torturers lobby
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/heres-where-paul-manafort-did-business-corrupt-dictators-1061470">https://www.newsweek.com/heres-where-paul-manafort-did-business-corrupt-dictators-1061470</a>
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">as the <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">he trial against Paul Manafort enters its sixth day, many observers are focusing on his work for Russian and Ukrainian oligarchs and politicians. However, he has had a long history of dealing with unsavory foreign leaders during his decades-long career as a political lobbyist.</span></font><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Prosecutors in Virginia's federal court claim that President Donald Trump's former campaign manager avoided paying taxes on millions of dollars he made working for a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine—the Party of Regions of former President Viktor Yanukovych.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Much has been made of Manafort's connections to figures like Yanukovych, who fled Ukraine for Russia after being ousted from power by a pro-Western uprising in 2014, and Oleg Deripaska, a Russian oligarch whom Manafort offered to brief on the Trump campaign. After all, Manafort's allegedly illegal activities were revealed after special counsel Robert Mueller began investigating potential links between Russia and the Trump campaign[vid]</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">manafort has previously worked in other continents. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">His first lobbying firm <b>Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly, </b>which he ran with fellow Trump aid and political consultant Roger Stone, has been nicknamed <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/top-trump-aide-led-the-torturers-lobby" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">the "torturers' lobby</a>" for having represented so many political leaders involved in human rights abuses.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"Last year, Kenya received $38 million in U.S. foreign aid, and spent over $1.4 million on Washington lobbyists to get it. Nigeria received $8.3 million and expended in excess of $2.5 million. Whom did both countries call upon to do their bidding before the U.S. government? The lobbying firm of Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly Public Affairs Co., which received $660,000 from Kenya in 1992-1993 and $1 million from Nigeria in 1991," details <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/THETORTURERSLOBBY.pdf" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">a report</a> from the Center for Public Integrity published in the early 1990s.</font></p><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Former Reagan political operative Paul Manafort oversees foreign accounts; his partner, </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Charles R. Black</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, was a senior political strategist in the 1992 Bush-Quayle campaign. Their firm's fees to represent</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Nigeria, Kenya, the Philippines and Angola's UNITA rebel group in 1991 totaled more than $3 million. All four receive U.S. aid and abuse human rights,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" the report continued.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The lobbying firm's work with dictators predates the 1990s, however. </span><a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/assets/media/interactives/2018/02/20/masthead-the-corruption-issue-1/stories/timeline/" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">Established in 1980</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Manafort's lobbying firm began working for the regime of</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Ferdinand Marcos, a kleptocratic dictator from the Philippines, in 1985. During the two decades Marcos was in power, around 34,000 people were tortured while he amassed a fortune of at least<a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;"> $10 billion</a>, worth around $22 billion in today's money<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;">.</strong> His regime paid Manafort's company almost $1 million a year, or around $2.2 million today.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Later, in 1998, Nigeria's former president, the Army Officer Sani Abacha, turned to Manafort's team to help clean up his public image. Manafort personally handled his account, according to reports</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The U.N. </span><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/http//unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/IDEP/UNPAN004219.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">noted that </a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Abacha's regime "carried out widespread repression of human rights advocates, pro-democracy activists, journalists and critics of his government," and that "</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">extrajudicial killings, torture, assassinations, imprisonment and general harassment of critics and opponents were the hallmark of his administration</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">."</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Meanwhile, former<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </strong>Democratic<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;"> </strong>Senator Bill Bradley, of New Jersey, accused Manafort's lobbying firm of having lengthened the civil war in Angola by supporting Jonas Savimbi</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The firm helped secure support in Washington for Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which was trying to oust a Marxist government from </span><a rel="noopener nofollow" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-06/news/mn-658_1_angolan-peace" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">power in the</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a rel="noopener nofollow" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-06/news/mn-658_1_angolan-peace" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">1980s</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. According </span><a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k2/africa1.html" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">to Human Rights Watch</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, UNITA "used terror as a policy, to obtain supplies and coerce and intimidate civilians. Indiscriminate killings, mutilation of limbs or ears, and beatings were used by rebels to punish suspected government sympathizers or as a warning against betraying UNITA."</span></font></p><figure class="imageBox" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: both; position: relative; height: auto; max-width: inherit !important;"><div class="innerBox" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; max-width: 100%;"><picture class="mapping-embed lazysize" width="790" height="556" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; display: block; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;" /></font></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Manafort has also worked for Indonesian military leader and former president Suharto</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">—who has been described as one of the most brutal and corrupt leaders of the 20th century—and for </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Somalia's dictatorial leader Siad Barre, whose regime committed widespread atrocities in the late 1980s and early 1990s.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Generally, these brutal leaders shared one thing in common: a fierce opposition to communism. Support for figures fighting communist movements was generally in line with the <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/chapman/ct-perspec-chapman-trump-republican-north-korea-russia-0617-20180615-story.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">foreign policy goals</a> of the <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/17741.htm" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">Republican Party</a> at the time. Nevertheless, Manafort's decision to work with Russians and pro-Russian politicians in the former Soviet Union was a notable departure from his party's priorities.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to one of his former employees, Manafort's work has been characterized by his lack of moral compass and motivation for money and influence.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"I told Manafort it didn't seem like a promising strategy to march into a murderous dictator's office and point out to him and his lieutenants that he had a public relations problem. 'Are we sure we want this guy as a client?' I asked, in a garish display of naïveté," K. Riva Levinson, who worked for Manafort early in her career, <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/11/01/i-worked-for-paul-manafort-he-always-lacked-a-moral-compass/?utm_term=.f539e6683979" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 34, 16); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; text-decoration-line: none;">wrote in an op-ed last year.</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none; list-style: outside none none; margin: 20px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; width: 687px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Manafort sounded annoyed, as if I had asked the right question at the wrong time. He waved off my concerns as he settled into his large leather armchair in his spacious corner office overlooking the Potomac River, the walls adorned with photos of past presidents, senators, congressmen and other notables," Levinson described.