Alar "scare"
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">contested, bit like DDT
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http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/<b>2007/03</b>/01/alar-great-apple-scare
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<blockquote><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>This article is the ninth in a continuing series excerpted from the book</i> Smoke or Steam: A Guide to Environmental, Regulatory and Food Safety Concerns, <i>by Samuel Aldrich, excerpted and abridged by Jay Lehr.</i></font></p></blockquote><hr />
<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Against a background of a skull and crossbones, overlaid on a red
apple, the late Ed Bradley appearing on CBS TVs <b>"60 Minutes" </b>on February
26, 1989 said:</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The most potent cancer-causing agent in our food supply is a
substance sprayed on apples to keep them on the trees longer and make
them look better. That's the conclusion of a number of scientific
experts, and who is most at risk? Children who may someday develop
cancer."</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Almost overnight the Alar story seemed to be everywhere: Phil Donahue, the Today Show, <i>Women's Day</i>, CNN, The MacNeil/Lehrer Report, the <i>Washington Post</i>, the <i>New York Times</i>, etc. Actress Meryl Streep announced on TV the formation of Mothers and Others for Pesticide Limits.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Enormous Consequences</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Within a short time, apple juice and apple sauce were thrown away.
Apples were taken out of school lunches, and parents on the border of
hysteria called the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) about
risks of cancer to their children.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The publicity campaign was so effective that sales and prices of all
apples declined sharply, and 20,000 apple growers in the U.S. suffered
substantial financial harm--even the large number who never used Alar.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Farmers went bankrupt. The government spent $9.5 million of taxpayer money to reimburse apple growers.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A consumer group called Citizen Alliance claimed Florida grapefruit
contained Alar residue. As a result, tons of grapefruit were left to rot
on docks in South Korea in 1989, and 1990 shipments were predicted by
some to be reduced by 90 percent.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growers and exporters suffered great financial loss, and South
Koreans were denied a healthful food, all because of a lie. Alar is not
even used on citrus. The alarm was a hoax.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All of this occurred because of a carefully orchestrated public
relations campaign that was unequaled in the history of environmental
activities until global warming fear-mongering surpassed it.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Testing Showed Alar Safe</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Alar is the trade name for a compound that was sometimes sprayed on
apple trees before apples formed, to reduce early drop, thus extending
the harvest season. It also extended the shelf life of apples and
improved their color, which we now know increases their nutritional
value.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The compound was extensively tested before 1966 and cleared for use
by the U.S. government. In laboratory tests, the amount fed to mice
before any effect was noted was equivalent to an average adult eating
28,000 pounds of Alar-treated apples each year for 70 years, or a
10-pound infant eating 1,750 pounds per year.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Bogus NRDC 'Evidence'</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1986 the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a
self-appointed environmental activist group, challenged the safety of
Alar, especially for children, and asked EPA to declare Alar an
"imminent hazard," which would have allowed banning it at once.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The NRDC claimed to have scientific evidence showing Alar might cause
cancer. The alleged evidence, however, was never published where it
could be reviewed by qualified scientists.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">EPA set up a "special review" panel--which rejected the NRDC results just three weeks before the 60 Minutes program.</span></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Scientific Advisory Panel for EPA concluded NRDC's "evidence" was
flawed and rejected it because it did not conform to standards of
research and review established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.</span></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In April 1989, <i>Science</i> magazine condemned the NRDC report.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>CBS Ignored Evidence</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Alar had in fact been eliminated in baby food three years earlier by
Gerber, Heinz, and Beech Nut</span>, and other companies eliminated the use of
Alar in other products soon afterwards--because of unfavorable
publicity, not because of any safety hazard.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Despite this, according to<b> Reed Irvine of Accuracy in Media</b>, the NRDC
arranged with CBS to air its report, "Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in
our Children's Food," on 60 Minutes.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the book <i>Fear of Food</i> (Free Enterprise Press, 1990), Andrea
Arnold characterized NRDC's Alar scare as "a deliberately misleading
environmentalist fund-raising campaign."</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Shameful Collusion</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eight months after the first 60 Minutes presentation on Alar, as a
result of an Accuracy in Media report, the public began to hear about
the despicable collusion between NRDC and CBS. Few, however, were aware
