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</font><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> =</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/10/koch-nichols-scott-pruitt-strip-california-waiver-regulate-auto-emissions">https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/10/koch-nichols-scott-pruitt-strip-california-waiver-regulate-auto-emissions</a></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">...In the weeks leading up to his announcement about the emissions standards, Pruitt had taken a more antagonistic tone towards California, signaling that he might attempt to revoke the waiver that was <a href="https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/california-greenhouse-gas-waiver-request" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">granted by the Obama administration, per legal mandate, in 2009</a>.</font></p><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="min-height: 280px;"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span class="dquo" style="margin-left: 0px;">“</span>California is not the arbiter of these issues,” Pruitt told Bloomberg News in March, adding that the state “shouldn’t and can’t dictate to the rest of the country what these levels are going to be.”</b></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With the waiver in hand, California can continue to enforce current greenhouse gas emissions standards, despite whatever the <span class="caps">EPA</span> sets as the new national standards for model years 2022-2025. On top of that, any other state can choose to adopt California’s standards, which 13 other states and the District of Columbia currently have.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Because these states represent roughly one-third of the country’s personal vehicle market, automakers would have to decide whether to set up two different production lines for states following the California standards and the rest of the country, or whether to treat California’s targets as a de facto national standard.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Predictably, the automakers, through the powerful Auto Alliance and Global Automakers trade groups, are calling for one national regime, which could result from a grand bargain like the one that Pruitt just scrapped, or could be delivered by Pruitt stripping California of its waiver.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Any attempt at such a repeal would be hugely controversial, and possibly illegal, due to many nuances in the Clean Air Act and the history of its application and enforcement. A waiver granted to California under the Clean Air Act has never been revoked, and has only been denied once.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Notably, that lone denial came in December 2007 when William (Bill) Wehrum, who ran the <span class="caps">EPA</span>’s clean air division at the time, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/27/nation/na-waiver27" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">convinced then-<span class="caps">EPA</span> Administrator Stephen Johnson to reject the state’s request</a> to set its own greenhouse gas standards for vehicles, the very issue at hand today.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(California was later granted that same waiver in 2009 under the Obama administration, after the state sued the <span class="caps">EPA</span>, and after the Supreme Court had held in 2007 that <a href="http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2017/04/02/the-tenth-anniversary-of-massachusetts-v-epa/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the <span class="caps">EPA</span> was required to regulate greenhouse gas emissions</a>. For a much more comprehensive background on California’s waiver and Wehrum’s opposition, see <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/02/06/bill-wehrum-once-denied-california-right-cut-auto-emissions-and-could-do-it-again-epa" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">this recent Desmog article</a>.)</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Today, Wehrum is again the air chief at the <span class="caps">EPA</span></b>, and is again in a position to attempt to strip California of its unique authority to set its own air pollution limits. As Wehrum, Pruitt, and <span class="caps">EPA</span> policymakers work to figure out the new national emissions standards for cars and light trucks, they are hearing from groups including the American Consumer Institute and its Koch-tied coalition on the importance of revoking the California waiver.</font></p><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Who Are the Groups Fighting California’s Clean Air Act Waiver?</font></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <span class="caps">ACI</span> letter to Pruitt, dated March 28, 2018, was signed by representatives from 11 groups, eight of which have known ties to the Koch network, and all of which are routine commenters on conservative issues.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Consumer_Institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">American Consumer Institute (<span class="caps">ACI</span>)</span></a> is credited with organizing the coalition, and the letter is signed by its President Steve Pociask. The group is best known for opposing <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/13-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-fccs-net-neutrality-regulation/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">net neutrality efforts</a> while being funded by a major internet service provider (<span class="caps">ISP</span>) lobby, as journalist <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8gdbw5/cables-companies-are-astroturfing-fake-consumer-support-to-end-net-neutrality" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Lee Fang detailed for <span class="caps">VICE</span></a>. More recently, Pociask has turned his attention to attacking electric vehicles, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevepociask/2018/03/22/the-science-on-electric-vehicles-does-not-support-continuing-californias-waiver/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">writing on Forbes</a> that “the science on electric vehicles does not support continuing California’s waiver.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://lessgovernment.org/#sthash.UrtaKSlM.dpbs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Less Government</span> </a>is an “organization dedicated to reducing the power of government and protecting the First Amendment from governmental assault,” which was founded and run by <a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/seton-motley" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Seton Motley</a>, who is also listed as a Policy Adviser to the climate science-denying <a href="http://desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>. Though Motley and his Less Government org have their roots in telecom and media issues, he has in recent years engaged more on climate and energy issues, <a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/americans-for-prosperity-anti-wind-letter-analysis/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">signing some anti-wind energy letters organized by the Koch-backed Americans for Prosperity</a> and <a href="http://lessgovernment.org/why-are-republicans-resurrecting-failed-green-energy-subsidies/#sthash.9ki1QTaT.dpbs" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">writing a bit on electric vehicles</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/taxpayer-protection-alliance" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Taxpayers Protection Alliance (<span class="caps">TPA</span>)</span></a> is part of the <a href="https://projects.propublica.org/graphics/koch" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">network of front groups</a> funded by the Koch brothers and their donor network through the <a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/12/center-to-protect-patient-rights-ga/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a> (now called <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Encore" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">American Encore</a>), and <a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/behind-the-curtain-exclusive-the-koch-brothers-secret-bank-96669.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Freedom Partners</a>. As the Energy and Policy Institute has described, “<span class="caps">TPA</span> essentially exists as a shell for its advocacy, based on its own <span class="caps">IRS</span> form 990s: 'The Taxpayers Protection Alliance has given control of the management duties and the daily activities of the organization to <span class="caps">MLM</span> Consulting, <span class="caps">LLC</span> (<span class="caps">MLM</span>). <span class="caps">MLM</span> will be responsible for managing the organization and work to support the exempt purposes of <span class="caps">TPA</span>. The President of <span class="caps">TPA</span>, David Williams, is the sole owner of <span class="caps">MLM</span> Consulting <span class="caps">LLC</span>.'” Williams signed the <span class="caps">ACI</span>letter to Pruitt. <span class="caps">TPA</span> has fought clean energy policy in the past using the website SolarSecrets.org and has published white papers arguing against solar energy tax credits.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://caseforconsumers.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Consumer Action for a Strong Economy </span></a>is run by Matthew Kandrach, and has been <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/freedomworks#s46" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">linked to a number of coalition efforts stemming from the FreedomWorks</a> organization, which was born of a merger between the Koch-founded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy (<span class="caps"><span class="caps">CSE</span></span>)</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Empower_America" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Empower America</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.americancommitment.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">American Commitment</a> </span>is run by Phil Kerpen, a former Vice President of Americans for Prosperity. The organization was founded by <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Sean_Noble" title="Sean Noble" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Sean Noble</a>, a right-wing operative with close ties to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Koch_brothers" title="Koch brothers" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Koch brothers</a> who also runs the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Center_to_Protect_Patient_Rights" title="Center to Protect Patient Rights" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a> (American Encore), a major funnel for Koch donor network money to front groups.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/freedomworks" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">FreedomWorks</a> </span>was, as mentioned above, born of a merger between the Koch-founded <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Citizens for a Sound Economy (<span class="caps"><span class="caps">CSE</span></span>)</a>and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Empower_America" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Empower America</a>, though it has no known Koch ties at present day. The group was described in a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821200015/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/12/dick-armey-resigns-freedomworks-tea-party" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2012 article in Mother Jones</a><em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821200015/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/12/dick-armey-resigns-freedomworks-tea-party" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> </a></em>as “one of the main political outfits of the conservative movement and an instrumental force within the tea party.” It pushes free market policies and has questioned the well-established science linking human activity to a warming planet.