cashbail bak

disambig see cash bail fine fee<div>
</div><div>
</div><div>=<div><div style="clear: both; position: relative;"><div class="GGD0W3FBKS" aria-hidden="false" style="float: left;"><div style="clear: both;"><div class="gwt-HTML" aria-hidden="false">bit belated, this has to do with extraction of $ from poor ppl of color
eg prison phones=wikiPrivate probation is the contracting of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation" title="Probation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">probation</a>, including rehabilitative services and supervision, to private agencies. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">non-profit</a> organizations and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">for-profit</a> programs. The Salvation Army's misdemeanor probation services initiated in 1975, condoned by the state of Florida, is considered to be among the first private probation services.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> The private probation industry grew in 1992,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESentinel_Offender_Servicesnd-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> when "local and county courts began outsourcing misdemeanor probation cases to private companies to alleviate pressure on overburdened state probation officers."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGambino2014-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>Opponents such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ACLU</a> argue that private probation companies are profiting off of poverty and devastating communities to a much greater extent than publicly run probation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolon2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B.Edsall" title="Thomas B. Edsall" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas B. Edsall</a> notes that "The more commercialized fee collection and probation services get, the more the costs of these services are inflicted on the poor."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times2014-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;" /></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1History</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#United_States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2United States</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.1Alabama</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Georgia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2Georgia</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Georgia's_regulatory_system" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.2.1Georgia's regulatory system</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.3Florida</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.4Mississippi</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2.5Michigan</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#United_Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3United Kingdom</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Criticism</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Lack_of_oversight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4.1Lack of oversight</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Probation_for_profit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5Probation for profit</a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Offender-funded_private_probation_model" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5.1Offender-funded private probation model</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Citations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">7Citations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">8References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">9Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">10External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">History[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 1841, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Augustus" title="John Augustus" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Augustus</a>, a Boston <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cobbler</a>, convinced a judge to grant him custody of a man convicted of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public intoxication</a>. The man would have been incarcerated, otherwise. The judge agreed, and instead, Augustus paid the man's fine and took him in. Augustus returned with the drunkard three weeks later for an evaluation. The judge perceived the man to be sober and respectable, and Augustus had found him a job. Impressed, the judge allowed Augustus to continue taking offenders into his custody for a probationary period as an alternative to imprisonment. Augustus took in over a thousand offenders, the majority of whom never returned to the criminal justice system. Augustus's method became popular, and was therefore implemented by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Massachusetts</a> as a public alternative to incarceration, and later by the other states in the United States. This slowly replaced private, voluntary probation such as that practiced by Augustus.Faced with an increase in the number of offenders in the 1970s, the state of Florida became the first to begin private probation. In 1975 Florida authorized the Salvation Army Misdemeanor Probation program.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlossAlarid2007235-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> In 1989 both Missouri and Tennessee passed laws allowing private entities to supervise misdemeanor offenders.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlossAlarid2007235-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlossAlarid2007235-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> In 1991 a new law in Georgia with similar content<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlossAlarid2007235-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> became the catalyst for the founding of private probation firms based in that state, such as Professional Probation Services, Inc. (founded in 1992) a subsidiary of Universal Health Services Inc., Sentinel Offender Services (founded in 1993), and Judicial Correction Services (established in 2001).<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">United States[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>About ten states now contract probation to private companies. Private probation can take the form of a for-profit private probation agency, or a non-profit community-based private treatment provider. Private probation agencies usually model their practices after the bail bond system. Probationers would post a bond as insurance for their good behavior. Meeting probation conditions, such as attending court on a certain date, means that the probationer regains the bond. Failure to meet probation conditions means the probationer loses the bond. Most private probation agencies tend to specialize in certain kinds of offenses in an attempt to reduce their overall caseload.Private probation dates to 1992 in the United States when there was a rapid increase in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">incarceration</a>. The United States currently incarcerates over two million people, more than any other country in the world, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to its population. Overcrowded prisons have turned to community corrections to relieve their institutions—over five million people are currently serving probation or parole in the United States. However, recidivism rates are high, and overworked probation officers have difficulty monitoring and managing so many probationers, many of whom were sentenced to community corrections simply due to overcrowding.As a result, since 1992 probation has also implemented privatization in order to relieve its caseload. In the United States private probation firms that provide offender-funded misdemeanor probation include Professional Probation Services, Inc. (founded in 1992) a subsidiary of Universal Health Services Inc., Sentinel Offender Services (founded in 1993), Judicial Correction Services (established in 2001), Southeast Corrections (founded in 2005), AD Probation, JAG Probation, Georgia Probation Services (founded in 1993 in Trenton, Georgia) and CSRA Probation with services offered in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Missouri, Michigan, Montana and Idaho.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201410-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Alabama[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Judicial Correction Services provides probation services to court systems in Alabama. In 2012 Circuit Court Judge Hub Harrington in a well-documented case regarding private probation<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services2011-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> characterized the contract between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services" title="Judicial Correction Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judicial Correction Services</a>, a private probation company and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpersville,Alabama" title="Harpersville, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harpersville Municipal Court</a> as an extortion racket which created a debtors' prison condoned by local elected officials.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services2011-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a>In 2013 a bill in Alabama to extend private probation from local municipal courts to state courts was supported by the private probation industry.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Georgia[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Georgia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Georgia uses private probation more than any other state, with approximately 500,000 citizens on probation last year.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-AJC-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a> The situation there has been likened to "debtor's prison".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a> Human Rights Watch estimated that private probation firms in Georgia collect approximately $40 million a year from the people they supervise, mostly those who cannot afford to pay fines associated with low-level misdemeanors such as stop sign violations, illegal lane change, or trespassing.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201419-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>In 1991 a new law in Georgia authorized formal contracts under the Probation Services Agreement between local governing authorities and private organizations to supervise misdemeanor offenders.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlossAlarid2007235-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> Georgia Legislature county-run probation services for misdemeanor cases were suspended and replaced with out-sourced private firms since c.1992.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalko2014-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> This was the catalyst for the founding of Georgia-based private probation firms such as Professional Probation Services, Inc. (founded in 1992) a subsidiary of Universal Health Services Inc., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services" title="Sentinel Offender Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sentinel Offender Services</a> (founded in 1993), and Judicial Correction Services (established in 2001). Since 1996 the number of private probation contracts in Georgia had dramatically increased.