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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/13/us-listed-climate-activist-group-extremists</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div><b>The Guardian -</b></div><div>Revealed: US listed climate activist group as ‘extremists’ alongside mass killers</div><div>DHS listed activists engaged in non-violent civil disobedience targeting oil industry alongside white supremacists in documents</div><div>
</div><div>Adam Federman</div><div>
</div><div>Mon 13 Jan 2020 05.00 ESTLast modified on Mon 13 Jan 2020&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>Pipes for the proposed Dakota Access oil pipeline, that would traverse North and South Dakota, Iowa and Illinois. ]</div><div>
</div><div>A group of US environmental activists engaged in non-violent civil disobedience targeting the oil industry have been listed in internal Department of Homeland Security documents as “extremists” and some of its members listed alongside white nationalists and mass killers, documents obtained by the Guardian reveal.</div><div>
</div><div>The group have been dubbed the Valve Turners, after closing the valves on pipelines in four states carrying crude oil from Canada’s tar sands on 11 October 2016 which accounted for about 15% of US daily consumption. It was described as the largest coordinated action of its kind and for a few hours the oil stopped flowing.</div><div>
</div><div>The five climate activists, members of Climate Direct Action, cut their way through fencing and turned the valves. The activists notified the energy companies whose pipelines were being disrupted and posted videos of their protest online and waited patiently to be arrested.</div><div>
</div><div>They have since been dubbed the “Valve Turners”, profiled in the New York Times magazine and featured in a recent documentary titled The Reluctant Radical. Their trials have also tested the willingness of courts to allow climate activists to make use of the necessity defense – the idea that a criminal action is justified if it helps to prevent greater future harm – as part of a legal strategy.</div><div>
</div><div>But the group’s actions attracted the attention of the DHS.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>In a recent intelligence bulletin evaluating domestic terrorism threats between 2018 and 2020, the department included the Valve Turners and described the group as “suspected environmental rights extremists”</b>.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The document also listed two of the group’s members alongside violent white supremacists and other extremists who have engaged in mass killings, including the man behind the racist 2015 slaying of nine black churchgoers in Charleston, South Carolina.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The document obtained by the not-for-profit Property of the People through a Foia request defines domestic terrorism as “any act of violence that is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources” and that is intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population or government body. The assessment is directed at departmental leadership and is based on a review of roughly 80 violent incidents between 2014 and 2017, according to the document.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The document points to an uptick in “sabotage attacks” conducted by anarchist extremists, environmental rights and animal rights extremists against the Dakota Access pipeline in 2016 at the height of the pipeline protest. Nearly 800 activists have been tried on a variety of North Dakota state charges, in relation to the pipeline protests, according to Water Protector Legal Collective, a legal support organization.</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>This activity was met with heavy law enforcement presence, FBI and DHS surveillance, and&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">aggressive military style tactics deployed by pipeline security contractors.</span></b></div><div>
</div><div>In addition to providing an overview of domestic terrorism threats the document includes an appendix summarizing select incidents over the past few years. Two of the Valve Turners are listed alongside violent white supremacists such as Dylann Roof and James Fields, who have both been convicted of murdering innocent civilians. Roof killed nine black churchgoers in a rampage in South Carolina. Fields drove his car into a group of activists protesting a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring at least 19 others.</div><div>
</div><div>The document also states that “racial and environmentally themed ideologies” were among the primary drivers of terrorist attacks in the United States during this time.</div><div>
</div><div>Mike German, a former FBI agent who is now a fellow with the Brennan Center for Justice, wrote in an email that</div><div>
</div><div>the DHS framing was “highly misleading because white supremacists are responsible for the bulk of this violence and almost all of the fatalities that result”. “There is little evidence,” he added, “that environmentalists have engaged in the types of deadly violence that would meet the statutory definition of domestic terrorism, as codified by Congress”.</div><div>
</div><div>The Department of Homeland Security did not respond to multiple requests for comment.</div><div>
</div><div>Sam Jessup, one of the activists named in the document, said the bulletin shed light on the role law enforcement and intelligence agencies have played in suppressing dissent.</div><div>
</div><div>“Equating mass murder by white supremacists with what Michael and I did is totally obscene,” Jessup said in an email. “This whole infrastructure of so-called security has done little more than secure the future of the fossil fuel industry by terrorizing people into silence.”</div><div>
</div><div>Jessup, 34, served as a driver and videographer, live-streaming the action in North Dakota. Michael Foster, a former family therapist who lives in Seattle, turned the valve.</div><div>
</div><div>Foster said even though the action involved a high level of legal risk, it was a small price to pay in light of the cascading impacts of climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>“The only way to force society to change fast enough is to refuse to participate and fill the jails,” Foster said.</div><div>
</div><div>Both he and Jessup were convicted on felony conspiracy charges and Foster spent six months in jail. During closing arguments the prosecutor compared Foster to the Unabomber and the 9/11 hijackers. He is now on probation and barred from engaging in direct action protest for another two years.</div><div>
</div><div>In the more than three years since the action , several states have passed legislation making it a crime to trespass on property containing critical infrastructure.The Trump administration has advocated for stiffer penalties against activists who engage in non-violent direct action targeting fossil fuel infrastructure.</div><div>
</div><div>Carl Williams, executive director of the Water Protector Legal Collective, which has defended a number of DAPL protesters, says the push to criminalize dissent is part of a larger rightwing strategy that has also targeted the BDS movement and Black Lives Matter.</div><div>
</div><div><b>“I think there is a strategy that rightwing forces are using to criminalize dissent,” Williams said. “This bulletin shows that dirty hand.”</b></div><div>
</div><div>But Williams also says it shows that these same movements are making inroads. “Liberation movements know that this is happening and we’re fighting against it,” he said. “They’re doing this because they’re afraid of the power of these movements.”</div><div>
