schmidtz, david kch

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://thebaffler.com/latest/the-handmaiden-of-entrepreneurship">https://thebaffler.com/latest/the-handmaiden-of-entrepreneurship</a></font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">David V. Johnson,&nbsp; March 3, 2017</font></font></font></font></div><div>The Handmaiden of Entrepreneurship</div><div>Philosophy in the time of Charles Koch</div><div>
</div><div>some lnx</div><div>
</div><div>WHEN YOU HEAR THE PHRASE “PHILOSOPHY 101,” what comes to mind? Like me, you might think of skepticism, the Socratic method, the law of non-contradiction, the mind-body problem, the categorical imperative, the problem of induction, the social contract, the trolley problem—in other words, the classic quandaries and ideas from the history of philosophy useful for an introductory overview of the subject.</div><div>
</div><div>One word that probably doesn’t come to mind is “entrepreneurship.” The University of Arizona’s Center for the Philosophy of Freedom would like to change that.</div><div>
</div><div>Funded by the Charles Koch Foundation, the institute synergizes the intellectual heft of one of the leading philosophy departments in the country, especially thanks to its political theorists, with the advancement of libertarian and free-market ideals in higher education and beyond. The Center’s director, David Schmidtz, embodies this marriage: a notable political philosopher and expert on Adam Smith, he is also a libertarian who is using Koch money and donations from other conservative businessmen to fund free-market-oriented research and public outreach.</div><div>
</div><div>Narrowly construed, none of this is obviously objectionable: Many initiatives in higher education nowadays are funded by philanthropy, and libertarian ideas have their place in free and open academic debate. Critics of such initiatives have to be careful, lest they condemn other forms of funding for ideas and research that they like.</div><div>
</div><div>The center offers a course called “Philosophy 101: Ethics, Economy, and Entrepreneurship” for Arizona high school students “interested in going beyond the basic state standards for economics,” the center’s website says. “Students will come away better prepared for college, and for the ethical challenges that go with careers in business, or in law, politics, education, or journalism.” The center also offers workshops to train teachers to bring the course to their high schools.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>The textbook offers up about as alarming a display of Koch-inspired free-market propaganda as I have ever come across.</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Although the course is typically taught with digital materials, Schmidtz and University of Arizona colleagues Cathleen Johnson and Robert Lusch published a textbook named after the course, Ethics, Economy & Entrepreneurship, for those high school and college professors who want to teach Philosophy 101—i.e. an introduction to entrepreneurship—to their charges. </span>A student and former professor of philosophy myself, I eagerly ordered a copy via Amazon Prime and dove in. What I found was a peculiar mixture of the utterly banal and the frighteningly ideological. The best introductory philosophy books avoid both, the less successful tend toward the former; but until now, no professionally produced introductory textbook in philosophy I’ve read leaned toward the latter.</div><div>
</div><div>First, the banal: The body of the book is largely a competent introduction to economics, business, and finance. Readers learn the basics about supply and demand, price, monopoly and monopsony, money, GDP, marginal value, and so on. It also explains some of the elementary philosophical concepts that ground a market economy, such as value, knowledge, trust, and property. Finally, it also offers some useful guidance on credit, accounting, and budgeting to those many high school students who aspire to start their own small businesses. (I don’t know about you, but in my experience, the few high schoolers who had this desire were the ones who sold pot—which, to be fair, has become a perfectly respectable business of late.) If these chapters of the book were used in Economics 101 or Business 101 for high schoolers, I would find little problem.</div><div>
</div><div><b>But the “ethics” portion of the Philosophy 101 textbook—the only part that is nominally philosophy—recasts the entire course.</b> The bread holding this econ-and-business sandwich together at both ends is a libertarian ideological framework that blurs the distinction between the market and community, and identifies market values as fully determinative of ethical, social, and cooperative value. In so doing, the textbook offers up about as alarming a display of Koch-inspired free-market propaganda as I have ever come across.</div><div>
</div><div>Consider page one, from the introduction, which poses the fundamental nature of human existence in the following way:</div><div>
</div><div>The human condition is that we each arrive as newborn babies to a world that does not need us. The greatest and most joyful challenge of adult life is to develop skills that make the people around you better off with you than without you.<b> It is within your power to show up at the marketplace with something to offer that will make others glad to know you.</b></div><div>
</div><div>It would certainly be news to evolutionary anthropologists that human parents, and indeed the larger tribal groups of which they are members, have no need of their offspring. It would also be surprising to the many philosophers, such as Aristotle, who see the building blocks of human society in families, households, and other basic social groupings, rather than individuals. But in the authors’ entrepreneurial hermeneutics, all of us are born orphans, claiming true love and respect only when we create something of value in the marketplace that other people need. Here Heidegger’s concept of geworfenheit (thrownness)—the idea that our existence consists of feeling thrown into circumstances not of our choosing—is spun into a social-Darwinist tale worthy of Herbert Spencer.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And how do we advance from our infant worthlessness? By getting our hustle on:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Homo sapiens became the wisest of primates around forty thousand years ago when we learned to make deals with strangers. . . . That’s humanity’s super-power: not wings, fins, or fangs but our ability to make deals.&nbsp;</span></div><div>
</div><div>Yes, at the apex of that famous series of photographs from knuckle-dragging primates, to coarse Neanderthal, to upright homo sapiens, is Donald J. Trump, the deal maker.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Paired with this appallingly narrow vision of human life is an emaciated concept of ethics and human community, in which the market is elevated for all its communal aspects and non-market communal values are ignored or dismissed.</b> In its introductory discussion of ethics, it defines the subject as “how people have to live in order for the world to be a better place with them than without them.” On its face, this definition sounds innocuous. But as we read how the authors make use of it, we see why it avoids talking more straightforwardly about ethics in terms of one’s obligations to other people. The entrepreneur who can claim to have made the world a better place through his business savvy can’t be said to owe anything more to others or to the community beyond the good he has already provided as an entrepreneur. Assuming he has followed the law and acted with integrity (i.e., not cheated or defrauded other market actors), he has done all that can be expected of him.</div><div>
