vitamin B1
<p >Thiamine is found in a wide variety of foods at low concentrations. </p>
<p>
Yeast, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extract" title="Yeast extract" >yeast extract</a>, and pork are the most highly concentrated sources of thiamine. </p>
<p>
In general, cereal grains are the most important dietary sources of thiamine, by virtue of their ubiquity. Of these, whole grains contain more thiamine than refined grains, as thiamine is found mostly in the outer layers of the grain and in the germ (which are removed during the refining process). </p>
<p>
For example, 100 g of whole-wheat flour contains 0.55 mg of thiamine, while 100 g of white flour contains only 0.06 mg of thiamine. In the US, processed flour must be enriched with thiamine mononitrate (along with niacin, ferrous iron, riboflavin, and folic acid) to replace that lost in processing. </p>
<p>
In Australia, thiamine, folic acid, and iodised salt are added for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1#cite_note-11" >[12]</a></sup> A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_foods" title="Whole foods" >whole foods</a> diet is therefore recommended for deficiency.</p>
<p>
Some other foods rich in thiamine are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal" >oatmeal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax" >flax</a>, and s<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seeds" title="Sunflower seeds" class="mw-redirect" >unflower seeds</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice" >brown rice</a>, whole grain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye" >rye</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus" >asparagus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale" title="Kale" >kale</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower" >cauliflower</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes" title="Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" >potatoes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)" >oranges</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver(food)" title="Liver (food)" >liver</a> (beef, pork, and chicken), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)" title="Egg (food)" >eggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Combs_1-1" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1#cite_note-Combs-1" >[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>
Thiamine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride" >hydrochloride</a> (Betaxin) is a (when by itself) white, crystalline hygroscopic food-additive used to add a brothy/meaty flavor to gravies or soups. It is a natural intermediary resulting from a thiamine-HCl reaction, which precedes hydrolysis and phosphorylation, before it is finally employed (in the form of TPP) in a number of enzymatic amino, fatty acid, and carbohydrate reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1#cite_note-12" >[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1#cite_note-13" >[14]</a></sup></p>