sidney hook
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</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Sidney Hook</b> (December 20, 1902 – July 12, 1989) was an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">philosopher</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pragmatist</a> school known for his contributions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">philosophy of history</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">philosophy of education</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">political theory</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ethics</a>. After embracing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communism</a> in his youth, Hook was later known for his criticisms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">totalitarianism</a>, both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fascism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marxism–Leninism</a>. </font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A pragmatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">social democrat</a>, Hook sometimes cooperated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conservatives</a>, particularly in opposing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communism</a>. After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War II</a>, he argued that members of such groups as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communist Party USA</a> and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Leninist conspiracies</a> could ethically be barred from holding the offices of public trust because they called for the violent overthrow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">democratic</a> governments.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div class="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Childhood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Childhood</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Early_career_as_Marxist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early career as Marxist</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Later_years_as_anti-Communist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Later years as anti-Communist</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Later_years" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Later years</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Personal_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Ideas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ideas</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Hero_in_History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Hero in History</i></span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#%E2%80%9CEthics_of_Controversy%E2%80%9D" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">“Ethics of Controversy”</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Bibliography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Books</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Articles</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Hook&action=edit§ion=1" title="Edit section: Biography" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg/220px-Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg" width="220" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg/330px-Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg/440px-Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="606" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22" standalone="%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E%0A" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" a="A" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22" standalone="%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E%0A" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" a="A" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Albert Einstein, Sidney Hook and others letter</font></a></div></div></div><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_others_letter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22" standalone="%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" viewbox="%220" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E%0A" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" e="E" a="A" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Hook&action=edit§ion=2" title="Edit section: Childhood" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hook was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York City</a>, to Jennie and Isaac Hook, who were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Austrian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Jewish</a> immigrants. Sidney Hook became a supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Socialist Party</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V.Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Debs</a> era when he was in high school.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He earned his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bachelor's degree</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">City College of New York</a> in 1923, then his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ph.D.</a> degree at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbia University</a> in 1927, where he was a student of the noted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">pragmatist</a> philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John Dewey</a>. After Columbia, Hook became a professor of philosophy at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York University</a> and, from 1948 to 1969, was head of the Department of Philosophy. He retired from the University in 1972.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career_as_Marxist">Early career as Marxist</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Hook&action=edit§ion=3" title="Edit section: Early career as Marxist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the beginning of his career, Hook was a prominent expert on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Karl Marx</a>'s philosophy and was himself a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marxist</a>. He attended the lectures of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Karl Korsch</a> in Berlin in 1928 and conducted research at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx-Engels_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx-Engels Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Marx-Engels Institute</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Moscow</a> in the summer of 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup> At first, he wrote enthusiastically about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Soviet Union</a>, and, in 1932, supported the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Communist Party</a>'s candidate, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Z.Foster" title="William Z. Foster" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Z. Foster</a>, when he ran for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President of the United States</a>. However, Hook broke completely with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Comintern</a> in 1933, holding its policies responsible for the triumph of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nazism</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Germany</a>. He accused <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Joseph Stalin</a> of putting "the needs of the Russian state" over the needs of the international revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">However, Hook remained active in some of the causes of the far Left during the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Great Depression</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1933, with </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">James Burnham</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Hook was one of the organizers of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">American Workers Party</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, led by the Dutch-born </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">pacifist</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> minister </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.Muste" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Muste" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">A.J. Muste</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Hook also debated the meaning of Marxism with radical </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Max Eastman</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in a series of public exchanges.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Eastman, like Hook, had studied under John Dewey at Columbia University.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In the late 1930s, Hook assisted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Leon Trotsky</a> in his efforts to clear his name in a special <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Commission of Inquiry</a> headed by Dewey, which investigated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Stalinist</a> charges made against Trotsky during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Trials" title="Moscow Trials" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Moscow Trials</a>.