Toyota

=<div>see prius</div><div>=</div><div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">--</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2021/07/corporations-jan-6/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.alternet.org/2021/07/corporations-jan-6/</a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">amanda m</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Six months ago, the insurrection Donald Trump incited at the U.S. Capitol in a last bid attempt to steal the presidential election from Joe Biden, was experienced as a cataclysmic event. Many assumed it would remake American politics permanently — so much so that <a href="https://www.salon.com/2021/04/07/large-corporations-are-already-breaking-their-promises-to-not-donate-to-republicans_partner/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">dozens of major corporations rushed forward </a>to declare they were withdrawing all financial support from Republican politicians who aided Trump's effort by voting against certifying the results of the electoral college vote count.In the past half-year, however, a combination of Republican intransigence and <a href="https://www.salon.com/2021/07/01/another-trump-henchman-takes-a-fall-why-trump-fans-still-wont-admit-that-loyalty-to-him-is-foolish/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Trump's talent as escaping justice</a> has already served to move the insurrection from the category of "unthinkable" to "mainstream GOP politics," allowing it to be viewed through the lens of partisan bickering instead of what it actually was, a violent attempted coup. In turn, a lot of the companies who swore they were cutting off the money spigot to insurrectionist Republicans have quietly turned it back on.<a href="https://twitter.com/JuddLegum" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Judd Legum is the investigative journalist </a>behind <a href="https://popular.info/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; opacity: 1; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s, background 0.25s ease 0s, opacity 0.25s ease 0s;">Popular Information</a>, where he keeps track of both the corporations who have reneged on their promise and the lazy excuses they produce for doing so. He spoke with Salon's Amanda Marcotte about the role corporations continue to play in normalizing the violent assault on American democracy six months after Jan. 6:It's been six months since the insurrection at the Capitol. Nearly 200 major corporations in the immediate aftermath of the Capital riot said that they were ending donations to the insurrectionist Republicans who voted to overturn the election. My question to you is how well are they sticking with that promise?Well, it varies by corporation.Overall, if you look at the whole group of 200 corporations, most of them are, at least at this point, sticking to what they said around January 6th. But there are a number of corporations that have resumed giving money to the Republicans who voted to overturn the election. Corporations like Toyota, Cigna, a few others. A larger group is doing so indirectly by not giving to those individual candidates, but by giving money, for example, to the National Republican Campaign Committee, which is the fundraising arm to support the reelection of Republican members of the House. Two-thirds of that group were objecting to the electoral college. There's a group that has resumed business as usual. So far, that's the minority, but obviously, it's still significant and the size of that group could increase over time.Toyota has gotten the most attention for reneging on their promises and why is that?Just because they have given to the largest number of Republican objectors. The most recent count is 39 Republican objectors that they've given money to, $62,000 in total. While there's some other corporations who've given to one or two or three or four, they stick out because they've given to so many. The only companies that are kind of up there with them are some of the defense contractors like Northrop Grumman and Boeing. They've started at similar numbers.In your reporting on this, you found that the wording that these companies use to justify the decision sounds an awful lot like the language from a memo circulated by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce earlier this year. What's going on there?In the immediate aftermath of January 6th, the Chamber of Commerce seemed like they were taking this very seriously. They said, without getting too into specifics, that there were members of Congress who they would no longer support as a result of what happened that day. It really seemed to validate a lot of the decisions that their member corporations were making to cut off these donations. But that changed in March, when they released a memo saying that they no longer believed that it was appropriate to cut off funds just on the basis of that vote.Then when you look at Toyota, who has been under some scrutiny since April 1st, before all of this, they use that exact same language to describe why they were donating to so many of these Republicans. It sets up this idea that there were some Republicans who did really bad things that day, but just the vote itself wasn't really that bad. But Toyota has given to, for instance, Andy Biggs, who's one of the most outspoken members of Congress on the idea that the election was stolen.Why would anybody think that there should be a distinction between the supposedly insurrectionists Republicans, the ones that are the really bad and the ones who "merely" voted to overturn the election?...</div></div><div></div><div><a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/what-zev">https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/what-zev</a></div><div>
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</div><div></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius</a></div><div>
