Addington
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. David Addington</span> — “Cheney’s Cheney” was the “<a href="http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060529/29addington.htm">most powerful man</a> you’ve never heard of.” As the leader of Bush’s legal team and Cheney’s chief of staff, Addington was the <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/26/AR2008062603456.html">biggest proponent</a> of some of Bush’s most <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/2008/04/29/addington-testify-torture/">notorious</a> legal abuses, such as <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/2008/04/21/sands-guantanamo/">torture</a> and warrantless surveillance, and is a <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/03/060703fa_fact1">loyal follower</a> of the so-called unitary executive theory.</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==
</font>
<div class="slideshow__slide-title js-slide-title">David Addington, legal counsel, then chief of staff, to VP Cheney</div>
<div class="slideshow__slide-caption js-slide-caption yr-slideshow-caption" data-rapid-subsec="caption" data-rapid-parsed="subsec">As
Dick Cheney's official lawyer, Addington authored the “controlling
legal documents” for the warrantless surveillance program, which most
legal scholars describe as illegal. He also oversaw the creation of the
"torture memos," which were intended to justify interrogation methods
which US legal precedent and established human rights law regard as
illegal.
Currently unemployed. 2011
</div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">srcwartch</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" lang="en"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>David S. Addington</b> is the Senior Vice President and Deputy Chief Operating Officer at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Heritage Foundation</a>. He joined the executive team in May 2012. Addington has been with the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Heritage Foundation</a> since 2010. He was formerly the vice president for domestic and economic policy<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Previously, Mr. Addington was named October 31, 2005, by Vice President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Dick Cheney</a> to be his chief of staff. Addington and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_Hannah" title="John Hannah" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">John Hannah</a>, who served as Cheney's national security adviser, are replacements for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/I.Lewis_Scooter_Libby" title="I. Lewis Scooter Libby" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">I. Lewis Scooter Libby</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/31/AR2005103100675.html?nav=hcmodule" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>. Addington, who became counsel to Vice President Dick Cheney in 2001, was expected to assume Libby's position as Cheney's Chief of Staff following Libby's October 28, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; background: url(" http="http" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">indictment</a> on five counts which included obstruction of justice, making false statements and perjury.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Rumsfeld-to-Cheney-to-Addington-to-Torture</b>
<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lawrence_Wilkerson" title="Lawrence Wilkerson" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Lawrence Wilkerson</a>, former chief of staff to Secretary of State <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Colin_L.Powell" title="Colin L. Powell" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Colin L. Powell</a>, told <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/NPR" title="NPR" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">NPR</a> November 3, 2005, that "he had uncovered a 'visible audit trail' tracing the practice of prisoner abuse by U.S. soldiers directly back to Vice President Cheney's office," Dan Froomkin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">reported</a> November 4, 2005.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Wilkerson: "What happened was that the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Donald_H.Rumsfeld" title="Donald H. Rumsfeld" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">secretary of Defense</a> [Donald H. Rumsfeld], under the cover of the vice president's office, began to create an environment -- and this started from the very beginning when David Addington, the vice president's lawyer, was a staunch advocate of allowing the president in his capacity as commander in chief to deviate from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Geneva Conventions</a>. Regardless of the president having put out this memo, they began to authorize procedures within the armed forces that led to, in my view, what we've seen."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>According to the Indictment: Addington Linked to Leak Scandal</b>
</font></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Also on or about July 8, 2003, LIBBY met with the Counsel to the Vice President in an anteroom outside the Vice President’s Office. During their brief conversation, LIBBY asked the Counsel to the Vice President, in sum and substance, what paperwork there would be at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">CIA</a> if <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Valerie_Plame" title="Valerie Plame" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">an employee</a>’s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Joseph_C.Wilson_IV" title="Joseph C. Wilson IV" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">spouse</a> undertook an overseas trip."</font></dd></dl><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Was Addington aware that he was facilitating alleged criminal conduct?" Faiz of <i>Think Progress</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/2005/10/28/addington-involved-in-leak-scandal" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">asked</a> October 28, 2005.</font></p><hr style="height: 1px; background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" /><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1;"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><h2 style="background: none; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Contents</font></font></font></font></h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Unitary_Executive_Theory" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Unitary Executive Theory</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Primary_Role_in_Bush_Admin.27s_POW_Policies" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Primary Role in Bush Admin's POW Policies</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Profiles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Profiles</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Resources_and_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Resources and articles</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Related_SourceWatch_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Related SourceWatch articles</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#References" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#Profiles_2" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Profiles</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#External_articles" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">External