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Competitive Enterprise Institute (<span class="caps">CEI</span>)</span></a> is a conservative advocacy group <a href="https://cei.org/about-cei" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">dedicated</a> to “economic freedom” that has <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/competitive-enterprise-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">received funding</a> from ExxonMobil, Texaco, and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/koch-family-foundations" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">family foundations of the Koch brothers</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.energyandpolicy.org/americans-for-tax-reform" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Americans for Tax Reform</a></span> (<span class="caps">ATR</span>) is an <a href="https://www.atr.org/about" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">anti-tax</a> group that has received funding from the oil and gas lobbying group, the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=American+Petroleum+Institute&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, along with various groups in the Koch network such as the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=claude&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation</a> and the <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=Center+to+Protect+Patient+Rights&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Center to Protect Patient Rights</a>, as well as <a href="http://conservativetransparency.org/org/americans-for-tax-reform-americans-for-tax-reform-foundation/?og_tot=127&order_by=contribution+DESC&adv=donors&min=&max=&yr=&yr1=&yr2=&submit=#grants" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">DonorsTrust</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/60-plus-association" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">60 Plus Association</span></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014182632/http://60plus.org/about/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">describes itself </a>as the conservative alternative to the American Association of Retired Persons (<span class="caps"><span class="caps">AARP</span></span>) and receives significant funding from groups connected to the Koch brothers. The group has also received funding from the American Petroleum Institute, and was created by Sean Noble (see American Commitment above). Noble was until recently a consultant for the Arizona Public Service utility company, and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2016/07/08/how-arizona-corporation-commission-turned-anti-solar-just-few-years" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">has led efforts in Arizona to kill solar-friendly legislation</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/frontiers-freedom" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Frontiers of Freedom</a></span>, run by George Landrith, has received significant funding from Exxon, the Koch brothers, and dark money organizations like Donors Trust. In 2015, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2017/12/23/energy-equality-coalition-koch-attack-federal-electric-vehicle-tax-credit" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Landrith launched the Energy Equality Coalition</a> to battle against the federal electric vehicle tax credit. The coalition also includes David Williams of the Taxpayer Protection Alliance and Horace Cooper, a senior fellow at the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>. Landrith is also a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115202340/http://www.nationalcenter.org/NCPPR_Directors.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">director </a>of the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/national-center-public-policy-research" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">National Center for Public Policy Research (<span class="caps"><span class="caps">NCPPR</span></span>)</a>. </font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 700;">The Center for Freedom and Prosperity </span>was <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/climate-deniers/front-groups/center-for-freedom-prosperity-foundation/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">once funded by the Charles Koch Foundation</a> and has actively lobbied for more liberalized tax laws, and for less scrutiny towards offshore tax havens.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Seven of the organizations that signed this letter to Pruitt — and five of the actual representatives who signed — <a href="http://www.rstreet.org/outreach/letter-support-policies-encouraging-smokers-to-switch-to-less-harmful-alternatives/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">also recently penned a letter to the <span class="caps">U.S.</span> Food and Drug Administration</a> (<span class="caps">FDA</span>) defending “electronic and heat-not-burn” tobacco products (or vaping products), indicating that this network is defending the tobacco industry as well as oil and gas companies.</font></p><h3 style="line-height: 1.28205em; margin-top: 1.28205em; margin-bottom: 1.28205em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">California and Partner States Fight Back</font></h3><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nichols has signaled that California will not be retreating from its strong standards.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dquo" style="margin-left: 0px;">“</span>California will not weaken its nationally accepted clean car standards, and automakers will continue to meet those higher standards, bringing better gas mileage and less pollution for everyone,” Nichols wrote in a statement emailed to reporters. “This decision takes the <span class="caps">U.S.</span> auto industry backward, and we will vigorously defend the existing clean vehicle standards and fight to preserve one national clean vehicle program.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra has also said that California is prepared to sue if the <span class="caps">EPA</span> moves to weaken the vehicle emissions standards.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="dquo" style="margin-left: 0px;">“</span>We are going to do everything that can been done to defend these standards,” <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-autos-emissions-california/california-attorney-general-says-ready-to-defend-vehicle-efficiency-standards-idUSL1N1R927Q" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Becerra told </a><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-autos-emissions-california/california-attorney-general-says-ready-to-defend-vehicle-efficiency-standards-idUSL1N1R927Q" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Reuters</a><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-autos-emissions-california/california-attorney-general-says-ready-to-defend-vehicle-efficiency-standards-idUSL1N1R927Q" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> last week</a>. “So far, when we have been challenged on environmental standards we have had a good record in court. We haven’t lost a case.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Under the Clean Air Act, the <span class="caps">EPA</span> is required to grant California a waiver on air pollution emissions standards if the state has “compelling and extraordinary circumstances,” which California argued a decade ago, and which the Obama administration agreed that it does. To revoke the waiver, the <span class="caps">EPA</span> would legally have to prove that those circumstances are no longer there. To satisfy the courts in California's inevitable legal challenge, this would require a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous analysis.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the <span class="caps">BNEF</span> Future of Energy Summit on April 10, Nichols said, “The document that came out a week ago from the administrator did nothing to change the nature of the debate. It expressed Mr. Pruitt's view but there was absolutely nothing new in the way of data or analysis to support that view.” </font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">She did indicate that she would be willing to sit down with the <span class="caps">EPA</span> and automakers to look at some “minor adjustments” to the technical changes measuring how companies could comply, but not the targets themselves. She provided an example related to electric vehicles. “Under the 2012 rules [car companies are] responsible for upstream emissions of power plants for charging <span class="caps">EV</span>s [electric vehicles]. I don't think that's a great idea. I didn't think so at the time.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, “if the whole system is up for reexamination,” said Nichols, “then that's a whole different story … That's a different fight. And we would win it.”</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It’s also clear that other states would have California's back and join a legal fight, or start their own. Attorneys general from 11 states said last week in a statement that they would defend California's right to set firm standards.</font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“By cooking the books on its review of national auto emissions standards, the Trump administration is putting special interests ahead of New Yorkers’ health and wallets,” said New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman. “We stand ready to take legal action to block the Trump administration’s reckless and illegal efforts to reverse these critical standards and the gains we’ve made in ensuring cars are more fuel-efficient and less polluting.”</font></p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-14 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above" style="padding: 1.5em 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 1.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div class="field-label" style="text-transform: uppercase; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TAGS: </font></div><div class="field-items" style="display: inline;"><div class="field-item even" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/3899">cafe standards</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/11425">Scott Pruitt</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/topics/american-consumer-institute">american consumer institute</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/topics/william-wehrum">william wehrum</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4457">FreedomWorks</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/tags/competitive-enterprise-institute">competitive enterprise institute</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/5883">Americans for Tax Reform</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/9125">60 Plus Association</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.5em;"><a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/1746">frontiers of freedom</a></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> =</font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=
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<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02042018/climate-change-car-fuel-efficiency-cafe-standards-epa-pruitt-auto-pollution-gas-mileage-california-global-warming">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02042018/climate-change-car-fuel-efficiency-cafe-standards-epa-pruitt-auto-pollution-gas-mileage-california-global-warming</a>
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By hitting the brakes on the decades-long drive to reduce automotive carbon emissions, President Donald Trump's administration has taken its most consequential step yet toward undoing his predecessor's legacy on climate change.</font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scott Pruitt, the embattled chief of the Environmental Protection Agency, <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-ghg-emissions-standards-cars-and-light-trucks-should-be">announced the reversal on Monday</a> in a <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-04/documents/mte-final-determination-notice-2018-04-02.pdf">"final determination"</a> that President Obama's plan for the 2022-2025 model years went too far and would be revised.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pruitt did not yet announce a replacement for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, which dictate fuel efficiency and therefore emissions. And even after he does—after more consultations and debate—it's likely to be challenged in court.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So would another aspect of his plan: his threat to refuse a waiver to California, which is intent on setting its own tough standards.</font></p><div id="mc_embed_signup" class="widget widget-newsletter-block embed-horiz fbia-strip" /><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Cooperative federalism doesn't mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country," Pruitt said. "It is in America's best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to partnering with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard."</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">California immediately <a href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/carb-chair-issues-response-epa-press-release-weakening-vehicle-standards">pledged to "vigorously defend"</a> the existing rules. "EPA's action, if implemented, will worsen people's health with degraded air quality and undermine regulatory certainty for automakers," California Air Resources Board Chair Mary Nichols said. "This decision takes the U.S. auto industry backward."</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If Pruitt prevails on auto standards, it would be at least as significant as the other main rollback of climate rules set in motion by the <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/donald-trump">Trump administration</a>—the attempt to dismantle of the Clean Power Plan limits on emissions from power plants. That one, too, is entangled in protracted litigation.