</div><div>Toyota Prius (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none !important;">/ˈpriːəs/</a>; Japanese:トヨタプリウス Toyota Puriusu) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Full hybrid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">full</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hybrid electric</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">automobile</a> developed and manufactured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Toyota</a> since 1997. Initially offered as a 4-door <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sedan</a>, it has been produced only as a 4-door <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback" class="mw-redirect" title="Liftback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">liftback</a> since 2003.In 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States, based on smog-forming emissions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> The 2018 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">model year</a> Prius Eco ranks as the second most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the US without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">plug-in capability</a>, following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq" title="Hyundai Ioniq" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hyundai Ioniq</a> "Blue".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-2016PriusEcoTop-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPAtop10_for_2018-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>The Prius first went on sale in Japan and other countries in 1997, and was available at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota#Japan" title="Toyota" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">all four Toyota Japan dealership chains</a>, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-TMC4mi-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> The Prius is sold in over 90 markets, with Japan and the United States being its largest markets.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> Global cumulative Prius <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liftback" class="mw-redirect" title="Liftback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">liftback</a> sales reached the milestone 1 million vehicle mark in May 2008,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-Toyota0909-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> 2 million in September 2010,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-GCC100710-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> and passed the 3 million mark in June 2013.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-Prius3mi-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> Cumulative sales of one million were achieved in the U.S. by early April 2011,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-US1million-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> and Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-JP1million-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a> As of January 2017, the Prius liftback was the world's top selling hybrid car with almost 4 million units sold.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>In 2011, Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius_V" title="Toyota Prius V" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Prius v</a>, an extended hatchback, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius_C" title="Toyota Prius C" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Prius c</a>, a subcompact hatchback. The production version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" title="Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Prius plug-in hybrid</a> was released in 2012. The second generation of the plug-in variant, the Prius Prime, was released in the U.S. in November 2016.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-1stPriusPrime-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> The Prime achieved the highest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles per gallon equivalent" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">miles per gallon equivalent</a> (MPGe) rating in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">all-electric mode</a> of any vehicle rated by EPA with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">internal combustion engine</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPAmostMPGe-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPAMost2017-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> Global sales of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-TMC8miHEVs-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;">
</div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Etymology_and_terminology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Etymology and terminology</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#First_generation(XW10;1997%E2%80%932003)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2First generation (XW10; 1997–2003)</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#NHW10(1997%E2%80%932000)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1NHW10 (1997–2000)</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#NHW11(2000%E2%80%932003)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2NHW11 (2000–2003)</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Second_generation(XW20;2003%E2%80%932009)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Second generation (XW20; 2003–2009)</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Third_generation(XW30;2009%E2%80%932015)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Third generation (XW30; 2009–2015)</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Awards</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Fourth_generation(XW50;2015-present)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Fourth generation (XW50; 2015-present)</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#2018_facelift" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.12018 facelift</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Prius_family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6Prius family</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.1Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Prius_Prime" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.2Prius Prime</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Prius_v" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.3Prius v</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Prius_c" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6.4Prius c</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Sales" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Sales</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Overview" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.1Overview</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Liftback_sales" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.2Liftback