</div><div>Behold the lynchpin of the book’s introductory thoughts on the point of ethics:</div><div>
</div><div>Imagine that 70 years from now, you are lying in bed, and you have done just about everything you are going to do in this life. Whatever time you have left, you will spend that time wondering what your life was all about. . . .</div><div>
</div><div>If you can say, I made a pile of money, that is good. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise. But you already know that there is something better than making a pile of money. Better is being able to say: I made the world a better place. It is good that I was here. I showed up. I believed in something.&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>The deathbed fantasy is certainly a common way to introduce the importance of ethics to people who can’t be assumed to understand its importance. But it’s also a peculiarly narcissistic way to introduce it. Sure, it’s important to come to the end of life, ideally a time of honesty where there are no temptations and incentives to cloud one’s judgment, and believe that we have lived ethically. The real question is what it even is to live ethically, day by day in the middle of life, so that one isn’t deluded on that death bed. But the authors make no mention of the prevailing theories on this (e.g. Utilitarianism, Kantianism, Virtue Ethics, let alone Adam Smith’s theory of moral sentiments), instead settling for a system “that encourages agents in the market place to be on the lookout for opportunities to make Pareto-superior moves.”&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>Yes, at the apex of that famous series of photographs from knuckle-dragging primates, to coarse Neanderthal, to upright homo sapiens, is Donald J. Trump, the deal maker.</div><div>
</div><div>Admittedly, the ways in which trade has led to the formation of cooperative relationships that undergird a community or society has been the subject of an enormous body of thought and research going back to ancient philosophy. But no fair and reasonable discussion of such arguments—certainly not in an introductory textbook for high schoolers—can conclude that the market alone suffices to explain social cooperation and norms. One cannot simply conclude from F.A. Hayek’s discussion of how market agents settle on the price of tin that “what emerges from the haggling is not only a deal but something larger: a community.” One cannot state flatly, as a basic principle, that, “A society where people are free to trade will be a cooperative venture for mutual benefit,” because there is more that goes into cooperation than market rationality.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This free-market ideology plagues the textbook’s thoughts not only on ethics but also on more mundane matters. Taxes, for example, are a straightforward necessity for a market society that requires institutions to enforce rules and protect market actors, yet libertarians always seem to sputter over such an obvious and ethical requirement. This textbook is no different, entreating its students to consider the circle game, a thought experiment from libertarian economist David Friedman’s Machinery of Freedom, which it claims illustrates the unseen consequences of taxes:</span></div><div>
</div><div>Imagine a circle of a hundred taxpayers. You are the tax collector. You go round the circle, taking a penny from each and then you pick one out of the hundred for a fifty-cent windfall. That person is now delighted and thinks taxes are a good thing on balance.</div><div>
</div><div>Now do the same thing another hundred times, picking a different person each time for a fifty-cent windfall. In end, we’ve taken a hundred from each taxpayer, we have given back fifty to each, and everyone is happy and thinks taxes are a good thing on balance.</div><div>
</div><div>Why are they happy? Because they see the fifty-cent windfall, and may even come to depend on it.</div><div>
</div><div>They do not see the hundred cents they paid for that fifty-cent windfall, because that was taken from them one cent at a time. The way the pennies add up is unseen.&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>(Emphasis added.)</div><div>
</div><div>Yes, where do those unseen fifty cents from each round of taking go? It’s as if they disappear into a black hole—just like taxes! Of course, if the value of tax withholdings is unseen to you, it’s perhaps because you have a very narrow, market-oriented view of society—one that acknowledges (begrudgingly) how taxes pay for functioning markets in the first place, but cannot bear that even a penny of their value creation go to any communal purpose beyond the market. (You know, there is a technical phrase for this I picked up from my deep reading of abstruse philosophy texts: “blinded by greed.”)</div><div>
</div><div>There is a technical phrase for this I picked up from my deep reading of abstruse philosophy texts: “blinded by greed.”</div><div>
</div><div>Taxes not only go to the taxpayer’s immediate community but to the community enterprise as a going concern. On this matter the textbook hawks a line worthy of Ayn Rand’s worship of railroad barons. The authors target Senator Elizabeth Warren’s famous comments on fair taxation, that those who become wealthy have a social obligation to “take a hunk of that and pay forward for the next kid who comes along,” because no one becomes wealthy without myriad benefits that society provides. Sensible enough, and the textbook’s authors—to their immense credit—acknowledge that the wealthy are obligated to pay what they legally owe to other parties, such as their employees, contractors, the IRS, et al. But they are troubled by Warren’s idea that they also owe future generations. Did Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, have such an obligation, they ask? Suppose for the sake of argument that he did.</div><div>
</div><div>Then the question becomes, did Edison, in fact, pay it forward? Did he help the next kid who comes along? And the answer is this: yes, of course, he gave something to the next kid who comes along. He gave that kid the light bulb.&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>Here again the only so-called philosophy driven home in this decidedly unphilosophical book is that there are no communal values, no ethical obligations to other people; there is only what you owe, and what you provide to, the market.</div><div>
</div><div>Of course, even the authors have to acknowledge that not everything is governed by the market. There are public goods and the commons, about which the book offers some reasonable discussion. And then there are social groupings, great and small, that eschew the market in favor of communal schemes. But, the authors argue, such doomed-to-failure experiments hardly deserve to be called communities at all:</div><div>