</div><div>Adam Federman is a reporting fellow with Type Investigations.</div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">uber1</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-6650">https://webbrain.com/brainpage/brain/6950F840-FB80-FCB0-D505-8AB1FA685F08#-6650</a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Afghanistan</a>&nbsp;has been the world's leading illicit&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium" title="Opium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">opium</a>&nbsp;producer since 200</b>1.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;Afghanistan's&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">opium poppy</a>&nbsp;harvest produces more than <b>90% of illicit&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">heroin</a>&nbsp;globally, and more than 95% of the European supply.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;More land is used for opium in Afghanistan than is used for&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca" title="Coca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">coca</a>&nbsp;cultivation in Latin America</b>. In 2007<b>, 93% of the non-pharmaceutical-grade&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">opiates</a>&nbsp;on the world market originated in Afghanistan.</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;This amounts to an <b>export value of about US$4 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers</b> and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords, and drug traffickers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the seven years (1994–2000) prior to a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Taliban</a>&nbsp;opium ban, the Afghan farmers' share of gross income from opium was divided among 200,000 families.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;As of 2017, opium production provides about 400,000 jobs in Afghanistan, more than the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Afghan National Security Forces</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;In addition to opium, Afghanistan is also the world's leading producer of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Cannabis in Afghanistan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">hashish</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
</div><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#History" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Soviet_period(1979%E2%80%931989)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Soviet period (1979–1989)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Warlord_period(1989%E2%80%931994)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Warlord period (1989–1994)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Rise_of_the_Taliban(1994%E2%80%932001)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Rise of the Taliban (1994–2001)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Afghan_War(2001%E2%80%93current)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Afghan War (2001–current)</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Foreign_involvement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign involvement</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Production_and_distribution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Production and distribution</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Drug_trafficking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Drug trafficking</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Labor_practices" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Labor practices</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Worldwide_impact" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Worldwide impact</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Medical_production" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Medical production</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Opium_addiction_within_Afghan_society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Opium addiction within Afghan society</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#The_Afghan_economy_and_opium" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The Afghan economy and opium</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#How_the_opium_economy_has_influenced_villagers_options_for_generating_income" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">How the opium economy has influenced villagers options for generating income</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Impacts_of_opium_production_within_Afghan_villages" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Impacts of opium production within Afghan villages</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Production_and_Afghan_governance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Production and Afghan governance</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Corruption_and_the_erosion_of_the_rule_of_law" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Corruption and the erosion of the rule of law</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Nexus_between_the_drug_industry_and_Hawala" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Nexus between the drug industry and Hawala</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Opium_smuggling_into_Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Opium smuggling into Iran</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Counter-narcotics_policy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Counter-narcotics policy</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Alternative_crops" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Alternative crops</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#2008_arrest_of_Baz_Mohammed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2008 arrest of Baz Mohammed</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#Sources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">12.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sources</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></font></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 402px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HeroinWorld-en.svg/400px-HeroinWorld-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HeroinWorld-en.svg/600px-HeroinWorld-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/HeroinWorld-en.svg/800px-HeroinWorld-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="433" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A world map showing heroin production regions</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeroinWorld-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Afghanistan first began producing opium in significant quantities in the mid-1950s, to supply its neighbour&nbsp;</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iran</a>&nbsp;after poppy cultivation was banned there. Afghanistan and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pakistan</a>&nbsp;increased production and became major suppliers of opiates to Western Europe and North America in the mid-1970s, when political instability combined with a prolonged drought disrupted supplies from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Golden Triangle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Soviet_period.281979.E2.80.931989.