sales</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Sales_of_non-liftback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7.3Sales of non-liftback</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Design_and_technology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8Design and technology</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#EV_mode" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.1EV mode</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Batteries" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.2Batteries</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Battery_life_cycle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.3Battery life cycle</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Air_conditioning(HVAC)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8.4Air conditioning (HVAC)</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Environmental_impact" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Environmental impact</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Fuel_economy_and_emissions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.1Fuel economy and emissions</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Lifetime_energy_usage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.2Lifetime energy usage</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Electromagnetic_field_levels" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.3Electromagnetic field levels</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Quietness" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9.4Quietness</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Marketing_and_culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10Marketing and culture</a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#CO2_advertising" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.1CO2 advertising</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Political_symbolism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.2Political symbolism</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#DARPA_driverless_edition" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10.3DARPA driverless edition</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Motorsports" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">11Motorsports</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Government_and_corporate_incentives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">12Government and corporate incentives</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">13See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">14References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">15External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Etymology and terminology[</h2><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prius" class="extiw" title="wikt:prius" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Prius</a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Latin</a> word meaning "first", "original", "superior" or "to go before".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a>In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="English plural" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">plural</a> form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a> The company announced on 20 February that "Prii" was the most popular choice, and the new official plural designation in the US.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-plural-usatoday-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a>In Latin prius is the neuter singular of the comparative form (prior, prior, prius) of an adjective with only comparative and superlative (the superlative being primus, prima, primum). As with all neuter words, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_declension#Comparative_and_superlative_forms_of_adjectives" title="Latin declension" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Latin plural</a> is priora, but that brand name was used by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada_Priora" title="Lada Priora" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Lada Priora</a> in 2007. Despite the "official" plural form used by Toyota USA, "Priuses" is widely used in English.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a>...<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Fuel economy and emissions[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Prius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fuel economy and emissions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">United States</dt></dl>Since its introduction, the Toyota Prius has been among the best fuel economy vehicles available in the United States, and for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">model year</a> 2012, the Prius family has three models among the 10 most fuel-efficient cars sold in the country as rated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPAtop10-176" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[176]</a> After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insight#First_generation(1999%E2%80%932006)" title="Honda Insight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Honda Insight first generation</a> was discontinued in September 2006, the Prius liftback became the most fuel-efficient car sold in the American market,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPAtop10-176" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[176]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-177" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[177]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-178" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[178]</a> until it was topped by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chevrolet Volt</a> in December 2010, as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">plug-in hybrid</a> was rated by EPA with an overall combined city/highway gasoline-electricity fuel economy of 60 mpg‑US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg‑imp) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon_gasoline_equivalent" title="Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">equivalent</a> (MPG-e).