</div><div>In practice, communal regimes can lead to careless dumping of wastes, ranging from piles of unwashed dishes to ecological disasters that threaten whole continents. People get lazy and just don’t care enough about the sorts of basic courtesy—simply cleaning up after yourself—that good neighbors care about. You have been around long enough to know what we are talking about.&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>Here I am reminded of the late Marxist philosopher G.A. Cohen’s way of cashing out the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need” in terms of how people cooperate on a camping trip. Whether you ultimately agree with Cohen or not, I’m left wondering whether any of the textbook’s authors have been on a camping trip or lived in a co-op or engaged in any communal activity that does not dangle financial incentives.</div><div>
</div><div>The book concludes with a chapter titled “The Entrepreneur and Self-Assessment” in which the lessons for leading “a rewarding entrepreneurial life” are hammered home. Here again we get the same narcissism-spun-as-life-ethics, in which what the true entrepreneur really cares about is the respect from his community for making it better off thanks to his self-enriching efforts:</div><div>
</div><div>Some entrepreneurs may appear to be arrogant, but consistently successful entrepreneurs are not over-confident, and they are not self-absorbed. They understand the basic value proposition. That is, they are political animals, and being successful in life involves building a place for themselves in a community of other political animals. They want something from other people. A big part of what they want is for other people to know and appreciate what they do to be of service.</div><div>
</div><div>And what happens when the community at large comes to realize, perhaps by taking Philosophy 101 in high school, the immense value that entrepreneurs provide? Maybe the community will then stop making claims on the entrepreneur, based on such silly notions as “justice” and “fairness,” that he owes it more than simply his light bulb idea. This is what these “political animals” want from other people: to be freed from community ties and what they morally demand. This isn’t ethics; it’s indoctrination into the libertarian outlook on social relations.</div><div>
</div><div>The chapter ends with a rousing exhortation to the aspiring student-entrepreneurs worthy of the coal walks at a Tony Robbins’ “Unleash the Power Within” seminars:</div><div>
</div><div>What does it take for you to be able to get up in the morning wanting to give thanks for the fact that you have this day—this incredible gift of one more day of not-to-be-wasted life on this earth? What does it take for you to know in your bones that this is your day?</div><div>
</div><div>We told you that there would be a test.</div><div>
</div><div>“Now go out there and create value!” I can hear the textbook authors yell to their students.</div><div>
</div><div>The question for us is what test this textbook and this course present to us. The very libertarian-friendly state of Arizona has a public university with a center funded by the Charles Koch Foundation that provides free-market ideology courses to high school students under the rubric of philosophy. The point here is not to oppose the research and discussion of libertarian ideas in higher education, nor is it to dismiss the salutary idea of introducing philosophy to high school students. This is not what is going on here. This so-called “Philosophy 101” is about shaping the minds of high school students to adopt a radical free-market outlook, and its so-called textbook is propaganda, plain and simple.</div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://tucson.com/news/local/unapproved-economics-class-with-ties-to-koch-network-being-taught/article_c8a649a1-5967-5260-88f7-9dfd5b90d21b.html</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">T<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ucson’s largest school district has allowed a controversial economics class with a biased textbook and ties to the Koch network to slip through the cracks and be taught at four high schools without being properly vetted or approved.</span></font></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Now, in the middle of the second year of the yearlong class, the Tucson Unified School District Governing Board is scrambling to decide what to do with students who are currently enrolled and grappling with the consequences of having already graduated students who technically didn’t take an approved, required economics class.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Critics of the class say the way it was quietly inserted into district curriculum highlights the worst aspects of both the Koch network and TUSD — that the former is attempting to fund an ideological revolution through its clandestine infiltration of public institutions, and the latter is too incompetent to notice a contentious, unapproved course in its schools.</font></p><div id="tncms-region-article_instory_top" class="tncms-region hidden-print" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I don’t think it’s ironic that such a controversial class slipped through the system,” TUSD Governing Board member Kristel Foster said at a recent board meeting about the problem.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The course, dubbed Ethics, Economy and Entrepreneurship, is offered as a dual-credit college course developed in partnership with the University of Arizona’s Center for the Philosophy of Freedom, better known as the “Freedom Center.” The Freedom Center receives funding from Charles Koch and other Libertarian-minded donors, some of them unnamed, as well as from a special appropriation from the Legislature.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Students who take the yearlong class, which is condensed to one semester at the university level, can earn three credits for Philosophy 101 through the University of Arizona at a discounted price. Classes are supposed to cover the same material with the same rigor as the college version.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">About 100 TUSD students are enrolled in the course.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Teachers prepared for the class by taking a graduate-level course called The Ethical Entrepreneur under the UA’s department of political economy and moral science, which houses the Freedom Center.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The course is currently taught at Tucson, Rincon, Pueblo and Cholla high schools. Cholla offers it only as an elective, which does not satisfy the requirement for a high school economics credit. The others allow it to fulfill state requirement that high schoolers take an economics class.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At least three other public school districts in Pima County — Amphitheater, Sahuarita and Vail — along with some private and charter schools, offer the course, either as an elective or to meet a core requirement for graduation.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Students are expected to learn concepts including micro- and macroeconomics, business ethics, personal and business finance and the process of innovation.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But TUSD Superintendent Gabriel Trujillo said other districts that offer the class should beware — the course, as developed through the Freedom Center, has some biases and omissions that may throw it out of alignment with state standards for a required economics credit.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It would behoove (other districts) to undergo a detailed review, to pull the syllabus and make sure that it aligns with state standards for college and career readiness for issuance of economics credit. When we did that process, we did have to work a little bit to make sure everything was aligned,” he said.