terrell don hutto

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</font></div><div><a href="https://lithub.com/the-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://lithub.com/the-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9/18</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx pix</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Straight Line From Slavery to</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Private Prisons</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How Texas Turned Plantations Into Prisons</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">VIA PENGUIN PRESS</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Shane Bauer</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">September 19, 2018</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A white man on horseback, holding a rifle, looked out over an expanse of cotton that stretched beyond the horizon. Four packs of bloodhounds lay on the edge of the field. One dog had gold caps on two of his teeth, a mark of distinction for tracking a runaway and bringing him back to the plantation. Black men were lined up in squads, hunched over as they pick. The white man couldn’t hear what they were singing, but he’d heard the songs before. Sometimes, as they worked, a man would sing out,<b> “Old Master don’t you whip me, I’ll give you half a dollar.</b>” A group of men reply in unison, “Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Old Master and old Mistress is sittin’ in the parlor</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Well a-figurin’ out a plan to work a man harder</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Old Marster told Mistress, they sittin’ in the parlor</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Old Marster told old Mistress to take the half a dollar</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“Well I don’t want his dollar, I’d rather hear him holler”</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Johnny, won’t you ramble, Johnny, won’t you ramble</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the men, Albert Race Sample, was picking cotton for the first time. Throughout the course of his life, he’d shined shoes, worked the circus, shot craps, and cleaned brothel rooms after prostitutes, but he had never worked in a field. His only connection to cotton was that his white father, who used to pay his black mother for sex, was a cotton broker. Sample lined up in a row with the other men in his squad, picking the bolls one by one and dropping them into the 14-foot sacks they dragged along. The white “bosses” assigned the fastest pickers to head each squad, making everyone else struggle to keep up. By the time Sample picked the cotton from two stalks, the rest of the row was 20 feet ahead of him. One of the bosses, known as Deadeye, walked his horse over to Sample and scrutinized his every move.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sample grew up in his mother’s brothel. As a boy, he served bootleg liquor to the men who gambled there and had sex in his bed. He would practice his dice techniques on the floor, learning how to set them in his hand and throw them in a way that would make them land just how he wanted. His mom liked to play too. Once, in the middle of a game, she told him to fetch her a roll of nickels. When he told her he lost it, she slapped him in the mouth, knocking a tooth loose, and went back to her game. Sample caught a train out of town and survived on tins of sardines, food he stole from restaurants, and picking pockets at racetracks.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Picking cotton, like picking pockets, is a skill that takes time to master. Grab too much and fingers get pricked on the boll’s dried base. Grab too little and only a few strands come off. The faster Sample tried to pick, the more he dropped. The more he dropped, the more time he wasted trying to get the dirt, leaves, and stems out before putting it in his sack.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Nigger, you better go feedin’ that bag and movin’ them shit scratchers like you aim to do somethin’!” Deadeye shouted.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sample’s back hurt.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eventually the bosses ordered the men to bring their sacks to the scales. The head of the squad had picked 230 pounds. One man had only picked 190 pounds, and Deadeye shouted at him. When Sample put his sack on the scale, one of the bosses, Captain Smooth, looked at Sample like he’d spit in his face. “Forty pounds!” Captain Smooth shouted. “Can you believe it? Forty fuckin’ pounds of cotton!” Deadeye got a wild look in his face. “Cap’n, I’m willing to forfeit a whole month’s wages if you just look the other way for five seconds so’s I can throw this worthless sonofabitch away.” He pointed his double-barrel shotgun, hands trembling, at Sample and laid the hammers back. Those waiting to weigh their cotton scampered away.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Like prison systems throughout the South, Texas’s grew directly out of slavery.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Naw Boss,” Captain Smooth said. “I don’t believe this bastard’s even worth the price of a good load of buckshot. Besides, you might splatter nigger shit all over my boots and mess up my shine.” Boss Deadeye lowered his shotgun. “Where you from nigger! I suppose you one’a them city niggers that rather steal than work. Where’d you say you come from?” When Sample attempted to answer, Deadeye shouted at him. “Dry up that fuckin’ ol’ mouth when I’m talkin’ to you!”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As punishment for his impertinence and unproductiveness, Sample would not be allowed to eat lunch or drink water for the rest of the workday. “As for you nigger, you better git your goat-smelling ass back out longer and go to picking that Godamn cotton!”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The year was 1956, nearly a century since slavery had been abolished. Sample had been convicted of robbery by assault and sentenced to 30 years in prison. In Texas, all the black convicts, and some white convicts, were forced into unpaid plantation labor, mostly in cotton fields. From the time Sample arrived and into the 1960s, sales from the plantation prisons brought the state an average of $1.7 million per year ($13 million in 2018 dollars). Nationwide, it cost states $3.50 per day to keep an inmate in prison. But in Texas it only cost about $1.50.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Like prison systems throughout the South, Texas’s grew directly out of slavery. After the Civil War the state’s economy was in disarray, and cotton and sugar planters suddenly found themselves without hands they could force to work. <b>Fortunately for them, the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery, left a loophole. It said that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude” shall exist in the United States “except as punishment for a crime.</b>”&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As long as black men were convicted of crimes, Texas could lease all of its prisoners to private cotton and sugar plantations and companies running lumber camps and coal mines, and building railroads. It did this for five decades after the abolition of slavery, but the state eventually became jealous of the revenue private companies and planters were earning from its prisoners. So, between 1899 and 1918, the state bought ten plantations of its own and began running them as prisons.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Forced labor was undeniably productive. An enslaved person in an antebellum cotton field picked around 75 percent more cotton per hour than a free farmer. Similarly, Texas prison farms into the 1960s produced a higher yield than farms worked by free laborers in the surrounding area. The reason is simple: People work harder when driven by torture. Texas allowed whipping in its prisons until 1941. Other states banned it much later. Arkansas prisons used the lash until 1967.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But even after the whip, prisons found other ways to make inmates work harder. The morning after Sample’s first day of picking in <b>1956, the guards sent him, along with eight other men, to a four-by-eight-foot concrete and steel chamber to punish them for not making quota. The room was called “the pisser” and there was no light or water inside. A hole the size of a 50-cent piece in the center of the floor served as the lavatory. The men’s panting breaths depleted the oxygen in the rancid air.</b> “The nine of us writhed and twisted for space like maggots in a cesspool,” Sample recalled in his memoir. If someone took up too much space, a fight could break out. They stayed in the pisser all night, each taking turns lying down as the rest stood or squatted. In the morning they were brought straight out to the cotton fields.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sample went back and forth between the fields and the pisser as the season wore on. When his cotton bags finally started to weigh in at 100 pounds, they gave him a different punishment: the cuffs. The first time he was subjected to this, a guard told him to get on the floor. He put a cuff link around Sample’s right wrist, closed it as tight as he could, and then stomped it tighter with his foot. He then looped the cuffs through some prison bars above Sample’s head and fastened them onto his left wrist. He was left hanging with his toes barely touching the floor. Other men hung alongside him; after an hour or so some of them began to groan. Pains shot through Sample’s arms and he bit his lip to keep from crying out. Inmates filed past the hanging men on their way to the mess hall, each avoiding looking in the direction of the ones being tortured.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“Texas prison farms into the 1960s produced a higher yield than farms worked by free laborers in the surrounding area. The reason is simple: People work harder when driven by torture.”</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eventually the lights were dimmed and the nighttime hours crept by. Around six hours in, one of the hanging men began violently jerking and twisting until he was facing the bars. He used his feet to push against them, straining to loosen himself from the cuffs. When it didn’t work, he bit into his wrists, gnawing at them like an animal in a steel trap. Another inmate called for a guard, who splashed the frantic man with water until he stopped. In the morning they were uncuffed and sent back to work.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the season progressed, Sample became skinnier and skinnier.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The bosses regularly denied him meals as punishment for substandard picking. But after a dozen more trips to the pisser and several more rounds with the cuffs, his picking skills improved considerably. As one guard told him, “those miss meal cramps” have a phenomenal effect on the development of cotton picking speed.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It was in this world that CCA cofounder Terrell Don Hutto learned how to run a prison. In 1967 Hutto became warden of the Ramsey plantation, which was just down the road from where Sample had been incarcerated. Before running prisons, Hutto had been a pastor, studied history, spent two years in the US Army, and did graduate work in education at the American University in Washington, DC. </span>There was little that distinguished the Ramsey plantation from the one Sample had been imprisoned on. Aside from the banning of the whip, the modes of punishment and labor were the same when Hutto began as they’d been when the state opened its plantation prisons in 1913. The main difference between Hutto’s plantation and Sample’s was scale: Ramsey was as large as Manhattan, twice the size of Sample’s plantation, and it had 15,000 inmates working its fields.