a strand of hair — form a toxic mix with ozone that lodges deep in the lungs<b>. Unlike Cox, most researchers are no longer fixated on whether this form of pollution is fundamentally dangerous; they worry instead about whether it can cause — not just exacerbate — chronic illness.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Attacking the science is one way of undermining the Clean Air Act, said John Walke of the Natural Resources Defense Council, which advocates for more protective air-quality standards. The Clean Air Act is routinely hailed as one of the most cost-effective federal laws, even by business groups. In 2015, the EPA estimated that the law will have saved the U.S. economy $2 trillion by 2020 while costing $65 billion to implement. About 85 percent of the act’s benefits come from reducing fine-particle pollution, which raises the risk of early death. Opponents of the law “deny that air pollution is deadly … or even harmful in order to try to pretend that no benefits are delivered,” Walke said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Steve Milloy</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Milloy’s July luncheon at the Rayburn House Office Building — billed as a “congressional staff and media briefing” — was little more than a plug for his latest book, “Scare Pollution: Why and How to Fix the EPA,”</b>&nbsp;which condemns the “echo chamber of deceptive science” on ozone and fine particles. The event was hosted by Myron Ebell, who chairs the Cooler Heads Coalition, a climate-skeptics’ group that began as an alliance of free-market think tanks. “It’s a lot like climate,” Milloy told the audience. “This stuff is pulled out of thin air.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“It’s a lot like climate... This stuff is pulled out of thin air.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Reached for comment, Milloy said the study is not an attack on the Clean Air Act but part of his 20-year effort to expose the EPA’s “garbage-in, garbage-out” air pollution research</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. He denied having any formal ties to API.&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">“I am very, very disappointed in the American Petroleum Institute and all the oil companies for not defending their products, for leaving the science to people like me,” he said.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Young, who authored the study, stood behind its findings and disputed the idea that industry funding presents ethical conflicts. His study data are publicly available, he said, but the EPA isn’t as transparent. Ebell agreed, accusing the agency of using “junk science” to justify air-quality and greenhouse-gas regulation.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>
</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Despite their misgivings about the EPA, all three men have become tethered to the agency. Earlier this year, Ebell oversaw the EPA transition for Trump, leading a group that included Milloy. Young was named to the EPA’s Science Advisory Board in October</b>.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., co-founder of the Senate Climate Action Task Force, complained that such appointments have become all too common.&nbsp; “These people were fringe fanatics and industry stooges fighting on behalf of the industry a propaganda war against science,” he said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Milloy and Ebell were listed among the authors of a $2 million plan to amplify uncertainty in climate science — as revealed in a 1998 API memo leaked to The New York Times. Both say the memo grew out of an API brainstorming session that never resulted in concrete action, with Milloy calling it “just a big joke.”</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Years before, API had refuted the very concept of global warming under President Charles DiBona</b>, who joined the institute shortly after a stint as energy policy advisor to Richard&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Nixon in the 1970s. White House communications show that DiBona regularly met with then-API President Frank Ikard, a close friend of Nixon’s</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, before becoming Ikard’s deputy in 1974.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">“You heard that a scientific consensus now exists,” DiBona said during API’s annual meeting in 1996. “This claim is beyond misleading; it is dead wrong.”</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;He borrowed an analogy from MIT physicist Richard Lindzen, who likened climate models to Ouija boards. By 2003, a group of scientists funded by API had turned out the first of several studies characterizing the warming trend as a natural phenomenon.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>The same year, however, the United Nations was holding its ninth conference on climate change —&nbsp; focusing on how to mitigate warming. In 2001, an international consortium of scientists had delivered its third report on the trend, reaffirming findings that climate change was real and manmade.</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Reached by phone recently, DiBona declined to answer any questions about the organization he led for 18 years. Months after retiring from API in 1997, DiBona joined the board of Halliburton</b>, an oilfield-service company then headed by future vice president Dick Cheney. DiBona is now an API honorary lifetime director and an</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;advisory chairman for a mining investment company based in the Cayman Islands.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>
</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>In recent years, fringe views espoused by API have found a receptive audience in U.S. Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas</b>), whose climate-denial credentials rival those of Republican Sen. James Inhofe of Oklahoma. Since Smith became chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology in 2013, the panel has handed out dozens of subpoenas — many to scientists at regulatory agencies and environmental groups — aiming to debunk climate research.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Smith — whose district includes San Antonio — has opened the committee’s hearing rooms to Cooler Heads Coalition events such as Milloy’s book promotion and briefings that urged the United States to drop out of the 2015 Paris climate agreement. In February, he reissued a controversial subpoena to New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, who is investigating ExxonMobil’s historical knowledge on climate change. Since he joined Congress in 1989, Smith’s top campaign donors have been from the oil and gas sector, which gave him at least $764,000, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. Smith did not respond to requests for comment.</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">In 2016, Influence Map, a nonprofit environmental research group, estimated that ExxonMobil had spent about $27 million on “climate obstruction” lobbying and advertising campaigns. That amount was dwarfed by the $65 million API spent on similar efforts, the group found. ExxonMobil is one of the oldest and largest API members.