</span></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years_as_anti-Communist">Later years as anti-Communist</span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Purge</a> encouraged Hook's increasing ambivalence toward Marxism. In 1939, Hook formed the Committee for Cultural Freedom, a short-lived organization that set the stage for his postwar politics by opposing "totalitarianism" on the left and right. By the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cold War</a>, Hook had become a prominent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">anti-Communist</a>, although he continued to consider himself both a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">democratic socialist</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular humanist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">secular humanist</a>throughout his life. He was, therefore, an anti-Communist socialist. In 1973 he was one of the signers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Humanist Manifesto II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em;"><tbody><tr><th style="line-height: 1.2em; background: rgb(182, 2, 2); padding: 0.3em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Social democracy</font></a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.65em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/100px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" width="100" height="95" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/200px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></font></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame3" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid red; padding-left: 0.3em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Development</font><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle3" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[show]</font></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid red; padding-left: 0.3em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ideas</font><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle4" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[show]</font></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid red; padding-left: 0.3em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Variants</font><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle5" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[show]</font></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid red; padding-left: 0.3em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">People</font><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle6" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[show]</font></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; border-collapse: collapse;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; position: relative; border-top: 1px solid red; padding-left: 0.3em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Organizations</font><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle7" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[show]</font></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Socialism portal</font></a></b></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" title="Portal:Business and economics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Economics portal</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Politics portal</font></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em; border-top: 1px solid red;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline;"><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="%221.0%22" encoding="%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229.5%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A" display="display" inline="inline" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" line-height="line-height" inherit="inherit" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; 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text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_democracy_sidebar&action=edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hook helped found Americans for Intellectual Freedom, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a> (CCF</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">), and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Committee_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="American Committee for Cultural Freedom" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">American Committee for Cultural Freedom</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. These bodies—of which the CCF was most central—were</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> funded in part by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">through a variety of fronts and sought to dissuade American leftists from continuing to advocate cooperation with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Soviet Union</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> as some had previously.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the 1960s, Hook was a frequent critic of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">New Left</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He was opposed to a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnam War</a> and defended California Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>'s removal of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Angela Davis</a> from her professorship at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">UCLA</a> because of her leadership role in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Communist Party USA</a>.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hook was elected a fellow of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> in 1965</span><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_8-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-AAAS-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and ended his career in the 1970s and 1980s as a </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">fellow of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">conservative</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hoover Institution</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Stanford</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">California</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years">Later years</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Hook&action=edit§ion=5" title="Edit section: Later years" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">selected Hook for the 1984 </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Jefferson Lecture</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, the U.S. government's highest honor for achievement in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">humanities</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Hook's lecture was entitled "Education in Defense of a Free Society."</span><sup id="cite_ref-jefflect_10-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-jefflect-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1984 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP)</a> awarded Hook their highest honor, the <i>In Praise of Reason Award</i>. It was presented by CSICOP Chairman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Paul Kurtz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hook_award_1985_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-Hook_award_1985-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On May 23, 1985, Hook was awarded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hook's memoir, <i style="">Out of Step</i>, recounts his life, his activism for a number of educational causes, his controversies with other intellectuals such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Noam Chomsky</a>, and his recollections of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_J.Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mortimer J. Adler</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Raphael_Cohen" title="Morris Raphael Cohen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Morris Cohen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John Dewey</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Max Eastman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Bertrand Russell</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In October 2002, a conference marking the centennial of Hook's birth was organized by Matthew Cotter and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Talisse" title="Robert B. Talisse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Talisse</a> and held at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">City University of New York</a> Graduate Center in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manhattan</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In April 2011 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> (CSI) (formerly known as CSICOP) again honored Hook. At a meeting of its executive council in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" title="Denver" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Denver</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colorado</a> he was selected for inclusion in their Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Hook&action=edit§ion=6" title="Edit section: Personal life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hook was a lifelong agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hmmn but long excepts from autobio</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/Sidney_Hook.htm">http://spartacus-educational.com/Sidney_Hook.htm</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>