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparrow20011-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> By 2012 Georgia, with many rural areas, was one of only approximately 10-12 states that had private probation policies and services. Judicial Correction Services provides probation services to more than 100 Alabama courts.The Georgia bill, called House Bill (HB) 837 would have extended more probation services to private companies to manage the probation periods of minor offenders while exempting the companies from Georgia's open-records laws.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGambino2014-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Georgia Governor Nathan Deal vetoed Bill 837 in May 2014.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalko2014-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a>Sentinel Offender Services provides probation service to over ninety courts in Georgia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESentinel_Offender_Servicesnd-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> The private probation firm Sentinel Offender Services and the Richmond County State Court were accused of abuse and civil rights violations. "In Augusta, Georgia numerous former probationers accuse Sentinel Offender Services of ignoring their inability to pay hundreds and even thousands of dollars in company fees."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch20145-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>On November 24, 2014, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Sentinel had violated Georgians' rights by charging them "tolls," a term for service fees charged by the probation company on top of government fines, which can extend beyond the duration of the actual probation. Georgians may now be able to get money they paid in "tolls" back from Sentinel and other probation companies in the state.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-AJC-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><h4 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Georgia's regulatory system[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Georgia's regulatory system" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h4>According to the Human Rights Watch 2014 report, Georgia 's courts "put more people on probation with private companies than any other state" but Georgia also has a "more advanced regulatory and oversight model than any other state that permits privatized probation services."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201410-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> The Administrative Office of the Courts in Georgia in 2001, considered the "oversight mechanism and use of local judicial control in Georgia" as a potential "national model for misdemeanor probation privatization."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparrow20012-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a> However, as early as 2001 there were criticisms of private probation prompting a call for more "Advisory Council oversight and local accountability through careful contract crafting and performance supervision by the courts will be needed to insure the future success of private probation."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparrow20012-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a>In their 2012 report to the Georgia Criminal Justice Reform Council, the Southern Center for Human Rights (SCHR) noted the conviction of former Chairman of the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles Bobby Whitworth, who during the 2000 General Assembly session in Georgia accepted a $75,000 bribe from Detention Management Services, Inc. for influencing the passing of Senate Bill 474.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern_Center_for_Human_Rights(SCHR)2010-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a> This private probation legislation, would have "effectively transferred supervision of approximately 25,000 misdemeanants from the State Department of Corrections to the individual counties." Private probation firms like DMS would have benefited greatly from potential individual county contracts.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourt_of_Appeals_of_Georgia2005-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgia2005-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern_Center_for_Human_Rights(SCHR)2010-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrections_Corporation_of_America2010-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[19]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcWhirterRankin2005-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a> When Sentinel acquired Detention Management Services, Inc., their books showed the $75,000 as a lobbyist payment for passage of the legislation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourt_of_Appeals_of_Georgia2005-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a> The bill was withdrawn.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern_Center_for_Human_Rights(SCHR)2010-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Florida[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Judicial Correction Services provides probation services to court systems in Florida. Salvation Army does as well.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Mississippi[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mississippi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Judicial Correction Services provides probation services to court systems in Mississippi.<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Michigan[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Michigan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Sentinel Offender Services is active in several Michigan counties.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a> In September 2014, the ACLU brought suit against Michigan for imprisoning a woman who had fled to an emergency room after her boyfriend threatened her with a gun. Because she had been cited for driving without a license and had outstanding fines, she was arrested and sentenced to six months in prison.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">United Kingdom[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 2006 the UK Home Secretary John Reid announced that UK Probation Service would be opened to the private probation industry. Union representative Harry Fletcher argued that the data proves that the Probation Service was working well.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2006-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a> In 2013 the United Kingdom announced plans to shift probation service contracts worth PS450 million from the regional probation trusts to the private probation industry (companies such as the large construction company Carillion plc). More than 200,000 offenders each year would be supervised by private probation companies. Coventry MP Jim Cunningham argued that the public probation system is "a social service dealing with human needs and human problems, whereas a private company runs on profit and sometimes they tend to take shortcuts to make that profit."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Birmingham_Post2013-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> The National Association of Probation Officers calls the subcontracting "a disgrace."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Birmingham_Post2013-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a> In May 2014 Bob Jones, police and crime commissioner for the West Midlands, called the controversial scheme to use the private probation industry as "reckless." Jones argued that "changes could lead to higher crime because they would mean the end of a successful scheme which was keeping crime down, called integrated offender management."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Birmingham_Post2014-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Criticism[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Lack of oversight[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lack of oversight" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>The American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) began endorsing private sector services "to enhance or supplement supervision and casework services" in 1987.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2000-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a> Although states are increasingly privatizing community corrections, some critics argue that private probation is less subject to the standards of oversight and regulation that public probation is held to. Private probation agencies generally require less <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification" title="Certification" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">certification</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License" title="License" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">license</a>, education, training, and employment recommendations than required of probation officers in the employ of the state. Moreover, while a heavy caseload is burdensome to the state, for a private agency, heavy caseloads can be profitable and are often planned for, even if services for individual clients deteriorate. States rarely employ minimum standards for private probation agencies. As such, agencies have less incentive to report violations, and there is usually less oversight requiring them to do so.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Probation for profit[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Probation for profit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>Since the 1970s in Texas there have been a number of offender-funded initiatives designed to increase county probation services by making probationers pay for a large part of their own supervision.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinnParent1992-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a> According to a National Institute of Justice 1992 paper,<blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Probation administrators in Texas have implemented a number of innovations to increase revenue: linking fee collections to staff performance, giving judicial priority to fee collections, instituting a strong no-waiver policy, and strictly enforcing payment. To collect a higher proportion of fees, in the 1980's the Texas Legislature introduced additional measures such as automatic assessments, computerized tracking, and increased State contributions. These authors note several benefits of fee collection: saving time through automation, providing another avenue for casework, and expanding probation services into other areas.</blockquote><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;">Offender-funded private probation model[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Offender-funded private probation model" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h3>Since the 1970s, the Texas State Legislature has enacted a number of initiatives designed to help county probation departments increase their total revenues by requiring probationers to pay for a substantial proportion of their own supervision costs.Sentinel Offender Services claims to have pioneered the offender-funded model of private probation services in 1992<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESentinel_Offender_Servicesnd-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> and to have saved the tax payer "hundreds upon hundreds of millions of dollars."