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But there's a big difference that could makes the move on automobiles more damaging to the fight against global warming.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even with the Clean Power Plan stuck in limbo, it's becoming increasingly evident that electric companies are going to meet the plan's overall targets anyway, because renewables, natural gas and conservation are all overpowering dirty coal in the marketplace for electricity.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Not so for cars and trucks, according to the experts and the lessons of history. Fuel efficiency, alternative vehicles and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are unlikely to progress without some kind of forceful federal action.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One Giant Step</font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When Obama first set the standards, the EPA calculated that they would prevent more than 6 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases—more than one year's worth of total U.S. carbon emissions—over the lifetime of the vehicles sold in model years 2012 through 2025.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It's the single biggest step to date that any nation has taken to address global warming," said Daniel Becker, director of the Safe Climate Campaign, who has been a leading advocate of fuel-efficient cars for decades.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But not if the steadily tighter standards are lifted—even temporarily.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It's important not just where we end up in annual emissions. How we get there really matters," said Samantha Houston, a consultant to the system dynamics group at the MIT Sloan School of Management, who has been studying the implications of a rollback for eventually meeting the world's climate goals set out in the 2015 <a href="http://insideclimatenews.org/tags/paris-climate-agreement">Paris accord</a>. "If it looks like we're going to have only a modest decline in the short run, we're going to have to drop off a cliff steeply in the future."</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Until now, the auto industry, on average, has out-performed the federal vehicle standards.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are increasing with strong vehicle sales, led by SUVs and other light trucks, and a <a href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/17jantvt/">rise in miles</a> driven. Carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector last year reached their highest level since the 2008 economic downturn, now accounting for 37 percent of U.S. emissions from energy consumption, according to the <a href="https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a>.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For the second consecutive year, transportation surpassed the electric power sector (34 percent of U.S. energy-related emissions) as a contributor to greenhouse gas pollution; prior to that, power plants had been the largest U.S. emissions source <a href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=29612">since the late 1970s</a>.</font></p><div class="media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium"><figure id="file-270540" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" class="file file-image file-image-png"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><img alt="Chart: Energy-Related CO2 Emissions by Sector" title="Chart: Energy-Related CO2 Emissions by Sector" class="media-element file-image-centered-medium" src="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/styles/icn_centered_medium/public/Auto-Emissions-by-Sector-IEA-Chart-529px.png?itok=7N4PaBSc" width="529" height="650" /></font></figure></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Market forces, meanwhile, helped drive U.S. electric power sector emissions last year to their lowest level since 1990, as generators switched from coal to less carbon-intensive natural gas and renewable sources like wind and solar continued their rapid growth. Electric power sector emissions are down more than 27 percent from 2005 levels. The Clean Power Plan's <a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/global-warming/reduce-emissions/what-is-the-clean-power-plan#.WrufitMbNmA">aim </a>was to reduce emissions 32 percent by 2030.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Meanwhile, oil prices, which were about <a href="https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RWTC&f=D">$100 per barrel</a> when both the federal and California light-duty vehicle standards were being developed, are now just over $60 per barrel, and <a href="https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=RWTC&f=D">not expected to increase</a> over the next two years as global production exceeds consumption. Relatively <a href="https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/realprices/">low gasoline prices</a> mean that there's less incentive for consumers to seek out fuel-saving vehicles.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"There is no momentum in the right direction," said Becker, "and a lot of momentum in the wrong direction right now."</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Original CAFE Deal Was Unprecedented</font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The history of the fuel economy and emissions standards is a lesson in compromise, not confrontation.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The fuel economy of the U.S. vehicle fleet had stagnated for two decades before Congress, seeking in part to address the pain of consumers grappling with record-high oil prices, passed legislation to force improvements in 2007. Soon after taking office, President Barack Obama announced a plan to accelerate that progress with standards based for the first time on greenhouse gas emissions. At a Rose Garden ceremony, he was flanked by representatives of 10 automakers, their unions, and then-California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger—an unusual show of partnership brought on by unique circumstances.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GM and Chrysler had just accepted billions of dollars of assistance from taxpayers to rescue them from the brink of collapse due to the economic downturn. The automakers also were facing the unwelcome prospect of two sets of fuel economy standards, since the Obama administration seemed prepared to allow California to exercise its authority under the Clean Air Act to set its own, more stringent auto standards.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Obama used the opportunity to forge a three-way agreement with automakers and California to reduce oil dependence, carbon emissions, and transition to a new fleet of cleaner vehicles.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"In the past, an agreement such as this would have been considered impossible," Obama said at the time.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It took three years for the details to be hammered out, along with an agreement by California officials to accept the federal standards as equivalent to their own, and a pledge by the automakers and their trade associations to end more than a dozen pending lawsuits challenging California's right to regulate greenhouse gas emissions. The <a href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100QQ91.pdf">standards as finalized</a> required automakers to double the average fuel economy of passenger vehicles to the equivalent of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"It was an unprecedented process that heavily included consulting with the auto industry," said Jody Freeman, who was counselor for energy and <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/topic/climate-change">climate change</a> in the Obama White House and an architect of the deal. "They agreed because they were getting something of real value. They were getting the uniformity and clarity that had been lacking for so many years."</font></p><div class="media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium"><figure id="file-270542" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" class="file file-image file-image-png"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/styles/colorbox_full/public/Auto-Emissions-Fuel-Economy-EPA-Chart-529px.png?itok=40fYXfN3" class="colorbox init-colorbox-processed cboxElement"><img alt="Chart: How Average U.S. Fuel Economy Has Changed" title="Chart: How Average U.S. Fuel Economy Has Changed" class="media-element file-image-centered-medium" src="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/styles/icn_centered_medium/public/Auto-Emissions-Fuel-Economy-EPA-Chart-529px.png?itok=UeEO7F28" width="529" height="577" /></a></font></figure></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But in a <a href="https://autoalliance.org/2017/02/22/alliance-letter-epa-regarding-midterm-evaluation-2022-2025-ghg-standards/">letter</a> submitted at the start of the Trump administration, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers said that their cooperation with the program was contingent on the federal government's promise to conduct a thorough midterm review of the standards and continue its consultation with the industry. Instead, commenters were given less than a month to respond when the Obama administration's EPA proposed to maintain the targets on Nov. 30, 2016. The automakers' association said the government had "abruptly abrogated" its commitments.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Obama administration had concluded that the savings to motorists of $1.7 trillion in fuel costs over the life of the vehicles would outweigh the cost to the auto industry, which it put at about $200 billion over 13 years. But the automakers' alliance said that "staggering" sum was an underestimate. Although the Obama administration had concluded that the standards could be met mainly with improvements to gasoline-powered internal combustion technology, the auto industry's assessment was they could not be achieved without a rapid transition to electric cars at much higher cost. "Adjustments to the regulations are needed to allow automakers to build vehicles that consumers want and can afford," the automakers said in comments submitted to the EPA.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">All of the carmakers have plans to expand their offerings of electric and alternative-fuel vehicles—GM plans to launch a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-ceo/gm-challenges-tesla-with-promise-of-profitable-electric-cars-idUSKBN1DF272">new family of electric cars </a>in 2021 on which it expects to make a profit. But to bolster their argument for less stringent standards, their Alliance l<a href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/dave-cooke/automakers-turn-to-climate-deniers-in-quest-to-lower-fuel-economy-regulations">ast month submitted</a> to EPA a report co-authored by Joseph D'Aleo—a consultant for the Heartland Institute, a conservative think tank that challenges mainstream climate science—citing studies funded by the American Petroleum Institute.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">InfluenceMap, a nonprofit that tracks corporate lobbying, calculated that the auto industry spent <a href="https://influencemap.org/report/How-the-US-auto-industry-is-dismantling-the-US-s-most-successful-climate-change-policy-5c079bd28ca4e219519afa0ae462db08">at least $49 million lobbying</a> in 2017, the most since it sought federal bailout money in 2008.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">California's Special Influence Over Automakers</font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the wake of Pruitt's determination that the Obama standards were too stringent, the most important question is what will happen to California's standards. Dating back to the Clean Air Act of 1970, Congress recognized a special role for California, which was ahead of the nation in tackling pollution.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">California was permitted to set its own air pollution standards, as long as it received a waiver from the U.S. EPA certifying that the state standards were at least as protective of public health and welfare as federal standards and that the state had shown they were necessary to meet "compelling and extraordinary conditions." Over the years, California has received more than 50 such waivers and has led the nation in requirements for catalytic converters, unleaded gasoline and other air pollution advances.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More than a dozen states—accounting for more than 40 percent of the U.S. car market—have set their light-duty vehicle standards based on the California standard, as they are permitted to do under the Clean Air Act.