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At Ramsey, Hutto learned how to think about prison as a moneymaking venture. Corners could always be cut to service the bottom line. Much in the way that slaveholders had selected certain slaves to manage and punish the rest of their chattel, Hutto learned the Texas policy of empowering certain inmates to manage and punish other prisoners. These inmates ran the prison’s living quarters with brutal force, sometimes wielding knives to keep other inmates under control. By using them, Hutto could save money that would otherwise be spent on guard wages.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Hutto learned how to think about prison as a moneymaking venture. Corners could always be cut to service the bottom line.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hutto and his family settled into their plantation home in 1967. “All You Need Is Love,” by the Beatles was a new hit, and the Huttos might have listened to it in their living room while their “houseboy” cooked and served them. The houseboys were prisoners, almost always black; they made the beds, cleaned, and babysat the children. Personnel at the Texas Department of Corrections considered the provision of convict servants to be an indispensable perk that guaranteed it could “attract the type of men who could do the job.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The regulations of houseboys echoed the fears of slaveholders toward their house slaves. Policy prohibited Hutto’s wife from conversing with houseboys or being overly “familiar” with them. Houseboys were prohibited from washing her underwear. Joking with houseboys was banned, as was allowing them to sit with the family to listen to the radio or watch television for fear it would lead to impertinence.&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hutto would live as the master of this and other plantations for a decade, distinguishing himself by making some of them more profitable than they’d been before he took charge. A handful of years later, after leaving the plantations, he would open the latest chapter of a story that goes back to the foundation of this country, wherein white people continue to reinvent ways to cash in on captive human beings. He would create Corrections Corporation of America.</font></div></div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none;"><a href="https://time.com/5405158/the-true-history-of-americas-private-prison-industry/">https://time.com/5405158/the-true-history-of-americas-private-prison-industry/</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The True History of America's Private Prison Industry</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inmates at Louisiana State Prison in Angola, La., march down a dusty trail on May 30, 1977, en route to working in the fields. cop/cowboy on horse]</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BY SHANE BAUER SEPTEMBER 25, 2018&nbsp;</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Before founding the Corrections Corporation of America, a $1.8 billion private prison corporation now known as CoreCivic, Terrell Don Hutto ran a cotton plantation the size of Manhattan. There, mostly black convicts were forced to pick cotton from dawn to dusk for no pay</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. It was 1967 and the Beatles’ “All you need is love” was a hit, but the men in the fields sang songs with lyrics like “Old Master don’t you whip me, I’ll give you half a dollar.” Hutto’s family lived on the plantation and even had a “house boy,” an unpaid convict who served them</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>At the time, most prisons in the South were plantations</b>.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In some states, certain inmates were given guns and even whips, and empowered to torture those who didn’t meet labor quotas. <b>Hutto did such a good job in Texas that Arkansas would hire him to run their entire prison system–made entirely of plantations–which he would run at a profit to the state</b>. His ability to run a prison that put money into state coffers would later attract the attention of two businessmen with a new idea: to found a corporation that would run prisons and sell shares on the stock market.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Prisons had been privatized before. Louisiana first privatized its penitentiary in 1844, just nine years after it opened. The company, McHatton, Pratt, and Ward ran it as a factory, using inmates to produce cheap clothes for enslaved people.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;One prisoner wrote in his memoir that, as soon as the prison was privatized, his jailers “laid aside all objects of reformation and re-instated the most cruel tyranny, to eke out the dollar and cents of human misery.” Much like CoreCivic’s shareholder reports today, Louisiana’s annual penitentiary reports from the time give no information about prison violence, rehabilitation efforts, or anything about security. Instead, they deal almost exclusively with the profitability of the prison</span>.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Like private prisons today, profit rather than rehabilitation was the guiding principle of early penitentiaries throughout the South. “If a profit of several thousand dollars can be made on the labor of twenty slaves,” posited the Telegraph and Texas Register in the mid-19th century, “why may not a similar profit be made on the labor of twenty convicts?”</span><b>&nbsp;The head of a Texas jail suggested the state open a penitentiary as an instrument of Southern industrialization, allowing the state to push against the “over-grown monopolies” of the North. Five years after Texas opened its first penitentiary, it was the state’s largest factory. It quickly became the main Southern supplier of textiles west of the Mississippi.</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Prison privatization accelerated after the Civil War.&nbsp;</b>The reason for turning penitentiaries over to companies was similar to states’ justifications for using private prisons today: prison populations were soaring, and they couldn’t afford to run their penitentiaries themselves. The 13th amendment had abolished slavery “except as punishment for a crime” so, until the early 20th century, Southern prisoners were kept on private plantations and on company-run labor camps where they laid railroad tracks, built levees, and mined coal.&nbsp;</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Former slaveholders built empires that were bigger than those of most slave owners before the war. Nathan Bedford Forrest, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, controlled all convicts in Mississippi for a period. US Steel, the world’s first billion-dollar company, forced thousands of prisoners to slave in its coal mines.</span>&nbsp;Lessees went to extreme lengths to extract profits.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1871, Tennessee lessee Thomas O’Conner forced convicts to work in mines and went as far as collecting their urine to sell to local tanneries. When they died from exhaustion or disease, he sold their bodies to the Medical School at Nashville for students to practice on.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Companies liked using convicts in part because, unlike free workers, they could be driven by torture</b>. One common form of punishment was “watering” in which a prisoner was strapped down, a funnel forced into his mouth, and water poured in so as to distend the stomach to such a degree that it put pressure on the heart, making the prisoner feel that he was going to die. Another punishment was “stringing up” in which a cord was wrapped around the men’s thumbs, flung over a tree limb, and tightened until the men hung suspended, sometimes for hours. Whipping was common. An Alabama government inspection showed that in a two-week period in 1889, 165 prisoners were flogged. Arkansas didn’t ban the lash until 1967.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lessees gave a cut of the profits to the states, ensuring that the system would endure. Between 1880 and 1904, Alabama’s profits from leasing state convicts made up 10 percent of the state’s budget. By 1886 the US commissioner of labor reported that, where leasing was practiced, the average revenues were nearly four times the cost of running prisons</span>. Writer George Washington Cable, in an 1885 analysis of convict leasing, wrote the system “springs primarily from the idea that the possession of a convict’s person is an opportunity for the State to make money; that the amount to be made is whatever can be wrung from him…and that, without regard to moral or mortal consequences, the penitentiary whose annual report shows the largest case balance paid into the State’s treasury is the best penitentiary.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>This maniacal drive for profits managed to create a system that was more deadly than slavery.</b>&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Between 1870 and 1901, some three thousand Louisiana convicts, most of whom were black, died under the lease of a man named Samuel Lawrence James. Before the Civil War, only a handful of planters owned more than a thousand convicts, and there is no record of anyone allowing three thousand valuable human chattel to die<b>.&nbsp;</b></span><b>Throughout the South, annual convict death rates ranged from 16 percent to 25 percent, a mortality rate that would rival the Soviet gulags to come. There was simply no incentive for lessees to avoid working people to death</b>. In 1883, one Southern man told the National Conference of Charities and Correction:&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“Before the war, we owned the negroes. If a man had a good negro, he could afford to take care of him: if he was sick get a doctor…But these convicts: we don’t own ‘em. One dies, get another.”</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">States became jealous of the profits private companies were making, so in the early 20th century, they bought plantations of their own and eventually stopped leasing to private companies. Ten years after abolishing convict leasing, Mississippi was making $600,000 ($14.7 million in 2018 dollars) from prison labor. It was in this world that a man named Terrell Don Hutto would learn how to run a prison as a business</span>.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CoreCivic prisons aren’t nearly as brutal labor camps under convict leasing or the early 20th century state-run plantations, but they still go to grotesque lengths to make a dollar. I saw this first hand when, in<b>&nbsp;2014, I went undercover as a prison guard in a CoreCivic prison in Louisiana.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">There, I met a man who lost his legs to gangrene after begging for months for medical care. CoreCivic was often resistant to sending prisoners to the hospital: their contract required that outside medical visits be funded by the company. Educational programs were axed to save money.&nbsp;</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To keep costs low, guards were paid $9 an hour and oftentimes there were no more than 24 on duty, armed with nothing but radios, to run a prison of more than 1,500 inmates. The prison was incredibly violent as a result. In a four-month period in 2015, the company reported finding some 200 weapons, 23 times more than the state’s maximum security prison. I knew one inmate who committed suicide after repeatedly going on hunger strike to demand mental health services in a prison with only one part-time psychologist. When he died, he weighed 71 pounds.