articles</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2002" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">2002</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2003" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">2003</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2004" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">2004</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2005" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">2005</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2006" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">2006</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2007" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">2007</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#2008" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4.7</span> <span class="toctext">2008</span></font></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;" /><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Unitary_Executive_Theory"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Unitary_Executive_Theory" title="Unitary Executive Theory" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Unitary Executive Theory</font></a></span></h2><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_Role_in_Bush_Admin.27s_POW_Policies"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Primary Role in Bush Admin's POW Policies</font></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Unlike many of his predecessors since the Reagan era, [Alberto R.] <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Alberto_R.Gonzales" title="Alberto R. Gonzales" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Gonzales</a> lacked much experience in federal law and national security matters. So when the Pentagon worried about how to handle expected <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Al_Qaeda" title="Al Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">al Qaeda</a> detainees in the days after the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/September_11,2001" title="September 11, 2001" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Sept. 11</a> attacks and the Oct. 7 U.S. attack on <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Afghanistan</a>, Gonzales organized an interagency group to take up the matter under the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Department_of_State" title="Department of State" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">State Department</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/War_crime" title="War crime" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">war crimes</a> adviser, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pierre-Richard_Prosper" title="Pierre-Richard Prosper" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pierre-Richard Prosper</a>."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Former attorney general <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_P.Barr" title="William P. Barr" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">William P. Barr</a> suggested to Gonzales's staff early on that those captured on the battlefield go before military tribunals instead of civil courts. But [Attorney General John] <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ashcroft</a> and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Michael Chertoff</a>, his deputy for the criminal division, both adamantly opposed the plan, along with military lawyers at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pentagon" title="Pentagon" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Pentagon</a>. The result was that the process moved slowly."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Addington was the first to suggest that the issue be taken away from the Prosper group and that a presidential order be drafted authorizing the tribunals that he, Gonzales and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Timothy_E.Flanigan" title="Timothy E. Flanigan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Timothy E. Flanigan</a>, then a principal deputy to Gonzales, supported. It was intended for circulation among a much smaller group of like-minded officials. Berenson, Flanigan and Addington helped write the draft, and on Nov. 6, 2001, Gonzales's office secured an opinion from the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Justice_Department" title="Justice Department" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Justice Department</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Office of Legal Counsel</a> that the contemplated military tribunals would be legal."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[. . .]</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The task of summarizing the competing points of view in a draft letter to the president was seized initially by Addington. A memo he wrote and signed with Gonzales's name -- and knowledge -- was circulated to various departments, several sources said. A version of this draft, dated Jan. 25, 2002, was subsequently leaked. It included the eye-catching assertion that a 'new paradigm' of a <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/War_on_terrorism" title="War on terrorism" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">war on terrorism</a> 'renders obsolete Geneva's strict limitations on questioning of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">enemy prisoners</a>."</font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Profiles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Profiles</font></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Addington worked as assistant general counsel for the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Central Intelligence Agency</a> from 1981 to 1984. From 1984 to 1987, he was counsel for the House committees on intelligence and foreign affairs. He served as a special assistant to President <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a> for one year in 1987 before becoming Reagan’s deputy assistant. From 1989 to 1992, Addington served as special assistant to the secretary and deputy secretary of Defense, before becoming the department’s general counsel in 1992, a post he held until 1993.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"From 1993 to 2001, he worked as a lawyer for various firms and organizations where he held high-level management positions." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/action/orgchart/administration_units/officeofthevicepresident/counseltothevicepresident/davidaddington/a_index.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"He earned a B.S. in foreign service, with high honors, at Georgetown University in 1978 and a J.D., with honors, from Duke University School of Law in 1981." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/action/orgchart/administration_units/officeofthevicepresident/counseltothevicepresident/davidaddington/a_index.