that in<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 1988 NRDC had hired Fenton Communications, a public relations
firm, to plan and carry out the campaign against Alar. Fenton arranged
months in advance for the 60 Minutes television segment.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Belatedly, apple growers tried to counter the effect of the Fenton
campaign with reassuring statements from scientists, the Department of
Agriculture, and EPA itself. But the message was buried under the
avalanche of negative publicity generated by the NRDC misinformation
project.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Scare Campaigns Continue</b></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><i>Science</i> magazine in 1989 suggested "it may be time to develop
appropriate measures so that victims of irresponsible information have
redress."</span> In 1991 Colorado adopted a statute that would make those who
cast needless doubt on the safety of perishable agricultural food
products subject to a fine up to three times the cost of lost sales. VEGGIE LIBEL
</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Apple growers sued in Yakima County, Washington asking for $250
million in damages against CBS, the NRDC, and Fenton Communications, but
never received anything.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While most people still recall the historic Alar scare, few recognize
the malevolent intentions of the groups involved. Thus, similar
unjustified scare campaigns are likely to be repeated.</font></p>
<hr />
<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><i>Jay Lehr, Ph.D.</i> (<a href="mailto:lehr@heartland.org"><b>lehr@heartland.org</b></a>) <i>is
science director for The Heartland Institute. Samuel Aldrich is an
emeritus professor at the University of Illinois. His groundbreaking
book for laymen,</i> Smoke or Steam? A Guide to Environmental, Regulatory, and Food Safety Concerns, <i>is available from The Heartland Institute for $12. The table of contents of the book, containing 211 topics, can be viewed at</i> <a href="http://www.heartland.org/smokeorsteam.pdf"><b>http://www.heartland.org/smokeorsteam.pdf</b></a>.</font></p>
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==
</font><h4><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline">ACSH and <font color="#ff0000">Alar</font></span></font></h4>
<p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Whelan and ACSH's reputation was made (and finances assured) mainly by her successful propaganda win over the activists in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alar" title="Alar">Alar</a> scare </b>(a hormone sprayed on Apples).<span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> This campaign was funded $25,000 p.a. by<b> Uniroyal</b> (the manufacturer of Alar) and by most of the other SOCMA members, including <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dow" title="Dow">Dow</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a>, who made large contributions. Then in 1990 the apple and chemical industries filed a <font color="#ff0000">libel lawsuit </font>against
the activists over publicising Alar's dangers, and lost the suit. The
court concluded that the scientific case against Alar was justified. <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Uniroyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniroyal (page does not exist)">Uniroyal</a>
itself later admitted the chemical was dangerous and voluntarily took
it off the US market (but continued to sell it elsewhere).</span></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/docs/alarscarenegin.html
</font></div><div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#003366">The Alar "Scare" Was for Real; and So is That "Veggie Hate-Crime" Movement
By Elliott Negin</font></b>
<b><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" color="#003366">Columbia Journalism Review</font></b>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The so-called Alar scare occurred more than seven years ago, but it is still very much in the news – mainly because food and chemical industry trade groups have made it their rallying cry as they lobby for "agricultural-disparagement" laws</span> meant to blunt criticism of their products.<b> The Alar affair also has become a favorite media symbol for a false alarm. Reporters and pundits repeatedly refer to it as a prime example of Chicken Little environmentalism and government regulation run amok. </b></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#ff0000">And they are wrong. </font></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As conventional wisdom has it, the Natural Resources Defense Council, a nonprofit environmental group, manipulated CBS's 60 Minutes into hyping a story on the dangers of Alar, a chemical sprayed on apples to regulate their growth and enhance their color. The February 1989 broadcast, largely based on the NRDC report "Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food," told an audience of some 40 million that Alar was a dangerous carcinogen. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Then, the tale continues<b>, NRDC's public relations firm,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Fenton Communications</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, convinced other major news organizations to feature the story. Meryl Streep</span> testified before Congress, and on TV talk shows, about Alar's dangers. The public panicked: school systems removed apples from their cafeterias, supermarkets took them off their shelves, and orchard owners lost millions. The maker of Alar, Uniroyal Chemical Co., was ultimately forced to take it off the market, even though, the story goes, it posed no real health risk. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Like most media myths, this one includes a fact or two. There was indeed an overreaction to the 60 Minutes report, as viewers confused a long-term cumulative threat with imminent danger<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. But Alar is a potent carcinogen, and its risks far outweigh its benefits. After extensive review, the Environmental Protection Agency decided in late 1989 to ban it because "long-term exposure to Alar poses unacceptable risks to public health." </span></b></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Moreover, studies and reviews completed after the CBS story aired – including one by Uniroyal – confirmed the earlier ones the NRDC relied on</b>, according to Jim Aidala, the EPA associate assistant administrator for pesticides. Alar, the trade name for daminozide, and its breakdown product during heating, UDMH, are animal and <b><i>"probable human" carcinogens. </i></b></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Besides the scientific evidence, 60 Minutes has been repeatedly vindicated in the federal courts</b>. On April 29, the Supreme Court upheld without comment an appeals court decision dismissing a $250 million class-action suit filed in 1990 against 60 Minutes by a group of Washington state apple growers, alleging the show falsely disparaged their product (Auvil v. CBS "60 Minutes"). In October 1995, the appeals court had held that "the <b>growers have failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to the falsity of the broadcast.</b>" A year earlier the district court had dismissed the case for essentially the same reason. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>The apple industry, meanwhile, rebounded quickly</b>. In November 1990, The New York Times reported that "the industry overall has suffered little fallout." And the president of the International Apple Institute told The Times that "the loss of Alar is not a major catastrophe for growers." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A recent database search of "Alar" and "scare" turned up more than 160 references from January 1995 through mid-July. Nearly half of those references were in pieces on agricultural-disparagement legislation, which is designed to protect the reputation of fruits and vegetables from erroneous claims about their safety. The laws, which were triggered by the Alar controversy, make it illegal to disseminate unproven claims that perishable farm products are unsafe. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Another dozen references to the Alar scare appear in book reviews and op-eds about</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <b>Our Stolen Future</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> – a recent book that contends that synthetic chemicals may be harming human <b>endocrine </b>and reproductive systems. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In all, of the roughly eighty articles, editorials, op-eds, and book reviews that commented directly on whether Alar actually posed a risk, all but a handful present the Alar affair as much ado about nothing. Some samples: </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• A June 4 [1996]<b> Gannett News Service</b> article by Kyle Hughes on New York Governor George Pataki's rift with environmentalists says: "The Alar scare comes to mind, when parents were told their children were at risk of being poisoned by chemically treated apples. It wasn't true." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• Lyle Niedens's March 3 [1996] Des Moines Register article on agriculture-industry public relations says: "Proponents of U.S. agriculture point to the Alar scare as a prime example of how misinformation can cloud food-safety topics. A popular industry response was that children would have to eat as many as 800 apples a day for several years before feeling adverse effects of Alar." He did not challenge this false assertion. An EPA statement issued in June 1995 specifically addressed this part of the myth: "The statement that only a huge exposure would pose any risk is nonsense." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• Arizona Republic reporter Jonathan Sidener's April 21, 1995, news article on the state Perishable Agricultural Food False Claims Bill calls the Alar scare a "false alarm." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• An editorial on <b>agricultural-disparagement laws </b>in The Providence Journal-Bulletin on May 6 [1996,] asserts that after the "Alar crisis of 1989 . . . it was soon found that there was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> no scientific evidence of any harm Alar had done to anyone." </span></span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• In a March 7 [1996] book review of Our Stolen Future, the <b>Wall Street Journal</b> reporter Cynthia Crossen refers to the "1989 Alar-on-apples uproar that practically destroyed the reputation of apples as good food using questionable scientific evidence." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">• <b>John F. Ross</b>, in a feature story on risk in Smithsonian magazine last November, calls the 60 Minutes Alar piece "perhaps the most dramatic example of erroneous public perception of unnatural and involuntary risk. . ." Ross goes on, "The panic originated from a controversial report of questionable science." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Why are these misconceptions about Alar so entrenched? According to John Stauber, editor of the Madison, Wisconsin-based newsletter PR Watch, the erroneous reporting on Alar is largely due to a sophisticated public relations counterattack mounted shortly after the 60 Minutes show. The controversy "scared the hell out of the agribusiness and food industries," he says. "The food industry said, 'Never again,' [and] set out to convince the news media this was a hoax." The campaign, he adds, has been "very successful." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">David Rall, a physician and former director of the <b>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</b>, calls the mistaken media coverage "a triumph of publicity over science." He says the contention that there was no scientific evidence that Alar posed a substantial health risk is "preposterous. Either they haven't looked at the data or they're misinterpreting it." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Meanwhile, the libel case has not been well covered. Except for a July 1991 front-page feature on the lawsuit in The New York Times, the case was mentioned in only a handful of newspapers, and usually summarized in two or three paragraphs. Al Meyerhoff, an NRDC lawyer, and other critics say that the 1991 Times article, Apple Growers Bruised and Bitter After Alar Scare, played a key role in shaping public perception. The Times, says Meyerhoff, "reported the lawsuit filing as if it were won. Coupled with the absence of further coverage, plus a concerted disinformation campaign by industry trade groups, Alar become synonymous with a hoax." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PR Watch's Stauber, meanwhile, says the national news media are not paying enough attention to another legacy of the Alar controversy: the agricultural-disparagement laws, sometimes called "veggie hate-crime" bills. </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"The laws now in at least twelve states making it illegal to disparage fruits, vegetables, and meat are part of the national campaign to intimidate anyone who raises legitimate concerns about food safety," he says. Stauber believes the laws will eventually be found unconstitutional. But until they are challenged in court, reporting on mad cow disease, E. coil bacteria, or pesticides "could bring on a multimillion-dollar lawsuit." </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Negin, a former managing editor of American Journalism Review, is a Washington, D.C.-based writer. </span>
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">© Elliott Negin 1996, Originally published in Columbia Journalism Review, Sept/Oct. 1996
Letters to the Editor, Columbia Journalism Review, Nov/Dec. 1996
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Comforted with Apples</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">All that really needs to be said about Elliott Negin's article attempting to justify the Alar hoax ("The Alar Scare Was For Real," CJR, Sept./Oct. 1996) is to ask what planet he has been inhabiting for the last seven-and-a-half years. Since that time, virtually every reputable scientific body and leading scientist – ranging from the National Cancer Institute to the American Medical Association, the World Health Organization, and C. Everett Koop – has gone on record as saying that the use of Alar on apples never posed any risk to the health of either children or adults. Are we to dismiss all of these testimonies as a "concerted disinformation campaign by industry trade groups"?</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Virtually the only scientists who still regard the Alar scare as genuine are those associated with the EPA – who, in doing so, are merely carrying out the agency's protocol that any substance that causes cancer in high doses in even a single rodent is therefore a "probable human carcinogen" (a standard that, if applied to natural substances, would lead to the banning of peanuts, honey, mushrooms, and tap water). </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">And even within the EPA this standard is on the way out, as witness the bipartisan repeal of the Delaney Clause (the law which first institutionalized this standard in 1958) this past summer, and the announcement by the EPA last spring that it would be drawing up new guidelines for the assessment of cancer risk, which would no longer rely on high-dose, single-species animal tests.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Elizabeth M. Whelan</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">President</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">American Council on Science and Health</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">New York, NY</span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elliot Negin replies: </span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The planet I live on has a long tradition of fact-checking, and <b>most of Elizabeth Whelan's "facts" don't check out.</b> While she's right about C. Everett Koop, she's wrong about the groups she cites. Neither the American Medical Association nor the National Cancer Institute has issued an official statement on Alar. Meanwhile, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer and its Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues both concluded that UDMH – the major breakdown product created when Alar-treated apples are processed or eaten – is a carcinogen.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other prominent organizations (besides EPA) regard UDMH as carcinogenic, including the National Toxicology Program of the U.S. Public Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics, which urged the EPA to ban Alar.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Whelan also misstates the EPA's "protocol" for assessing cancer risk – despite the fact that the agency sent her a letter in March 1992 detailing its guidelines. The letter pointed out that chemicals have to cause cancer in two animal species and in both sexes to be designated "probable human carcinogens." And it added that the agency is required by law to consider benefits as well as risks before banning a pesticide. In the case of Alar, the EPA obviously determined its risks outweighed its benefits.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Journalists should be wary of quoting Whelan without noting that her organization represents the interests of the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (see "Dr. Whelan's Media Operation," CJR, March/April 1990). Although Whelan has a doctorate in public health, she seems more concerned about the health of her benefactors, which include <b>American Cyanamid, Archer Daniels Midland, Chevron, Dow Chemical, DuPont, Exxon, General Mills, Johnson & Johnson, Monsanto, Pfizer, Union Carbide, and Uniroyal – the company that manufactured Alar.</b></span></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story
mar 2011
wendy
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<p>Ever heard of Alar? Is this more or less what you have heard: The"Alar scare" of 1989 was a hoax based on junk science perpetrated by
the Natural Resources Defense Council, Consumer's Union, <i>60 Minutes </i>on CBS, and the actress <a href="http://www.simplesteps.org/food/eating-well/catching-meryl-streep">Meryl Streep</a>?