</font></p><h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">COURSE MERITS</font></h6><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Supporters of the class note that funding for the course development didn’t come from the Koch brothers, the powerful billionaires behind Koch Industries who have spent fortunes to push free-market politicians and policies. Instead, it was funded through a $2.9 million grant from the John Templeton Foundation, which is often called a “spiritually inclined” nonprofit that funds interdisciplinary research in areas including religion, science and free-market economics.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The foundation says the goal of the program is to “help students come to a deeper understanding of the nature of success and the virtues that are required to secure it in our distinctively American context.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And the foundation has big goals for the course, which it hopes will reach 25 percent of Arizona high school students by 2025.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Supporters argue that while the rollout at TUSD was flawed, the controversy around the classes is misplaced. They say the course itself should be judged on its own merit, not on its loose affiliation to a controversial political figure.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mario Villarreal-Diaz, formerly of the Freedom Center but now an associate professor of ethics, economy and entrepreneurship at the department of political economy and moral science, argued that people are concerned about the center’s donors but should focus on their output and the course curriculum.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ultimately, the course teaches economic concepts that are used to explore what it means to be an ethical businessperson in hopes of teaching both economic and moral concepts, he said.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Villarreal-Diaz realizes the course may be done at TUSD due to the controversy, but if the district does get rid of the course as a knee-jerk reaction because it is associated with the controversial Freedom Center, it will just hurt students.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It’s interesting that the issue is the district approved the course without proper vetting and review, and the outcome now may be that they get rid of it without proper vetting or review,” he said, encouraging skeptics to sit in on a class.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But critics argue students who took the class have been cheated out of a balanced look at economics in the only class many of them will ever take on the topic.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Instead, critics argue, public school students are being exposed to what equates to right-wing, free-market propaganda sponsored by an organization of wealthy business owners whose ultimate goal is to indoctrinate children and groom a new generation of free-market ideologues who will grow up to loosen regulations on business.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Gibbs, a history professor at UA and a member of Kochs Off Campus — an organization opposed to undue donor influence in academia — said the course is a disturbing example of how the Koch family and other like-minded donors use massive amounts of money to influence the educational system as a means to influence political climate.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There’s something fundamentally undemocratic about that process. And there’s something disturbing about the way they’re trying to instill their ideological opinion in education, particularly at the K-12 level,” Gibbs said.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Gibbs argued that the course presents a skewed version of economics that ignores concepts that don’t fit in neatly with free-market ideals, and that the main text used to teach it, which was developed by academics affiliated with the Freedom Center, is pure propaganda.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I’ve read the textbook, and it’s basically an effort to indoctrinate students and give the impression that the economics profession is dedicated entirely to kind of a pure, free-market paradigm, with a very heavy emphasis on deregulation, low taxes and the like. There’s a skewed representation of economics there, which does not represent the consensus of the economics profession,” Gibbs said, noting that he teaches economics history.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A colleague at the UA history department, Douglas Weiner, told the TUSD Governing Board the textbook used in the course teaches a “kind of fairy-tale economics” that has no basis in history. For example, he said, the text argues that private property and patent laws are the keys to successful companies.</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Those things are true enough, but those textbooks completely ignore that the whole industrial revolution has been built on the foundation of plantation slavery … and all sorts of other more complex economic developments,” he said, noting he teaches economics history, and thinks the textbook is “junk science.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whether the course amounts to libertarian propaganda or entrepreneurial inspiration, TUSD has a problem: It was never approved to be taught in the district.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To remedy the problem, the Governing Board is considering retroactively certifying the class for those who took it last year or are currently enrolled, causing minimal disruption to the students and teachers. But the board is going to re-evaluate whether it wants to keep its ties with the class after this year.</font></p><h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DERELICTION OF DUTY</font></h6><div class="tnt-ads-container text-center " style="box-sizing: border-box; min-height: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center !important;"><div class="tnt-ads dfp-ad dfp-unit-requested dfp-rendered dfp-creative-113476988717 dfp-line-item-850358117" data-dfp-adunit="/8438/tucson.com/news/local" data-dfp-custom-pos="fixed-inline-video, stf" id="fixed-inline-video" data-dfp-size="[4,1]" data-lazy="true" data-google-query-id="CMqw1pTnktoCFRSNaQodU6AHyg" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 40px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 4px;"><div id="google_ads_iframe/8438/tucson.com/news/local_2container" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mute</font></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The district and students are in this mess because former district employees failed in their duties, according to Superintendent Trujillo.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2015, three teachers wanted to bring the course to schools in the district and started the approval process, Trujillo said. Those teachers did everything right, he said, and received initial approval from two administrators who are no longer at the district.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But another administrator who is also no longer at the district never forwarded the request for approval to former Superintendent H.T. Sanchez, who, in turn, never brought it to the Governing Board for approval, Trujillo said.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Approving courses is one of the most important&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; line-height: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p><div><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><em>=</em></font></p><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2017/12/n-koch-in-tucson" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2017/12/n-koch-in-tucson</a></font></div><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i>