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTESentinel_Offender_Servicesnd-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a>In an environment where municipal courts across the United States are under considerable financial strain, private probation companies such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services" title="Judicial Correction Services" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Judicial Correction Services</a>, who are "offender-funded" are able to provide the service for free to local authorities while turning a substantial profit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTECircuit_Court_of_Shelby_County,Alabama2012-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a>A distinction is made between the "offender-funded" private probation model or "probation for profit" and private probation which is not in itself problematic.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch20141-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a> Problems arise when "public officials allow probation companies to profit by extracting fees directly from probationers, and then fail to exercise the kind of oversight needed to protect probationers from abusive and extortionate practices. All too often, offenders on private probation are threatened with jail for failing to pay probation fees they simply cannot afford, and some spend time behind bars."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch20141-2-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a> In their report Human Rights Watch argue that leading private probation firms like Sentinel Offender Services and Judicial Correction Services, who face "serious allegations of abusive practices" have lacked government oversight.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch20144-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a>In 2014 a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Post</a> journalist listed some of the perils of private probation which included conflicting goals. Private enterprise must make profits and the more paying clients private probation companies have in the form of probationers, the more they earn for their equity firms. Probation programs seek rehabilitation so that people are "off of probation out of the criminal justice system."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalko2014-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> Others argue that the financial interests of for-profit probation companies may lead to a deterioration of services or to corruption, both of which would disrupt the needs of offenders and communities. In one example, a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Board_of_Pardons_and_Paroles" title="Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles</a> was convicted on public corruption charges for accepting a bribe from a private probation agency. States generally forbid governmental officials from maintaining interests in private probation agencies, and some require that agencies post a surety bond to be allowed to supervise probationers.<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">See also[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_probation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2><ul data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("");" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" title="Parole" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Parole</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Prison–industrial complex" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Prison–industrial complex</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation" title="Probation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Probation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_Policy" title="Rehabilitation Policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Rehabilitation Policy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence" title="Suspended sentence" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Suspended sentence</a></li></ul><div>....</div>wikiSentinel Offender Services is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation" title="Private probation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">private probation</a> company based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,California" title="Irvine, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Irvine, California</a>. It was established in 1993.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;">Contents</h2> [<a role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink" style="background: none; cursor: pointer;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#Lawsuits" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Lawsuits</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#Monitoring_technology_controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Monitoring technology controversies</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#Epps_bribery_case" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Epps bribery case</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);">Lawsuits[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentinel_Offender_Services&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lawsuits" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In 2012, James Hucks filed suit against Sentinel Offender Services after an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">arrest warrant</a> was issued for his wife because she did not pay all the fees she owed to the company during her probation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia(U.S.state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Georgia</a>judge Daniel J. Craig ruled that Sentinel had to refund hundreds, and possibly thousands, of people who had paid them, and that private probation companies cannot collect fees from probationers after their probation has expired.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> Later that year, Craig granted Sentinel a stay on this ruling, but, despite their attempts to persuade him to back down on it, refused to undo his restrictions.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> In 2012, Georgia man Tom Barrett stole a can of beer and was later put on probation with Sentinel after being unable to pay a US$200 fine. He was later put in jail for two months after being unable to pay Sentinel's startup fee. As of May 2015, Barrett was suing Sentinel, and was being represented by Augusta attorney Jack Long.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> On February 17, 2016, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Southern Center for Human Rights</a> filed a lawsuit against Sentinel on behalf of two women from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,Georgia" title="Cleveland, Georgia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cleveland, Georgia</a> who were sentenced to 12 months probation each for not paying fines; the lawsuit also claims both women were told they had to undergo drug tests by a probation officer.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><h2 linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);">Monitoring technology controversies[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentinel_Offender_Services&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monitoring technology controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In June 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,California" title="Orange County, California" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Orange County, California</a> discovered that Sentinel's GPS and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Home detention" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">home detention</a> systems had multiple technical problems, which led the county to cancel their contract with Sentinel.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> That September, an internal audit by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Los Angeles County</a> found that one in four of the Sentinel-made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankle_monitor" title="Ankle monitor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ankle monitors</a> used to monitor serious criminals were faulty. Sentinel attributed many of these problems to errors by county deputies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><h2 linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);">Epps bribery case[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentinel_Offender_Services&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epps bribery case" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>In February 2017, Sentinel Offender Services was sued by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hood" title="Jim Hood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood</a> along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Tel_Link" title="Global Tel Link" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Global Tel Link</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_Health_Sources" title="Wexford Health Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wexford Health Sources</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_Group" title="GEO Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GEO Group</a> and many others for their roles in alleged violations of Mississippi’s public ethics, racketeering and antitrust laws.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Offender_Services#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a>
IRVINE OCikiJudicial Correction Services, Incorporated (Delaware) (JCS) is a privately held probation company established in 2001 and based in Georgia. Its CEO is Robert McMichael of Atlanta, GA.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinkedIn2015-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services_Management2015-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> The company acts as a self-funding probation agency for local courts, mostly in the southeast United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services2011-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> The company is part of the private "extra-carceral" or "alternatives to incarceration" industry, which includes private halfway houses, probation services and/or electronic monitoring.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> This industry, which includes services such as Judicial Correctional Service is "offender-funded", shifting the cost of probation onto probationers. The industry includes private extra-carceral institutions such as halfway houses, probation services and electronic monitoring.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> In 2008, 2009 and 2010 J.C.S. was listed by Inc.'s as "the fastest growing company in the United States.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> In 2011 J.C.S was acquired by Correctional Healthcare Companies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a> In a July 2012 case regarding the contract between Judicial Correction Services and Harpersville, Alabama, Judge Hub Harrington accused JCS of egregious abuses which were akin to "debtors' prison" and an "extortion racket"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTECircuit_Court_of_Shelby_County,Alabama2012-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[5]</a> condoned by the elected officials of Harpersville in their aggressive pursuit of fines owed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpersville,Alabama" title="Harpersville, Alabama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Harpersville</a> Municipal Court.