Hodel, DP

RR forced to can him,  replaced by Watt pal?  he and meese opposed Montrealwise use?=4/14The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which entered into force on January 1, 1989, stands as the most successful and widely ratified international environmental agreement. The U.S. lead negotiator, Richard Elliot Benedick, authored a comprehensive history of the negotiations that is critical for understanding the underlying scientific issues as well as the complex domestic politics and international diplomacy surrounding the talks.<a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/#edn4" name="ednref4" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[4]</a> As Benedick discusses, and as the documents posted today illustrate, U.S. leadership was vital to the successful negotiation of a strong ozone treaty with a clear and firm timetable for reducing production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons that degrade atmospheric ozone. This leadership, however, was not unanimously supported within the Reagan administration, and the State Department, working with the Environmental Protection Agency, had to fight back attempts to weaken the agreement.<a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/#edn5" name="ednref5" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">[5]</a>The U.S. goals for the ozone treaty as it entered the final talks are laid out in Documents <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%201.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1</a> and <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%204.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">4</a> in this compilation. These goals can be summarized as a near-term freeze on emissions of the key ozone-depleting substances, combined with subsequent reductions to near zero, with the interim targets subject to revision based on periodic review incorporating reassessments of the underlying science. The need for continued U.S. leadership to secure an ozone treaty that embodies these goals is discussed in Documents <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%202.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2</a>, <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%203.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3</a>and <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%206.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">6</a>. These latter documents address the battle waged by the State Department within the Domestic Policy Council (DPC), chaired by Attorney General Ed Meese, against a rear-guard effort by Secretary of the Interior Donald Hodel, the office of the Special Trade Representative and the Office of Management and Budget to scale back the commitments made under the proposed treaty, based on questions about the underlying science and the impact on U.S. industry. As the documents show, State was concerned that if a “dysfunctional” DPC resulted in an about-face by the U.S. regarding the goals it had pressed for in the negotiation, it “would damage our international credibility, unleash major domestic criticism, and probably result in unilateral U.S.” controls on ozone-depleting chemicals. The last point was driven by the likelihood that if an international agreement was not reached, the courts would compel EPA to impose unilateral reductions, which would hurt U.S industry. (See<a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%205.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;"> Document 5</a> on this concern.) To head off this possibility, Under Secretary of State John Negroponte successfully urged Secretary of State George P. Shultz to write to Attorney General Meese laying out the serious repercussions from such a reversal. (<a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%203.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Document 3</a>; a copy of Shultz’s letter, presenting the points outlined by Negroponte, can be found in <a href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB536-Reagan-Bush-Recognized-Need-for-US-Leadership-on-Climate-Change-in-1980s/documents/Document%206.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Document 6</a>.)=former Bureau of Land Management honcho Don Hodel, architect of the famed Hodel policy which allowed county governments to bulldoze new roads across federal wilderness lands. Today NWI attacks the Endangered Species Act and the U.N. Biodiversity Convention, defends the petroleum economy, and publishes <a href="http://www.nwi.org/resource.html">NWI Resource</a> magazine, with articles like "The Magic of Property Rights" and "Ecosystems: Where Do They End?" Funded by: Hardwood Manufacturers Association.

----

Founder and Managing Director, Summit Energy Group

Advisory Board Member, Center for the Study of CO2 and Global Change

<h3>ORGANIZATIONS</h3>

<a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=24">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a>

Source: <a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=906#src0">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change website 4/04</a>

<a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=33">Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies</a>

Source: <a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=906#src1">Federalist Society website 4/04</a>

<h3>SOURCES</h3>

<a id="src" name="src"> </a><a id="src0" name="src0"> </a>Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change website 4/04

<a href="http://www.co2science.org/center.htm">http://www.co2science.org/center.htm</a>

<a id="src1" name="src1"> </a>Federalist Society website 4/04

---

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Donald Paul Hodel</h1>

(Redirected from <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,&redirect=no" title="Donald Hodel,">Donald Hodel,</a>)

</div>

Donald Paul Hodel has served as president of the conservative <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a> since April 2003.

A graduate of Harvard College and the University of Oregon Law School, Hodel has spent many years in a variety of high visibility government positions in the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Reagan_Administration" title="Reagan Administration" class="mw-redirect">Reagan Administration</a>. From 1981 to 1982 he served as Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior; from 1982 to 1985 he served as Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy; and from 1985 to 1989 he served as Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior. He's also a member of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">Council for National Policy</a> Executive Committee and Board of Governors, and is a former president of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christian_Coalition" title="Christian Coalition" class="mw-redirect">Christian Coalition</a>.