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>‘Tired, old industry argument’</b></div><div><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In July, the House passed a bill targeting what its proponents called “job-killing regulations” — namely, bedrock air-quality standards. Its lead author was&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rep. Pete Olson,&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">a Republican from the ozone-plagued Houston area. All but four of the 229 “aye” votes were cast by Republicans, Lamar Smith among them.</span></b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Under Olson’s bill, states would have until 2025 to meet the EPA’s latest ozone limit, which was supposed to take effect in October</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The agency, which is legally required to update air standards to keep pace with evolving science, would be obligated to review rules for pollutants once a decade, as opposed to once every five years.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>The 2017 bill is the latest iteration of a proposal Olson first floated in 2015, seeking to delay regulation of ozone</b>. The same day his bill passed, 144 trade groups, including regional offshoots of API, pledged their support in a letter to Congress. Oil and gas interests have been Olson’s top political contributors, donating more than $1 million to his campaigns since 2007. A Senate version of the bill has not come up for a vote.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>In an email, Olson’s office wrote that the congressman “believes the Clean Air Act is critically important” but has “fundamental concerns” about Texas’ ability to meet tighter standards. Pollution control, the email said, “can be done rationally and with an eye on our economy.”</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>By law, the EPA is not allowed to consider cost when setting ozone standards, but that hasn’t stopped API and other industry groups from injecting economics into the policy debate</b>.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;Much like scientists for hire, economists have provided API with grist to challenge regulations</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Armed with seemingly authoritative studies from firms such as&nbsp;<b>NERA Economic Consulting,</b>&nbsp;t</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">he institute has recast issues such as action on climate change as reckless moves that could tank the U.S. economy. NERA, whose clients include API collaborators such as the National Association of Manufacturers and the American Chemistry Council, was co-founded by Irwin Stelzer, an economist who works at the Hudson Institute, a free-market think tank.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Such studies, like the NERA report Trump cited when he announced the U.S. exit from the Paris climate agreement earlier this year, can be “extremely misleading,” often tallying every conceivable cost and ignoring every possible benefit, said<b>&nbsp;Ben Franta</b>, a Stanford University researcher investigating API’s climate activities. Because data underlying these reports are proprietary, Franta said, in many cases they can neither be verified or debunked. What’s left are unsupported arguments: “New ozone rules could be the most expensive ever,” reads an API webpage linking to dozens of NERA findings.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality has taken a tack similar to API’</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">s.&nbsp;</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Since 2013, the TCEQ has paid NERA more than $870,000 f</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">or economic research on ozone — a topic the firm studied earlier for API. More than $2.2 million in taxpayer funds have also been spent on contracts with Gradient — a consultancy previously hired by API to question the benefits of a stricter ozone limit. The TCEQ declined to comment on this story but on its website describes its mission as protecting the “state’s public health and natural resources consistent with sustainable economic development.”</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Anne E. Smith, a managing director at NERA,</b>&nbsp; did not respond to emails and phone calls seeking comment. She was among several industry-friendly voices at a 2015 TCEQ ozone workshop in Austin led by Michael Honeycutt,&nbsp; the agency’s director of toxicology. Other speakers included Gradient scientists, the editor of Critical Reviews in Toxicology, industry toxicologist Michael Dourson and air researcher Robert Phalen, known for saying the air “is a little too clean for optimum health.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>The group’s findings were later referenced by Honeycutt at a House Science Committee&nbsp;</b>hearing, where he argued against a tighter EPA ozone standard. Honeycutt said the risks posed by the pollutant were “small” and any change could discourage people from “outdoor exercise.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Speakers at the Austin workshop have risen to prominence in the Trump administration. This fall, Honeycutt, Anne Smith, Dourson and Phalen were all named to key EPA science positions as either advisers or staff. Their fringe views on ozone — championed by API — have alarmed public-health advocates and run counter to the EPA’s own findings. The agency strengthened its ozone standard in 2015 after reviewing more than 1,000 new studies.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Economics has long figured into API’s strategy to derail ozone rule</b>s. In 1971, the newly formed EPA set the ozone standard at 80 parts per billion, but in 1979 took an unexpected U-turn and weakened it to 120 ppb — angering industry and environmentalists alike. The latter called the reversal scientifically indefensible and accused the EPA of prioritizing economics over health. API promptly sued the EPA, with President DiBona claiming the relaxed standards would still cost “billions of dollars without significantly improving the quality of the environment or the health of the public.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Spurred by lawsuits from the American Lung Association that compelled it to update air standards based on the latest science, the EPA reverted to its original 80 ppb ozone limit in 1997. The cap is now at 70 ppb, though even that number may not be protective enough, as some research has found health effects at 60 ppb.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Nonetheless, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt — a former Oklahoma attorney general with deep ties to oil and gas — tried to keep the 70 ppb standard from taking effec</b>t</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. He backed off on the delay after 16 state attorneys&nbsp; [teAm BLUE] general sued the agency in August. In a lawsuit filed this month, however, environmental groups accused the EPA of failing to enforce the rule.