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_period(1979–1989)">Soviet period (1979–1989)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet period (1979–1989)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After a Soviet-backed left-wing government in Afghanistan failed to gain popular support, the Russians&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">decided to invade</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. A number of resistance leaders concentrated on increasing opium production in their regions to finance their operations, regardless of its&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">haram</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Islamic status, in particular&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Mullah&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasim_Akhundzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasim Akhundzada" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Nasim Akhundzada</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismat_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismat Muslim" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Ismat Muslim</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The production was doubled to 575 metric tons between 1982 and 1983.</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(At this time the United States was pursuing an "arms-length" supporting strategy of the Afghan freedom-fighters or&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Mujahideen</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, the main purpose of which was to cripple the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Soviet Union</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;slowly into&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">withdrawal</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;through&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">attrition</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;rather than effect a quick and decisive overthrow).</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Hekmatyar,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> the leading recipient of aid from the CIA and Pakistan, developed at least six heroin refineries in&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Sultan" title="Koh-i-Sultan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Koh-i-Sultan</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in southwestern Pakistan, </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">while other warlords were content to sell raw opium. Nasim Akhundzada, who controlled the traditional poppy growing region of northern Helmand, issued quotas for opium production, which he was even rumoured to enforce with torture and extreme violence. To maximise control of trafficking, Nasim maintained an office in&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahidan" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Zahidan</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Iran.</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As explained by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>:</font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The secret operation was an excellent idea. It drew the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret it? On the day that the Soviets officially crossed the border, I wrote to <b>President Carter, saying, in essence: 'We now have the opportunity of giving to the USSR its Vietnam War.</b>'<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a></sup></font></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It was alleged by the Soviets on multiple occasions that US&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a>&nbsp;(CIA) agents were helping smuggle opium out of Afghanistan, either into the West, in order to raise money for the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan resistance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Afghan resistance</a>, or into the Soviet Union, in order to weaken it through drug addiction. According to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W.McCoy" title="Alfred W. McCoy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Alfred McCoy</a>, the CIA supported various Afghan drug lords, for instance&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a><sup id="cite_ref-McCoy1991-11-09_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-McCoy1991-11-09-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a></sup>&nbsp;and others such as&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Afridi(drug_lord)" title="Ayub Afridi (drug lord)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Haji Ayub Afridi</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Another factor was the eradication effort inside Pakistan (whose&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Inter-Services Intelligence</a>&nbsp;were coincidentally supporters of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mujahideen</a>)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The Pakistani government,&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">US Agency for International Development</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(USAID) and other groups were involved in attempting to eliminate poppy cultivation from certain areas of the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province(1901%E2%80%932010)" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">North-West Frontier Province</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;(now&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) bordering Afghanistan. The opium industry shifted from Pakistan into Afghanistan during the 1980s.</span><sup id="cite_ref-gir1_16-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-gir1-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Warlord_period.281989.E2.80.931994.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Warlord_period(1989–1994)">Warlord period (1989–1994)</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Soviet Army</a>&nbsp;was forced to withdraw in 1989, a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">power vacuum</a>&nbsp;was created. Various Mujahideen factions started fighting against each other for power. With the discontinuation of Western support, they resorted ever more to poppy cultivation to finance their military existence.</font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Rise_of_the_Taliban.281994.E2.80.932001.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_of_the_Taliban(1994–2001)">Rise of the Taliban (1994–2001)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise of the Taliban (1994–2001)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>During the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_rule_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban rule in Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Taliban rule</a>, Afghanistan saw a bumper opium crop of 4,500 metric tons </b>(4,400 long tons; 5,000 short tons) in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[18]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In July 2000, Taliban leader&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Mohammed_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullah Mohammed Omar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Mullah Mohammed Omar</a>, collaborating with the UN to eradicate heroin production in Afghanistan, declared that growing poppies was un-Islamic, resulting in one of the world's most successful anti-drug campaigns. The Taliban enforced a ban on poppy farming via threats, forced eradication, and public punishment of transgressors. The result was a<b> 99% reduction</b> in the area of opium poppy farming in Taliban-controlled areas, roughly three quarters of the world's supply of heroin at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup>&nbsp;<b>The ban was effective only briefly due to the deposition of the Taliban in 2002.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