</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Private prisons, according to a 2016 Department of Justice Study, are consistently more violent that their already-dismal public counterparts. Y</b>et while we went through training to become guards, we were taught that, if we saw inmates stab each other, we were not to intervene. “We are not going to pay you that much,” our instructor told us. Our job was simply to shout the words “stop fighting,” thus protecting the company’s liability and avoiding any potentially costly harm to ourselves. Our job, after all, was to “deliver value to our shareholders.” “If them fools want to cut each other,” the instructor said, “well, happy cutting.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In May 2017, I bought a single share in the company in order to attend their annual shareholder meeting. As I sat and watched T<b style="">errell Don Hutto and other corporate executives discuss how their company’s objective was to “serve the public good</b>,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">” I wondered how many times such meetings had been held throughout American history. How many times had men, be they private prison executives or convict lessees, gotten together to perform this ritual? They sit in company headquarters or legislative offices, far from their prisons or labor camps, and craft stories that soothe their consciences. They convince themselves, with remarkable ease, that they are in the business of punishment because it makes the world better, not because it makes them rich.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Adapted from AMERICAN PRISON: A Reporter’s Undercover Journey into the Business of Punishment by Shane Bauer.</font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto</font></a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style=""><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>terrell Don Hutto</b>&nbsp;(born June 8, 1935), known as&nbsp;<i>T. Don Hutto</i>, is an American businessman and one of the three co-founders of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Corrections Corporation of America</a>&nbsp;(CCA), whose establishment marked the beginning of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">private prison</a>&nbsp;industry during the era of former&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1983, Hutto,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crants(CEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Crants (CEO)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Crants</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W.Beasley" title="Thomas W. Beasley" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Tom Beasley</a>&nbsp;formed CCA and received investments from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_C.Massey" title="Jack C. Massey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jack C. Massey</a>, the founder of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Corporation of America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hospital Corporation of America</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vanderbilt University</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Harmon_1989-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-donnaselmanbigbusiness_4-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-donnaselmanbigbusiness-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:81–2</sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;<b>The&nbsp;</b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto_Residential_Center" title="T. Don Hutto Residential Center" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>T. Don Hutto Residential Center</b></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>, one of CCA's detention centers, was named after hi</b>m.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Parents_and_family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Parents and family</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Education</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Early_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early career</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Ramsey,Texas_state_prison_farm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ramsey, Texas state prison farm</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Director_Department_of_Corrections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Director Department of Corrections</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Context_of_prison_reform" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Context of prison reform</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#American_Correctional_Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">American Correctional Association</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Corrections_Corporation_of_America(CCA)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#Awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Parents_and_family">Parents and family</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Parents and family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hutto parents were Winnie Elvenia Cusler Hutto and Terrell Sanford Hutto, a farmer who died when Hutto was nine years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Hutto and his wife, Nancy Sue Moore, who were married on June 10, 1960, had three daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hutto earned his degree in history and sociology at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="East Texas State University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">East Texas State University</a>&nbsp;in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;He did further studies at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Southern Methodist University</a>&nbsp;(1959), the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" title="American University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American University</a>&nbsp;(1964),<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:21</sup>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sam Houston State University</a>&nbsp;(1967) but did not earn a master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;When he came back to Texas after several years in military service, Hutto passed the prison system accreditation exams and began working in the prison system.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career">Early career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Ramsey.2C_Texas_state_prison_farm"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ramsey,Texas_state_prison_farm">Ramsey, Texas state prison farm</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hutto worked from 1967 to 1971 as a teacher, assistant prison warden and warden at the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Unit" title="Ramsey Unit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ramsey prison farm</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;for African American prisoners in southeastern Texas.</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The W. F. Ramsey Unit, as it was known then, consisted of five former plantations that used a convict leasing system on working plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Accountfarm_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Accountfarm-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1967 Hutto and his family lived in a plantation home on the prison farm</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motherjones_Jackson_2018_10-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-motherjones_Jackson_2018-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">While working at Ramsey Unit, Hutto met&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Jackson(scholar)" title="Bruce Jackson (scholar)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bruce Jackson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:14</sup>&nbsp;an ethnographer turned photographer, who was collecting photos as reference material for his research on the songs of African Americans inmates in prisons in Texas. The two became friends, which gave Jackson access to prisons in both Texas and Arkansas.</font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Director_Department_of_Corrections">Director Department of Corrections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Before becoming director of corrections in Arkansas and Virginia</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Hutto worked as teacher, "correctional officer, counselor, assistant warden and warden of a state prison".</span><sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Context_of_prison_reform">Context of prison reform</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon after&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Winthrop Rockefeller</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;was elected as&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Arkansas State Governor</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;on January 10, 1967, he received a shocking 67-page report by the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police" title="Arkansas State Police" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Arkansas State Police</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, that "uncovered systematic corruption and brutality at Tucker farm, where inmates and prison officials alike engaged in torture, beatings and bribery."</span><sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Time_1968_Hell-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;The report listed the findings of a 1966 State Police investigation ordered by then-Governor&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Orval Faubus</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, just before Rockefeller was elected.</span><sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;By 1967, the two male prisons in Arkansas were the smaller&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_State_Prison_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucker State Prison Farm" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Tucker State Prison Farm</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;for younger white prisoners, and the 1,300-inmate</span><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_Unit" title="Cummins Unit" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Cummins prison</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, located along the Arkansas River, 75 miles southeast of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Little Rock</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, in Lincoln County</span><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-NYT_Murton_Obit-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;for "white and black adult inmates".