</i></font></div><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fo<a href="https://www.forbes.com/#191c54332254" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">rbes Magazine</em></a>&nbsp;ranks&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-koch/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">David</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/charles-koch/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Charles Koch</a>&nbsp;each as one of the country’s top ten richest people. Their business,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.kochind.com/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwr71zcmH2AIVB8NkCh0poAYMEAAYASAAEgLsB_D_BwE" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Koch Industries</a>, is the second largest private company in the US. The family's net worth was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/koch/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">$82 billion</a>&nbsp;in 2016.&nbsp;</font></div><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Combined, the brothers and their affiliated organizations have donated tens of millions of dollars to universities across the nation, funding research centers and educational programs, including at the University of Arizona.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Koch's have been accused of attempting to drive policy in higher education, and through it public opinion, to the political right through their university donations and public school programs.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Book brings scrutiny</font></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Investigative reporter&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/jane-mayer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">Jane Mayer</a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The New Yorker</em></a>&nbsp;released a book in 2016 called&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Money(book)" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">"Dark Money,"</a>&nbsp;furthering these allegations with much more detail.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mayer offered the example of Topeka's public schools. The district, strapped for cash, allowed the Koch's to step in, and they offered their version of American History and Economics. &nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;RELATED:&nbsp;</strong><a href="http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2016/04/fearless-expression-an-expert-first-amendment-panel-discusses-how-to-navigate-free-speech-and-expression" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Expert panel addresses free speech and expression at university</strong></a></font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Among other things, Franklin Roosevelt didn’t alleviate the Depression, minimum wage laws and public assistance hurt the poor, lower pay for women was not discriminatory, and the government, rather than business, caused the 2008 recession," Mayer writes.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The accusations against the Koch's are nothing new; public media has been reporting on them for over a decade. Mayer's book, however, renewed scrutiny on academic institutions associated with the brothers.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>At the UA, donations from Charles Koch helped fund the&nbsp;<a href="https://freedomcenter.arizona.edu/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">Center for the Philosophy of Freedom</a>. Better known as the "Freedom Center," it was established in 2008 by UA Philosophy Professor David Schmidtz, and initially funded by Randy Kendrick.&nbsp;</b></font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Schmidtz and Kendrick met by chance, and, as Schmidtz puts it ,“that’s a pretty long story, but bottom line is she (Kendrick) saved my life.”</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Kendrick’s motivation for funding the center was described as absolutely&nbsp;<a href="https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/ua-freedom-center-opens-its-new-quarters" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">not political</a>. Randy is wife to Ken Kendrick, owner of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mlb.com/dbacks" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Arizona Diamondbacks</a>. She was part of a Koch-led donor network that donated almost&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/us/politics/kochs-plan-to-spend-900-million-on-2016-campaign.html?r=0" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">$900 million</a>&nbsp;on the 2016 election cycle. &nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">She left the network after it refused to attack Trump, according to British newspaper&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/15/koch-brothers-republican-donors-disappointed-donald-trump-attacks" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Guardian</em></a>.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2010, Schmidtz secured&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/freedoms-ring/Content?oid=3133482" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">more private funding</a>&nbsp;for the center, allowing him to hire four core faculty members. Of these donations, $1.8 million came from Charles Koch.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The center, its funding, the associated new department of Political Economy and Moral Science and a high-school course,</b>&nbsp;have all raised concerns within the UA and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/guest-opinion/Content?oid=12119561" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">greater Tucson community</a>. A campus group of UA faculty, Koch of Campus, has formed in resistance.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TUSD controversy</font></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Recently, the spotlight has fallen on the Freedom Center for its involvement with a high-school course. Conceived as part of the Freedom Center’s outreach efforts, the class, known as Ethics, Economy and Entrepreneurship, is described by Michael McKenna, the Freedom Center’s director, as a project of Schmidtz’s.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The course is offered for UA credit at high-schools across&nbsp;<a href="http://www.tusd1.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">Tucson Unified School Distirct</a>. Half way through its second academic year, the TUSD governing board realized the course was&nbsp;<a href="http://tucson.com/news/local/unapproved-economics-class-with-ties-to-koch-network-being-taught/article_c8a649a1-5967-5260-88f7-9dfd5b90d21b.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">never actually approved</a>.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The course received initial approval but failed to continue along the approval process.<b>&nbsp;The class, as well as its text book, co-authored by Schmitdz, has been accused of being unbalanced.