</font></p><div class="media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium"><figure id="file-270543" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" class="file file-image file-image-png"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/styles/colorbox_full/public/Auto-Emissions-US-Average-Chart-529px.png?itok=SUsR2jj" class="colorbox init-colorbox-processed cboxElement"><img alt="Chart: How Average U.S. Vehicle CO2 Emissions Have Changed" title="Chart: How Average U.S. Vehicle CO2 Emissions Have Changed" class="media-element file-image-centered-medium" src="https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/styles/icn_centered_medium/public/Auto-Emissions-US-Average-Chart-529px.png?itok=kLO0_Z6s" width="529" height="559" /></a></font></figure></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pruitt's action today does not undo that—and it's not clear that it ever will.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The auto industry will only make one 'car'," said David Bookbinder, chief counsel for the <a href="https://niskanencenter.org/about/">Niskanen Center.</a> That means that the California standard serves as a de facto national standard. "California is the whole game," he said.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And California has made clear its commitment to cutting greenhouse gas emissions from autos, with Gov. Jerry Brown in January setting a new target of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-emissions-california/california-looks-to-ramp-up-electric-vehicle-sales-idUSKBN1FF2XG">5 million zero-emission vehicles</a> in California by 2030, up from the state's prior target of 1.5 million by 2025.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The automakers, said Freeman, may end up "like the dog that caught the car"—getting something it really doesn't want: more litigation and uncertainty.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Weak Targets Now, Higher Costs in the Future</font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But if regulators today set targets that are not aggressive enough, the risks and increased costs will be passed to future generations. If the United States rejoins the world's other nations in the effort to hold the world's temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius, it will have to play catch-up—and seek steeper, more costly increases in vehicle fuel efficiency to achieve the same cumulative carbon cuts envisioned under the Obama plan, explained Houston. "If we chipped away at it little by little, there would not be the need to make such drastic reductions in the future," she said.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That would be penny wise and pound foolish, the paper said.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The additional effort—and cost," it said, "should give automakers and policy makers pause."</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/suvs-trucks-nullify-car-efficiency-2550909616.html">https://www.ecowatch.com/suvs-trucks-nullify-car-efficiency-2550909616.html</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><h1 class="widgetheadline h1" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="widgetheadline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/suvs-trucks-nullify-car-efficiency-2550909616.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; line-height: 31px;">SUVs and Trucks Nullify Car Efficiency Gains</a></font></h1><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body js-update-url expanded" data-elid="2550909616" data-authors="Dr. David Suzuki" data-headline="SUVs and Trucks Nullify Car Efficiency Gains" style="margin: 10px; line-height: 24px;"><div class="body-description"><div class="widgetbrief" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 10px 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency increased safety and environmental standards for cars in the 1970s, automakers responded. Although they had to adhere to the new rules, they didn't base their entire response on safety or pollution concerns. Instead, they looked for loopholes.</font></p></div><div class="js-appear-on-expand" style="transition: all 350ms; height: auto; overflow: hidden; opacity: 1;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.meca.org/regulation/the-clean-air-act" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Under the U.S. Clean Air Act</a>, vehicle manufacturers were required to more than double fuel efficiency for cars over the following decade. Canada and other countries followed suit. But trucks, vans and SUVs weren't subject to the same regulations, so automakers started marketing them as family vehicles.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 10px 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In many countries, greenhouse gas emissions have been falling in some sectors, thanks largely to <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43308567" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">a shift from coal-fired power</a>. But they've been rising in the transportation sector. That's bad news. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/climate/suv-sales-global-climate.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Transportation accounts for about 14 percent of global emissions</a> and is now the <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/1/11/16874696/greenhouse-gas-co2-target-2017-paris-trump" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">largest source of CO2 emissions</a> in the U.S., mostly from cars and trucks.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 10px 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions/canadian-economic-sector.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">In Canada, the largest share of emissions</a> is from the oil and gas industry, at 26 percent, but transportation, at 24 percent, is a close second. While emissions from electricity generation and heavy industry have been declining in Canada since 1990, emissions from oil and gas and transportation have been rising, by 76 percent for oil and gas between 1990 and 2015, and 42 percent for transportation. According to the Government of Canada, car emissions went down by 23 percent over that period, but "emissions from light trucks (including trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) doubled."</font></p><p style="margin: 10px 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Fuel efficiency, hybrid and <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/electric-vehicles" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">electric vehicles</a> and cleaner transportation options such as car-share programs, transit and cycling infrastructure are necessary to reduce pollution and <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">climate change</a>. But the growing worldwide market for trucks, SUVs and "crossover vehicles," which combine car and SUV design, are negating advances in those areas</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><h1 class="news-brief-title" droid="Droid" serif="serif" cambria="Cambria" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" line-height="line-height" text-rendering="text-rendering" optimizelegibility="optimizeLegibility" display="display" inline="inline" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; padding: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trump is sending Obama’s auto fuel economy standards back to the drawing board.</font></h1><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> </font><div class="news-brief-content" droid="Droid" serif="serif" cambria="Cambria" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" display="display" inline="inline" color="color" rgb="rgb" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During a Wednesday visit to Michigan, President Trump will announce that efficiency standards established by the Obama administration will undergo further review, according to a senior White House official.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1.25rem 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Obama standards for vehicles manufactured between 2022 and 2025 were originally adopted in 2012 with a promise to automakers that <a href="http://www.autodealermonthly.com/channel/dps-office/news/story/2017/01/epa-finalizes-green-house-gas-and-cafe-standards-for-my-2022-2025-cars.aspx" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(117, 143, 163) 1px, transparent 1px); background-position: 0px -1px; background-repeat: no-repeat;">a review before April 2018</a> would assess whether they could realistically meet the goal. <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/carbon-pollution-standards-cars-and-light-trucks-remain-unchanged-through-2025" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(117, 143, 163) 1px, transparent 1px); background-position: 0px -1px; background-repeat: no-repeat;">Days ahead of Trump’s inauguration</a>, Obama EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/13/epa-locks-fuel-economy-standards-through-2025/" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(117, 143, 163) 1px, transparent 1px); background-position: 0px -1px; background-repeat: no-repeat;">announced the review was complete</a>. The standards — requiring new cars and light trucks to get an average of 36 miles per gallon, up from 26 today — would remain unchanged.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The auto industry was incensed, claiming there hadn’t been proper consultation or data collection. In February, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/automakers-ask-epa-to-overturn-recent-review-of-fuel-efficiency-standards/2017/02/22/81ad1398-f920-11e6-9845-576c69081518_story.html?utm_term=.97bd11aef262" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(117, 143, 163) 1px, transparent 1px); background-position: 0px -1px; background-repeat: no-repeat;">automakers reached out</a> to new EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and asked him to reconsider. Now, they’re getting a second chance at relaxed guidelines.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another review of the standards could take years. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2017/01/epa-locks-fuel-economy-rules-trump-cant-rip/" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(117, 143, 163) 1px, transparent 1px); background-position: 0px -1px; background-repeat: no-repeat;">To stand up to legal challenge</a>, the government will have to prove the data undergirding the EPA’s original review was inadequate.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But the Trump administration contends the new review is no big deal. “I don’t think we’re saying we’re going to pull [regulations] back,” said the White House official. “We’re just doing the review that was originally agreed to.”</font></p></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-auto-emissions-standards-2303524715.html">http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-auto-emissions-standards-2303524715.html</a>
</font><div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The oil industry and its "deep state" allies in the <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-watch/" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Trump</a> administration have lured U.S. auto companies into a potentially fatal political trap, chumming Detroit by tapping into the deeply embedded penchant of the Big Three for chasing short-term market trends at the expense of long term value.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Excited by the arrival of a <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/big-oil" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Big Oil</a> ally, <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/scott-pruitt" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Scott Pruitt</a>, to head the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the auto industry asked the Trump administration to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/business/energy-environment/automakers-pruitt-mileage-rules.html?action=click&contentCollection=Politics&module&r=1" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">undo the recent Obama Administration rule</a> locking long term, reliable standards for emissions and fuel economy. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The industry argued that the standards, which it agreed to back in 2009 as part of the auto bail-out, were now too onerous because consumers were shifting to buy SUV's again with lower oil prices. The argument is utterly bogus. The 2009 rules set separate, if ambitious, standards for each size class of vehicle, so while more SUV sales do drive up average emissions and oil consumption, they do not require the companies to make a single vehicle to a higher standard than they agreed to.</span>