</span><sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;According to a 1968&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Time</a></i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;article entitled </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"Hell in Arkansas", in the 1960s, the two state penal farms "averaged" profits of "about $1,400,000 over the years..." using prisoners as forced labor</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Time_1968_Hell-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">As part of reform of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Correction" title="Arkansas Department of Correction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arkansas prison system</a>, Governor Rockefeller created a new&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Department_of_Correction" title="Arkansas Department of Correction" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Department of Corrections</a>&nbsp;and hired the first professional&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penology" title="Penology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">penologist</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Murton" title="Tom Murton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tom Murton</a>, as prison superintendent in 1967. On January 29, 1968, Murton invited the media to witness the unearthing of three decayed skeletal remains in a remote part of the 16,000-acre grounds of the Cummins prison farm. They believed the skeletons were those of prisoners murdered at Cummins,<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup>&nbsp;although this was never proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeley_Rubine_2000_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Feeley_Rubine_2000-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">According to a March 22, 2018 article in the&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Times" title="Arkansas Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arkansas Times</a></i>, during his short tenure of less than one year, Murton's aggressive approach to uncovering&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Murton#Prison_scandal" title="Tom Murton" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arkansas' prison scandal</a>&nbsp;with its decades-long systemic corruption, embarrassed Rockefeller and "infuriated conservative politicians".<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup>&nbsp;Murton had attracted nationwide media attention and contempt for Arkansas,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-NYT_Murton_Obit-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup>&nbsp;as news of&nbsp;<i>Bodiesburg</i>, as it was called, spread.<sup id="cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup>&nbsp;Murton's co-authored 1969 book,&nbsp;<i>Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal</i>&nbsp;was the <b>basis for the fictionalized 1980 film&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brubaker" title="Brubaker" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brubaker</a></i>&nbsp;starring&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Redford</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murton_1969_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Murton_1969-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As well, in 1969 prisoners, Robert Finney, et al., started a litigation process naming Terrell Don Hutto, et al. The series of cases lasted almost a decade and resulting in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Supreme Court</a>&nbsp;landmark case&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutto_v.Finney" title="Hutto v. Finney" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hutto v. Finney</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,volume_437" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 437" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">437</a>&nbsp;U.S. 678 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,volume_437" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 437" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">437</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">U.S.</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/437/678/" style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" background-position="background-position" right="right" center="center" background-size="background-size" initial="initial" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" repeat="repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">678</a>&nbsp;(1978)). It was the first successful lawsuit filed by an inmate against a correctional institution. The case also clarified prison system's unacceptable punitive measures.</span><sup id="cite_ref-law_13178_19-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-law_13178-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Against this backdrop, Hutto was hired by Governor&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Bumpers" title="Dale Bumpers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dale Bumpers</a>&nbsp;in 1971 as the head of the Arkansas Department of Correction,<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;with a mandate of "humanizing" the "convict farms".<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 1971, Jackson visited Hutto at Cummins prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;Jackson had gone there to investigate how Hutto was changing Arizona prisons. However, as he took photos he "found more and more that my interest was in documenting it visually."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoA_Choate_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-EoA_Choate-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2010, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright-Knox Art Gallery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Albright-Knox Art Gallery</a>&nbsp;and the Center for Documentary Studies at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Duke University</a>&nbsp;featured Jackson's Cummins Unit photo collection.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_2010_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-WSJ_2010-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="American_Correctional_Association">American Correctional Association</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Hutto was president-elect of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Correctional Association</a>&nbsp;(ACA) from 1984 to 1990. The ACA, which serves as a both the "national regulatory body for prisons" and as a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trade association</a>&nbsp;for the American correctional industry,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_2016_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Bauer_2016-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup>&nbsp;under Hutto's tenure, began to support prison privatization.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Harmon_1989-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Corrections_Corporation_of_America.28CCA.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Corrections_Corporation_of_America(CCA)">Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></span></font></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Corrections Corporation of America</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, (now renamed as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoreCivic" title="CoreCivic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">CoreCivic</a>), "the world’s first and largest for-profit prison operator",<sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[23]</a></sup>&nbsp;was established by Hutto, Beasley, and Crants in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Nashville, Tennessee</a>&nbsp;on January 28, 1983</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-CCA-Hist_24-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA-Hist-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;At the time Beasley served as the chairman of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Tennessee Republican Party</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and Crants was the chief financial officer of a real estate company in Nashville.</span><sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Maurice Sigler, the former chairman of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Parole_Commission" title="United States Parole Commission" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United States Board of Parole</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, was a founding member.</span><sup id="cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a February 27, 2013 CCA video entitled, "Corrections Corporation of America's Founders Tom Beasley and Don Hutto", Beasley and Hutto said that because of Hutto's reputation through his years of experience in corrections and as president-elect of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">American Correctional Association</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> first meeting about a potential joint venture to detain undocumented immigrants in Texas, took place between Beasley, Hutto, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a>&nbsp;and the now defunct&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a>&nbsp;(INS</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) which operated under U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As a result of the initial meeting, CCA were awarded an RFB with INS, which was the "first contract ever to design, build, finance and operate a secure correctional facility." This marked the beginning of the private prison industry.</span><sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Hutto, described how at the time, INS had "unrealistic expectations" putting pressure on CCA to have the facilities ready by early January, ninety days from the signing of the contract. In a desperate attempt to find a solution, Hutto and Beasley flew to Houston, Texas and after several days managed to negotiate a deal with the owner of </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Olympic Motel—a "pair of non-descript two-story buildings" on "I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker"<sup id="cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[23]</a></sup>—to hire their family and friends to staff the re-purposed motel for four months. On&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Super Bowl Sunday</a>&nbsp;at the end of January, the first 87 undocumented immigrants were personally processed by Hutto and CCA received their first payment</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">By 2016, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) along with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Geo Group</a>&nbsp;were running "more than 170 prisons and detention centres". CCA's revenues in 2015 were $1.79bn.</span><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_2016_27-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-theguardian_2016-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Awards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">IN 1987 Hutto received the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Correctional Association</a>'s E.R. Cass Correctional Achievement Award, the ACA's highest professional honor.<sup id="cite_ref-CCA_history_2-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACA_award_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_note-ACA_award-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.Don_Hutto&action=edit&section=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-Woodward_2017-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Woodward_2017_1-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Woodward, Colin Edward (August 9, 2017).