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington_Post2012-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a>If a person is sentenced to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" title="Parole" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">parole</a> for committing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">misdemeanor</a> such as the inability to pay traffic fines,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a> J.C.S ensures the probationer meets all the conditions of parole and requires the probationer to pay various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>fees (in addition to fines) that provide a significant profit to the firm. Persons who are unwilling or unable to pay the fine and fees or who otherwise fail to meet the conditions of parole can be jailed.J.C.S. operates in an environment where municipal courts across the United States are under considerable financial strain. By instigating the "offender-funded" initiative, that was once financed by government services, offender-funded companies save the public purse while turning a profit.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTECircuit_Court_of_Shelby_County,Alabama2012-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>Aggressive pursuit of these fines and fees can double collections in some areas.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2012-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a> On its website, the company claims all the courts it services have increased collections.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services2012-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>By 2009 JCS employed about 300 people and reported revenues of more than thirteen million dollars.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudicial_Correction_Services2012-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a>In 2010, JCS had management issues and a restructuring of the command structure. The regional manager had numerous internal and external sexual harassment claims. That supervisor was given the option to resign only after the company received negative publicity. Numerous women were arbitrarily terminated or denied advancement in favor of guys with legit criminal records. That regional manager struck up a friendship with judge sparks and currently runs the birmingham municipal court.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#Controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1Controversies</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#Citations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Citations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;">Controversies[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Correction_Services&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Controversies" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a>]</h2>A Birmingham, Alabama lawyer William M. Dawson filed a lawsuit against Judicial Correction Services and Harpersville Municipal Court.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington_Post2012-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2012a-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a>In July 2012, Judge Hub Harrington of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Shelby County, Alabama</a> halted the company’s aggressive pursuit of fines owed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpersville,Alabama" title="Harpersville, Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harpersville</a> Municipal Court.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington_Post2012-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> He stated,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2012a-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">From a fair reading of the defendant’s testimony, one might ascertain that more apt description of the Harpersville Municipal Court is that of a judicially sanctioned extortion racket.</blockquote>Judge Harrington found that Harpersville Municipal Court's actions "repeatedly violated the constitutional rights of defendants"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington_Post2012-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> who were trapped by JCS into paying several times the amount of their original no-leniency court-imposed fines and fees.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington_Post2012-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a> In his findings Judge Harrington described how under the contract between Judicial Correction Services and Harpersville a defendant who is unable to immediately pay in full a fine of $200 on the day of trial is placed on probation. JCS probation office charges the defendant a monthly fee which is so high that it would take 14 months to pay it off at a total cost of $700.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTECircuit_Court_of_Shelby_County,Alabama2012-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> Sometimes the JCS monthly fees would be even higher, requiring an "additional 40 months of payments totaling $2,100."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTECircuit_Court_of_Shelby_County,Alabama2012-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a>However, Bernard Harwood, a former associate justice of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Alabama Supreme Court</a>, who was hired by JCS to review its practices, "found that the company was merely doing the job it had been hired to do, and that any jailing for debt was not the fault of JCS, because private probation companies do not have the legal authority to send people to jail or to determine indigence.".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood2012-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleyeSeville2014-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a>In a 23 June 2014 in-depth article in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">The New Yorker</a> journalist Sarah Stillman investigated whether lucrative profits from injustice were being made by the private "alternatives to incarceration" industry. Her article focused on J.C.S.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillman2014-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>On March 11, 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed suit<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a> accusing the firm of violating federal racketeering laws by extorting money from impoverished Alabamians by threatening them with jail when they fall behind on paying fines from traffic violations or other citation.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a> As part of the settlement agreement, the city of Clanton dropped its contract with Judicial Correction Services. As a result, cities across Alabama have begun to drop contracts with Judicial Correction Services.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a>On March 22, 2015, television comedian and commentator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Oliver (comedian)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John Oliver</a> did a segment on municipal violations on his weekly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO" title="HBO" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">HBO</a> show, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Week Tonight" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Last Week Tonight</a>." Part of the segment included details on the questionable operating methods of the firm and how their actions, in several cases, have only served to increase the debt of those who need to pay fines due to municipal violations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Correction_Services#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a><a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor">https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor</a>human rts watchcindy Rodriguez, a 53-year old woman living in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, had never been in trouble – “never had a parking ticket” – until 2014, when she was charged with shoplifting. Rodriguez survives on disability payments due to injuries to her neck and back, and lives in constant pain. When her case went to court, she was represented by a public defender, provided to individuals living in poverty who meet certain criteria. Rodriguez said her public defender advised her to plead guilty and accept probation, saying it was the best deal she would receive from the state.  Rodriguez was placed on probation for 11 months and 29 days under the supervision of Providence Community Corrections, Inc. (PCC), a private company that had contracted with the Rutherford County government to supervise misdemeanor probationers. Rodriguez’s lawyer told her probation was nothing to worry about, that she would just have to visit her probation officer once a week and pay her fees and fines. When she informed the judge about her stark financial situation and disability payments, he told her to do the best that she could. She owed the court US$578 for the fine and associated fees, and on top of that she would have to pay PCC a $35-45 monthly supervision fee. PCC also conducted random drug tests, though she was not charged with a drug-related offense, for which she would pay approximately $20 a test. The costs of probation ruined her life.Every time Rodriguez went to PCC to visit her probation officer, she was pressured to make payments. On one visit when she did not have the money to make a payment, her probation officer told her that she would “violate” her and that she would go to jail, which is what happened. Rodriguez turned herself in, saying it was “the most humiliating thing I’ve ever had to do in my whole life…. They took a mug shot of me, fingerprinted me, and treated me like I was garbage for about two and a half hours. Then [they] told me I could go home, they'd see me next time. That's what the police officer said, ‘I'll see you next time. You'll violate again.’ That's how they treat you.”Feeling the financial pressure of probation, backed by the threat of jail time, Rodriguez was spending far too much of her $753 monthly disability check on probation instead of basic necessities. She told Human Rights Watch: “I struggled to pay them the payments they needed every week. I ended up selling my van, because I was threatened all the time. If I didn't make the payments, they were going to put me in jail. I lost my apartment, and it's been a struggle ever since…. There were times [my daughter and I] didn’t eat, because I had to make payments to probation.” The consequences of her time on probation are still haunting Rodriguez: “No matter what I do, I can’t get back up.”Rodriguez’s experience with private probation is not unique. Probation is a criminal sentence in lieu of jail time and is widely employed as an alternative to incarceration in the United States. One goal of probation supervision is to ensure that an individual does not commit further offenses, while also providing rehabilitative services. Traditionally performed by state agencies or local law enforcement, probation supervision for misdemeanors and criminal traffic cases has in many states increasingly been outsourced to for-profit, private companies.This report focuses on the impact of private probation on people living in poverty in four states: Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee. In these four states, private probation is predominantly imposed for misdemeanor offenses, such as disorderly conduct, possession of small quantities of illegal drugs, or petty theft, and criminal traffic offenses, including driving with a suspended or revoked driver’s license, not maintaining vehicle insurance, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. From November 2016 to October 2017, Human Rights Watch interviewed