However, some people (Martin, An Intimate War, 2014), suggest that certain parties benefited from the price increase during the ban. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, even believe it was a form of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">market manipulation</a>&nbsp;on the part of certain drug lords. Dried opium, unlike most agricultural products, can easily be stored for long periods without refrigeration or other expensive equipment. With huge stashes of opium stored in secret hideaways, the Taliban and other groups that were involved in the drug trade were in theory able to make huge personal profits during the price spikes after the 2000 ban and the chaos following the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup></font></p><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span id="Afghan_War.282001.E2.80.93current.29"><span class="mw-headline" id="Afghan_War(2001–current)">Afghan War (2001–current)</span></span></font></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG/220px-Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG/330px-Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG/440px-Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="527" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Opium production levels for 2005–2007</font></a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_Opium_Production_2005_2007.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By November 2001, and with the start of the&nbsp;</span></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Afghan War</a>, the collapse of the economy and the scarcity of other sources of revenue forced many of the country's farmers to resort to growing opium for export <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(1,300&nbsp;km</span><sup style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;or 500&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi in 2004 according to the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">UN Office on Drugs and Crime</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">).</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn,Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonn, Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bonn, Germany</a>, under UN auspices to develop a plan to reestablish the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">State of Afghanistan</a>, including provisions for a new constitution and national elections. As part of that agreement, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Kingdom</a>&nbsp;(UK) was designated the lead country in addressing counter-narcotics issues in Afghanistan. Afghanistan subsequently implemented its new constitution and held national elections. On December 7, 2004,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hamid Karzai</a>&nbsp;was formally sworn in as president of a democratic Afghanistan."<sup id="cite_ref-Glaze-2007-10_24-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-Glaze-2007-10-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup></font></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png/220px-Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png/330px-Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png/440px-Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="330" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data" /></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_map-security_by_district_and_opium_poppy_cultivation_by_province_2007-2008.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="width" height="height" viewbox="%220" e="E" cg="Cg" id="%22smallbox%22" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%23000%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" d="%22M-1.499" h10.99v7.919h1.509z="h10.99v7.919H1.509z" h5.943v4.904h-5.943z="h5.943v4.904h-5.943z" c="C" g="g" display="display" block="block" text-indent="text-indent" px="px" white-space="white-space" nowrap="nowrap" overflow="overflow" hidden="hidden" user-select="user-select" none="none" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Regional security risks</a>&nbsp;and levels of opium poppy cultivation in 2007–2008.</font></font></font></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Two of the following three growing seasons saw record levels of opium poppy cultivation. Corrupt officials may have undermined the government's enforcement efforts. Afghan farmers claimed that "government officials take bribes for turning a blind eye to the drug trade while punishing poor opium growers."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another obstacle to getting rid of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is the reluctant collaboration between US forces and Afghan warlords in hunting drug traffickers. In the absence of the Taliban, the warlords largely control the opium trade but are also highly useful to US forces in scouting, providing local intelligence, keeping their own territories clean from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Al-Qaeda</a>&nbsp;and Taliban insurgents, and even taking part in military operations.</font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While US and allied efforts to combat the drug trade have been stepped up, the effort is hampered by the fact that many suspected drug traffickers are now top officials in the Karzai government.<sup id="cite_ref-www_csmonitor_com23_26-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-www_csmonitor_com23-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup>&nbsp;Estimates made in 2006 by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimate that 52% of the nation's&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GDP</a>, amounting to US$2.7 billion annually, is generated by the drug trade.<sup id="cite_ref-www_msnbc_msn_com25_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-www_msnbc_msn_com25-27" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[27]</a></sup>&nbsp;The rise in production has been linked to the deteriorating security situation, as production is markedly lower in areas with stable security.<sup id="cite_ref-www_unodc_org26_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-www_unodc_org26-28" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[28]</a></sup>&nbsp;By some, the extermination of the poppy crops is not seen as a viable option because the sale of poppies constitutes the livelihood of Afghanistan's rural farmers. Some 3.3 million Afghans are involved in producing opium.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-29" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[29]</a></sup>&nbsp;Opium is more profitable than&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">wheat</a>&nbsp;and destroying opium fields could possibly lead to discontent or unrest among the indigent population.