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>What's really at stake here is the pace of vehicle electrification.</b> Meeting the 2009 standards for each vehicle class was always dependent on a significant portion of those vehicles being zero-emission electric drive. That's an existential threat to the oil industry—and in many ways to Detroit's dealers, who <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2016/08/16/insiders-tale-auto-dealers-suck-selling-electric-cars/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">make most of their money</a> repairing the drive trains of internal combustion cars. <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/electric-vehicles" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Electric drive vehicles</a> (EV) have a fraction of the maintenance costs of gas or diesel.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But a rapid deployment of electric drive cars is vital to the long term global viability of automobile manufacturers. Whatever happens in the U.S., global auto markets are going electric and the Big Three need a major U.S. EV market to compete in the 21st century.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">aug 2012</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">usnwr</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What you see isn't what you necessarily get with the government's new fuel efficiency standards.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a target="blank" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-mpg-fuel-efficiency-standard" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Obama administration released new Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards this week</a>, requiring automakers to raise the average fuel efficiency of new cars and trucks to 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But don't expect to see <b>54.5 miles per gallon </b>dotting the window stickers of every new car anytime soon, or even by the 2025 deadline.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Bottom line, that isn't what you're going to see," says John O'Dell, senior editor at car-shopping site Edmunds.com. That's because of the way the government measures fuel economy—in more lab-like, less real-world conditions—so the actual mileage goal is closer to about 36 miles per gallon, O'Dell says.</font></p><div data-config-distributor-id="90080" id="ndn-video-player-2" class="ndn_embed" data-config-site-section="ndn1_usnews" data-config-height="9/16w" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px; width: 652px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That's not to say, however, that fuel efficiency overall won't increase or that there won't be cars that get 54.5 miles to the gallon or more by 2025, he says.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; line-height: 21px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"There will be something out there with 54.5 miles per gallon or something close to that, but that is not going to be the predominant number," O'Dell says. "The numbers people see are going to be all over the map."...</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ucs</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/better-fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy-basics.html#.VarRSflViko">http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/better-fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy-basics.html#.VarRSflViko</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><div class="field field-name-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden view-mode-full" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="dc:title"><h1 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.67em; line-height: 1; font-weight: 400;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fuel Economy Basics</font></h1></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-init-toc field-type-ds field-label-hidden view-mode-full" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="bf-toc-wrapper" style="padding: 1em 0px; margin: 1em 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102);"><div class="bf-toc-title" style="font-weight: 600; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></div><div class="bf-toc-items" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: transparent;"><ul style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: url("http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/themes/primary/images/bullet.png"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: transparent;"><li class="bf-toc-h3 toc-active" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; list-style: disc; padding: 0px 0px 0.2em; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/better-fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy-basics.html#bf-toc-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block;">History of U.S. Fuel Economy Standards</a></font></li><li class="bf-toc-h3" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; list-style: disc; padding: 0px 0px 0.2em; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/better-fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy-basics.html#bf-toc-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block;">Phase I of the National Program: Model Year 2012–2016</a></font></li><li class="bf-toc-h3" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; list-style: disc; padding: 0px 0px 0.2em; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/better-fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy-basics.html#bf-toc-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block;">Benefits of Fuel Economy Standards</a></font></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-full" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Investing in technologies to increase the fuel economy of America's vehicle fleet will create domestic jobs, save consumers money at the pump, cut global warming pollution, and put us on a path to <a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/vehicle-policy/current-policies-and-legislation/how-to-reduce-us-oil-use.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">cut projected U.S. oil consumption in half over the next 20 years</a>.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Increasing fuel economy—a measure of how far one travels on a gallon of fuel (mpg)—is not a silver bullet. Yet, sound fuel economy policy and good engineering can deliver the cleaner and more fuel-efficient cars, trucks, and SUVs we need to help tackle our oil consumption and climate change problems.</font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="bf-toc-0" /></font><h3 style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-weight: 400;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: 600;">History of U.S. Fuel Economy Standards</span></font></h3><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Congress first established Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards in 1975, largely in response to the 1973 oil embargo. CAFE standards set the average new vehicle fuel economy, as weighted by sales, that a manufacturer's fleet must achieve. </font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Through the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, Congress established fuel economy standards for new passenger cars starting with model year (MY) 1978. These standards were intended to roughly double the average fuel economy of the new car fleet to 27.5 mpg by model year (MY) 1985.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Additionally, the Department of Transportation set the first round of CAFE standards for light trucks (i.e., pickups, minivans, and SUVs) beginning with MY 1978. CAFE standards for light trucks were increased to 22.2 mpg for MY 2007 and scheduled to increase further. No similar increases were made for passenger cars until until 2007, when historic energy legislation was passed by Congress and signed by the President. This new energy legislation, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, raised the fuel economy standards of America's cars, light trucks, and SUVs to a combined average of at least 35 miles per gallon by 2020—a 10 mpg increase over 2007 levels—and required standards to be met at maximum feasible levels through 2030.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Federal law directing increases in fuel economy became necessary because oil consumption had been steadily escalating, in large part due to the relative stagnation in CAFE standards, the doubling of annual vehicle miles traveled in the previous 25 years, and a sizable increase in the market share of less efficient SUVs and light trucks.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2009, a historic agreement between the federal government, state regulators, and the auto industry established a National Program to implement these first meaningful fuel efficiency improvements in over 30 years and the first-ever global warming pollution standards for light-duty vehicles. </font></p><p style="line-height: 1.4; margin-top: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The agreement grew out of the new fuel efficiency standards passed by Congress in 2007, the Supreme Court’s decision in <em>Massachusetts v. EPA,</em> which precipitated global warming pollution standards for vehicles under the Clean Air Act, and global warming pollution standards enacted in California and subsequently adopted by 13 other states and the District of Columbia. The agreement provided a mechanism for automakers to build a single national fleet of new vehicles that are in compliance with federal and state requirements under both the Clean Air Act and the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program.</font></p></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hmm wiki</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <b>Corporate Average Fuel Economy</b> (<b>CAFE</b>) are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">regulations</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a>, first enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a></sup> in the wake of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Oil_Embargo" title="Arab Oil Embargo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Arab Oil Embargo</a> and were intended to improve the average<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fuel economy</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">cars</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_truck" title="Light truck" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">light trucks</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck" title="Truck" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">trucks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">vans</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" title="Sport utility vehicle" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">sport utility vehicles</a>) produced for sale in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Policy_and_Conservation_Act" title="Energy Policy and Conservation Act" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Energy Policy and Conservation Act</a> (EPCA), as amended by the 2007 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act" title="Energy Independence and Security Act" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (EISA), requires that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> (DOT) establish standards separately for passenger automobiles (passenger cars) and nonpassenger automobiles (light trucks) at the maximum feasible levels in each model year, and requires that DOT enforce compliance with the standards. DOT has delegated these responsibilities to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA). Through EPCA and EISA, U.S. law (49 U.S. Code § 32919) also requires that "a State or a political subdivision of a State may not adopt or enforce a law or regulation related to fuel economy standards or average fuel economy standards".</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The CAFE achieved by a given fleet of vehicles in a given model year is the production-weighted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">harmonic mean</a> fuel economy, expressed in miles per U.S. gallon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_gallon" title="Miles per gallon" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mpg</a>), of a manufacturer's fleet of current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">model year</a> passenger cars or light trucks with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating" title="Gross vehicle weight rating" style="background: none;">gross vehicle weight rating</a> (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds (3,856 kg) or less (but also including medium-duty passenger vehicles—such as large sport-utility vehicles and passenger vans—with GVWR up to 10,000 pounds), produced for sale in the United States. The CAFE standards in a given model year define the CAFE levels that manufacturers' fleets are required to meet in that model year, specific levels depending on the characteristics and mix of vehicles produced by each manufacturer. If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer's annual fleet of vehicle production falls below the applicable requirement, the manufacturer must either apply sufficient CAFE credits (see below) to cover the shortfall or pay a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions(law)" title="Sanctions (law)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">penalty</a>, currently $5.50 USD per 0.1 mpg under the standard, multiplied by the manufacturer's total production for the U.S. domestic market. Congress established both of these provisions explicitly in EPCA, as amended in 2007 by EISA. In addition, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Guzzler_Tax" title="Gas Guzzler Tax" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Gas Guzzler Tax</a> is levied on individual passenger car models (but not trucks, vans, minivans, or SUVs) that get less than 22.5 miles per US gallon (10.5 l/100 km).