individuals supervised by private probation companies, as well as judges, law enforcement officials, lawyers, and other experts.This is Human Rights Watch’s second report on the impacts of private probation and the offender-funded criminal justice system. It follows up on the first report, Profiting from Probation: America’s “Offender-Funded” Probation Industry, released on February 4, 2014, focusing on the private probation industry in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. One of the main findings of that report was evidence of “pay only” probation, or the imposition of a probation sentence simply to supervise the payment of costs, rather than as an alternative to a jail sentence. Pay only probation means that an individual who can pay their court costs up front is not subject to probation supervision and its associated conditions and costs, leading to significantly different financial and legal outcomes for poor defendants. The 2014 report also documented cases of incarceration when an individual was unable to pay their supervision fees. The current report documents the impacts of private probation in a different geographic region, focusing on Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee. The report finds that the impacts of private probation are unique in every state, and research did not find widespread use of pay-only probation or incarceration in cases when a person was unable to pay supervision fees.This report finds that private probation companies exert significant control over the lives of people on probation. In the states studied for this report, private probation companies can impose supervision fees, order drug and alcohol tests, and, if a person does not fulfill all the terms and conditions of their probation, they can issue a violation of probation and request arrest, which can lead to jail time. The services of private probation companies are attractive for cash-strapped jurisdictions because they typically do not charge for their services; instead, their revenues and profits come entirely from probationers’ fees. The companies, therefore, have a direct financial interest in keeping their clients under probation as long as possible, and using every tool available to urge payment of fees, particularly those paid directly to the company. Judges also often require people on probation to complete courses that ostensibly improve public safety and support the rehabilitation of the person on probation, including alcohol and drug testing, domestic violence and anger management courses, and monitoring devices, such as electronic instruments that monitor a probationer’s location or alcohol consumption. Many private probation companies offer courses, treatment, and monitoring device services to courts, directly benefitting when courts mandate these services as conditions of probation. The cost for all these services is passed directly to the probationer in all four states researched for this report, creating an “offender-funded” system.The spiraling costs many probationers face only partly explains how misdemeanor or criminal traffic offenses can lead to severe criminal debt in the US. The same individuals who qualify for a court-appointed public defender or government benefits, such as food stamps and housing support, may still be ordered by courts to pay hundreds or thousands of dollars not only in fines levied as punishment for an offense, but in various fees and other surcharges. Courts bill defendants for prosecutors, public defenders, jailing and transportation, and other costs associated with the court, as well as unrelated fees, like the sheriff’s retirement fund or brain injury trust funds. In all four states researched for this report, if probationers cannot pay for the direct or indirect costs of probation, they face a number of legal consequences, including jail time. The incarceration of people who do not pay fines and fees because they are genuinely unable to pay was outlawed in 1983 by the US Supreme Court, yet it remains a reality.Not all types of criminal defendants are subject to private supervised probation. Felony probation, in contrast to misdemeanor and traffic probation, continues to be monitored by state agencies, and is subject to greater transparency and accountability standards. In some misdemeanor cases, judges will allow probationers who have met their financial obligations to the court to transition to unsupervised probation. However, defendants without adequate resources to pay court fees, or who need more time to make payments, often must continue under supervision, subjecting them to additional fees, testing, and monitoring.Increased supervision, monitoring, and testing create more opportunities for a violation of probation, which is why many individuals on private probation feel that they are “set up to fail.” When a person does not meet the weekly and monthly obligations of probation, then a private probation officer can issue violation of probation, which can entail the issuing of a court summons or an arrest warrant. Many probationers interviewed for this report said their probation officers made threatening or coercing statements when they did not have enough money to pay for their supervision and other conditions. In all four states researched for this report, after being arrested or summoned to court, a probationer will have to go before a judge once again, potentially through several hearing dates, and may be subject to additional court costs and fines, extended probation periods, new probation conditions, jail time, and new opportunities to fail. This can lengthen a person’s criminal record, which has long-term effects on the ability to get a job or find housing.In Florida, Tennessee, and Missouri, probationers often must pay court costs, fines, and supervision fees directly to the private probation officer. While costs owed to the courts are not unique to private probation, the probationers supervised by companies in all four states included this report told Human Rights Watch that the payment of these costs was burdensome, and many did not distinguish between costs owed to the court system and the private probation company. In cases in Tennessee and Florida, where only partial payments are made or when a probationer is in arrears, courts leave probation officers free to decide how payments are allocated between company fees and courts costs. If most payments are going to the probation company rather than the court, then a person can be left with significant unpaid debt to the court at the end of their probation.When non-payment of fines and costs is the only reason that an individual has violated probation, the US Supreme Court has said that US courts are required to ensure that they do not jail a person who failed to pay because they were genuinely unable to do so. Human Rights Watch finds few instances in the four states researched where individuals were incarcerated because they were unable to pay court costs and probation supervision fees. However, research in the four states reveals that people more often face incarceration for inability to pay for additional probation requirements, including court-mandated classes or background checks. If an individual is using his or her limited income to pay probation supervision fees and court costs, they may have difficulty saving enough to also cover a required course, regular drug testing, or background checks. Some probationers, fearing the consequences of reporting to probation without enough money in hand, stop reporting entirely. As a result, probationers were not facing incarceration for failing to pay their fines and fees, but rather for “proxies” for failure to pay, including not completing classes, submitting to drug tests and treatment, conducting background checks, or other conditions that impose financial a burden because they could not afford to pay for these requirements.In some of the states researched by Human Rights Watch, unpaid fines and court costs can result in a suspended or revoked driver’s license, which can be the result of private probation officers applying payments to probation rather than court costs. A revoked driver’s license can have a catastrophic impact, as many people on probation feel that they have no choice but to drive, particularly in the rural regions of the states studied for this report, though this can have criminal consequences, including going back on private probation. This endless cycle of criminal charges, probation, and debt can trap some until they have no option left but jail. Those who can pay down their debts usually escape the cycle.The impact of onerous conditions of probation, including payment of private probation fees – from ballooning debt to possible incarceration – often extends to family, friends, and the wider community. Many probationers rely on the help of friends and family members to make payments, drive them to probation appointments and court hearings, and assist with housing and food. Some family members also provide emotional support through stressful and uncertain times.Children are particularly impacted when a parent is arrested, incarcerated, or simply does not have the money to pay for basic needs or child support because they are paying probation fees. Family members step in to care for children while a parent is attempting to resolve criminal cases and comply with probation conditions. The offender-funded system of justice is most burdensome and punitive for those who cannot afford its costs.As states attempt to reform criminal justice systems and reduce spending on incarceration, many have increased their reliance on alternatives to incarceration. Private companies have entered the market to offer states, counties, and municipalities lower cost options for criminal justice functions. New systems are emerging in the changing landscape of criminal justice, but they often lack transparency, regulation, and oversight, particularly for the individuals most vulnerable to abuses.The focus on criminal justice debt and its impacts on people living in poverty has gained increased public attention in recent years, though much action is still needed to correct these abusive practices. Some states, like Kentucky and Tennessee, have increasingly regulated excesses in the private probation industry, yet implementation and oversight are sorely lacking. States need to do more to ensure that courts and private probation companies are not acting abusively because of their incentive to maximize profits, and that they instead provide quality services with the intent of supporting individuals to successfully complete probation.Probation companies should review and assess their practices to ensure that they are complying with state and national legal standards and in a manner that fully respects the rights of the people under their supervision. Working with state governments, probation companies should establish processes for identifying and addressing any attempts by probation companies or courts to sidestep rules or abuse their power. Greater transparency, paralleling government agencies that provide probation supervision services, can improve accountability in their operations.The drive to privatize criminal justice services in many states is fueled by budgetary shortfalls. Private probation companies shift the cost of supervision from the state to the system’s “users,” and that larger dynamic gives rise to many of the abuses outlined in this report. In the face of shrinking budgets and increasing costs, probation that is “free” for the courts offers an attractive option for states and local governments. State and federal governments should examine alternative ways to reduce criminal justice system costs in a way that preserves and promotes both justice and safety.