Hodel previously served on <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a>'s Executive Board until 1998; former chairman, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independence_Institute" title="Independence Institute">Independence Institute</a>; founder and a Managing Director of Summit Group International, Ltd, including <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Summit_Power_Group" title="Summit Power Group">Summit Power Group</a>; and was listed as Science Advisor for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_warming_skeptic" title="Global warming skeptic" class="mw-redirect">global warming skeptic</a> group <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_the_Study_of_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Global_Change" title="Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a>.

He has served on many other energy company and public interest boards, including the Board of Directors of the Electric Power Research Institute and later its Advisory Council, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a>, Columbia Gas (later Columbia Energy Group), MAPCO, Taylor Energy Company, and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Texon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texon (page does not exist)">Texon</a> Corporation with <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=James_Watt" title="James Watt" class="mw-redirect">James Watt</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#cite_note-0" title="">[1]</a>. Mr. Hodel has also served as Deputy Administrator and Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration and as President of the National (now North American) Electric Reliability Council.

In 1995 joined the board of directors of the conservative publishing house <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Eagle_Publishing" title="Eagle Publishing">Eagle Publishing</a>, the parent company of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>.

He wrote a book called Crisis in the Oil Patch with Dallas-based business reporter <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_Deitz" title="Robert Deitz">Robert Deitz</a> about how there should be less regulation of American oil companies.

Hodel and Christian Coalition spokesman <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Peyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Peyton (page does not exist)">Jeffrey Peyton</a> purchased a liberal Virginia weekly newspaper in March 2000, The Charlottesville & Albemarle Observer, and revamped the paper to espouse a shrill, hard-right viewpoint. Circulation plummeted, and the Observer ceased publishing in August 2004. <a href="http://george.loper.org/%7Egeorge/trends/2004/Aug/981.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://george.loper.org/_{george/trends/2004/Aug/981.html}" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

[<a class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#Books">1 Books</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#Articles_and_resources">2 Articles and resources</a>

<ul>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#References">2.1 References</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#Related_SourceWatch_articles">2.2 Related SourceWatch articles</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#External_resources">2.3 External resources</a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#External_articles">2.4 External articles</a></li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2>Books</h2>

<ul>

<li>Donald Paul Hodel and Robert Deitz, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895265028/booknu4-20/ref=nosim/102-8456988-5356903" class="external text" title="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895265028/booknu4-20/ref=nosim/102-8456988-5356903" rel="nofollow">Crisis in the Oil Patch: How America's Energy Industry Is Being Destroyed and What Must Be Done to Save It</a>, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>, March 1994. ISBN: 0895265028</li>

</ul>

<h2>Articles and resources</h2>

<h3>References</h3>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel,#cite_ref-0" title="">↑</a> <a href="http://www.texonlp.com/AboutUs/advisoryBoard.aspx" class="external text" title="http://www.texonlp.com/AboutUs/advisoryBoard.aspx" rel="nofollow">About Us</a>. Texon. Retrieved on 2011-04-22. “Donald P. Hodel: Energy and Natural Resources Consultant. Under-Secretary (1981-82) and Secretary of the Interior (1985-89) and Secretary of Energy (1982-85) in the Reagan Administration. Previously: Administrator (CEO) (1972-78), Bonneville Power Administration; President of National Electric Reliability Council (1978-80); Member of a number of Boards of Directors of listed and non-listed for-profit company boards and charitable organizations. James Watt: Forty-four years in the government, public policy and legal arenas concerning energy and natural resources; President Reagan's first Secretary of the Interior (1981-83); Vice Chairman of the Federal Power Commission (1975-1977).”</li>

</ol>

</div>

<h3>Related SourceWatch articles</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Banana_Republicans" title="Banana Republicans" class="mw-redirect">Banana Republicans</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Banana_Republicans:_The_Echo_Chamber" title="Banana Republicans: The Echo Chamber">Banana Republicans: The Echo Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_the_Study_of_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Global_Change" title="Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change">Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change</a> (Hodel was listed as a Science Advisor)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Christian_Coalition" title="Christian Coalition" class="mw-redirect">Christian Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">Council for National Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Eagle_Publishing" title="Eagle Publishing">Eagle Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Independence_Institute" title="Independence Institute">Independence Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Wilderness_Institute" title="National Wilderness Institute">National Wilderness Institute</a> (Wise Use; on advisory board)</li>