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-179" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[179]</a> According to the EPA, for the model year 2012, and when only gasoline-powered vehicles are considered (excluding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric car" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">all-electric cars</a>), the Prius c ranks as the most fuel-efficient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">compact car</a>, the Prius liftback as the most fuel-efficient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsize_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsize car" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">midsize car</a>, and the Prius v as the most fuel-efficient midsize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">station wagon</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-EPABestClass-180" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[180]</a>More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more than outweigh this.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Prius#cite_note-181" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[181]</a>...<div><div>=</div><div><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/11/07/toyota-gm-side-trump-clean-car-rollbacks">https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/11/07/toyota-gm-side-trump-clean-car-rollbacks</a></div><div>
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<div><a rel="nofollow" target="blank" href="https://ecowatch.us7.list-manage.com/track/click?u=214ab5fbb3f6015d74ffab4ec&id=bb349bcf7c&e=c2e8fdabfa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GM, Chrysler, Toyota, Fiat Side With Trump in Fuel Efficiency War Against California</a>
<div><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/toyota-mirai-electric-car-2640583126.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.ecowatch.com/toyota-mirai-electric-car-2640583126.html</a>...Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, or FCEVs, <a href="https://www.toyotasantamonica.com/fuel-cell-vehicle-history-and-developments/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 1.5;">have been in development for decades</a> but only commercially available since 2016. Toyota, Honda and Hyundai are the only car companies that sell them in the U.S.<div class="rebellt-item col1" data-id="2" data-is-image="False" data-reload-ads="false" id="rebelltitem2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Approximately 1,100 have been sold so far in California, according to the Department of Motor Vehicles.If the very notion of a hydrogen car conjures images of the Hindenburg exploding into flames, that fear is largely unjustified. Yes, hydrogen is flammable. But so is gasoline. The two fuels are roughly comparable in terms of safety.One advantage of a hydrogen car over a plug-in is that it only takes about five minutes to fill up. However, <a href="https://cafcp.org/stationmap" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 1.5;">there are only 40 places</a> to do it in California — at least right now.And then there's the cost.<a href="https://www.kbb.com/toyota/mirai/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 1.5;">Buying one is about $60,000</a>, which is roughly the same as a plug-in electric, but <a href="https://mediaroom.kbb.com/2019-06-03-Average-New-Car-Prices-Up-Nearly-4-Percent-Year-Over-Year-for-May-2019-According-to-Kelley-Blue-Book" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 1.5;">almost double the average price</a> Americans are currently paying for a new vehicle.Riverside startup <a href="http://www.stratosshare.com/" target="_blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; outline: none; line-height: 1.5;">StratosShare</a> has a plan to make them more accessible and affordable. You can rent them by the hour, day or week, starting at $10 for 60 minutes — fuel and insurance included. Drivers can use an app to locate, reserve, pay for and unlock a zero-emissions Toyota Mirai....</div></div><div>
<div>who killed electric car CA zero emission led to prius?</div><div>but?!</div><div>
</div><div><a href="https://gas2.org/2016/10/08/exxon-father-toyota-prius-hybrid/">https://gas2.org/2016/10/08/exxon-father-toyota-prius-hybrid/</a></div><div>
</div><div><header class="entry-header" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Was Exxon The Father Of The Toyota Prius Hybrid?</h1><div>
</div></header><div class="below-entry-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="posted-on" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://gas2.org/2016/10/08/exxon-father-toyota-prius-hybrid/" title="8:05 AM" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="fa fa-calendar-o" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; display: inline-block; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px); padding-right: 3px;"> <time class="entry-date published" datetime="2016-10-08T08:05:44-05:00" style="box-sizing: border-box;">October 8, 2016</time></a> <span class="byline" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="author vcard" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="fa fa-user" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; display: inline-block; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px); padding-right: 5px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://gas2.org/author/stephenhanley/" title="Steve Hanley" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">Steve Hanley</a> </div><div class="below-entry-meta" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span class="tag-links" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="fa fa-tags" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; display: inline-block; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; transform: translate(0px, 0px); padding-right: 5px;"><a href="https://gas2.org/tag/ac-electric-motor/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">AC electric motor</a>, <a href="https://gas2.org/tag/chrysler-cordoba-hybrid/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">Chrysler Cordoba Hybrid</a>, <a href="https://gas2.org/tag/exxon/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">exxon</a>, <a href="https://gas2.org/tag/first-hybrid-car/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">first hybrid car</a>, <a href="https://gas2.org/tag/inverter/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">inverter</a>,<a href="https://gas2.org/tag/lithiim-ion-battery/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">lithiim ion battery</a>, <a href="https://gas2.org/tag/toyota-cressida-hybrid/" rel="tag" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">Toyota Cressida Hybrid</a></div><div class="entry-content clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It started with the first Arab oil embargo in 1973. Suddenly, America didn’t have access to cheap gasoline any more and the term “gas guzzler” first began appearing in news reports. Signs that said “NO GAS” became a regular part of the landscape as drivers fought to get a few precious drops of gasoline. The federal government imposed the first ever fuel economy standards on automakers. From then on, ads for new cars would focus on miles per gallon instead of cubic inches.