boosts inequality<a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-cohen/how-privatization-is-fuel_b_13173324.html">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/donald-cohen/how-privatization-is-fuel_b_13173324.html</a>11/16<div class="entry__text js-entry-text yr-entry-text" id="entry-text" data-rapid-parsed="sec" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Johnny Cash was a man of colorful stories, and “One Piece At a Time” is no exception. In the 1976 song, Cash works a Detroit assembly line making Cadillacs that he can’t afford. “Every day I’d watch them beauties roll by and sometimes I’d hang my head and cry,” he sings.So Cash comes up with a plan. He’ll “steal” a car by taking one part home each day in his lunchbox. For twenty-five years he steals parts one by one without the factory owner noticing. By the end of the song he has a transmission from 1953 and an engine from two decades later, but altogether he has a fully functioning Cadillac, a beauty of his own.A similar story can be told about American government.For decades, parts of government at all levels, federal, state, and local, have been handed over one by one to the private sector. As public budgets have tightened, crucial public goods and services like education and transit have been outsourced in the name of efficiency and cost savings.Everyone benefits when government creates and supports goods and services designed to deliver widespread prosperity. But privatization, a key pillar of recent political attacks on government, has slowly weakened welfare programs, infrastructure, and much more.All the while we’ve hardly noticed what we’ve lost.In public education, school bus drivers and cafeteria workers have been outsourced and a new form of privatized education has proliferated. Charter schools, which are publicly funded but privately operated, are threatening the financial stability of school districts from Los Angeles to Massachusetts.In infrastructure, corporations have raised water rates and bad deals have complicated transit policy. Who could forget Chicago’s notorious parking meter debacle, in which the city leased their meters to banking giant Morgan Stanley for $1 billion under value? The deal has made it much harder for the city to make environmentally sustainable changes to transit planning, like bike or bus lanes, for the length of the lease — a whopping 75 years.In social services like food assistance and Medicaid, handing control over to the private sector has shifted the burden to the backs of the most vulnerable families, while corporations like Xerox and Lockheed Martin skim profits off the top.And across many sectors, from emergency services to the criminal justice system, Wall Street banks and private equity firms have found ways to siphon taxpayer dollars into the pockets of investors.Like the owners of the Cadillac factory, we’ve missed the bigger picture as we’ve lost control of government piece by piece.But the cost has been much more than one missing car. Our analysis, published in the report, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.inthepublicinterest.org/report-how-privatization-increases-inequality-2/" target="hplink" data-ylk="elm:context_link;itc:0" data-rapid-parsed="slk" data-rapid_p="1" data-v9y="0" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">“How privatization is increasing inequality,”</a> shows that privatization is helping fuel America’s historic inequality, the defining issue of our time.Public sector work long offered a stable, middle class life. But many public workers employed by private contractors have plunged into poverty because of declining wages and benefits. Outsourcing has been particularly harmful to women and people of color, as nearly 60 percent of public sector jobs are held by women and one in five black workers are public workers.Privatization has also impacted the public at large. Governments, strapped for cash, have increasingly allowed private contractors to charge fees to subsidize or completely fund a good or service. “Offender funded” electronic monitoring, in which a person awaiting trial or on house arrest or probation must pay for their own ankle monitor, is a tragic example of this growing practice. In 49 states and the District of Columbia, the cost of an ankle monitor — as high as $40 a day — can be passed along to the person ordered to wear it. When people fall behind on payments, the company providing the monitor can charge them late fees, and those who can’t afford to pay can even be sent back to prison or jail. If the mission of our criminal justice system is to reduce crime, trapping people in cycles of fees and debt isn’t the way to do it.The dismantling of government has also perpetuated racial segregation. One glaring example tells the story. Schools in Minnesota’s Twin Cities metropolitan area, which were once some of the most desegregated in the country due to strong state civil rights laws, are now being resegregated. Charter schools, which are exempt from many Minnesota state laws including those concerning integration, have exacerbated this dangerous trend.All of these dynamics add up to a disturbing reality. As public money has dwindled, privatization in its many forms has often appeared as a solution. A charter school here, a privately operated public bus system there. But taken as a whole, the decades-long experiment with privatization has intensified a misguided distrust in government and increased inequality.Public goods and services, by bringing economic and social value to everyone, especially the most vulnerable, ensure a healthy and just society. It’s high time we invest in them and take them back.This post originally appeared at <a rel="nofollow" href="http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/economy-budget/304993-how-privatization-is-fueling-historic-inequality" target="hplink" data-ylk="elm:context_link;itc:0" data-rapid-parsed="slk" data-rapid_p="2" data-v9y="1" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; box-shadow: rgb(13, 190, 152) 0px -2px 0px inset;">The Hill</a>.<div id="inline-newsletter_placeholder" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="follow-author" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 30px 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Follow Donald Cohen</div>
privatized probation<a href="http://www.allgov.com/news/controversies/outsourcing-probation-a-lucrative-and-growing-industry-140129?news=852293" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://www.allgov.com/news/controversies/outsourcing-probation-a-lucrative-and-growing-industry-140129?news=852293</a>Privatization of the criminal justice system has extended beyond prisons that are run for profit and now includes probation operators making a buck off Americans who have violated the law.Quietly over the past four decades, private probation companies have gone into business in 40% of U.S. states, most of them in the South. Georgia alone has 34 businesses providing probation services.These entrepreneurs have replaced county offices that used to oversee individuals given probation instead of jail time for their offenses.But the switch from public to private probation has resulted in excessive financial costs levied on probationers, some of whom have been threatened with incarceration for not paying these companies on time.Circuit Judge Hub Harrington called the private probation system in Harpersville, Alabama, a “judicially sanctioned extortion racket.”Take for example <a href="http://www.sentrak.com/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">Sentinel Offender Services</a>, a $30 million enterprise operating in four states. An investigation by NBC News found that Sentinel demanded payments for fees from low-income probationers and resorted to arrest warrants to force the issue, regardless of the individuals’ financial status.All of this despite a <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/461/660/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">1983 federal ruling</a> that said that people on probation cannot be imprisoned for being indigent.In Florida, private firms can add as much as 40% in surcharges on top of the debt owed by probationers. In Illinois, the add-on fees can amount to 30% of the standing debt.The <a href="http://www.brennancenter.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">Brennan Center for Justice</a> says that at least nine states allow companies to charge probationers excessive fees.Former law enforcement officials control this industry—at least in Georgia—having leveraged their connections into profitable contracts. “This is completely dominated by retired state probation people and wardens of state prisons,” Putnam County Sheriff Howard Sills told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “They created this industry for themselves.”They did so after Georgia passed a law in 2000 that transferred state probation services to the counties, thereby allowing local courts to outsource those services to private companies. They are allowed to handle all probation cases other than those involving felons.Bobby Whitworth, the former head of the <a href="http://pap.georgia.gov/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles</a>, accepted payoffs in return for helping to pass that law. He was eventually imprisoned on public corruption charges for having done so.“My problem [with private probation services] is with…the fact that people are getting rich off the poorest people in society,” Steve Bright, senior counsel for the <a href="http://www.schr.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">Southern Center for Human Rights</a>, told the Journal-Constitution. “Many private probation companies don't do anything but collect checks from people. Perhaps someone who has run a loan company would be better qualified.” by -Noel Brinkerhoff, Danny BiedermanTo Learn More:<a href="http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/how-private-probation-companies-make-money-americans-they-trap-criminal-justice?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">How Private Probation Companies Make Money From the Those They Trap in the Justice System</a> (by Aaron Cantú, AlterNet)<a href="http://www.correctionsone.com/probation-and-parole/articles/6754523-Connections-matter-in-Ga-private-probation-industry/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">Connections Matter in Ga. Private Probation Industry</a> (by Rhonda Cook, Atlanta Journal-Constitution)<a href="http://investigations.nbcnews.com/news/2012/10/24/14653300-cash-register-justice-private-probation-services-face-legal-counterattack?lite" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: normal;">'Cash Register Justice': Private Probation Services Face Legal Counterattack</a> (by Hannah Rappleye and Lisa Riordan-Seville, NBC compiled a bit of info in my petition to End For Profit Probation: http://www.change.org/petitions/end-for-profit-private-probation-of-misdemeanor-cases-in-the-united-states =ref