<li><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Salem_Communications" title="Salem Communications" class="mw-redirect">Salem Communications</a> (director)</li>

</ul>

<h3>External resources</h3>

<ul>

<li>"<a href="http://www.regnery.com/eagle/eagle_management.html" class="external text" title="http://www.regnery.com/eagle/eagle_management.html" rel="nofollow">Eagle Management Corporate Management</a>" accessed October 2004.</li>

</ul>

<h3>External articles</h3>

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia" style="">Wikipedia</a> also has an article on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Paul_Hodel" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Paul_Hodel" rel="nofollow" style="">Donald Paul Hodel</a>. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" rel="nofollow" style="">GFDL</a>.

<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel" style="">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel</a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Donald_Hodel," style="">,</a>

=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="">Donald Paul Hodel (born May 23, 1935) is an American former politician who served as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Secretary of Energy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secretary of the Interior</a>, and chairman of FreeEats.com, which disseminated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">push polls</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fund" title="Economic Freedom Fund" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Freedom Fund</a>. He was known during his tenure as Secretary of the Interior for his controversial "Hodel Policy," which stated that disused dirt roads and footpaths could be considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way(transportation)" title="Right-of-way (transportation)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">right-of-ways</a> under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_statute_2477" title="Revised statute 2477" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">RS 2477</a>.Hodel proposed that rather than reduce the production of CFCs to prevent ozone layer destruction, people should wear hats and use sunscreen. His plan was assailed by scientists and environmentalists, who pointed out the “broad and potentially disastrous effects that increased ultraviolet radiation would have on the Earth’s climate, food chains and individual species of plants and animals other than humans.” Critics of Hodel’s “Ray-Ban Plan” sarcastically depicted animals and plants wearing sunglasses to protect against increased radiation, and he soon resigned under pressure.<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#Early_life" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#Government_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2Government career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#Post-government_career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3Post-government career</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#Environmental_efforts" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">4Environmental efforts</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">5References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">6External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Early life[</h2>Hodel was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Portland, Oregon</a>, the son of Philip E. Hodel and Theresia R. Brodt. He attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard University</a>. In 1957 he married Barbara Beecher Stockman, who was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, and attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wellesley College</a>. She married Hodel during her senior year.They moved to Oregon after graduation and Hodel earned his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">J.D.</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">University of Oregon</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a> While living in Oregon, the Hodels had two sons, and Barbara became a full-time mother.After their elder son's suicide, the Hodels became evangelical Christians. They became active in church and other Christian ministries and began speaking at evangelical meetings and prayer breakfasts. The Hodels have appeared on The 700 Club with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pat Robertson</a>, The Hour of Power with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuller" title="Robert Schuller" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Robert Schuller</a> and on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Focus on the Family</a> broadcasts with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.James_Dobson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. James Dobson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James Dobson</a>, encouraging families that have also lost loved ones to suicide.<h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Government career[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_P.Hodel&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Government career" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2>From 1972 to 1977, Hodel was the administrator of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bonneville Power Administration</a>. After leaving it, he said that the Pacific Northwest would eventually need all the power that would be produced by the nuclear power plants proposed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Public_Power_Supply_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Public Power Supply System" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Washington Public Power Supply System</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a>Hodel served as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United States Secretary of Energy</a> from 1982 to 1985 and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Secretary of the Interior</a> from 1985 to 1989 under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>. He had been Undersecretary of the Interior under James Watt.Critics disrupted his efforts to impose a new management policy on a large amount of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal land" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">federal land</a> and blocked his efforts to create vast new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_area" title="Wilderness area" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">wilderness areas</a>. In spite of the criticisms, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Reagan administration</a> added over two million acres (8,000 km²) to the national wilderness system. The Hodel policy was continued under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lujan_Jr." title="Manuel Lujan Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manuel Lujan Jr.</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H.W.Bush#Presidency" title="George H. W. Bush" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George H. W. Bush administration</a>. It was rescinded in 1997 by Secretary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bruce Babbitt</a>.In an article, Hodel wrote, "Throughout President Reagan's eight years, his secretaries of the Interior pursued these objectives within the framework of his and their conviction that America could have both an improving environment and an adequate energy supply. We did not and do not have to choose between them, as some have contended."[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]While secretary, Hodel proposed to undertake a study on the removal of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy" title="Hetch Hetchy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">O'Shaughnessy Dam</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yosemite National Park</a>, and the restoration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Valley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Hetch Hetchy Valley</a>, a smaller but inundated version of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Yosemite Valley</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Dianne Feinstein</a>, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">mayor</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">San Francisco</a>, which owns the dam, opposed the study and had it quashed.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]In March 1984, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Navajo Nation</a> requested that Secretary of the Interior William Clark make a reasonable adjustment of the coal lease royalty rate paid by Peabody Coal, now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Energy" title="Peabody Energy" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Peabody Energy</a>. In July 1985, the newly appointed Hodel secretly met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte" title="Ex parte" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">ex parte</a> with Peabody's representative, "a former aide and friend of Secretary Hodel." After briefly reviewing the proposals' merits, Hodel approved lease amendments with royalty rates well below the rate that had previously been determined appropriate by the agencies responsible for monitoring the federal government's relations with Native Americans. In 2007, the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit determined that those actions breached the government's duty of trust to the Nation and established a "cognizable money-mandating claim" against the government under the Indian Tucker Act.