I wouldn’t be surprised if that’s the narrative you heard. But it is absolute bunk.
This
rendition of the Alar story has been told and retold so many times
since 1989 that it’s accepted truth. According to this version, Alar was
in fact a safe chemical that was absolutely essential for the health of
the nation’s apple industry, and that it was forced from the market by
environmental and consumer extremists at a cost to the industry of at
least $100 million.
Actually, the truth is that Alar was -- and
is -- not a safe chemical. And it was not necessary for the health of
the nation’s apple industry. The U.S. courts settled this contentious
debate once and for all in 1992-93 when judges dismissed the apple
growers’ lawsuit against NRDC and CBS, two organizations involved in the
uncovering of the true story of Alar. The truth is that apple
production has grown in the decades since Alar was forced from the
market.
So why does common wisdom suggest otherwise? And what
lessons can we draw from a decades old case to what is happening with
another environmental issue today?
The distortion of the Alar
story is in fact the machinations of a sophisticated public relations
counterattack on the part of industry front groups and conservative
media, which successfully turned reality upside down, much like they are
doing today with the science of climate change and the need for
environmental regulation.
The barrage of attacks on the EPA and
the Clean Air Act going on right now in Congress, aided and abetted by
right-wing front groups, reminds me of the attacks on NRDC following the
release of its report <i>“</i>Intolerable Risk<i>”</i> which exposed
the failure of a regulatory system to take into account the unique
vulnerabilities and dietary patterns of young children when establishing
standards for safe levels of pesticides in food. NRDC was slammed as a
radical organization and the scientific underpinnings of its research
attacked as illegitimate.
Nothing could be farther from the truth
though this is the story that won the day. How would I know? I was
working at NRDC at the time. In fact, I shared a small office with Robin
Whyatt, PhD, a principal researcher and co-author of the report, and
after its release I partnered with Meryl Streep and many other concerned
parents to form Mothers & Others. Consumers have a right to know,
we argued, what’s in the food they feed their families, to vote with
their dollars for a safe and sustainable food system and to demand that
our government puts public health, particularly our children’s, above
corporate interests.
Lets look at some of the accepted “facts” of the Alar case.
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The first error is that NRDC’s report focused on Alar. In fact, <i>“</i>Intolerable Risk<i>”</i>
analyzed the hazards of 23 agrichemicals found in common fruits and
vegetables consumed by American children during the first 6 years of
life</span>, and considered the cancer hazard, toxicity to the central nervous
system and inadequacies in the pesticide regulatory system designed to
protect public health. Alar became the “poster child” for the research,
and the media clamor to follow, as it was the one <i>60 Minutes</i> zoomed in on with their segment, “A is for Apple.”
<b>There
were very good reasons to make an example of Alar, as this 4-part
review of its history will tell</b>. It was not the safe chemical the media
has mythologized. In fact, its hazards became evident in the 1970s soon
after hitting the market. And the true story of Alar, which saw the
light of day for a brief moment in the spring of 1989, turned a
white-hot spotlight on the challenges the EPA faced then and still today
getting a problem chemical removed from the market. This may be why the
industry fought back with such vengeance, and worked especially hard
turning the media story around. The regulatory system was tipped in
industry’s favor; to cede ground to the EPA and consumers on Alar could
have opened a floodgate of reforms.
So what then is the true story of Alar?
Let’s
start in 1968, when Alar entered the market. The Uniroyal Corporation
had received a government license to sell it for use on apples and
peanuts. Alar by the way is not a pesticide as many mistakenly call it.
It’s a growth regulator, the “stop-drop” wonder chemical. It doesn’t
kill pests but prevents fruit from dropping to the ground too early. As a
consequence, Alar provided economic benefits to apple growers, who
could harvest their crop over a longer period, easing labor issues. The
benefit to consumers was a cosmetically enhanced apple that stayed a bit
crunchier a bit longer.
The germ of Alar’s undoing is in its
chemical makeup. Alar is manufactured by<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> mixing succinic anhydride with
1,1,dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), a toxic component of rocket fuel. </span>UDMH has
always been a contaminant present in Alar. In addition, Alar degrades
into UDMH when it is heated --as in cooking applesauce, or sterilizing
apple juice for bottling --or when Alar is digested in the human
stomach. In tests of carcinogenicity [cancer-causing power], <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">UDMH proves
to be about 1000 times as powerful as Alar itself.</span>
But it is
safe to say that the health effects of Alar had hardly been evaluated
before it was licensed for use in 1968. Back in those days, the U.S.