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pruitt had put forth what Dr. Greg Diette — a lung specialist at Johns Hopkins University who has testified in favor of tighter ozone standards — calls “a tired, old industry argument. They say, ‘It’s going to put us out of business,’ and it doesn’t,” Diette said. “All this stuff always comes down to who has to pay.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But not all costs are economic. High ozone days are the hardest for Diette’s patients. “It can be terrifying — it’s the sensation of not being able to breathe,” he said. “Some feel as if they're going to pass out. Some feel as if they're going to die.”</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Asthmatics can do little more than hide indoors in an air-conditioned environment. The only other option, Diette said, is to move.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Relocating isn’t possible for the Rosales family of San Antonio, who are uninsured and struggling to keep up with the cost of Gabriel’s medications. The air he breathes is expected to degrade further as oil prices rebound and drilling picks up in the Eagle Ford.</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=
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</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b style="">Alfred Edward Kahn</b>&nbsp;(October 17, 1917 – December 27, 2010) was an American professor, an expert in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">regulation</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">deregulation</a>, and an important influence in the deregulation of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline industry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">airline</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">energy industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Commonly known as the "Father of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Airline Deregulation</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-time_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-time-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;he chaired the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Civil Aeronautics Board</a>&nbsp;during the period when it ended its regulation of the airline industry, paving the way for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost airlines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">low-cost airlines</a>, from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="People Express" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">People Express</a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Southwest Airlines</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He was the&nbsp;<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J.Thorne" title="Robert J. Thorne" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Julius Thorne</a>&nbsp;</b>Professor Emeritus of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Political Economy</a>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University</a>.</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#Work_in_deregulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Work in deregulation</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#Published_works" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Published works</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#Awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kahn was born in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, on Oct. 17, 1917, to parents Jacob and Bertha Kahn. His father, a Russian Jewish immigrant, worked in a silk mill.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;Kahn graduated from high school at 15 and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York University</a>&nbsp;at 18,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">summa cum laude</a>&nbsp;(highest average in his graduating class). He earned his doctorate in economics from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yale University</a>&nbsp;in 1942 after graduate study at NYU and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Missouri</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Before World War II, he also worked for policy research organizations and government agencies in Washington, including the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Brookings</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"> Institution</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and the <b>antitrust division of the&nbsp;</b></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S. Justice Department</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_obituary_4-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-bloomberg_obituary-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;After serving in the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Army</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, he became Chairman of the Department of Economics at&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_College(Wisconsin)" title="Ripon College (Wisconsin)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ripon College</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He moved to&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Cornell University</a>&nbsp;in 1947, where he served as chairman emeritus of the Department of Economics (a position he held for the rest of his life)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the University and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. In 1974, he became chairman of the&nbsp;</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dps.ny.gov/" style="background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">New York Public Service Commission</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and later served as<b> Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board, Advisory to the President on Inflation under&nbsp;</b></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Jimmy Carter</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and Chairman of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Wage_and_Price_Stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on Wage and Price Stability" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Council on Wage and Price Stability</a></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>, Carter's "inflation czar," until 1980</b>.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">While serving under Carter, Kahn became known for his blunt and sometimes politically damaging comments. Convinced that certain administration policies would lead to a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">depression</a>, but having been chided for using the term, he began saying that the economy would "become a banana." After banana producers objected, he changed his&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">euphemism</a>&nbsp;to "kumquat</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">".