<sup id="cite_ref-US_EPA_Gas_Guzzler_Tax_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-US_EPA_Gas_Guzzler_Tax-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 3px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 352px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png/350px-CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png/525px-CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png/700px-CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="530" width="350" height="222" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></a></font><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">CAFE Standards Reach Prius Levels 25 Years After Its Introduction</a></font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAFE_Fuel_Economy_vs_Model_Year_and_Footprint_with_2017-2022_Proposals.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" standalone="standalone" no="no" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" viewbox="viewBox" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" id="id" magnify-clip="magnify-clip" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" bigbox="bigbox" m1.509="M1.509" h10.99v7.919h-10.99z="h10.99v7.919h-10.99z" smallbox="smallbox" m-1.499="M-1.499" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" fg="Fg" style="text-decoration-line: none; display: block; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; width: 15px; height: 11px; user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("");" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Starting in 2011 the CAFE standards are newly expressed as mathematical functions depending on vehicle footprint, a measure of vehicle size determined by multiplying the vehicle’s wheelbase by its average track width. A complicated 2011 mathematical formula was replaced starting in 2012 with a simpler inverse-linear formula with cut-off values. </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-cafe-2011-2016-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a> CAFE footprint requirements are set up such that a vehicle with a larger footprint has a lower fuel economy requirement than a vehicle with a smaller footprint. For example, the 2012 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Fit" title="Honda Fit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Honda Fit</a> with a footprint of 40 sq ft (3.7 m<sup style="line-height: 1;">2</sup>) must achieve fuel economy (as measured for CAFE) of 36 miles per US gallon (6.5 l/100 km), equivalent to a published fuel economy of 27 miles per US gallon (8.7 l/100 km), while a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_F-150" title="Ford F-150" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ford F-150</a> with its footprint of 65–75 sq ft (6.0–7.0 m<sup style="line-height: 1;">2</sup>) must achieve CAFE fuel economy of 22 miles per US gallon (11 l/100 km), i.e., 17 miles per US gallon (14 l/100 km) published. CAFE 2016 target fuel economy of 38.5 MPG (44 sq. ft. footprint) compares to 2012 actual advanced vehicle performance of Prius hybrid: 50 MPG, plug-in Prius hybrid: 95 MPGe and LEAF electric vehicle: 99 MPGe.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CAFE has separate standards for "passenger cars" and "light trucks", despite the majority of "light trucks" actually being used as passenger cars. The market share of "light trucks" grew steadily from 9.7% in 1979 to 47% in 2001 and remained in 50% numbers up to 2011. <sup id="cite_ref-cafe_2011_Summary_Report_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-cafe_2011_Summary_Report-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> More than 500,000 vehicles in the 1999 model year exceeded the 8,500 lb (3,900 kg) GVWR cutoff and were thus omitted from CAFE calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-cafe-overview_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-cafe-overview-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> More recently, coverage of medium duty trucks has been added to the CAFE regulations starting in 2012, and heavy duty commercial trucks starting in 2014.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) regulates CAFE standards and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) measures vehicle fuel efficiency. U.S. Congress specifies that CAFE standards must be set at the "maximum feasible level" given consideration for:</font></p><ol style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">technological feasibility;</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">economic practicality;</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">effect of other standards on fuel economy;</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">need of the nation to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">conserve</a> energy.</font></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Historically, the EPA has encouraged consumers to buy more fuel efficient vehicles, while the NHTSA expressed concerns that smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles may lead to increased traffic fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[7]</a></sup> Thus higher fuel efficiency was associated with lower traffic safety, intertwining the issues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">fuel economy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-traffic_safety" title="Road-traffic safety" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">road-traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">air pollution</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">climate change</a>. In the mid-2000s, increasing safety of smaller cars and the poor safety record of light trucks began to reverse this association.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[8]</a></sup> Nevertheless, in 2008, the on-road vehicle fleets in the United States and Canada had the lowest overall average fuel economy among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_world" title="First world" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">first world</a>nations: 25 miles per US gallon (9.4 l/100 km) in North America, versus 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 l/100 km) in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Union</a> and was even higher in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Japan</a>, according to data as of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[9]</a></sup> Furthermore, despite general opinion that larger and heavier (and therefore relatively fuel-uneconomical) vehicles are safer,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[10]</a></sup> the U.S. traffic fatality rate—and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration#Regulatory_comparison" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">its trend over time</a> is higher than some other western nations, although it has recently started to gradually decline at a faster rate than in previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[11]</a></sup></font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="user-select: none;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Effect_on_automotive_fuel_economy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on automotive fuel economy</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Calculation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Calculation</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Standards_by_model_year.2C_1978-2011" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Standards by model year, 1978-2011</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Performance_in_practice" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Performance in practice</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#2006_reform_attempt_and_lawsuit" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">2006 reform attempt and lawsuit</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Increases_and_light_truck_standard_reform" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Increases and light truck standard reform</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#CAFE_credit_trading_provisions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">CAFE credit trading provisions</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Out-year_and_alternative_fuel_standard_changes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Out-year and alternative fuel standard changes</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Implementating_regulations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Implementating regulations</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#2009_Obama_Administration_directive" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">2009 Obama Administration directive</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Future_standards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Future standards</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#MY_2012-2016_Obama_Administration_proposal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">MY 2012-2016 Obama Administration proposal</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#2011_agreement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2011 agreement</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Agreed_standards_by_model_year.2C_2011-2025" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Agreed standards by model year, 2011-2025</span></a></font></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Active_debate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Active debate</span></a></font><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Effect_on_traffic_safety" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on traffic safety</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Increased_oil_and_automobile_usage" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Increased oil and automobile usage</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Economic_arguments" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Economic arguments</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Technological_considerations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Technological considerations</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Automaker_viewpoints_and_consumer_preferences" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Automaker viewpoints and consumer preferences</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#SUVs_and_minivans_created_due_to_original_mandate" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">SUVs and minivans created due to original mandate</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Calculations_of_MPG_overestimated" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Calculations of MPG overestimated</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#Low_penalty" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Low penalty</span></a></font></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></font></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></font></li></ul></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">omg, why do they care?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/Vehicle-2011-06-03-Industry-Brief.pdf</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">No. 10-1092 (Lead) and Consolidated Cases (Complex)</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">COALITION FOR RESPONSIBLE REGULATION, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">INC., ET AL.,</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Petitioners,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">V.</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">LISA P. JACKSON</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, ADMINISTRATOR, AND</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Respondents.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On Petitions for Review of </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Standards and <b>Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards;</b></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Final Rule, 75 Fed. Reg. 25,324 (May 7,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 2010)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">JOINT OPENING BRIEF OF NON-STATE PETITIONERS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AND SUPPORTING INTERVENORS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">John P. Elwood</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">VINSON & ELKINS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20037</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 639-6500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Eric Groten</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">VINSON & ELKINS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2801 Via Fortuna, Suite 100</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Austin, TX 78746-7568</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(512) 542-8709</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">DATED: June 3, 2011</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Additional counsel listed</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">beginning on inside front cover</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 1 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Patrick R. Day, P.C.