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=12346" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Terrell Don Hutto (1935–)"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 15,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrell+Don+Hutto+%281935%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Colin+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D12346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-CCA_history-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA_history_2-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.correctionscorp.com/our-history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>The CCA Story: Our Company History</i></a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrections_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrections Corporation of America" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, nd<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span>,&nbsp;<q style="quotes: " apos="apos">New companies are created every day. But it’s not every day that new industries are established. ... In Arkansas, Hutto implemented the compliance requirements of the Holt v. Sarver case, making him one of the few corrections professionals in the nation at the time with experience in successfully bringing a system out of federal court supervision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CCA+Story%3A+Our+Company+History&rft.pub=Corrections+Corporation+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correctionscorp.com%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Harmon_1989-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Harmon_1989_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon_L.Wray,Jr.1989" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harmon L. Wray, Jr. (1989).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernchanges.digitalscholarship.emory.edu/sc08-3_1204/sc08-3_011/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Cells for Sale"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Southern Changes: The Journal of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Southern Regional Council</a></i>.&nbsp;<b>8</b>&nbsp;(3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span>.&nbsp;<q style="quotes: " apos="apos">Another West Point alum and major CCA investor is T. Don Hutto, the corporation's executive vice-president. Hutto, an ex-prison guard who became commissioner of corrections in Virginia and Arkansas, has since 1984 been president of the American Correctional Association, which oversees prison accreditation standards. Unlike other corrections-related professional associations[...]the ACA under Hutto's tenure has supported prison privatization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Changes%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Southern+Regional+Council&rft.atitle=Cells+for+Sale&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Harmon+L.+Wray%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernchanges.digitalscholarship.emory.edu%2Fsc08-3_1204%2Fsc08-3_011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-donnaselmanbigbusiness-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-donnaselmanbigbusiness_4-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Donna Selman and Paul Leighton (2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qb3BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=%22corrections+corporation+of+America%22+%22vanderbilt+university%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwATgKahUKEwitx_r5-vPGAhVRBtsKHWqxBmw#v=onepage&q=%22corrections%20corporation%20of%20America%22%20%22vanderbilt%20university%22&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge</i></a>. New York City: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment+for+Sale%3A+Private+Prisons%2C+Big+Business%2C+and+the+Incarceration+Binge&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb3BAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81%26dq%3D%2522corrections%2Bcorporation%2Bof%2BAmerica%2522%2B%2522vanderbilt%2Buniversity%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CC4Q6AEwATgKahUKEwitx_r5-vPGAhVRBtsKHWqxBmw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522corrections%2520corporation%2520of%2520America%2522%2520%2522vanderbilt%2520university%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdhhistory.blogspot.ca/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>The history of T. Don Hutto</i></a>, December 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+T.+Don+Hutto&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftdhhistory.blogspot.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-lithub_Bauer_SlaveryToPrison_6-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2018" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bauer, Shane (2018).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/the-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Straight Line From Slavery to Private Prisons: How Texas Turned Plantations into Prisons"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Hub" title="Literary Hub" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Literary Hub</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 14,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Straight+Line+From+Slavery+to+Private+Prisons%3A+How+Texas+Turned+Plantations+into+Prisons&rft.pub=Literary+Hub&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fthe-straight-line-from-slavery-to-private-prisons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Bauer_AmericanPrison_2018_7-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2018" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bauer, Shane (September 18, 2018).&nbsp;<i>American Prison: a Reporter's Undercover Journey into the Business of Punishment</i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Publishing Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Penguin Publishing Group</a>. p.&nbsp;368.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0735223580" title="Special:BookSources/0735223580" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0735223580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Prison%3A+a+Reporter%27s+Undercover+Journey+into+the+Business+of+Punishment&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.isbn=0735223580&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Trulson, Chad R., James W. Marquart, and Ben M. Crouch.&nbsp;<i>First Available Cell: Desegregation of the Texas Prison System</i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Texas Press</a>, 2009.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQbCzIK84D8C&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22Blue+Ridge%22+Mexicans+Eastham&source=bl&ots=rrYEG3D4L8&sig=odRjgJzqn_HgAQyku7Be-fwIPfc&hl=en&ei=btFATOadGsP98AbJtanuDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Blue%20Ridge%22%20Mexicans%20Eastham&f=false" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">81</a>. Retrieved from&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Google Books</a></i>&nbsp;on July 16, 2010.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71983-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71983-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-292-71983-3</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71983-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">978-0-292-71983-5</a>.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Accountfarm-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Accountfarm_9-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/prisons/convictlease/page3.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Convict Leasing and State Account Farming (1883-1909)</a>."&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Library_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Library and Archives" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Texas State Library and Archives</a>. Retrieved on April 29, 2011.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-motherjones_Jackson_2018-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-motherjones_Jackson_2018_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/09/cummins-prison-farm-photo-essay/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Shockingly Candid Photos Of Life on a 1970s Arkansas Prison Farm: "Just about everyone carrying a gun was a convict<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;">"</span>"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Mother Jones</i>. August 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 15,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Shockingly+Candid+Photos+Of+Life+on+a+1970s+Arkansas+Prison+Farm%3A+%22Just+about+everyone+carrying+a+gun+was+a+convict%22&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fcrime-justice%2F2018%2F09%2Fcummins-prison-farm-photo-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988">&nbsp;Photography by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Jackson(scholar)" title="Bruce Jackson (scholar)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bruce Jackson</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Jackson_2009-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Jackson_2009_11-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jackson, Bruce.&nbsp;<i>Pictures from a Drawer: Prison and the Art of Portraiture</i>. Trinity University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictures+from+a+Drawer%3A+Prison+and+the+Art+of+Portraiture&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-arktimes_Woodward_2018-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-arktimes_Woodward_2018_12-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2018" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Woodward, Colin Edward (March 22, 2018).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/the-arkansas-prison-scandal/Content?oid=15957051" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Arkansas prison scandal"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Arkansas Times</i>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Little Rock</a>, Arkansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 16,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.&nbsp;<q style="quotes: " apos="apos">In the 1960s, Tom Murton attempted to reform Cummins prison farm, but lost his job after unearthing three skeletons on the grounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Times&rft.atitle=The+Arkansas+prison+scandal&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Colin+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arktimes.com%2Farkansas%2Fthe-arkansas-prison-scandal%2FContent%3Foid%3D15957051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Time_1968_Hell-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Time_1968_Hell_13-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844402,00.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Hell In Arkansas"</a>.&nbsp;<i>TIME</i>. February 9, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 13,</span>&nbsp;2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Hell+In+Arkansas&rft.date=1968-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C844402%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-NYT_Murton_Obit-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-NYT_Murton_Obit_14-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1990" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fowler, Glenn (October 19, 1990).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/19/obituaries/thomas-murton-62-a-penologist-who-advocated-reforms-is-dead.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Thomas Murton, 62, a Penologist Who Advocated Reforms, Is Dead"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 16,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Murton%2C+62%2C+a+Penologist+Who+Advocated+Reforms%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1990-10-19&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F19%2Fobituaries%2Fthomas-murton-62-a-penologist-who-advocated-reforms-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-nyt_Estrin_2018-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-nyt_Estrin_2018_15-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2009" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Estrin, James (May 27, 2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/27/showcase-a-wide-view-of-a-hellish-world/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Showcase: A Wide View of a Hellish World"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 15,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Showcase%3A+A+Wide+View+of+a+Hellish+World&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flens.