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Post-government career[</h2>Hodel moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colorado</a>, where he engaged in the energy consulting business and served on various charitable and corporate boards of directors. He is the author of Crisis in the Oil Patch (Regnery, 1995).From June 1997 to February 1999, Hodel served as president of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Christian Coalition</a>, a nonprofit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Conservatism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">conservative</a> political group founded by religious broadcaster <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Pat Robertson</a>.From May 2003 to March 2005, Hodel served as president and CEO of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Focus on the Family</a>, a nonprofit <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">evangelical</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" title="Christians" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Christian</a> organization. He said his job was to manage the transition from the founder, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">James Dobson</a>, to his ultimate successor.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">citation needed</a>] Several years before being named president, Hodel had served on its board, and he remained on the board until October 2005.Hodel was also chairman of the company FreeEats.com, which has disseminated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">push polls</a> for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fund" title="Economic Freedom Fund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Economic Freedom Fund</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Environmental efforts[</h2>As Secretary of the Interior, in 1985 Hodel ordered the acquisition of a ranch in southern Arizona that became the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge</a>. Encompassing approximately 118,000 acres (480 km2) of savanna grassland in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_Valley" title="Altar Valley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Altar Valley</a>, the refuge was created for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobwhite_Quail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobwhite Quail" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">masked bobwhite quail</a>. This refuge contains the United States' only population of the masked bobwhite quail.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>As of 2012, Hodel serves as chairman and senior vice president for strategy and policy at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Power" title="Summit Power" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Summit Power Group, Inc</a>.,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a> a Seattle-based developer of wind, solar and gas-fired power plants. In 1989, he was the founder and managing director of Summit's predecessor company.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">citation needed</a>]<h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">References[</h2><div class="reflist" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43857" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Nomination of Donald P. Hodel To Be Under Secretary of the Interior"</a>. The American Presidency Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Nomination+of+Donald+P.+Hodel+To+Be+Under+Secretary+of+the+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D43857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726222327/http://www.policycounsel.org/56701/56801.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Keeping the Flame Alive"</a>. Council for National Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policycounsel.org/56701/56801.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">the original</a> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+for+National+Policy&rft.atitle=Keeping+the+Flame+Alive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policycounsel.org%2F56701%2F56801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }The Oregon Journal August 31, 1982 page 11</li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite style="font-style: inherit;">The Navajo Nation v United States</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinions-orders/06-5059.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">2006-5059</a> (USCA, Fed. Cir. September 13, 2007).</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFSchulman2006" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schulman, Daniel (November 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2006/11/more-coverage-push-polling" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"More Coverage of Push Polling"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Mother Jones</a>. Retrieved April 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=More+Coverage+of+Push+Polling&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fmojo%2F2006%2F11%2Fmore-coverage-push-polling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908074749/http://www.savetheendangeredspeciesact.org/case/30species/quail.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">"30 Years of the Endangered Species Act"</a> (PDF). savetheendangeredspeciesact.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savetheendangeredspeciesact.org/case/30species/quail.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 18px;">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2010-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+Years+of+the+Endangered+Species+Act&rft.pub=savetheendangeredspeciesact.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savetheendangeredspeciesact.org%2Fcase%2F30species%2Fquail.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1985-02-21/news/mn-609_1_u-s-wildlife-refuge" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Arizona Ranch to Be U.S. Wildlife Refuge"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Press International</a>. 1985-02-21. Retrieved 2010-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Arizona+Ranch+to+Be+U.S.+Wildlife+Refuge&rft.date=1985-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1985-02-21%2Fnews%2Fmn-609_1_u-s-wildlife-refuge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_P.Hodel#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626235952/http://www.summitpower.com/about/principals" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">"Principals"</a>. Summit Power Group, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpower.com/about/principals/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">the original</a> on 26 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Summit+Power+Group%2C+Inc&rft.atitle=Principals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpower.com%2Fabout%2Fprincipals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+P.+Hodel" class="Z3988" /></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">External links[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_P.Hodel&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a>]</h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?donaldhodel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; padding-right: 13px;">Appearances</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">C-SPAN</a></li></ul><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); margin: 0.5em auto; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse; clear: both;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-width: 5px 1px 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 255) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177); border-image: initial; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">Political offices</th></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 132.575px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B.Edwards" title="James B. Edwards" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James B. Edwards</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 178.975px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Secretary of Energy</a>
Served under: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>
1982–1985</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 131.775px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S.Herrington" title="John S. Herrington" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John S. Herrington</a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 132.575px;">Preceded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P.Clark,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Clark, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William P. Clark</a></td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 178.975px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">U.S. Secretary of the Interior</a>
Served under: Ronald Reagan
1985–1989</td><td rowspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 131.775px;">Succeeded by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lujan,Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Lujan, Jr." style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Manuel Lujan, Jr.</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Secretaries_of_the_Interior" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 580.6px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 572px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" style="float: right; user-select: none; 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AKA Donald Paul Hodel