&nbsp;</b></font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">David Gibbs, a UA History professor, told the&nbsp;<a href="http://tucson.com/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Arizona Daily Star</em></a>, “the course presents a skewed version of economics that ignores concepts that don’t fit in neatly with free-market ideals.” He described the textbook as pure propaganda.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There’s a worry that the indirect incentive is to introduce to high-school students ideas friendly to either libertarian or right-wing political causes through this high-school course,” said McKenna.&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Though he personally thinks the course leans a certain direction, he said many people are overreacting to the content. Schmidtz echoed that sentiment.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We’ve got people going and saying there’s an ideological problem; TUSD doesn’t see an ideological problem. And they shouldn’t, there isn’t one,” Schmidtz said.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He said the course is not on American History but on citizenship, and the high-schools understand that. The course was funded by the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.templeton.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">John Templeton Foundation</a>.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tension in the community</font></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Freedom Center itself&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tucsonweekly.com/TheRange/archives/2017/11/10/a-ua-prof-chimes-in-on-the-freedom-center" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;">has been accused</a>&nbsp;of perpetuating a libertarian, right-wing ideology. These accusations are based in large part of the sources of funding the center has received, as well as the political views of several of its key faculty. &nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The donation from Charles Koch in 2010 has raised the most eyebrows. The donation is no secret. “I am associated with the Koch brothers, I have raised money from them,” Schmidtz said.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Schmidtz continued to say that, no, it was not just for the one donation in 2010, but he declined to comment further.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">McKenna empathized with people’s fear that the center had an agenda, based on the reading of "Dark Money."&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“To the extent that what’s claimed in that book is legitimate, its really offensive and its really scary,” McKenna said. “If you read that book and you believe what’s going on in that book, then it’s easy to see what’s happened in the freedom center through the lends of that book.”</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">McKenna, Schmidtz, and a third core faculty member, Daniel Russell, all deny the presence of an agenda within the Freedom Center however, especially one dictated by the political and economic views of the Koch brothers.&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They referred to it as both comical and naïve to believe philosophers as well established as themselves could be bought.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Somebody who needed a job in philosophy so badly that they would agree to let someone tell them what to write and what not to write, would not be a good enough philosopher to hire here,” Russell said.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Part of the center’s criticism has been their perceived lack of transparency. McKenna, Schmidtz, and Russell all claimed they have never been contacted by either members of Koch Off Campus, or media outlets currently publishing related stories.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We’re getting more attention now, as of this semester,” Russell said, “and the thing that’s a bit disheartening about this is how little information people really have.”&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Schmidtz said he would share the donor list with the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daily Wildcat</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">.&nbsp;</em>As of Dec. 13, neither the&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daily Wildcat</em>&nbsp;or the reporter of this story have received a comprehensive donor list.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Freedom Center: defined</font></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Freedom Center is a research unit housed in the college of&nbsp;<a href="https://sbs.arizona.edu/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">Social and Behavioral Science</a>; its core faculty are all tenured in the Philosophy department. Their contract with the Freedom Center gives them a lighter course load in order to focus more on research and writing.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Straddling a broad spectrum of topics joint only by their relation to freedom, the center is not an "academic center" as the TUSD high-school course is independent of it.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The center recently created a new department, approved this fall by the Arizona Board of Regents. Called the department of&nbsp;<a href="https://freedomcenter.arizona.edu/news/department-political-economy-moral-science" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">Political Economy and Moral Science</a>, it was funded in large part by a grant from the state legislature, earmarked to be spent for the Freedom Center.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The department was created because David Schmidtz wanted to create a new department, and there were funds that became available through the state legislature,” McKenna said.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Russell said one of the reasons the new department was created was to be a home for faculty who didn’t fit elsewhere. “It’s going to sound funny,” Russell said, “but as a way of creating a tenure home for people who don’t really fit in any narrow category."&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If Adam Smith or Karl Marx were alive today, Russell said he doubted they would receive tenure in any existing department.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is exactly this that worries some UA members. “Up until now, the people who have been involved were people who were tenured through traditional departments,” said Jeremy Vetter, a history professor at the UA.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We may agree or disagree with their work, but they were tenured and promoted through a process that is recognizable. This new one seems to be designed to evade disciplinary accountability because it’s a discipline that doesn’t exist, really anywhere else.”</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The root of the issues is believed to be the decline in public funding. Cash-strapped universities are more vulnerable to accepting private donations. “Its only common sense that when you take a man’s money, you take his advice. Here the advice is clearly is to slant their work in this sort of free market, far right-wing direction that would suit the ideas of their donors,” Gibbs said.