<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">After that first oil embargo, Exxon created a research division under the umbrella of its venture capital group known as Exxon Enterprises, Inc, or EEI. The goal was to find an alternative to the gasoline engine. For a brief moment in time, Exxon — soon to become the largest oil company in history — was at the forefront of automotive research. Its goal was to create the world’s first hybrid car, a vehicle that would couple an electric motor with a small gasoline engine to get fuel economy unheard of until that time.<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The goal was to enable a large American car like the Chrysler Cordoba (older readers will remember it as the car that featured “fine Corinthian leather”) to get 27 miles per gallon — approximately double what the regular production car was capable of.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify;"><span id="more-50783" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">New Technology Needed</h3><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But before a hybrid could become a reality, it needed a battery and a newfangled gizmo called an inverter. Exxon became a leader in lithium-ion battery research. That quest formed the foundation for the batteries that powered the first portable digital devices like the iPhone.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, lithium-ion battery cells are the basis for almost every hybrid and electric car in the world, including the Tesla Model S. Breakthroughs in chemistry and manufacturing techniques have made today’s lithium-ion batteries possible, but the basic research that started it all can largely be traced back to the pioneering work done at Exxon.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">The AC Motor Idea</h3><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The automotive team at Exxon, called ELVECS, soon decided to concentrate on AC motors for their proposed hybrid powertrain because they are smaller and lighter than DC motors. They are also significantly less expensive to manufacture. The biggest issue was that inverter thing. A battery stores electricity as direct current. The motors the team wanted to use required alternating current. The inverter is the device that converts DC to AC.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In November 1976, ELVECS hired Richard Baker, a former MIT electronics researcher, as a full-time consultant. Baker had developed an alternating current synthesizer, or ACS, that could converted DC to AC. Equally important, it could vary the frequency and voltage of electricity to change the speed of the electric motor. Baker had invented the electronic equivalent of the accelerator pedal.<figure id="attachment_50785" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-50785" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 1.5rem; text-align: center; clear: both; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); max-width: 100%; width: 924px;"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-50785" class="wp-caption-text" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.8075rem 0px;">The Exxon automotive team (L-R John Corcoran, David McCalvin, Luciano Forte and Bernard Dennison) stands in front of the Toyota Cressida that was delivered to Japan. (Courtesy: Keith Dennison)</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Other labs had built similar devices, called variable speed drives, but they were too large, inefficient and expensive to be practical. Baker’s inverter was small enough to fit in a car’s trunk. Today, inverters are the size of a glove box, but in the 70s, anything small enough to fit in the trunk was thought of as “compact.”<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">Building The First Hybrid</h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The team realized that the research on lithium-ion batteries was going to take years to bear fruit. They wanted to get their prototype on the road as soon as possible so they could pitch it to various car companies. That’s when they outfitted a Chrysler Cordoba with their rudimentary hybrid powertrain plus 10 conventional lead-acid batteries and Baker’s inverter. The car averaged 27 miles a gallon, which just happened to be the target the EPA had set for 1985 model year cars.<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The powertrain the team came up with included a 50 horsepower diesel engine from Volkswagen and a 100 horsepower AC electric motor normally used in aircraft. It was one of the earliest uses of an AC motor in an automotive application. “We were young and naïve for the most part. We sort of didn’t know what we didn’t know,” say Kevin White, a member of the team.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pitching The Hybrid To Detroit</h3><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">At that time, the Big Three in Detroit were focused on meeting fuel economy targets by building smaller cars. Ford had its Falcon, Chevrolet had the Chevette, and Chrysler had the forgettable Alpine. The Exxon team put together a <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/CordobaBrochureExxonHybridCarTechnology.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">brochure</a> for the car companies with the bold title, “Detroit, your future can be both as big and as small as America wants it to be” and set off in search of customers.