https://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/how-private-probation-companies-make-money-americans-they-trap-criminal-justiceMarietta Conner watched the judge expectantly. The 63-year-old assistant minister had just pled guilty to “fail[ing] to yield to a pedestrian”—a criminal misdemeanor in Georgia—and did not have enough money to pay her $140 fine. The judge ordered that she be put on probation. But instead of county probation, Conner was assigned a private probation company supposed to mimic normal court probabation: meet with her once a month through a probation officer, collect payments and confirm her work and address. In the end, the company sapped Conner of well over the original amount of the fine, and even dangled an arrest warrant over her head when it erroneously claimed she had missed a payment.Conner was lucky. She knew someone at the Southern Center for Human Rights who helped her escape the trap the correctional corporation tried to put her in. Yet for hundreds of thousands of others on probation through a private company, the experience routinely entails prolonged harassment, indebtedness and even imprisonment—and sometimes all with the blessing of a judge.To be ensnared in America’s system of mass incarceration is to be in prison, on parole, or on probation. In 2012 <a href="https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus12.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">1 in every 35 American adults</a> was trapped in the criminal justice system. The surging number of people whose lives necessitate constant surveillance and management has exploded the coffers of state and federal budgets, and rather than reform heavy-handed laws to ease this burden on public funds, elected leaders have contracted incarceration services out to companies with a moneyed interest in jailing more Americans. The private prison industry has stoked the outrage of progressives and civil libertarians for years, as has the practice of prosecutors pushing plea bargains with heavy parole, but an equally dangerous phenomenon is the rise of private probation businesses across the country.  Since the 1970s, the private probation industry has expanded into at least 20 states—most concentrated in the South—and nearly all of its companies are entirely supported by the fees paid to them by the probationers they “serve.” In the last few years, many of these businesses have been given more power to pursue and imprison probationers, playing a starring role in what one federal judge called a “<a href="http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21589903-if-you-are-poor-dont-get-caught-speeding-new-debtors-prisons" style="text-decoration-line: none;">judicially sanctioned extortion racket</a>.”When someone is convicted of a misdemeanor crime, he or she is often placed on probation by a judge either in lieu of minor prison time or as part of a payment plan to pay off court fines levied for his charge. Traditionally, the purpose of probation has been to facilitate the rehabilitation of the probationer through constant contact with a representative of the court (a probation officer), although this concept may be farcical in an age when an adult can be placed under “community supervision” for jaywalking. With privatized supervision, the offenders are required to report monthly to a contractor acting in the same capacity as a probation officer, and they must also pay a monthly fee to the company on top of the fines they owe the court.The distinction between fee and fine is important because, as <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21589903-if-you-are-poor-dont-get-caught-speeding-new-debtors-prisons" style="text-decoration-line: none;">noted by the Economist</a>, it is through fees that private probation companies can afford to pay the salaries of their staff. A report from the Criminal Justice Review <a href="http://www.sagepub.com/hanserstudy/articles/05/Schloss.pdf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none;">explained that</a> “Private agencies…rely on the probationer’s paying a supervision fee to remain solvent.” Solvency, however, is hardly a concern for many of these corporations, some of which have amassed tens of millions of dollars annually off the fees they charge probationers.One such company is Sentinel Offender Services, whose combined operations in four different states brought in $30 million in 2009, <a href="http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/24/14653300-cash-register-justice-private-probation-services-face-legal-counterattack?lite" style="text-decoration-line: none;">according to an investigation by NBC</a>. The company has faced many legal challenges on the grounds that its employees demand payment for fees from poor probationers and then issue arrest warrants when they cannot pay, without consideration for their financial situation. Marietta Conner, the impoverished pastor, was under the supervision of Sentinel.Although a <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/461/660/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">1983 federal ruling</a> said that probationers cannot be jailed for being indigent, Sentinel has regularly issued arrest warrants for probationers delinquent on their payments, and has even extended the probationary sentences of thousands—illegally—in order to wrest more money from them. Sentinel has terrorized so many lives a <a href="http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/crime-courts/2013-09-16/private-probation-company-dealt-costly-blows-judges-ruling" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Georgia court recently ruled</a> that the company might have to refund thousands of payments to former probationers who had the unfortunate luck to be supervised by a company that “links its probation officers’ performance evaluations to the amount of money collected from probationers,” <a href="https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/InForAPenny_web.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">according to a 2010 ACLU report</a>.Sentinel is just one in a vanguard of 34 probation corporations in Georgia pushing to have more power to hunt down delinquent probationers. <a href="http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20132014/134192.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">A new bill up for a vote</a> in the Georgia’s House of Representatives, greased for quick passage by funds from industry lobbyists would give private probation officers increased “immunity from liability” and grant them more discretion to extend a person’s probation—and by extension, prolong a probationer’s “payment period.” Some courts have actually been complicit in the racket. A circuit court in Alabama <a href="http://order/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">ruled in 2012</a> that the local municipal judiciary in Harpersville, Alabama had operated “debtor’s prisons” together with the private probation firm Judicial Correctional Services by turning over poor misdemeanor defendants to JCS and then allowing the company to fleece them for every cent they had.<div>In the event that the probationers couldn’t pay their monthly fees to the company—as was the case for many probationers in the nation’s fourth poorest state—they were thrown in jail without a trial at the behest of JCS and under the blessing of the Harpersville court, who would then doom already-indigent defendants to an inescapable pit of debt by piling even more fines and fees. The presiding judge who ruled against Harpersville was scandalized so deeply by the JCS-judiciary collusion that he accused the local court of “violating almost every safeguard afforded by the United States Constitution [and] the laws of the state of Alabama.” Meanwhile, JCS <a href="http://www.judicialservices.com/officelocations.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">continues to operate</a>in 69 cities throughout four different states.Perhaps the most pernicious feature of these businesses is how they enable local municipalities to perpetuate debtor’s prisons across the country. In Florida, birthplace of modern privatized probation, courts permit correctional firms to tack on a 40% surcharge on top of the debt a delinquent probationer already owes, <a href="http://final.pdf/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">as detailed in an investigation</a> by the Brennan Center for Justice. The investigation also found that courts in Missouri regularly condemn people to prison when they cannot pay off the fees imposed by probation companies, and in Illinois, corporations shakedown impoverished probationers for 30% more of their standing debt if they miss payments. In total, the report found that nine states charged probationers excessive fees “payable to private debt collection firms”—in other words, private probation companies.Efforts to resist the abuses of the private probation system have been scattered and slow building. In addition to the class-action lawsuits filed against Sentinel in Georgia and JCS in Alabama, an Idaho-based probation company <a href="http://boiseguardian.com/2011/10/06/probation-agency-defendant-in-class-action-lawsuit/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">was sued in 2011 for perpetually increasing probationer’s sentences</a>by manipulating the results of drug tests (testing positive for drugs is usually a violation of probation and can mean further penalties). That same year in Tennessee, a group of former probationer’s <a href="https://www.courthousenews.com/2011/01/27/33674.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">filed a successful lawsuit</a> against the owner of a company called Providence Community Corrections for having “forced them to overpay” and holding them on probation “longer than necessary.”Yet despite a proliferation of lawsuits across the country, municipalities seem to show no less willingness to contract out probation services. In addition to the 20 or so states that now allow some form of privatized probation, a state senator in at least one other place—Nebraska—has inquired with policy experts about implementing the correctional model in his home state. It does not take a legal expert to discern how for-profit correctional services threaten the freedom of Americans. Private probationary companies exist only as long as there is a steady supply of probationers from whom to extract payment, and these companies grow only if the number of people on probation grows. As evidenced further by the case of prison contractors, some of which have compelled state governors to keep prisons 90% full, a privatized correctional model maintains the American system of mass incarceration by further building it into an industry. </div>--*<a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?436568-1/after-words-peter-edelman" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.c-span.org/video/?436568-1/after-words-peter-edelman</a><h1 class="video-page-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: inline;">After Words with Peter Edelman</h1> <p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;"><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?peteredelman" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.35s ease 0s;">Professor Peter Edelman </a>talked about his book Not a Crime to Be Poor, in which he argues that courts are exploiting the poor by charging excessive fines and fees for minor crimes. He was interviewed by <a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?henryhankjohnson" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; transition: color 0.35s ease 0s;">Representative Hank Johnson </a>(D-GA)....<div class="headline" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 class="node-title" style="line-height: 52px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; clear: both;">Report: Cash Bail System Hurts Poor and Communities of Color in L.A.</h1><div>....</div><div>=</div><div>818</div><div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMAl6BAgGEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAJegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The Impact of Offender-Funded Private Probation on the Poor | HRW</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/.../impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b9" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wCXoECAYQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Feb 20, 2018 - The cost of private probation supervision disproportionately harms the poor ... many states increasingly been outsourced to for-profit, private companies. .... The drive to privatize criminal justice services in many states is fueled ...