</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></div><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="1990s">1990s</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_Angola" title="1990s in Angola" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1990s in Angola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolagate" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolagate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Angolagate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_II" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations Angola Verification Mission II</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">First Congo War</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political changes abroad and military victories at home allowed the government to transition from a nominally communist state to a nominally democratic one. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Namibia</a>'s declaration of independence, internationally recognized on 1 April, eliminated the threat to the MPLA from South Africa, as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADF" class="mw-redirect" title="SADF" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SADF</a> withdrew from Nambia.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-148" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[144]</a></sup> The MPLA abolished the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">one-party system</a> in June and rejected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marxist-Leninism</a> at the MPLA's third Congress in December, formally changing the party's name from the MPLA-PT to the MPLA.<sup id="cite_ref-mobmeeting_144-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-mobmeeting-144" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[140]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Angola" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Assembly</a> passed law 12/91 in May 1991, coinciding with the withdrawal of the last Cuban troops, defining Angola as a "democratic state based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">rule of law</a>" with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">multi-party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ninety_149-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-ninety-149" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[145]</a></sup> </font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Observers met such changes with skepticism. American journalist Karl Maier wrote: "In the New Angola ideology is being replaced by the bottom line, as security and selling expertise in weaponry have become a very profitable business. With its wealth in oil and diamonds, Angola is like a big swollen carcass and the vultures are swirling overhead. Savimbi's former allies are switching sides, lured by the aroma of hard currency."<sup id="cite_ref-skullskin_150-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-skullskin-150" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[146]</a></sup> Savimbi also reportedly purged some of those within UNITA whom he may have seen as threats to his leadership or as questioning his strategic course. Among those killed in the purge were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Chingunji" title="Tito Chingunji" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tito Chingunji</a> and his family in 1991. Savimbi denied his involvement in the Chingunji killing and blamed it on UNITA dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-151" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[147]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Black.2C_Manafort.2C_and_Stone" /><span class="mw-headline" id="Black,Manafort,and_Stone">Black, Manafort, and Stone</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black,Manafort,Stone_and_Kelly" title="Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly</a></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
Senators <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Smith(Canadian_politician)" title="Larry Smith (Canadian politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Larry Smith</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dante Fascell</a>, a senior member of the firm, worked with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_American_National_Foundation" title="Cuban American National Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cuban American National Foundation</a>, Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Claude Pepper</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Florida</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neal_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neal Blair (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Neal Blair</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_the_Eagle" title="Free the Eagle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Free the Eagle</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips(politician)" title="Howard Phillips (politician)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Howard Phillips</a>' Conservative Caucus to repeal the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Amendment" title="Clark Amendment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Clark Amendment</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-bacardi_154-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-bacardi-154" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[150]</a></sup> From the amendment's repeal in 1985 to 1992 the U.S. government gave Savimbi $60 million per year, a total of $420 million. A sizable amount of the aid went to Savimbi's personal expenses. Black, Manafort filed foreign lobbying records with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Justice Department</a> showing Savimbi's expenses during his U.S. visits. <b>During his December 1990 visit he spent $136,424 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hyatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Hyatt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Park Hyatt</a> hotel and $2,705 in tips. </b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He spent almost $473,000 in October 1991 during his week-long visit to Washington and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Manhattan</a>. He spent $98,022 in hotel bills, at the Park Hyatt, $26,709 in limousine rides in Washington and another $5,293 in Manhattan.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Paul Manafort, a partner in the firm, charged Savimbi $19,300 in consulting and additional $1,712 in expenses. He also bought $1,143 worth of "survival kits" from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Motorola</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. </span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When questioned in an interview in 1990 about human rights abuses under Savimbi, Black said, "Now when you're in a war, trying to manage a war, when the enemy ... is no more than a couple of hours away from you at any given time, you might not run your territory according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Hampshire</a> town meeting rules."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="Previous cite dead link (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Government troops wounded Savimbi in battles in January and February 1990, but not enough to restrict his mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-savwound_152-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-savwound-152" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[148]</a></sup> He went to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,D.C." title="Washington, D.C." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington, D.C.</a>, in December and met with President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George H. W. Bush</a> again,<sup id="cite_ref-mobmeeting_144-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-mobmeeting-144" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[140]</a></sup> the fourth of five trips he made to the United States. </font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Savimbi paid Black, Manafort, Stone, and Kelly, a lobbying firm based in Washington, D.C., $5 million to lobby the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Federal government</a> for aid, portray UNITA favorably in Western media, and acquire support among politicians in Washington</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Savimbi was highly successful in this endeavour.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="Previous cite dead link (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The weapons he would gain from Bush helped UNITA survive even after U.S. support stopped</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War#cite_note-153" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[149]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">80 pp</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/THETORTURERSLOBBY.pdf"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/THETORTURERSLOBBY.pdf</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">THE TORTURERS' LOBBY</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How Human Rights-Abusing Nations</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Are Represented in Washington</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ctr for publ integrity</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Q&A 2018?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://publicintegrity.org/politics/on-paul-manafort-and-foreign-lobbying-a-qa-with-the-author-of-the-torturers-lobby/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://publicintegrity.org/politics/on-paul-manafort-and-foreign-lobbying-a-qa-with-the-author-of-the-torturers-lobby/</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div></div></div>