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F27%2Fshowcase-a-wide-view-of-a-hellish-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Feeley_Rubine_2000-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Feeley_Rubine_2000_16-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeeleyRubin2000" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Feeley, Malcolm M.; Rubin, Edward L. (March 28, 2000) [June 13, 1998].&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0S9IQTXjrpQC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=holt+v+sarver&source=web&ots=xiqmc3u-5Q&sig=ZqMQxwLNYWZ32uu6kHpLU5LdDoo#PPA59,M1Judicial" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Policy Making and the Modern State: How the Courts Reformed America</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;490.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521777348" title="Special:BookSources/0521777348" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0521777348</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 17,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+Making+and+the+Modern+State%3A+How+the+Courts+Reformed+America&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-28&rft.isbn=0521777348&rft.aulast=Feeley&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+M.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0S9IQTXjrpQC%26pg%3DPA59%26lpg%3DPA59%26dq%3Dholt%2Bv%2Bsarver%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3Dxiqmc3u-5Q%26sig%3DZqMQxwLNYWZ32uu6kHpLU5LdDoo%23PPA59%2CM1Judicial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506050440/http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/437/437.US.678.76-1660.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678 (1978)"</a>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/437/437.US.678.76-1660.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;on May 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 20,</span>2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hutto+v.+Finney%2C+437+U.S.+678+%281978%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.resource.org%2Fcourts.gov%2Fc%2FUS%2F437%2F437.US.678.76-1660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Murton_1969-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Murton_1969_18-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurtonHyams1969" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Murton, Tom; Hyams, Joe (1969).&nbsp;<i>Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal</i>. New York, U.S.: Grove Press.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718101107" title="Special:BookSources/9780718101107" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>9780718101107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accomplices+to+the+Crime%3A+The+Arkansas+Prison+Scandal&rft.place=New+York%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780718101107&rft.aulast=Murton&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Hyams%2C+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-law_13178-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-law_13178_19-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.jrank.org/pages/13178/Hutto-v-Finney.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678 (1978)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 22,</span>&nbsp;2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hutto+v.+Finney%2C+437+U.S.+678+%281978%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.jrank.org%2Fpages%2F13178%2FHutto-v-Finney.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-EoA_Choate-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-EoA_Choate_20-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChoate2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Choate, Laura (July 19, 2018).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4159" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Prison Reform"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas</i>. Conway, Arkansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 15,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+Reform&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.place=Conway%2C+Arkansas&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Choate&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D4159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-WSJ_2010-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-WSJ_2010_21-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKurutz2010" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kurutz, Steven (September 4, 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/09/04/bruce-jackson-on-how-he-became-the-dean-of-prison-folklore/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Speakeasy: Bruce Jackson on how he became the dean of prison folklore"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Speakeasy%3A+Bruce+Jackson+on+how+he+became+the+dean+of+prison+folklore&rft.date=2010-09-04&rft.aulast=Kurutz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fspeakeasy%2F2010%2F09%2F04%2Fbruce-jackson-on-how-he-became-the-dean-of-prison-folklore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Bauer_2016-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Bauer_2016_22-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2016" class="citation magazine cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bauer, Shane (June 2016).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/06/cca-private-prisons-corrections-corporation-inmates-investigation-bauer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"My four months as a private prison guard"</a>.&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 15,</span>2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=My+four+months+as+a+private+prison+guard&rft.date=2016-06&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F06%2Fcca-private-prisons-corrections-corporation-inmates-investigation-bauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-freepresshouston_2014_Olympic_23-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepresshouston.com/holiday_inn/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Houston to Host World’s First Museum Dedicated to the Private Prison Industry</i></a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Houston_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Houston Press (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Free Houston Press</a>, October 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houston+to+Host+World%E2%80%99s+First+Museum+Dedicated+to+the+Private+Prison+Industry&rft.pub=Free+Houston+Press&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepresshouston.com%2Fholiday_inn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-CCA-Hist-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-CCA-Hist_24-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cca.com/about/cca-history/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">CCA History</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-jailbusinessquade-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-jailbusinessquade_25-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFQuade1983" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Quade, Vicki (November 1983). "Jail Business: Private firm breaks in".&nbsp;<i>American Bar Association Journal</i>.&nbsp;<b>69</b>&nbsp;(11): 1611–1612.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20756517" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">20756517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Jail+Business%3A+Private+firm+breaks+in&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1611-1612&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20756517&rft.aulast=Quade&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-Beasley_Hutto_2013-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-Beasley_Hutto_2013_26-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=DAvdMe4KdGU" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Corrections Corporation of America's Founders Tom Beasley and Don Hutto</i></a>. CCA. February 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corrections+Corporation+of+America%27s+Founders+Tom+Beasley+and+Don+Hutto&rft.pub=CCA&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D2%26v%3DDAvdMe4KdGU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-theguardian_2016-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-theguardian_2016_27-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Neate2016" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rupert Neate (June 16, 2016),&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/16/us-prisons-jail-private-healthcare-companies-profit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Welcome to Jail Inc: how private companies make money off US prisons</i></a>, Austin, Texas:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Guardian</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span>&nbsp;2017</span>,&nbsp;<q style="quotes: " apos="apos">In a bid to cut costs, more state prisons and county jails are adding healthcare to the growing list of services that are outsourced to for-profit companies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Jail+Inc%3A+how+private+companies+make+money+off+US+prisons&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.au=Rupert+Neate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fjun%2F16%2Fus-prisons-jail-private-healthcare-companies-profit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-ACA_award-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.Don_Hutto#cite_ref-ACA_award_28-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aca.org/aca_prod_imis/ACA_Member/AboutUs/ER_Cass_Award_Winners.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"E. R. Cass Award Recipients"</a>. Washington, DC:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Correctional_Association" title="American Correctional Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Correctional Association</a>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 20,</span>&nbsp;2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E.+R.+Cass+Award+Recipients&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Correctional+Association&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aca.org%2Faca_prod_imis%2FACA_Member%2FAboutUs%2FER_Cass_Award_Winners.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT.+Don+Hutto" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>:&nbsp;</font><ul style="list-style: none none; 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background: none;">1935 births</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Sinton,Texas" title="Category:People from Sinton, Texas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">People from Sinton, Texas</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Commerce_alumni" title="Category:Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Methodist_University_alumni" title="Category:Southern Methodist University alumni" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: none;">American prison wardens</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><a href="https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/09/corecivic-private-prison-shane-bauer-book"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/09/corecivic-private-prison-shane-bauer-book</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mo jo no lnx pix</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Today It Locks Up Immigrants. But CoreCivic’s Roots Lie in the Brutal Past of America’s Prisons.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The renewed fortunes and the hidden history of the for-profit prison industry.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shane BauerSeptember/October 2018 Issue</font></div><div>