</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">HOLLAND & HART LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2515 Warren Ave., Suite 450</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cheyenne, WY 82001</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(307) 778-4209</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Paul D. Phillips</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HOLLAND & HART LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">555 17th Street, Suite 3200</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Denver, CO 80202-3979</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(303) 295-8131</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">John A. Bryson</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HOLLAND & HART, LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">975 F Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 393-6500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">James A. Holtkamp</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">HOLLAND & HART LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">60 E. South Temple, Suite 2000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Salt Lake City, UT 84111</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(801) 799-5800</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Coalition</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shannon L. Goessling</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">SOUTHEASTERN LEGAL</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> FOUNDATION,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> INC.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2255 Sewell Mill Road, Suite 320</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Marietta, GA 30062</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(770) 977-2131</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Southeastern Legal Foundation,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inc., et al., and Intervenors Langdale Farms,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">LLC, et al..</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Edward A. Kazmarek</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KAZMAREK GEIGER</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> & LASETER LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One Securities Center</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3490 Piedmont Road NE, Suite 350</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Atlanta, GA 30305</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(404) 812-0840</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Southeastern Legal Foundation,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inc., et al., and Intervenors Langdale Farms,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">LLC, et al..</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Harry W. MacDougald</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CALDWELL & WATSON LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Two Ravinia Drive, Suite 1600</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Atlanta, GA 30346</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(404) 843-1956</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Southeastern Legal Foundation,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inc., et al., and Intervenors Langdale Farms,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">LLC, et al..</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chet M. Thompson</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">CROWELL & MORING LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1001 Pennsylvania Ave. NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 624-2500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for American Iron and Steel Institute</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 2 of 232</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Sam Kazman</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hans Bader</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> INSTITUTE</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1899 L Street NW, 12th Floor</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20036</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 331-2265</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Competitive Enterprise</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Institute, FreedomWorks, and Science</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and Environmental Policy Project</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Neal J. Cabral</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">McGUIREWOODS LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington Square</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1050 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 1200</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20036</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 857-1700</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Ohio Coal Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gordon R. Alphonso</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">McGUIREWOODS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Proscenium</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1170 Peachtree St. NW, Suite 2100</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Atlanta, GA 30309</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(404) 443-5500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Ohio Coal Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Scott C. Oostdyk</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">McGUIREWOODS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One James Center</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">901 East Cary Street</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Richmond, VA 23219</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(804) 775-1000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Ohio Coal Association</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Richard P. Hutchison</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">LANDMARK LEGAL</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> FOUNDATION</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3100 Broadway, Suite 1210</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kansas City, MO 64111</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(816) 931-5559</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Mark Levin and</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Landmark Legal Foundation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ronald J. Tenpas</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Michael W. Steinberg</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Levi McAllister</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 739-5145</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Energy-Intensive Manufacturers’</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Regulation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 3 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">John J. McMackin, Jr.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">WILLIAMS & JENSEN, PLLC</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">701 8th Street, NW, Suite 500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20001</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 659-8201</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Energy-Intensive Manufacturers’</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Regulation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>F. William Brownell</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Norman W. Fichthorn</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Henry V. Nickel</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Allison D. Wood</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">HUNTON & WILLIAMS LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1900 K Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20006</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 955-1500</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Utility Air Regulatory Group</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Robin S. Conrad</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sheldon Gilbert</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">NATIONAL CHAMBER</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> LITIGATION CENTER, INC.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1615 H Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20062</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 463-5337</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Chamber of Commerce</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">of the United States of America</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ashley C. Parrish</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Cynthia A.M. Stroman</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">KING & SPALDING LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1700 Pennsylvania Ave. NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20006</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 737-0500</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Portland Cement </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Association</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and Chamber of Commerce of the</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">United States of America</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Katie Sweeney</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">101 Constitution Ave. NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Suite 500 East</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20001</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for National Mining Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peter Glaser</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mark E. Nagle</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">TROUTMAN SANDERS LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">401 9th Street NW, Suite 1000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 274-2998</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for National Mining Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 4 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alexander C. Schoch</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mary L. Frontczak</div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">PEABODY ENERGY COMPANY</b></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">701 Market Street, 6th Floor</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">St. Louis, MO 63101</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Peabody Energy Company</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peter Glaser</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mark E. Nagle</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TROUTMAN SANDERS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">401 9th Street NW, Suite 1000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 274-2998</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for Peabody Energy Company</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ellen Steen</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Danielle Quist</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AMERICAN FARM BUREAU</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> FEDERATION</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">600 Maryland Ave. SW, Suite 1000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 22024</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for American Farm Bureau Federation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Peter Glaser</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mark E. Nagle</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TROUTMAN SANDERS LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">401 9th Street NW, Suite 1000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 274-2998</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for American Farm Bureau Federation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Timothy K. Webster</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Roger R. Martella</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">SIDLEY AUSTIN LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1501 K Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20005</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 736-8000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for the</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">National Association of Manufacturers</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, et al.