SAHIB KHALSA

INTEROCEPTION AS TRAINABLE BUT MULTIDIMENSIONAL

Craig supplies a neuroanatomical / theoretical foundation. Sahib Khalsa and contemporary interoception research extend this toward measurement, multidimensionality, clinical contexts, and contemplative applications.

The 2025 meta-analysis A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Self-reported Interoception (PMID 41198766; 29 randomized controlled trials; N = 2,191) found improvements in self-reported interoception.

Self-reported interoception ≠ objective interoceptive accuracy.

Somatic practice → attention to body → discrimination → non-reactivity → possible improvement in self-regulation.

The word “possible” matters: questionnaires do not establish that meditation makes practitioners objectively more accurate at detecting all bodily signals.

Removal audit: without Khalsa, the Brain loses the methodological distinction between interoception as subjective report, measurable accuracy, awareness, and trainability.