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Further worrying critics is the seemingly special favors from the state legislator in support of the Freedom Center. Even as Arizona has cut it’s funding to public education, the state has allocated $2 million specifically for the center at the UA and a separate $3 million for&nbsp;<a href="https://scetl.asu.edu/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">Arizona State’s School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership</a>.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;RELATED:&nbsp;</strong><a href="http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2016/06/regents-approve-uasproposed-1-1-billion-budget" target="_blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Regents approve UA's proposed $1.1 billion budget</strong></a></font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Arizona State institute also received over $1 million in grants from the Charles Koch Foundation</span>.</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, there appears to be no evidence that Charles Koch exerts any influence of the Freedom Center itself.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You’re not allowed to find people guilty in the court of law by association — you actually have to establish facts," Russell said. "And there are no facts of the sort that would lead people to say the things that are being said about us."</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although he has donated to Koch related causes in the past, Schmidtz&nbsp;said that Charles Koch has never called or checked in with the center — but he wouldn’t mind if he did.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I wouldn’t feel like he was interfering if he did, but he never does,” Schmidtz said.&nbsp; “He has seemingly complete trust in our ability, our willingness to make good decisions. In my own experience, you can’t get as far from interfering as he has gotten.”</font></p><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i></i></font></div></div><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i>a bunch by goodin</i></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;" amazon="Amazon" ember="Ember" arial="Arial" sans-serif="sans-serif" font-size="font-size" px="px"><li style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Series:</span>&nbsp;For and Against<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></font></li><li style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Paperback:</span>&nbsp;244 pages</font></li><li style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Publisher:</span>&nbsp;Cambridge University Press (August 13, 1998)</font></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><i></i></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="38" data-ved="0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFQgmKAAwAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://davidschmidtz.com/textbook-list" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://davidschmidtz.com/textbook-list&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFggnMAA" style="cursor: pointer; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ol></div></div></div><a class="fl" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rxwAzZwHIZoJ:davidschmidtz.com/textbook-list+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:rxwAzZwHIZoJ:davidschmidtz.com/textbook-list%2B%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQIAgqMAA" style="text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Ethics, Economy, and Entrepreneurship. In this&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">book</span>, Cathleen Johnson, Robert Lusch, and&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">David Schmidtz</span>&nbsp;discuss the connections between the ethical, economic, and entrepreneurial dimensions of a life well-lived. The ethical question is: how do people have to live in order to... Author: Cathleen Johnson, Robert Lusch,&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="43" data-ved="0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFQgrKAEwAQ"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://davidschmidtz.com/textbook/philosophy-economics" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://davidschmidtz.com/textbook/philosophy-economics&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFggsMAE" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Philosophy of Economics - David Schmidtz</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">davidschmidtz.com/textbook/philosophy-economics</span></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; 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The issue of social welfare and individual responsibility has become a topic of international public debate in recent years as politicians around the world now question the legitimacy of&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="53" data-ved="0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFQg1KAMwAw"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Ethics-Really-Matters-Works/dp/0199793514" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Ethics-Really-Matters-Works/dp/0199793514&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFgg2MAM" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Amazon.com: Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; 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text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Amazon.com: Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works (<wbr />9780199793518):&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">David Schmidtz</span>, Elizabeth Willott: Books. ... "The new edition is an improvement on what was, in my opinion, already the best&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">textbook</span>&nbsp;available on the subject. I will certainly adopt the new edition for future environmental ethics&nbsp;...</font></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px;"><div data-hveid="59" data-ved="0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFQg7KAQwBA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><h3 class="r" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/David-Schmidtz-Environmental-Ethics-Matters/dp/B008UYMIKS" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/David-Schmidtz-Environmental-Ethics-Matters/dp/B008UYMIKS&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQFgg8MAQ" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">By David Schmidtz - Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What ...</font></a></h3><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 18px;"><div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="text-align: left; height: 18px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.amazon.com/David-Schmidtz-Environmental-Ethics.../dp/B008UYMIKS</font></cite></div><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">By&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold">David Schmidtz</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">&nbsp;- Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters, What Really Works: 1st (first) Edition [Author] on Amazon.com. *FREE shipping on qualifying offers.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" font-weight="font-weight" bold="bold">Textbook</span><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">&nbsp;is in good condition! Some highlighting throughout but all pages are completely intact with great binding! 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</i></font></a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><center style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" medium="medium"><table width="505"><tbody><tr><td><table width="500"><tbody><tr valign="TOP"><td width="250" rowspan="2"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Environmental Ethics</b>&nbsp;