</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;He explained inflation in one press conference by saying "Inflation occurs when everyone is trying to take a piece of the pie, but there isn't enough pie to go around." While President Carter tried to downplay the significance of certain economic figures, Kahn called them "a catastrophe."<b> At one point, a frustrated Kahn offered his resignation, but Carter refused. Kahn joked, "I don't know why the president doesn't fire me. Actually, I do. There's no one else foolish enough to take this job."</b></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">He served on many private boards on commissions addressing regulated and deregulating industries such as electricity, telecommunications, and transportation. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He also received numerous awards for his work in economics, regulation, and deregulation. A seminar room in the Lincoln Hall Music Library of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Cornell University</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;is named in his honor. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">He also maintained a long relationship with NERA Economic Consulting (formerly National Economic Research Associates)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1982, he was elected to the<b>&nbsp;</b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Cause" title="Common Cause" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Common Cause</b></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;National Governing Board.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to his professorship at Cornell, Kahn sang baritone in university productions of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas from 1964 until retiring from the stage in 2000; he did a particularly fine turn as the Lord Chancellor in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iolanthe</a>&nbsp;in the early 1970s. He was badly injured in a 2003 car crash and endowed the New York hospital that saved him with funds to set up a camera traffic-surveillance system so emergency-room doctors could view the accidents that injured their patients.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kahn remained completely convinced that deregulating the airlines was a success. When a friend complained that increased numbers of passengers on flights resulted in him sitting next to "a filthy hippie" on a plane, he replied, "Since I haven't heard from the hippie, I can assume the distaste wasn't reciprocated." In 2008, the nonagenarian Kahn gave a speech to the Global Airport International Summit in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Boston</a>&nbsp;where he said, "The industry in the last 30 years gave the public something it had not received before: high quality, space, and low cost. It catered to a variety of demands and abilities today so that we had an enormous spread of fares. It offered the people upgrades such as business class and frequent flyer miles." Admitting that he was no expert on airplanes or the fine details of the industry, Kahn once said "I can't tell one plane from the other. To me, they're all just marginal costs with wings."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kahn was the father-in-law of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mark_Fogel" title="Daniel Mark Fogel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Daniel Mark Fogel</a>, president of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BFP052511_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-BFP052511-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Professor Kahn died of cancer in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaca, NY" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ithaca, NY</a>&nbsp;at the age of 93, on December 27, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Work_in_deregulation">Work in deregulation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kahn's strong advocacy of deregulation stemmed largely from his understanding as an economist of <b>marginal-cost theory</b>. In his time at the New York Public Service Commission he was instrumental in using marginal costs to help price electricity and telecommunications services; this was novel at the time but is routinely performed today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While serving as Chairman of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Civil Aeronautics Board</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(CAB), which regulated commercial airline fares, in</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 1977-1978, Kahn (a self-described "good&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">liberal</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Democrat</a>")</span><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_9-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-CBS-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;oversaw the deregulation of commercial air fares.<b> As one analyst put it, Kahn "set to work with . . . other&nbsp;</b></span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States#Contemporary_progressivism" title="Progressivism in the United States" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">progressives</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" including Senator&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Edward Kennedy</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, future&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Supreme Court</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Justice&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Stephen Breyer</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and consumer advocate&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ralph Nader</a></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>&nbsp;to "dismantle anti-consumer cartels that had been sustained by government regulation.</b>"</span><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_9-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-CBS-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;At the same time the CAB was disbanded, as&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">deregulation</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;of commercial air fares made the agency no longer necessary. <b>This is one of the very few examples of a regulatory agency deregulating itself out of existence</b>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[</sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He has consistently argued that, where feasible, complete deregulation is preferable to partial deregulation. "The verdict of the great majority of economists would, I believe, be that deregulation has been a success –- bearing in mind, as always, the central argument ... that society's choices are always between or among imperfect systems, but that, wherever it seems likely to be effective, even very imperfect competition is preferable to regulation .... Recent experience clearly suggests, instead, that the mixed system may be the worst of both possible worlds."