Born: <a href="http://www.nndb.com/lists/661/000106343/" class="proflink">23-May</a>-<a href="http://www.nndb.com/lists/934/000105619/" class="proflink">1935</a>

Birthplace: <a href="http://www.nndb.com/geo/667/000069460/" class="proflink">Portland, OR</a>

Gender: Male

Religion: <a href="http://www.nndb.com/lists/866/000071653/" class="proflink">Lutheran</a>

Race or Ethnicity: White

Sexual orientation: Straight

Occupation: Government

Party Affiliation: Republican

Nationality: United States

Executive summary: Reagan's Secretary of Energy & Interior

Father: Philip E. Hodel

Mother: Theresia R. Brodt

Wife: Barbara Beecher Stockman (m. 1957)

Son: Philip (d. 1974, suicide)

Son: David

University: <a href="http://www.nndb.com/edu/473/000068269/">BA Government, Harvard University (1957)</a>

Law School: <a href="http://www.nndb.com/edu/567/000068363/">JD, University of Oregon (1960)</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/274/000062088/">Focus on the Family</a> CEO (15-Apr-2003 to Feb-2005)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/510/000042384/">Christian Coalition</a> President (1997-99)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/274/000062088/">Focus on the Family</a> Board of Directors (1995-)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/gov/501/000045366/">US Secretary of the Interior</a> (8-Feb-1985 to 20-Jan-1989)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/gov/701/000051548/">US Secretary of Energy</a> (5-Nov-1982 to 7-Feb-1985)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/gov/255/000127871/">US Interior Department</a> Under Secretary of the Interior (1981-82)

National Electricity Reliability Council Consultant (1978-80)

Bonneville Power Administration Deputy Administrator (1969-72), Administrator (1972-77)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/company/350/000058176/">Georgia Pacific</a> Staff Attorney (1963-69)

Daview, Biggs, Strayer, Stoel & Boley Associate (1960-63)

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/935/000111602/">American Bar Association</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/175/000167671/">Bush-Cheney '04</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/700/000051547/">Council for National Policy</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/496/000042370/">Federalist Society</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/664/000167163/">Friends of Katherine Harris</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/122/000133720/">National Conservative Campaign Fund</a> National Advisory Board

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/530/000103221/">National Wilderness Institute</a> National Advisory Board

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/040/000163548/">Phillips Foundation</a> Board of Trustees (Emeritus)

Restore Hetch Hetchy Advisory Committee

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/org/502/000117151/">Oregon State Bar</a> 1960

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/lists/644/000044512/">German Ancestry</a>

<a href="http://www.nndb.com/lists/000/000047856/">Romanian Ancestry</a>