</a><div class="osl" style="margin-top: 0px;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PFi6oVNRbagJ:https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:PFi6oVNRbagJ:https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor%2B%26cd%3D10%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAJegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">‎</a><a class="fl" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor#290612" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor%23290612&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoADAJegQIBhAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Summary</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor#2ba0c1" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor%232ba0c1&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoATAJegQIBhAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Methodology</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor#6a372c" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor%236a372c&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoAjAJegQIBhAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Background: Offender ...</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor#a4d6ea" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/02/20/set-fail/impact-offender-funded-private-probation-poor%23a4d6ea&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoAzAJegQIBhAK" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">II. The Heavy Burden of ...</a></div></div><div jsl="$t t--ddbPTeIsNI;$x 0;" class="r-iDqiy9R6n_bA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ2Z0BMAl6BAgGEAs"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMAp6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAKegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Private probation - Wikipedia</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b10" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wCnoECAgQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQqR8wCnoECAgQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:luQx44GoBIIJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:luQx44GoBIIJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation%2B%26cd%3D11%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAKegQICBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAKegQICBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAKegQICBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Private probation is the contracting of probation, including rehabilitative services and ... outsourcingmisdemeanor probation cases to private companies to alleviate pressure on overburdened state probation officers." ... As a result, since 1992 probation has also implemented privatization in order to relieve its caseload.</a><div class="osl" style="margin-top: 0px;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAKegQICBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">‎</a><a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#History" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation%23History&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoADAKegQICBAH" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">History</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#United_States" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation%23United_States&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoATAKegQICBAI" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">United States</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Criticism" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation%23Criticism&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoAjAKegQICBAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Criticism</a> · ‎<a class="fl" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation#Probation_for_profit" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_probation%23Probation_for_profit&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ0gIoAzAKegQICBAK" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;">Probation for profit</a></div></div><div jsl="$t t--ddbPTeIsNI;$x 0;" class="r-i7H8UlNnyWsE" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ2Z0BMAp6BAgIEAs"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMAt6BAgJEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjALegQICRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Private Probation Services Penalize the Poor, New Report Says</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://www.nbcnews.com/.../private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-say...<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b11" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wC3oECAkQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQqR8wC3oECAkQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:QjlUUW1L9xoJ:https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:QjlUUW1L9xoJ:https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411%2B%26cd%3D12%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDALegQICRAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:QjlUUW1L9xoJ:https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411+&cd=12&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:QjlUUW1L9xoJ:https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/private-probation-services-penalize-poor-new-report-says-n22411%2B%26cd%3D12%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDALegQICRAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Feb 5, 2014 - Using private firms means those with fewest means face highest risk of ... “What we see in the context of private probation is the whole thing being .... able to outsource their probation to private companies,” Albin-Lackey said.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMAx6BAgFEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAMegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Privatized probation becomes a spiral of added fees and jail time</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">www.abajournal.com › In-Depth Reporting<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b12" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wDHoECAUQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQqR8wDHoECAUQBA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAMegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAMegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">The issue of private probation has become the hottest flashpoint on a firecracker ... Civil Liberties Union are targeting outsourced probation more and more.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMA16BAgEEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:ZwxGXjS2VBgJ:www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/probationers_prison_privatized_supervision_becomes_a_spiral_of_added_fees_j%2B%26cd%3D13%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAMegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">[PDF]</a><a href="http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjANegQIBBAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">PRIVATE PROBATION AND INCARCERATION OF THE POOR Austin ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b13" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wDXoECAQQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; 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position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:yHOejHPYW04J:www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/+&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:yHOejHPYW04J:www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/%2B%26cd%3D14%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDANegQIBBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzANegQIBBAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:www.americancriminallawreview.com/index.php/download_file/view/168/473/+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzANegQIBBAG" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Mar 12, 2016 - private probation companies have levied against him. Moreover, Mr. .... privatization of misdemeanor probation.19 Hundreds of thousands of ... companies get the right to collect probation fees.24 This outsourcing has become ...</a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMA56BAgDEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAOegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Two companies to run more than half of privatised probation services ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/.../justice-probation-contracts-private-compani...<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b14" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wDnoECAMQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; 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padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:58sqfMKucMkJ:https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies+&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:58sqfMKucMkJ:https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies%2B%26cd%3D15%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAOegQIAxAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAOegQIAxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/29/justice-probation-contracts-private-companies+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAOegQIAxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Oct 29, 2014 - Two outsourcing companies, Sodexo and Interserve, are to be put in ... will hand over 70% of the work of the public probation service to private ...</a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMA96BAgCEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/4e2db6b2-fddd-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ft.com/content/4e2db6b2-fddd-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAPegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Bids for £800m privatisation of probation service due on Monday ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://www.ft.com/content/4e2db6b2-fddd-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=private+probation+privatization+outsource&oq=private+probation+privatization+outsource&aqs=chrome..69i57.13344j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b15" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQ7B0wD3oECAIQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; 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left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.ft.com/content/4e2db6b2-fddd-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAPegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.ft.com/content/4e2db6b2-fddd-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de+private+probation+privatization+outsource&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQHzAPegQIAhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Jun 29, 2014 - Private companies are finalising bids for £800m a year in contracts to ... have outsourcedparts of their probation services – including Austria, ...</a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="CAAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFSgAMBB6BAgAEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQFjAQegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Privatisation of probation threatening to become 'contracting disaster ...</a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">https://www.independent.co.uk › News › UK › Home News<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQqR8wEHoECAAQBA" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html%2B%26cd%3D17%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAQegQIABAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html%2B%26cd%3D17%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAQegQIABAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">Mar 21, 2018 - Private probation firms 'letting convicts commit more crime' ... period, raising fears of the collapse of outsourcing giant Carillion repeating itself.</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:7FkdfFGlXY4J:https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/probation-privatisation-contracting-disaster-transforming-rehabilitation-public-accounts-committee-a8265701.html%2B%26cd%3D17%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwjptLeVjePcAhUNDKwKHVADCyEQIDAQegQIABAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;">===</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>