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In an interview with&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">USA Today</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;<b>he said he wished he could have deregulated the telecommunications industry.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He has served as an expert witness in many regulatory matters, particularly in issues regarding flat rate pricing for telecommunications, marginal costing in both telecommunications and electricity, and&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">net neutrality</a>.</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> After his death,&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Economist</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;wrote:</span></font></p><dl style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And though, being an economist, he could not help muttering about the imperfection of societies and systems and the absurdity of predictions-- and though, being an inveterate puncturer of himself, he would demand a paternity test if anyone called him the father of the deregulated world--his <b>adventures with airlines led on to the freeing of the trucking, telecoms and power industries, and heralded the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thatcherite</a>&nbsp;and Reaganite revolutions</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></dd></dl><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Published_works">Published works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kahn was the author of numerous books, including&nbsp;The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions,&nbsp;Lessons from Deregulation: Telecommunications and Airlines After the Crunch,&nbsp;Whom the Gods Would Destroy, or How Not to Deregulate,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup>&nbsp;Letting Go: Deregulating the Process of Deregulation, and&nbsp;Great Britain in the World Economy. Kahn also authored many articles, and was for many years a commentator on <b>PBS’s&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightly_Business_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nightly Business Report" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Nightly Business Report</a>.</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Besides his love for numbers, Kahn also loved words, and "hated to see them misused." Even after his death, he was acknowledged as "a champion of plain English...an economist who could do without 'herein' and 'therein'."<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_note-Frank-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Welch_Pogue_Award_for_Lifetime_Achievement_in_Aviation" title="L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">L. Welch Pogue Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aviation</a>, 1997.</font></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_E.Kahn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec10/KahnObit.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Economist Alfred Kahn, 'father of airline deregulation' and former presidential adviser, dies at 93"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economist+Alfred+Kahn%2C+%27father+of+airline+deregulation%27+and+former+presidential+adviser%2C+dies+at+93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2FDec10%2FKahnObit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-time-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-time_2-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1986" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Russell, George (1986-09-29).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106190522/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962408-3,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Flying Amid the Merger Clouds"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Time</a></i>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962408-3,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;on November 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2008-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Flying+Amid+the+Merger+Clouds&rft.date=1986-09-29&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C962408-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcCraw1984" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">McCraw, Thomas K. (1984).&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsofregula00thom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" right="right" em="em" center="center" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right"><i>Prophets of Regulation</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Belknap Press.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-71607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-71607-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-674-71607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+of+Regulation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-674-71607-8&rft.aulast=McCraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsofregula00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-bloomberg_obituary-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-bloomberg_obituary_4-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-28/alfred-kahn-who-oversaw-airline-industry-break-up-for-carter-dies-at-93.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Alfred Kahn, Father of 1970s Airline Deregulation, Dies at 93"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 2010-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Alfred+Kahn%2C+Father+of+1970s+Airline+Deregulation%2C+Dies+at+93&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-12-28%2Falfred-kahn-who-oversaw-airline-industry-break-up-for-carter-dies-at-93.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001215528/http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/5350/3/014_35.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>Inflation Czar' will take apart his title"</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>.&nbsp;<i>Cornell Cronicle</i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cornell University</a>. 1983-07-14. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/5350/3/014_35.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>&nbsp;on 2011-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2008-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Cronicle&rft.atitle=%27Inflation+Czar%27+will+take+apart+his+title&rft.date=1983-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.library.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1813%2F5350%2F3%2F014_35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHershy_Jr.2010" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hershy Jr., Robert D. (December 28, 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/29/business/29kahn.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Alfred E. Kahn Dies at 93; Prime Mover of Airline Deregulation"</a>.&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alfred+E.