</div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2015, I spent four months working undercover as a guard at a medium-security Louisiana prison run by the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) with the aim of reporting on the conditions inside a private prison for Mother Jones. Shortly after I began, I was shown a short promotional video in which two of the company’s founders tell the origin story of their business.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;In it, T. Don Hutto and Thomas Beasley recount how <b>in 1983 they won “the first contract ever to design, build, finance, and operate a secure correc­tional facility in the world</b>.” Hutto looks frail, with a shiny white head and oversize glasses, but he speaks with enthusiasm, recalling the story of his company’s first immigration detention contract like he’s giving a blow-by-blow account of a winning high school touchdown. The Immigration and Naturalization Service, the predecessor of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), gave Hutto and Beasley just 90 days to get the job done. From that deal, CCA would grow into a $1.8 billion company that helped build the immigration detention system that President Donald Trump now plans to expand.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rushed for time, Hutto explains, they convinced the owner of a motel in Houston to lease his property to them, eventually hiring “all his family” as staffers to seal the deal. They surrounded the motel with a 12-foot fence topped with coiled barbed wire. They left up the “Day Rates Available” sign. “We opened the facility on Super Bowl Sunday the end of that January,” Hutto recalls. “So about 10 o’clock that night, we started receiving inmates. I actually took their pictures and fingerprinted them…Several other people walked them to their ‘rooms,’ if you will, and we got our first day’s pay for 87 undocumented aliens.” Both men chuckle.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today, the company Hutto helped create is the nation’s second-largest private prison operator. (In October 2016, four months after my investigation was published, CCA changed its name to CoreCivic and began describing itself as a “diversified government solutions company.”)&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Detaining immigrants remains an essential part of its business model: Contracts with ICE make up 25 percent of its revenue. More than two-thirds of all immigration detainees are held by private prison companies such as CoreCivic and the GEO Group, and 9 of the 10 largest immigrant detention centers in the United States are privately operated.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b> The deals can be massive: In 2014 the federal government granted CoreCivic a four-year, $1 billion no-bid contract to run a family detention center in Dilley, Texas. </b>In early summer, it held about 2,000 people. (The facility can hold 2,400 people; CoreCivic gets paid in full even if there are empty beds.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cummins Prison Farm, Arkansas, 1975</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bruce Jackson]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CoreCivic CEO Damon Hininger told investors in June that “this is probably the most robust kind of sales environment we’ve seen in probably 10 years.” Not long after that, at the height of the crisis sparked by Trump’s decision to separate immigrant children from their families, the company’s stock price jumped 14 percent in less than two weeks. The company does not hold any immigrant children without their families. But it has held mothers whose children have been taken from them, at a facility not far from where Hutto and Beasley opened their impromptu detention center 35 years ago. The facility is named after the man whose story links the renewed fortunes of the for-profit prison industry with the brutal history of America’s prison system: T. Don Hutto.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Listen to author Shane Bauer detail the brutal history of the private prison industry in this episode of the Mother Jones Podcast:]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>According to CCA lore, Beasley first hit upon the idea of private prisons while making small talk at a Republican presidential fundraiser in the early ’80s</b>. Beasley, who was the chairman of the Tennessee Repub­li­can Party, had political connections. His partner, a fellow businessman named Doctor Robert Crants, had experience in real estate. But they needed someone who knew about managing prisons, ideally with a record of doing so at a profit. Hutto, who had just spent five years managing Virginia’s prison system, was the perfect candidate.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">RELATED: My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hutto got his start running prisons in 1967, when he became warden of the Ramsey plantation in Rosharon, Texas. Ramsey was as large as Manhattan and had 1,500 inmates working its cotton fields. Like other prison systems throughout the South, Texas’ had grown directly out of slavery.</span> After the Civil War, cotton and sugar planters found themselves without hands they could force to work. Fortunately for them, the 13th Amendment provided a loophole when it abolished slavery: It said that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude” shall exist in the United States “except as punishment for a crime.”&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Texas could rent out its prisoners to work at private farms, lumber camps, and coal mines and to help lay railroad tracks. The state eventually became jealous of the easy money that companies and planters were earning from cheap convict labor,<b> so between 1899 and 1918, it bought 13 plantations and turned them into prisons, cutting out the middleman.</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Just as slaves had picked cotton more quickly than free farmers, Texas prison labor was undeniably productive. The reason was simple: People work harder when driven by torture. Texas didn’t ban whipping in its prisons until 1941; inmates were primarily flogged for not being productive enough. (Arkansas didn’t ban the lash until 1968.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A “hoe squad” at the Ramsey prison farm in Texas in 1968, when CoreCivic co-founder T. Don Hutto was the warden</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Danny Lyon / Magnum Photos]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inmates were routinely put into solitary confinement for “laziness” or not meeting work quotas in the fields. Texas prisons also empowered certain inmates to act as “building tenders,” trusties who managed and punished other prisoners. These convict guards ran the prisons’ living quarters with brutal force; one state investigator found that guards and tenders beat inmates with “fists, axe handles, billy clubs, leaded rubber hose, horse bridles and reins, gun butts, black jacks, and baseball bats.” By using trusties, the state saved money that would otherwise be spent on guards’ wages. A 1974 state report found that these practices continued well into the 1970s. It was in this world that Hutto learned how to run a prison.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Meanwhile, inmates in neighboring Arkan­sas sued over horrific conditions at the state’s two prison plantations, where day-to-day operations were also effectively run by trusties armed with whips, revolvers, and shotguns. The job was often done by prisoners convicted of brutal crimes who were willing to assault others. If a trusty shot and killed an inmate said to be escaping, he was granted an immediate parole. In 1965, Arkansas’ prison farms put $250,000 in the state treasury. “To make these profits, the prisoners were driven remorselessly from dawn to dusk in the fields, especially at harvest time,” according to a summary of a state police investigation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">T. Don Hutto at Cummins in 1971</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bruce Jackson]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1970, a federal court declared the entire Arkansas prison system in violation of the constitutional prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. (The scandal would be fictionalized in the 1980 Robert Redford film, Brubaker.) The prison commissioner needed to be replaced, but there were few people qualified to run Cummins Farm Unit, the 16,000-acre plantation at the heart of the scandal. Arkansas Gov. Dale Bumpers was impressed with the way Hutto managed Ramsey, so in May 1971 he asked Hutto if he’d be interested in running Arkansas’ prison system. Hutto said yes.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Hutto went to Arkansas, he chose to live at Cummins, moving his family into the comfortable home where the prison’s superintendent had lived. (One former superintendent had installed a buzzer in his bedroom that rang in the nearby women’s reformatory, where about 40 female inmates lived. He used it when his wife was away, pressing it to summon his favorite female convict.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After Hutto settled in, Cummins began a prison rodeo. In August 1972, hundreds of people bought tickets to watch inmates compete for small cash prizes. Prisoners wearing cartoonish uniforms with black and white stripes rode broncos. During one inmate’s riding debut, he was kicked in the stomach and had to be carried off on a stretcher. Prisoners piled on top of a greased pig, trying to capture it to win $10. A crowd favorite, according to one article, was an event called “Hard Money,” in which inmates attempted to grab a tobacco pouch containing $75 that was tied between the horns of an enraged bull. Describing the rodeo to a reporter, Hutto said, “Our objective here is to return each inmate to society better equipped to handle his responsibilities, and this can be a start in that direction.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Prisoners pick cotton at Cummins prison farm in Arkansas in 1975.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bruce Jackson]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hutto’s mandate was to implement the 1970 court ruling that required Arkansas to improve prison conditions, including by reducing the authority of trusties, or convict guards, and hiring “free world” guards instead. When Cummins had lost money after earlier reforms, one state representative complained, “They have refused to make crops. They have refused to let their inmates do what they call ‘stoop labor’ because it’s beneath their dignity.” Hutto also came under pressure to keep the prison farms profitable.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Initially, Hutto demurred, saying it would be very difficult to run an effective prison for monetary gain. “A good prison is very profitable to society,” he said. If a prison could successfully hold a prisoner and reform him enough to prevent him from committing crimes after release, then as far as Hutto was concerned, that prison was operating on a “profitable basis.”<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Never­theless, he revamped the farming operation, converting it from a “manual, inefficient, marginal operation to a highly productive mechanized one.” Food crops were swapped with high-volume cash crops like cotton, rice, and soybeans. During Hutto’s first year in Arkansas, farm operations brought in almost $1.7 million in revenue.