<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Interest from the car companies was tepid at best. Detroit suffered from what was known as “Not Invented Here” syndrome. Each of the Big  3 had nothing but disdain for any ideas that didn’t come from within their hermetically sealed fiefdoms. The Exxon team found little interest from the American car industry.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enter Toyota</h3><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But they did from Toyota. “We discussed back and forth with Toyota what they wanted to do,” says team member John Corcoran. Toyota wasn’t that interested in gas mileage at the time, he says. Their focus was on driveability. “We kept talking about fuel economy but Toyota wasn’t interested in that yet. They felt that problem would get resolved. They were more interested in whether it would drive the same as a regular car.”<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In autumn 1979, Toyota and Exxon signed a joint technology agreement. A small group of engineers from Toyota’s research facility in Susono, Japan, visited the Exxon Enterprises automotive group in New Jersey to see the Cordoba. Toyota decided to have Exxon outfit a Cressida sedan with the new technology. In early 1980, a white Cressida arrived in New Jersey where the Exxon automotive team installed, tested, and refined its hybrid technology over more than 18 months.<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">A Hybrid Goes To Japan</h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In September 1981, Corcoran and the team delivered the electric hybrid to the Toyota research facility in Susono, Japan. They spent two weeks installing and testing the Cressida’s hybrid system. Their Toyota counterparts seemed pleased. The project the two companies had embarked on nearly 3 years earlier produced the roomy, driveable hybrid that Toyota was looking for.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Toyota began selling its Prius hybrid 16 years later. It was developed in part by a team in Susono and equipped with a gasoline engine and a 40 horsepower AC motor. “We shouldn’t overstate Exxon’s role in hybrid vehicles in the long term,” says Corcoran. “But if we planted any seed at all with anyone, it was that the electric motor in a hybrid could be an AC motor.”<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.2; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">Exxon As Innovator</h3><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For a while, Exxon was one of the leading technology innovators in the world. But as time went along, oil prices declined and the senior management of the company elected to shut down any activities that did not have to do with pumping and selling oil. Today, the company is <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/did-exxonmobil-lie-to-investors-about-climate-change/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">accused of deliberately lying</a> about what it knew about carbon emissions and climate change 40 years ago.<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But for those decisions in the boardroom, Exxon could have been then what Tesla Motors is today — a vibrant, exciting place to work and a company at the cutting edge of change in the world of transportation. Exxon chose to put profits ahead of people, a decision that could come back to haunt it as it faces civil and criminal legal actions in the courts.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, John Corcoran drives a Toyota Prius, a car he may have helped create 40 years ago. “The gates of history turn on tiny hinges,” they say. Corcoran’s team may have been one of those hinges.<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04102016/exxon-climate-change-hybrid-cars-technology-another-road-not-taken-electric-vehicle-toyota-prius" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none;">Inside Climate News</a> | Photo credit: National Archives</div><div>
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</div><div>in air bag mess with everyone else, but <div>
</div><div><a href="http://www.globalpossibilities.org/other-car-companies-will-be-able-to-use-toyotas-hydrogen-fuel-cell-patents-royalty-free/" class="external text" title="http://www.globalpossibilities.org/other-car-companies-will-be-able-to-use-toyotas-hydrogen-fuel-cell-patents-royalty-free/" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" http="http" www.ic.ucsc.edu="www.ic.ucsc.edu" college8core="college8core" c8wiki="c8wiki" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat">Toyota has announced that it will allow its competitors to use any and all of its 5,680 patents for hydrogen fuel cell cars</a>, a move the company hopes will jump-start the widespread commercial production of cars powered by zero-emission hydrogen gas. 1/15 see<a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/12/19/toyota-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car/" class="external text" title="http://ecowatch.com/2014/12/19/toyota-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car/" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" http="http" www.ic.ucsc.edu="www.ic.ucsc.edu" college8core="college8core" c8wiki="c8wiki" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat">Toyota goes H2</a> 12/14.<a href="http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25686343/hydrogen-refueling-stations-hit-bay-area-by-end#" class="external text" title="http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci 25686343/hydrogen-refueling-stations-hit-bay-area-by-end#" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" http="http" www.ic.ucsc.edu="www.ic.ucsc.edu" college8core="college8core" c8wiki="c8wiki" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat">Hydrogen refueling stations to hit Bay Area by end of 2015</a>. Toyota is in. <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/daily_videos/carmakers-prepare-to-release-hydrogen-powered-vehicles/" class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/daily videos/carmakers-prepare-to-release-hydrogen-powered-vehicles/" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" http="http" www.ic.ucsc.edu="www.ic.ucsc.edu" college8core="college8core" c8wiki="c8wiki" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat">New cars coming out</a>(PBS News video) 5/14.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>