<sup id="cite_ref-Now_on_PBS_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-Now_on_PBS-30" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[30]</a></sup>&nbsp;Some poppy eradication programs have, however, proven effective, especially in the north of Afghanistan. The opium poppy eradication program of Balkh Governor&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_Muhammad_Nur" title="Atta Muhammad Nur" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ustad Atta Mohammad Noor</a>&nbsp;between 2005 and 2007 successfully reduced poppy cultivation in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Balkh Province</a>&nbsp;from 7,200 hectares (18,000 acres) in 2005 to zero by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-Carnegie-31" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[31]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Afghanistan Opium Risk Assessment 2013, issued by UNODC, suggests that the Taliban has, since 2008, been supporting farmers growing poppy, as a source of income for the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[32]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Former US&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">State Department</a>&nbsp;Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Narcotics_and_Law_Enforcement_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Schweich" title="Tom Schweich" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas Schweich</a>, in a&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York Times</a></i>&nbsp;article dated July 27, 2007, asserts that <b>opium production is protected by the government of Hamid Karzai as well as by the Taliban,</b> as all parties to political conflict in Afghanistan, as well as criminals, benefit from opium production, and, in Schweich's opinion, the US military turns a blind eye to opium production as not being central to its anti-terrorism mission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[34]</a></sup>&nbsp;In March 2010,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">NATO</a>&nbsp;rejected&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Russian</a>&nbsp;proposals for Afghan poppy spraying, citing concerns over income of Afghan people.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[35]</a></sup>&nbsp;There have also been allegations of US and European involvement in Afghanistan's drug trafficking with links to Taliban.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[36]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On October 28, 2010, agents of Russia's Federal Service for the Control of Narcotics joined Afghan and US anti-drug forces in an operation to destroy a major drug production site near&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Jalalabad</a>. In the operation</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, 932&nbsp;kg (2,055&nbsp;lb) of high quality heroin and 156&nbsp;kg (344&nbsp;lb) of opium, with a street value of US$250 million, and a large amount of technical equipment was destroyed. This was the first anti-drug operation to include Russian agents. According to&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ivanov(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ivanov (politician)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Viktor Ivanov</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Director of Russia's Federal Service for the Control of Narcotics, this marks an advance in relations between Moscow and Washington. Hamid Karzai called the operation a violation of Afghan sovereignty and international law.</span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[38]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As had been the case in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Indochina</a>&nbsp;during the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[39]</a></sup>&nbsp;the US invasion has in fact been causal in a massive increase in opium production, the aforementioned eradication efforts being largely window dressing. A&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Afghanistan_Reconstruction" title="Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">SIGAR</a>&nbsp;report showed a threefold increase in area under cultivation between 2002 and 2014.</span><sup id="cite_ref-RT20150401_40-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-RT20150401-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;A December 2014&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">UNAIDS</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;study</span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[41]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;showed an increase of 7% in one year alone.</span></font></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The facts of an apparently non-significant resultant change to opium production is corroborated in a report by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">BBC</a>, dated to 20 July 2015:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[42]</a></sup></font></font></font></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nine years of intense fighting by international troops did nothing to stop the production. In fact it only became worse. The only difference was that it has been pushed out beyond the central populated zone to less governed badlands beyond the Helmand canal.</font></font></font></p></blockquote><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></font></font></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See also:&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking#Afghanistan" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking §&nbsp;Afghanistan</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities#Southwest_Asia" title="CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities §&nbsp;Southwest Asia</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">CIA activities in Afghanistan</a></font></font></font></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Approximately 40,000 foreign troops attempted to manage "security" in Afghanistan, principally of 32,000 regular soldiers from 37 NATO forces: the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">International Security Assistance Force</a>. 8,000 US and other special operations forces, mainly&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academi" title="Academi" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">privately contracted</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">soldiers of fortune</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RT20150401_40-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-RT20150401-40" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[40]</a></sup>&nbsp;make up the balance. There is significant resistance, both from the ideological and theocratic&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Taliban</a>, especially in southern Afghanistan, and independent local warlords and drug organizations.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Costa" title="Antonio Maria Costa" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Antonio Maria Costa</a>, Executive Director of UNODC, described the situation: "There is no rule of law in most of the southern parts of Afghanistan—the bullets rule."</font></font></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Production_and_distribution">Production and distribution</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production and distribution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></font></font></h2><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The following areas of Afghanistan play a role in the drug trafficking:</font></font></font></p><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Production</font></font></font><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Southern region" of&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmand" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Helmand</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kandahar</a>&nbsp;provinces, on the border with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pakistan</a>, which are the highest-volume areas for drug transactions. There is a traditional route from Helmand, through Pakistan, to Iran</font></font></font></font></font></font></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Smuggling</font></font><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Herat</a>, in Herat Province, the Northern Alliance stronghold, which borders&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Iran</a></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayzabad,Badakhshan" title="Fayzabad, Badakhshan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Faizabad</a>, in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Badakhshan</a>&nbsp;province, which has borders with&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tajikistan</a>, Pakistan, and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">China</a>.