Department of Agriculture had legal responsibility for the health and
safety aspects of all crop chemicals. Between 1945 and 1966, USDA
licensed nearly 60,000 individual pesticides at a time when the agency
had only one toxicologist on staff; it was his job to keep abreast of
the health and safety literature (if any existed) for each of the 60,000
products. In 1972, this responsibility was passed to the EPA.
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Concerns about the health impacts of Alar began in 1973, when a study published in the <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>
showed that mice given UDMH at high levels in their drinking water
developed cancer of the lung, kidney, liver, lymph system, and blood
vessels. A follow-up study of mice published in 1977 confirmed the
finding of cancer in the lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels of treated
mice. The same year, researchers also published a study of Alar's effect
on Golden hamsters, which found rare blood vessel tumors and tumors of
the intestines in both sexes. There was also evidence of cancer in a
third species, rats, exposed to Alar in a study conducted by the
National Cancer Institute in 1978.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Though its manufacturer played
down Alar’s risks (Uniroyal claimed to have studies of workers that
proved Alar/UDMH was safe, though<b> never released the data</b>), by the early
1980s, prominent health research institutions – the International
Agency for Research on Cancer, the Carcinogen Assessment Group within
the U.S. EPA and the U.S. National Toxicology Program - had reached
agreement that Alar/UDMH causes cancer in laboratory animals and is a
"probable human carcinogen.”</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At the time of these studies, a
provision of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the so-called<b> Delaney
Clause)</b> required EPA to ban pesticides known to cause cancer in animals
or humans if those pesticides concentrated in processed food, such as
applesauce and apple juice. Though the 1977 study put Alar/UDMH squarely
into its crosshairs, the EPA took no action against Alar for years.</span>
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">That
changed in 1984, when on September 19, the EPA announced that it was
investigating the lifetime cancer risks among people eating apples and
peanuts sprayed with Alar. A year later, in August 1985, EPA announced
that it was planning to initiate a process that would result in banning
Alar.</span>
Its reasons: Alar was being used on 38 percent of the U.S.
apple crop; it penetrated to the interior of the apple so washing
wouldn't remove it; and it might be causing as many as <b>100 cancers per
million people exposed to it in their diet for a lifetime.</b> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The official
threshold for concern within EPA at that time was one cancer in a
million exposed people, so Alar was thought to create a human health
hazard at least 100 times as great as the agency considered acceptable.
So in fall of 1985, EPA submitted its Alar ban plan to the Agency’s
Scientific Advisory Board (SAB).</span>
Now wait, you say. The chemical,
so widely thought of as the symbol of wildly exaggerated hazards by an
extremist environmental group and the liberal media “crying wolf,” turns
out to have shown signs of trouble – indeed of causing cancer -- within
just a few short years of it appearing on the market?<b> And as early as
1985, not 1989 when NRDC published its report, EPA</b>, following the law,
and with the public health establishment lined up in support, announced
its plan to ban it? So what’s all this stuff about Alar being forced
from the market? It’s hard to imagine the food industry was asleep
through all this, oblivious to the mounting public health concerns and
EPA’s plans.