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Charles H. Knauss</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shannon S. Broome</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BINGHAM MCCUTCHEN LLP</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2020 K Street, NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20006</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 373-6000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for the</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Association of Manufacturers, et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Matthew G. Paulson</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">BAKER BOTTS LLP</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">98 San Jacinto Boulevard</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1500 San Jacinto Center</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Austin, TX 78701</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (512) 322-2500</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for the</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Association of Manufacturers, et al.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 5 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Of Counsel:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Quentin Riegel</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NATIONAL ASSOCIATION</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> OF MANUFACTURERS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1331 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 600</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004-1790</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 637-3000</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for the</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Association of Manufacturers</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Harry Moy Ng</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Michele Marie Schoeppe</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">AMERICAN</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> PETROLEUM INSTITUTE</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1220 L Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20005-4070</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 682-8251</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for American Petroleum Institute</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elizabeth Gaudio</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NATIONAL FEDERATION OF</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> INDEPENDENT BUSINESS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1201 F Street NW, Suite 200</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20004</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 406-4443</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for the</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Federation of Independent Business</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gregory M. Scott</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NATIONAL </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">PETROCHEMICAL</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> AND REFINERS ASSOCIATION</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1667 K Street NW, Suite 700</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20006</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 457-0480</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for National Petrochemical</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and Refiners Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Thomas J. Ward</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amy C. Chai</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> HOME BUILDERS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1201 15th Street NW</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington, D.C. 20005</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(202) 266-8200</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Counsel for</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Association of Home Builders</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 6 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">i</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">CERTIFICATE AS TO PARTIES,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">RULINGS, AND RELATED CASES</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Pursuant to Circuit Rule 28(a)(1), Non-State Petitioners and Supporting</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Intervenors state as follows:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Court’s Order of March 22, 2011 (Doc. No. 1299440) rejected petitioners’</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">briefing proposal and required these 67 parties, representing a variety of interests, to</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">file joint briefing subject to a combined word limit, and does not otherwise provide</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">for separate argument where those interests may diverge. Any given argument</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">presented or incorporated in this brief should not be construed as necessarily</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">representing the views of each of these parties.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A. Parties and Amici</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PETITIONERS:</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1092: Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc.; Industrial</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Minerals Association–North America;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> National Cattlemen’s Beef Association; Great</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Northern Project Development, L.P.; Rosebud Mining Company; Alpha Natural</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Resources, Inc.</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1094: Southeastern Legal Foundation, Inc.; John Linder</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(<b>U.S. Representative</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(GA-7th); Dana Rohrabacher (U.S. Representative) (CA-46th);</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">John Shimkus (U.S. Representative) (IL-19th); Phil Gingrey (U.S. Representative)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(GA-11th); Lynn Westmoreland (U.S. Representative) (GA-3rd); Tom Price (U.S.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Representative) (GA-6th); Paul Broun (U.S. Representative) (GA-10th); Steve King</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(U.S. Representative) (IA-5th); Nathan Deal (U.S. Representative) (GA-9th); Jack</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Kingston (U.S. Representative) (GA-1st); Michele Bachmann (U.S. Representative)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">(MN-6th); Kevin Brady (U.S. Representative) (TX-8th); John Shadegg (U.S.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Representative) (AZ-3rd); Dan Burton (U.S. Representative) (IN-5th); </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Langdale</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Company; Langdale Forest Products Company; Georgia Motor Trucking Association,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inc.; Collins Industries, Inc.; Collins Trucking Company, Inc.; Kennesaw</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Transportation, Inc.; J&M Tank Lines, Inc.; Southeast Trailer Mart, Inc.; Georgia</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Agribusiness Council, Inc.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 7 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ii</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1134: American Iron & Steel Institute</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1143: Competitive Enterprise Institute; FreedomWorks;</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Science and Environmental Policy Project</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1144: Ohio Coal Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1152: Mark Levin and Landmark Legal Foundation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1156: Gerdau Ameristeel US Inc.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1158: Energy-Intensive Manufacturers’ Working Group on</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Greenhouse Gas Regulation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1159: Portland Cement Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1160: Chamber of Commerce of the United States of</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">America</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1161: Utility Air Regulatory Group</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1162: National Mining Association</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1163: Peabody Energy Company</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1164: American Farm Bureau Federation</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1166: National Association of Manufacturers; American</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Frozen Food Institute; American Petroleum Institute; Brick Industry Association;</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Corn Refiners Association; Glass Packaging Institute; Michigan Manufacturers</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Association; Mississippi Manufacturers Association; National Association of Home</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Builders; National Federation of Independent Business; National Oilseed Processors</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Association; National Petrochemical and Refiners Association; Specialty Steel</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Industry of North America; Tennessee Chamber of Commerce & Industry; West</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Virginia Manufacturers Association; Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Case No. 10-1182: State of Texas; Governor Rick Perry (TX); Attorney</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">General Greg Abbott (TX); Texas Commission on Environmental Quality; Texas</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Agriculture Commission; Texas Public Utilities Commission; Texas Railroad</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Commission; Texas General Land Office; State of Alabama; State of South Carolina;</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">State of South Dakota; State of Nebraska; State of North Dakota; Commonwealth of</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Virginia; Haley Barbour, Governor of the State of Mississippi</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">USCA Case #10-1092 Document #1311526 Filed: 06/03/2011 Page 8 of 232</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">iii</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>RESPONDENTS:</b> United States Environmental Protection Agency</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(Respondent in all consolidated cases); National Highway Traffic Safety</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Administration (Respondent in Nos. 10-1094 and 10-1143); and Lisa P. Jackson,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency (Respondent in Nos.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">10-1160 and 10-1166)</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PETITIONERS’ INTERVENORS: State of Georgia; Langdale</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Farms, LLC; Langdale Fuel Company; Langdale Chevrolet-Pontiac, Inc; Langdale</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ford Company; Langboard, Inc.–MDF; Langboard, Inc–OSB</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">RESPONDENTS’ INTERVENORS: Global Automakers (f/k/a</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Association of International Automobile Manufacturers, see Doc. No. 1310060);</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers; Natural Resource Defense Council,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Environmental Defense Fund, Sierra Club; Commonwealth of Massachusetts; States</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">of California, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New Mexico, New York,</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington; Pennsylvania Department of</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Environmental Protection; City of New York</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AMICUS CURIAE FOR PETITIONERS:</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> American Chemistry</span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Council</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">AMICI CURIAE FOR RESPONDENTS: Institute for Policy</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Integrity at New York University School of Law; </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Honeywell</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> International, Inc</span></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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