</font></li></ul></li></ul><h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Labor_practices">Labor practices</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Labor practices" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US Department of Labor</a>'s 2014&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a></i>, opium production is one of the sectors that rely on child labor in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[43]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppy (flower)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Poppies</a>&nbsp;being the source of the crude drug, children are still recruited to harvest these flowers in the country's farming fields.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[44]</a></sup></font></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Worldwide_impact">Worldwide impact</span></font></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>According to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">European Union</a>&nbsp;(EU) agencies, Afghanistan has been Europe's main heroin supplier for more than 10 years.</b><sup id="cite_ref-eu_1_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-eu_1-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup>&nbsp;Heroin enters Europe primarily by two major land routes: the long-standing 'Balkan route' through Turkey; and, since the mid-1990s, the 'northern route', which leaves northern Afghanistan through Central Asia and on to Russia (and is sometimes colloquially referred to as the 'silk route'). There is an estimated 1.5 million (1.3–1.7 million) opioid users in the EU, with an average prevalence of 4 to 5 per 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_1_45-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-eu_1-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup>&nbsp;In 2005, there were around 7,000 acute drug deaths, with opioids being present in the blood of 70% of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_1_45-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-eu_1-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup>&nbsp;There was a minimum of 49,000&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">seizures</a>&nbsp;resulting in the interception of an estimated 19.4 metric tons (19.1 long tons; 21.4 short tons) of heroin. Countries reporting the largest number of seizures (in descending order): UK (2005), Spain, Germany, Greece, and France. Countries reporting the largest quantities of heroin seized in 2005 (in descending order): Turkey, UK, Italy, France, the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_1_45-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-eu_1-45" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[45]</a></sup></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Presently with the resurgence of high output production of opium and heroin in post-Taliban Afghanistan, there is an ongoing heroin addiction epidemic in Russia which is claiming 30,000 lives each year, mostly among young people. There were two and half million heroin addicts in Russia by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[46]</a></sup></font></font></p><h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_production">Medical production</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_production_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical production" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></font></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Council_on_Security_and_Development(ICOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Council on Security and Development (ICOS)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The International Council on Security and Development (ICOS)</a>&nbsp;has proposed legalizing opium production for medical purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>&nbsp;Opium can be manufactured into&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">codeine</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">morphine</a>, which are both legal pain-killers. The Governor of Afghanistan's Helmand Province,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayatullah_Hayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayatullah Hayat (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hayatullah Hayat</a>&nbsp;is a proponent of eventually legalizing opium production to create morphine.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[47]</a></sup></font></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b0" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wAHoECAEQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: none 0s ease 0s; user-select: none; background-image: none; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px; filter: none; width: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; display: inline-block;"><span class="mn-dwn-arw" style="border-color: rgb(0, 102, 33) transparent; border-style: solid; border-width: 5px 4px 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; margin-left: 3px; top: 7.5px; margin-top: -4px; position: absolute; left: 0px;" /></a><div class="action-menu-panel ab_dropdown" role="menu" tabindex="-1" jsaction="keydown:m.hdke;mouseover:m.hdhne;mouseout:m.hdhue" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQqR8wAHoECAEQAw" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: auto; top: 12px; white-space: nowrap; z-index: 3; transition: opacity 0.218s ease 0s; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8EiK63-1D0J:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:8EiK63-_1D0J:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan%2B%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAAegQIARAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAAegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAAegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAAegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Afghanistan has been the world's leading illicit opium producer since 2001. Afghanistan's .... The Taliban enforced a ban on&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">poppy farming</span>&nbsp;via threats, forced eradication, and public punishment of transgressors. .... The International Narcotics Control Board which regulates opium&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;throughout the world enforces the&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAF6BAgAEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAAegQIARAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; 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text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjABegQIABAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Last year's record opium production in Afghanistan threatens ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VofDh-Ko1O0J:https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:VofDh-Ko1O0J:https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html%2B%26cd%3D2%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDABegQIABAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.54;">May 