+Kahn+Dies+at+93%3B+Prime+Mover+of+Airline+Deregulation&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.aulast=Hershy+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F29%2Fbusiness%2F29kahn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-BFP052511-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-BFP052511_7-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway2011" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hemingway, Sam (May 25, 2011).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130831073227/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110524/NEWS0213/110524025/Fogel-s-wife-s-relationship-with-administrator-prompts-UVM-review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"At UVM, personal crisis becomes public concern"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Free Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Burlington Free Press</a></i>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110524/NEWS0213/110524025/Fogel-s-wife-s-relationship-with-administrator-prompts-UVM-review" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;on August 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2011-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=At+UVM%2C+personal+crisis+becomes+public+concern&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burlingtonfreepress.com%2Farticle%2F20110524%2FNEWS0213%2F110524025%2FFogel-s-wife-s-relationship-with-administrator-prompts-UVM-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9KCMFU81.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" overflow-wrap="overflow-wrap" break-word="break-word">http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9KCMFU81.htm</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-CBS-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-CBS_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-CBS_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Thierer, Adam (2010-12-21)&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20026346-501465.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Who'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation?</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CBS News</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1970" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kahn, Alfred (1970).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144630/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5948." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Economics of Regulation"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The MIT Press</a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5948." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;on 2011-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Regulation&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fitem%2Fdefault.asp%3Fttype%3D2%26tid%3D5948.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReed2007" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reed, Dan (2007-07-23).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/travel/2007-07-23-alfred-kahn_N.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Wrath of Kahn kept airfares low"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2007-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Wrath+of+Kahn+kept+airfares+low&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Findustries%2Ftravel%2F2007-07-23-alfred-kahn_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/node/17956457?story_id=17956457" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Obituary: Alfred Kahn"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Economist</a></i>. 2010-01-22.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127112607/http://www.economist.com/node/17956457?story_id=17956457" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a>&nbsp;from the original on 27 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2011-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Alfred+Kahn&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17956457%3Fstory_id%3D17956457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Edward_Kahn2001" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Alfred Edward Kahn (2001).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGUSxqx1ASAC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Whom the Gods Would Destroy, Or, How Not to Deregulate</i></a>. American Enterprise Institute.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8447-7156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8447-7156-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-8447-7156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whom+the+Gods+Would+Destroy%2C+Or%2C+How+Not+to+Deregulate&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8447-7156-4&rft.au=Alfred+Edward+Kahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGUSxqx1ASAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Frank-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E.Kahn#cite_ref-Frank_14-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2011" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Frank, Robert H. (9 January 2011).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/business/09view.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"A Champion of Plain English"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 July</span>&nbsp;2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Champion+of+Plain+English&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F09%2Fbusiness%2F09view.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+E.+Kahn" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4722582#identifiers|Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1087px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="width: 1079px; 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background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" /></a></font></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 99.9688px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">General</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 952.406px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124252729" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Integrated Authority File (Germany)</a></span></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISNI(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">ISNI</a>&nbsp;<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em" display="display" inline="inline"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108881031" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1</a></span></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIAF(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">VIAF</a>&nbsp;<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em" display="display" inline="inline"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36978723" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1</a></span></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81120581" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 99.9688px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National libraries</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 