They weren’t, but more on that in my next post.</p><p>---</p><p><span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-iv">he True Alar Story IV</a></span>
</p><div class="views-field-field-subtitle-value ">
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-teaser-value ">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-body-value ">
<span class="field-content">In 1989, Americans virtually stopped buying apples after 60 Minutes, the TV news
show, aired a story showing a weak Environmental Protection Agency
incapable of taking action against Alar, the problem farm chemical
sprayed... <span class="readmore"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-iv">read more ></a></span></span>
</div>
<div class="byline_wrapper "> <span class="views-field-uid ">
<span class="field-content">By <a href="http://archive.onearth.org/author/wendy-gordon">Wendy Gordon</a></span>
</span>
<span class="views-field-field-publication-date-value ">
<span class="field-content"><span class="date-display-single">April 11, 2011</span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd clear-block">
<div class="views-field-field-title-image-detail-fid clear-block">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-nid ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/smarterliving">Smarter Living</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-title ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-iii">The True Alar Story III</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-subtitle-value ">
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-teaser-value ">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-body-value ">
<span class="field-content">By the mid 1980s (as I’ve written here and here in this series), in response to the
findings that Alar (and its breakdown product UDMH) were probable human
carcinogens and that EPA had begun the process to ban it, several... <span class="readmore"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-iii">read more ></a></span></span>
</div>
<div class="byline_wrapper "> <span class="views-field-uid ">
<span class="field-content">By <a href="http://archive.onearth.org/author/wendy-gordon">Wendy Gordon</a></span>
</span>
<span class="views-field-field-publication-date-value ">
<span class="field-content"><span class="date-display-single">April 6, 2011</span></span>
</span></div>
</div>
<div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even clear-block">
<div class="views-field-field-title-image-detail-fid clear-block">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-nid ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/smarterliving">Smarter Living</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-title ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-ii">The True Alar Story II</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-subtitle-value ">
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-teaser-value ">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-body-value ">
<span class="field-content">Where my firstpost on the “True Story of Alar” left off, it was fall 1985. There
being substantial evidence by then that Alar and UDMH (which it breaks
down into when heated) were probable carcinogens, the U.S.... <span class="readmore"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story-ii">read more ></a></span></span>
</div>
<div class="byline_wrapper "> <span class="views-field-uid ">
<span class="field-content">By <a href="http://archive.onearth.org/author/wendy-gordon">Wendy Gordon</a></span>
</span>
<span class="views-field-field-publication-date-value ">
<span class="field-content"><span class="date-display-single">March 30, 2011</span></span>
</span></div>
</div>
<div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd clear-block">
<div class="views-field-field-title-image-detail-fid clear-block">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-nid ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/smarterliving">Smarter Living</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-title ">
<span class="field-content"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story">The True Alar Story</a></span>
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-subtitle-value ">
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-teaser-value ">
<span class="field-content" />
</div>
<div class="views-field-field-body-value ">
<span class="field-content">Ever heard of Alar? Is this more or less what you have heard: The "Alar scare" of 1989
was a hoax based on junk science perpetrated by the Natural Resources
Defense Council, Consumer's Union, 60 Minutes on CBS, and the... <span class="readmore"><a href="http://archive.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story">read more ></a></span></span>
</div>
<div class="byline_wrapper "> <span class="views-field-uid ">
<span class="field-content">By <a href="http://archive.onearth.org/author/wendy-gordon">Wendy Gordon</a></span>
</span>
<span class="views-field-field-publication-date-value ">
<span class="field-content"><span class="date-display-single">March 22, 2011</span></span>
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It has been produced in the U.S. by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span> Chemical Company, Inc, ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="35" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/docs/alarscarenegin.html" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> "Scare" Was for Real; and So is That - PBS</a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/.../<b>alar</b>scarenegin.h...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b1" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CCUQ7B0wAQ" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 8.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:ab.hdke;mouseover:ab.hdhne;mouseout:ab.hdhue" data-ved="0CCYQqR8wAQ" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sPKliobvXu4J:www.pbs.org/tradesecrets/docs/alarscarenegin.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
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The maker of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span> Chemical Co., was ultimately forced to take it off the ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="42" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/alar/" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">NRDC: Case Study: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span></a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www.nrdc.org/health/<b>alar</b>/</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CCwQ7B0wAg" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 8.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:ab.hdke;mouseover:ab.hdhne;mouseout:ab.hdhue" data-ved="0CC0QqR8wAg" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WBEGVusxQMJ:www.nrdc.org/health/alar/+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">May 24, 2011 - </span>In addition to the substantial evidence, including research by <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span>(its manufacturer), indicating that <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span>/UDMH was carcinogenic, there ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="50" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.onearth.org/blog/the-true-alar-story" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); 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The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span>Corporation had received a government license to sell it for use on apples and ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="58" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-06-14/news/8902090470_1_alar-apple-juice-natural-carcinogens" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">The Lessons Of The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> Scare - Chicago Tribune</a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be bc" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">articles.chicagotribune.com › ... › <a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/apple-juice" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Apple Juice</a></cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b4" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CD4Q7B0wBA" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 8.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:ab.hdke;mouseover:ab.hdhne;mouseout:ab.hdhue" data-ved="0CD8QqR8wBA" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WNhUPDintmAJ:articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-06-14/news/8902090470_1_alar-apple-juice-natural-carcinogens+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