21, 2018 -&nbsp;</span>In 2017,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium cultivation</span>&nbsp;in Afghanistan reached a record high with an ... In addition to&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">farming</span>&nbsp;households, opium provides access to daily wage ... international approach that targets the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;chain of opiates along all its&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAJ6BAgCEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VofDh-Ko1O0J:https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:VofDh-Ko1O0J:https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2018/May/last-years-record-opium-production-in-afghanistan-threatens-sustainable-development--latest-survey-reveals.html%2B%26cd%3D2%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDABegQIABAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjACegQIAhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Opium Poppy: Production & Distrubution</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b2" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wAnoECAIQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzACegQIAhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzACegQIAhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzACegQIAhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The milky fluid that seeps from cuts in the unripe&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">poppy</span>&nbsp;seed pod has, since ancient times, been scraped off ... Two thousand tons of&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">produced</span>&nbsp;annually and this&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supplies</span>&nbsp;the world with the raw material ... From the&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Farm</span>&nbsp;to the Arm.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAN6BAgGEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/production-distribution.html+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzACegQIAhAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjADegQIBhAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Afghan farmers stick to growing opium in the face of less lucrative ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.reuters.com/...farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b3" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wA3oECAYQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; 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line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067%2B%26cd%3D4%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDADegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067%2B%26cd%3D4%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDADegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:zE001cMU7bkJ:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-poppies-farmer/afghan-farmers-stick-to-growing-opium-in-the-face-of-less-lucrative-options-idUSKBN1I1067%2B%26cd%3D4%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDADegQIBhAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="f" style="line-height: 1.54;">Apr 29, 2018 -&nbsp;</span>Afghan&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">farmers</span>&nbsp;are busy in their&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">poppy</span>&nbsp;fields as the annual&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>&nbsp;harvest ... to stamp out a crop that yields much of the world's&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">heroin</span>.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAR6BAgEEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; 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text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%3Fappid%3D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAEegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%3Fappid%3D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAEegQIBBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Opium poppy production in Afghanistan - ArcGIS</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid...</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b4" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wBHoECAQQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; 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box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 2px 4px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><li class="action-menu-item ab_dropdownitem" role="menuitem" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%3Fappid%3D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%253Fappid%253D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAEegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;" /></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="s" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.54;"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%3Fappid%3D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%253Fappid%253D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAEegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">"Afghanistan is the source of more than 90% of world's&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium supply</span>&nbsp;and .... provides incentives to&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">farmers</span>&nbsp;to eradicate their&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>&nbsp;crop or not&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">produce</span>&nbsp;one at all&nbsp;...</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAV6BAgDEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%3Fappid%3D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:gJwSl6d96NwJ:https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html%253Fappid%253D9e6420db54f043e487ba2831a74cb38f%2B%26cd%3D5%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAEegQIBBAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAFegQIAxAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The International Heroin Market | The White House</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market</cite></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b5" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wBXoECAMQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Opium production</span>&nbsp;occurs in three source regions – Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, ...&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">agriculture</span>&nbsp;and rural development, and other&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;reduction measures.