952.406px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90756467" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Norway</a></span></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12279365t" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">France</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12279365t" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">(data)</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81120581" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">United States</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000123622&P_CON_LNG=ENG" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Latvia</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2013782335&CON_LNG=ENG" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35116844" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Australia</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000440119&local_base=nlx10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Israel</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072757396" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); width: 99.9688px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other</font></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="line-height: 1.5em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 952.406px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/81017/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569265" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">National Archives (US)</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6670xns" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUDOC(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">SUDOC (France)</a>&nbsp;<ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" px="px" padding="padding" em="em" display="display" inline="inline"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031612415" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1</a></span></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/096326271" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trove (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred Kahn - Special Consultant - NERA Economic ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain linkedin.comhttps://www.linkedin.com › in › alfred-kahn-b1077911</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">View Alfred Kahn's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Alfred has 6 jobs listed on their profile. ... Special Consultant at NERA Economic Consulting Ithaca, New ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FERC Cites NERA Special Consultant Dr. Alfred Kahn in ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain nera.comhttps://www.nera.com › news-events › press-releases › 2010 › ferc-cites-nera-special-consultant-dr-alfred-kahn-in-proposed-e.html</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Did you know that your browser is out of date? For the best experience we recommend upgrading to the latest version of these supported browsers:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NERA Economic Consulting Mourns the Passing of Noted ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain businesswire.comwww.businesswire.com › news › home › 20101228005470 › en › NERA-Economic-Consulting-Mourns-Passing-Noted-Economist</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NERA Economic Consulting Mourns the Passing of Noted Economist Dr. Alfred Kahn. December 28, 2010 05:20 PM Eastern Standard Time ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Economist Alfred Kahn, 'father of airline deregulation ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain news.cornell.eduhttps://news.cornell.edu › stories › 2010 › 12 › alfred-kahn-father-airline-deregulation-dies-93</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred E. Kahn, former chair of the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Council on Wage and Price Stability, adviser to President Jimmy Carter on inflation, and widely regarded as one of the world's leading scholars and influential figures in public utility regulation who helped create free markets in the air, rail and trucking industries, died of cancer at his home at Kendal at Ithaca in Ithaca ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Network Neutrality by Alfred E. Kahn :: SSRN</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain papers.ssrn.comhttps://papers.ssrn.com › sol3 › papers.cfm?abstract_id=973513</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See all articles by Alfred E. Kahn Alfred E. Kahn. National Economic Research Associates Inc. (NERA) (Deceased) Date Written: March 2007. Abstract.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred Kahn - President - Brainworks,llc | LinkedIn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain linkedin.comhttps://www.linkedin.com › in › alfred-kahn-367004141</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred Kahn | Rochester, New York, United States | President at Brainworks,llc | 0 connection | See Alfred's complete profile on Linkedin and connect ... Alfred Kahn Special Consultant at NERA ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FERC Cites NERA Special Consultant Dr. Alfred Kahn in ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain businesswire.comwww.businesswire.com › news › home › 20100414005239 › en › FERC-Cites-NERA-Special-Consultant-Dr.-Alfred</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. Alfred Kahn, a NERA Economic Consulting Special Consultant, was cited in a recent Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) proposed rulemaking</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NERA Economic Consulting Mourns the Passing of Noted ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain nera.comhttps://www.nera.com › news-events › press-releases › 2010 › nera-economic-consulting-mourns-the-passing-of-noted-economist-d.html</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Did you know that your browser is out of date? For the best experience we recommend upgrading to the latest version of these supported browsers:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred Kahn - Founder & CEO - Boomtown | LinkedIn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain linkedin.comhttps://www.linkedin.com › in › chipkahn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">View Alfred Kahn's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Alfred has 10 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Alfred's ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred E. Kahn - Wikipedia</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Search domain en.wikipedia.orghttps://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Alfred_E.Kahn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alfred Edward Kahn (October 17, 1917 - December 27, 2010) was an American professor, an expert in regulation and deregulation, and an important influence in the deregulation of the airline and energy industries. Commonly known as the "Father of Airline Deregulation," he chaired the Civil Aeronautics Board during the period when it ended its regulation of the airline industry, paving the way ...</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></div></div></div>