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Finally, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span> Chemical Co. simply stopped selling it.</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="68" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Alar_and_apples" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> and apples - SourceWatch</a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=<b>Alar</b>and_apples</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CEYQ7B0wBQ" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 8.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:ab.hdke;mouseover:ab.hdhne;mouseout:ab.hdhue" data-ved="0CEcQqR8wBQ" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YxRcEiK1pwAJ:www.sourcewatch.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlar_and_apples+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?es_sm=122&biw=925&bih=724&q=related:www.sourcewatch.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlar_and_apples+uniroyal+alar&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=5ye7U83TJKnf8gHAw4CoBA&ved=0CEkQHzAF" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Jul 26, 2007 - </span>Under pressure from <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span>, however, the EPA allowed <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> to stay on the market. Its use continued, even after tests by the National Food ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="75" style="position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?es_sm=122&biw=925&bih=724&q=related:www.sourcewatch.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlar_and_apples+uniroyal+alar&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=5ye7U83TJKnf8gHAw4CoBA&ved=0CEkQHzAF" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="q0 b w xsm" style="color: rgb(26, 13, 171); font-weight: bold; font-size: x-small; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;">[PDF]</span></a></font><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/alar3.pdf" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Ten Years Later, Myth of '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> Scare' Persists</a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/<b>alar</b>3.pdf</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b6" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CE0Q7B0wBg" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; 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-webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vFv56uM2UYwJ:www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/alar3.pdf+&cd=7&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?es_sm=122&biw=925&bih=724&q=related:www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/alar3.pdf+uniroyal+alar&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=5ye7U83TJKnf8gHAw4CoBA&ved=0CFAQHzAG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="f slp" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?es_sm=122&biw=925&bih=724&q=related:www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/alar3.pdf+uniroyal+alar&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=5ye7U83TJKnf8gHAw4CoBA&ved=0CFAQHzAG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">As Brody reminded her readers, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> - <span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span> Chemical Co.'s trade ... Resources Defense Council (NRDC) report on <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> as a human carcinogen - one that.</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="81" style="position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?es_sm=122&biw=925&bih=724&q=related:www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/alar3.pdf+uniroyal+alar&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=5ye7U83TJKnf8gHAw4CoBA&ved=0CFAQHzAG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="q0 b w xsm" style="color: rgb(26, 13, 171); font-weight: bold; font-size: x-small; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;">[PDF]</span></a></font><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://courses.washington.edu/alisonta/pbaf590/pdf/Rosen_Alar.pdf" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Much Ado About <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span></a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">courses.washington.edu/.../pdf/Rosen<b>Alar</b>.pdf</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b7" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CFMQ7B0wBw" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; 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In response to the widespread public concern,<span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span> Chemical Com- pany canceled ali sales of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> on June 2, 1989.</span></font></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="91" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/wendy-gordon/alar-apples-b_843628.html" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Wendy Gordon: The True <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span> Story II - Huffington Post</a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www.huffingtonpost.com/.../<b>alar</b>-apples-b_843628...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b8" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CF0Q7B0wCA" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: none; transition: none; -webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; background-image: none;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 4px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 8.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a></font><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:ab.hdke;mouseover:ab.hdhne;mouseout:ab.hdhue" data-ved="0CF4QqR8wCA" style="border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.218s; transition: opacity 0.218s; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; -webkit-user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:3jDdlModBToJ:www.huffingtonpost.com/wendy-gordon/alar-apples-b_843628.html+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;">
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color: rgb(51, 51, 51); cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);">Apr 27, 2011 - </span>Chris Wilkinson, one member of the panel, became a paid lobbyist for<span style="font-weight: bold;">Uniroyal</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar's</span> manufacturer, shortly after he rendered judgment on the ...</span></a></font></div></div></div></li><li class="g" style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none; font-size: small; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="rc" data-hveid="98" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/daminozide-alar-pesticide-canceled-food-uses" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Daminozide (<span style="font-weight: bold;">Alar</span>) Pesticide Canceled for Food Uses <b>...</b></a></font></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 42em; color: rgb(84, 84, 84); line-height: 18px;"><div class="f kv _Kz" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128); height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="be" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 33); font-style: normal; font-size: 13px;">www2.epa.gov/.../damin...</cite></font><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 0px 3px; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-user-select: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="_Ul ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=uniroyal+alr&oq=uniroyal+alr&aqs=chrome..69i57.3319j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result details" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="ab.tdd;keydown:ab.hbke;keypress:ab.mskpe" data-ved="0CGQQ7B0wCQ" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px; 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