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5CXZiAcoflkJ:https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:5CXZiAcoflkJ:https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market%2B%26cd%3D6%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAFegQIAxAE" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="sFZIhb b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">[PDF]</font></span><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf}" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAGegQICRAC}" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Opium in Afghanistan - UC San Diego Department of Economics</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://econweb.ucsd.edu/_{j1clemens/pdfs/Afghanistan.pdf</cite></font></div>}<div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b6" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wBnoECAkQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; cursor: default; font-weight: bold; height: 12px; line-height: 27px; margin: 1px 0px 2px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">by J Clemens - ‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=7136772229674099056" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26cites%3D7136772229674099056&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQzgIwBnoECAkQBw" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Cited by 43</a>&nbsp;- ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:cOGY2IfoCmNksM:scholar.google.com/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26q%3Drelated:cOGY2IfoCmNksM:scholar.google.com/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQzwIwBnoECAkQCA" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Related articles</a></font></font></font></font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: bold;">opium</span>&nbsp;upward, as well as a range of&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;and demand elasticities. The .... crop,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">poppy</span>&nbsp;is suitable for agricultural regions in which there are few off-<span style="font-weight: bold;">farm</span>&nbsp;income.</font></span></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAd6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAHegQICBAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Opium production in Afghanistan - NCBI</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font></font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/</cite></font></font></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b7" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wB3oECAgQAg" style="border-radius: 0px; 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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2364812/+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAHegQICBAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">by M Malloch-Brown - ‎2008 - ‎</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=13749653840448798557" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26cites%3D13749653840448798557&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQzgIwB3oECAgQBw" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Cited by 4</a>&nbsp;- ‎<a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:XT-JsFGV0L5UpM:scholar.google.com/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar%3Fum%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26lr%26q%3Drelated:XT-JsFGV0L5UpM:scholar.google.com/&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQzwIwB3oECAgQCA" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.54;">Related articles</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Quite simply,&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">farmers</span>&nbsp;would grow more to&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;an additional purchaser. Demand ... With&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium production</span>&nbsp;up to six times cheaper in these countries than in&nbsp;...</font></span></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 26px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAh6BAgHEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="sFZIhb b w xsm" style="font-weight: bold; cursor: auto; margin: 0px 3px 0px 0px; float: left;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[PDF]</font></span><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAIegQIBxAC" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">the world opium situation - Cia</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
</font></font></font><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.54; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 1px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-style: normal; padding-top: 1px; line-height: 1.43;">https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/.../CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.p...</cite></font></font></font></div><div class="action-menu ab_ctl" style="display: inline; position: relative; margin: 1px 3px 0px; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="GHDvEf ab_button" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=opium+production+famr+supply&oq=opium+production+famr+supply&aqs=chrome..69i57.11480j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#" id="am-b8" aria-label="Result Options" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" jsaction="m.tdd;keydown:m.hbke;keypress:m.mskpe" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQ7B0wCHoECAcQAw" style="border-radius: 0px; 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line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf%2B%26cd%3D9%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAIegQIBxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf%2B%26cd%3D9%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAIegQIBxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf%2B%26cd%3D9%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAIegQIBxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: bold;">farm</span>&nbsp;production directly into the illicit traffic. ... of world&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">opium production</span>&nbsp;and consumption and to ..... The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supply</span>&nbsp;of opium is adequate for world medicinal.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div data-hveid="CAUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFSgAMAl6BAgFEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="r" style="margin: 0px; line-height: 1.54;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search%3Fq%3Dcache:b2Q7MY9AzX0J:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP73B00296R000300060031-9.pdf%2B%26cd%3D9%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQIDAIegQIBxAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /></font></font></font></font></font></font><h3 class="LC20lb" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.33;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" /><a href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQFjAJegQIBRAB" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">The Prospects for Pakistan's Opium Farmers - Relief or Oppression ...</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">
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cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000" /></font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAJegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.54; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">The Prospects for Pakistan's&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">Opium Farmers</span>&nbsp;- Relief or Oppression? ... to some extent, filled the gap - receiving their&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">supplies</span>&nbsp;to add to locally&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">produced</span>&nbsp;stocks. ... The&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">poppy</span>&nbsp;requires intensive&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">cultivation</span>and its cash profitability is enormous.</font></span></a></font></font></font></font></font></div></div></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=related:https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/prospects-pakistans-opium-farmers-relief-or-oppression+opium+production+farm+supply&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3v9uSv6jjAhVOUs0KHTjtDrEQHzAJegQIBRAF" style="text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 7px 18px; outline: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">=</font></a></font></font></div>