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Nearly half the high-level positions at Cummins and Arkansas’ other prison farm were filled by Texans who had their own methods of forcing inmates to work. In a federal hearing on prison conditions in Arkansas, inmates testified that failure to pick one’s quota of cotton was grounds for a punishment called “Texas TV</b>.” A prisoner would be forced to stand with his forehead against a wall and his hands behind his back. He would be left there for up to six hours, often without food, sometimes naked. “They get you up in the morning and give you two pieces of bread with syrup and tell you to pick cotton all day and when you don’t pick enough they stick you on that wall so you don’t get any supper or clean clothes,” one inmate testified. “Then the next morning, it’s the same thing. How are you gonna have a good attitude when it doesn’t do no good?”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Julia Smith/Mother Jones</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another inmate testified that he had been beaten with blackjacks, stripped, and left naked in an unlit “quiet cell” for 28 days for refusing to labor in the fields. Guards blasted air conditioning into his cell without giving him a blanket and fed him only bread, water, and a pastelike “grue,” causing him to lose 30 pounds.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other prisoners testified they’d been punished by being cuffed behind their backs, put on the hood of a truck, and driven at high speeds through the plantation, sometimes causing them to fall off. Despite the hearing’s findings, Gov. Bumpers said he was satisfied with Hutto, telling reporters it appeared inmates worked harder for him than they did for his predecessor.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hutto’s prisons attracted more attention when a 17-year-old named Willie Stewart died after visiting Cummins. He had been there as part of a “one-day wonder” program, in which juvenile offenders were given a taste of prison life. Guards would shoot at the teens’ feet as they entered the prison, chase them with cars, or order them to keep up with the fastest cotton pickers. After going through this treatment, Stewart died, prompting an FBI investigation.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In October 1974, a federal appeals court ruled that Arkansas was still failing to “provide a constitutional and, in some respects, even a humane environment” in its prisons. The judge called conditions under Hutto “sub-human” and condemned the use of “various forms of torture and inhumane punishment,” overcrowding, racial discrimination, abuse of solitary confinement, lack of rehabilitative programs and medical care, and continuing use of armed trusties. After the ruling, about 200 inmates refused to work until guards in riot gear forced them into the fields.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Arkansas’ prison system had a terrible reputation, but in another sense, it was thriving. In 1974, prison farming operations made nearly $700,000 in profit. After Hutto left, the farms would operate at a loss</b>.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> So would other prison plantations across the South. Angola in Louisiana, Parchman in Mississippi, and Ramsey in Texas are still run as prison farms, but today they don’t make money. Not until Hutto introduced a new business model with CCA would prisons be profitable again.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">When America’s prison population exploded during the ’80s and ’90s, CCA was perfectly positioned to serve lawmakers who wanted to look tough on crime while minimizing the costs of building and staffing new prisons. But the company hit hard times in the late ’90s; at one point its stock dropped to 18 cents a share. It was saved by the return of immigration detention.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inmates babysit Hutto’s children at Cummins.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bruce Jackson]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 2003, the Bush administration launched ICE as part of the newly created Department of Homeland Security. Armed with a $1 billion budget and driven by a new “zero tolerance”-style policy, the agency prepared to triple its beds for immigrant detainees</b>. Over the next 15 years, the immigrant detainee population would jump 91 percent. In May 2006, CCA converted a medium-­security prison in Taylor, Texas, into an immigration detention center named after the company’s co-founder. As DHS head Michael Chertoff proclaimed the end of the “catch and release” policies Trump would later rail against, the T. Don Hutto Residential Center became the nation’s largest family immigration detention center, holding more than 500 adults and children awaiting asylum hearings or immigration court decisions. While most families were supposed to spend a few weeks at Hutto, some were held for more than 175 days.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In early 2007, the American Civil Liberties Union sued on behalf of several children held at Hutto, accusing DHS of violating the 1997 Flores settlement, which had set guidelines for the humane treatment of children in immigration detention. According to the suit, children were made to wear “prison garb” and dirty underwear and were kept in small cells for 12 hours a day with an hour of recreation. They could not have toys and did not have privacy while getting dressed or using the bathroom. One child at Hutto wrote, “I don’t like to stay in this jail. I’m only nine years old…This place is not good for me.” Another declared in block letters, “Help!! I hate this place.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The judge called conditions under Hutto “sub-human” and condemned the use of “torture and inhumane punishment.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A federal judge called out Hutto for its “questionable” living conditions, including the poor food, inadequate medical care, and prisonlike environment. He also expressed alarm that guards had threatened to separate young children from their parents for minor infractions, “a disciplinary tactic that is certainly inappropriate and which may well constitute mental abuse.” ICE agreed to improve conditions at the facility, including by allowing children to wear regular clothes and move about freely. ?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2009, ICE announced it would no longer hold families at Hutto. (CoreCivic says it ensures “a high standard of care” in its immigration detention facilities. It also says it ran Hutto “in accordance with ICE’s requirements at the time.”)&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The facility recently detained about 500 women, including dozens whose children were taken away under Trump’s family separation policy</b>. In June, Grassroots Leadership, an anti-private-prison advocacy group, published letters from mothers held at Hutto who expressed anguish over being locked away without their kids. One said staff members at another detention site “told us they were going to adopt our children out to other people.” Regarding life at Hutto, another woman wrote, “They also treat us very badly. [I]f we ask something they answer us so angrily. They’re humiliating us and I feel very bad. I ask God to give me strength for my son. I no longer eat or sleep. I don’t know what to do.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even before the outrage over family separation, serious allegations about Hutto had been accumulating. In February, a woman sued CoreCivic, alleging that guards at Hutto had forced her and other detainees to work for $1 or $2 a day; if they refused, they were subject to punishments including solitary confinement. Following complaints that guards had sexually abused detainees and retaliated against a woman who spoke out, 46 members of Congress called for Hutto to be audited to ensure its compliance with the Prison Rape Elimina­tion Act.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In late June, commissioners in Williamson County, Texas, decided they’d had enough: They voted to end their county’s contracts with CoreCivic and ICE to operate T. Don Hutto Residential Center.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In May 2017, I visited CoreCivic’s corporate headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee. It had been more than two years since I left my prison job in Louisiana. Shortly after my story ran in Mother Jones, the Obama administration’s Justice Department announced it would stop contracting with private prisons; two weeks later, the Depart­ment of Homeland Security signaled it would reconsider its use of private immigration detention. On the eve of the 2016 election, CoreCivic’s stock price plummeted to $14, down from more than $30 earlier in the year.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Armed convicts acted as guards in Arkansas prisons.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bruce Jackson]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When I drove up to the parking lot, a pair of security guards in wraparound shades stopped me. I told them I was a shareholder, there to attend the annual shareholders’ meeting, and handed them my ticket. During my reporting, CoreCivic had refused to make any of its executives available to me. So I’d purchased a single share of company stock, which allowed me to go there and see them in person.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After I pulled into the lot, a car driven by a thin, elderly man entered. It was Hutto. He had agreed to an earlier request for an in-person interview, only to suddenly balk. When he got out, I approached him.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Do you know who I am?” I asked. He said yes but then looked confused. “I’d still like to get a chance to talk to you about founding CCA,” I said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Oh, I don’t think I can remember much from those days,” Hutto said before disappearing into the building. “Well, it’s nice to meet you!”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Inside the room where company officials gathered, spirits were high. Trump’s election six months earlier had changed everything: CoreCivic’s stock had jumped 43 percent the day after the vote, more than that of any other publicly traded company. Investors were no doubt buoyed by Trump’s promises to crack down on immigrants and expand private prisons. <b>CoreCivic had given $250,000 to Trump’s inaugural committee</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">. In early 2017, the Justice Department had reversed Barack Obama’s decision to phase out private federal prisons, and Trump had told DHS to get ready to hold tens of thousands more immigrant detainees. Immigration detention had pulled CoreCivic out of a slump once before; it was poised to do so again.</span></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hutto sat in the front row. When people entered, they went directly to him, shaking his hand reverently.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Sir, good to see you,” one man said.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Still alive!” Hutto replied.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Adapted from American Prison: A Reporter’s Undercover Journey Into the Business of Punishment, by Shane Bauer. Published by arrangement with Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Random House LLC. Copyright © 2018 by Shane Bauer.</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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