<big><b>PHIL 323 / INDS 323
The Univ of Arizona</b></big></font></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><big><b>Outline Guide</b></big></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">To link to a different example:&nbsp;<a href="http://research.biology.arizona.edu/mosquito/willott/323/outlines.html">Outlines</a>

<big><b>Are All Species Equal Outline</b></big>
<b>Introduction/Abstract</b></font><ul><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Key definitions</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Species egalitarianism (S.E.) definition: all living things have equal moral standing.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Moral standing minimum is command respect is to be something more than a thing.</font></li></ul></li><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Questions addressed</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Is there any reason to believe all living things have moral standing?</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If they do, is there ANY reason to believe they command equal respect?</font></li></ul></li></ul><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I. Respect for Nature</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Paul Taylor's view:</b>&nbsp;as written in Schmidtz (1)</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Paul Taylor's definition of anthropocentrism and biocentrism</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anthropocentrism gives exclusive or primary consideration to human interests over interests of other species</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Biocentrism is outlook based on four core beliefs.</font></li></ul></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Four core beliefs he believes grounds S.E. (as listed in Schmidtz)</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Humans are members of Earth's community of life in same sense and same terms as other living things</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The human species, along with all other species, are integral elements in a system of interdependence ...</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All organisms are teleological centers of life: each pursues its unique, individual good in its own way</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Humans are not inherently superior to other living beings.</font></li></ul></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Taylor's conclusion</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Rejecting the notion of human superiority entails its positive counterpart: the doctrine of species impartiality. One who accepts that doctrine ... other." (2)</font></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schmidtz's analysis of Taylor's point 4 (3)</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Accept 4; but not move to S.E.</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We are inferior (Not very plausible)</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We are non-comparable (Perhaps plausible: however, sometimes we do have to compare and choose. What do we do then?)</font></li></ul></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reject 4; not move to S.E.</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rejecting 4, but respect environment (based on ecological argument)</font></li></ul></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Summary:</b>&nbsp;2 ways to reject Taylor's move to S.E.; yet each compatible with respect for nature.</font></li></ul></li></ul><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">II. Is Species Egalitarianism Hypocritical</font></b><ul><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The problem:</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Taylor says S.E., but allows human needs to override needs of nonhumans.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">French sees this as contradiction. (French's argument given in Schmidtz.)
</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schmidtz, not a Taylor advocate, offers defence of Taylor: soldier and bear examples: killing an enemy soldier or a life-threatening bear does not mean I regard either as inferior
</font></li></ul></li><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schmidtz concludes:</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Taylor not stuck in contradiction that French sees, since S.E. does not require we don't kill (at least in some circumstances).</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S.E. allows killing at least under some conditions.</font></li></ul></li><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schmidtz's view of what S.E. requires</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Avoid mortal combat whenever possible; regret finding ourselves in kill-or-be-killed situation.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is no avoiding killing in order to eat.</font></li></ul><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Conclusion:</b>&nbsp;<b>S.E. compatible with&nbsp;<u>limited license</u>&nbsp;to kill</b>.
</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Schmidtz's view of short-coming of S.E.</b>: S.E. gives no guideline about&nbsp;<b>what</b>&nbsp;to kill
</font><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Appeal to intuition: Vegetarians think worse to kill cow than potato. Are they wrong?</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">S.E. says they are.&nbsp;<i>Does it, or is it just silent on this point?</i></font></li></ul></li><li><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Schmidtz's conclusion here (based on intuition)</font></b><ul><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If S.E. says vegetarians are wrong, then S.E. is wrong.</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(Missing step in Schmidtz's argument: a cow is more than a mere thing to a greater extent than a carrot is more than a mere thing.)</font></li><li><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cows command more respect than carrots command respect.</font></li></ul></li></ul><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>ENDNOTES:</b>
(1) Schmidtz, Are All Species Equal?, p.1-4. All of the arguments listed in the outline are from this source.
(2) Taylor, quoted in Schmidtz, Are All Species Equal, p.2.</font></td></tr></tbody></table><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Justice-David-Schmidtz/dp/0521539366+david+schmidtz+textbook&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn4_XE5ZLaAhUL64MKHcolBkMQHwhCMAU" style="text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://research.biology.arizona.edu/mosquito/willott/323/HotStuff.html">Phil 323 Hot Stuff</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></center><hr style="text-align: left; " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" medium="medium" /><center style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" medium="medium"><table width="420"><tbody><tr><td align="CENTER"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The University of Arizona
Last update Sept 15, 2000.
willott@u.arizona.edu</font></td></tr></tbody></table></center></div><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></div></div></div></div></div></div>