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a></font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resources_and_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Resources and articles</font></span></h2><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_SourceWatch_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related SourceWatch articles</font></span></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Abu_Ghraib" title="Abu Ghraib" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Abu Ghraib</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bush_regime" title="Bush regime" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Bush regime</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Trial_of_Scooter_Libby" title="Trial of Scooter Libby" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Trial of Scooter Libby</font></a></li></ul><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">References</font></span></h3><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/David_S.Addington#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/a/david-addington" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">About David S. Addington</a>, Heritage Foundation website, accessed October 2012</span></font></li></ol><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Profiles_2"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Profiles</font></span></h3><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/action/orgchart/administration_units/officeofthevicepresident/counseltothevicepresident/davidaddington/a_index.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">David S. Addington</a>, <i>AmericanPresident.org</i>.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Addington" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">David Addington</a> in the <i><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Wikipedia</a></i>.</font></li></ul><h3 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_articles"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External articles</font></span></h3><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2002"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2002</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kelly Wallace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/08/cheney.enron/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"White House reveals Enron contacts,"</a> CNN, January 8, 2002.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Ivanovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/front/1203739" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney met 6 times with Enron execs. Talks centered on Bush energy policy was focus of talks,"</a> <i>Houston Chronicle</i>, January 9, 2002: "In an indication of just how much political influence <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Enron" title="Enron" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Enron</a> Chief Executive <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ken_Lay" title="Ken Lay" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Ken Lay</a> wielded at the Bush White House, Cheney attorney David Addington said his boss met with Lay for about half an hour April 17."</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2003"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2003</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maki Becker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/wn_report/story/65049p-60615c.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"It wasn't a Cheney letter,"</a> <i>New York Daily News</i>, March 7, 2003.</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2004"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2004</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dana Milbank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22665-2004Oct10.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"In Cheney's Shadow, Counsel Pushes the Conservative Cause,"</a> <i>Washington Post</i>, October 11, 2004.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dana Milbank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/bush/articles/2004/10/17/at_cheneys_side_controversy?mode=PF" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"At Cheney's side, controversy. Counsel's push for presidential power prompts debate,"</a> <i>Washington Post</i> (<i>Boston Globe</i>), October 17, 2004.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tim Golden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041024/ZNYT03/410240458" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"After Terror, a Secret Rewriting of Military Law,"</a> <i>New York Times</i> (<i>The Ledger</i>), October 24, 2004.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Isikoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6732484/site/newsweek" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"2001 Memo Reveals Push for Broader Presidential Powers. A Justice Department lawyer may have been laying the groundwork for the Iraq invasion long before it was discussed publicly by the White House,"</a> <i>Newsweek</i>, December 18, 2004.</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2005"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Isikoff, Daniel Klaidman and Michael Hirsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6733213/site/newsweek/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Torture's Path. The paper trail is long, and it isn't pretty. But it's sure to produce some tough Senate questions for Alberto Gonzales,"</a> <i>Newsweek</i>, December 27, 2004/January 3, 2005 issue.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dan Eggen and R. Jeffrey Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48446-2005Jan4.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Gonzales Helped Set the Course for Detainees,"</a> <i>Washington Post</i>, January 6, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Luban, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slate.msn.com/Default.aspx?id=2113447&" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Selling Indulgences. The unmistakable parallel between Lynne Stewart and the president's torture lawyers,"</a> <i>Slate</i>, February 14, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Murray_Waas" title="Murray Waas" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Murray Waas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1027nj1.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney, Libby Blocked Papers To Senate Intelligence Panel,"</a> <i>National Journal</i>, October 27, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jan Frel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alternet.org/blogs/themix/#27514" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Unitary Executive Theory,"</a> <i>AlterNet</i> Blogs, October 28, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Faiz Shakir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/2005/10/28/addington-involved-in-leak-scandal" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Addington Involved In Leak Scandal,"</a> <i>Think Progress</i>, October 28, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/blog/2006/03/31/BL2006033100695.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Murray Waas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1030nj1.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Addington's Role In Cheney's Office Draws Fresh Attention,"</a> <i>National Journal</i>, October 30, 2005.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dan Froomkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Another Thunderbolt from Wilkerson,"</a> <i>Washington Post</i>, November 4, 2005.</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2006"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2006</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Chitra Ragavan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060529/29addington.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney's Guy. He's barely known outside Washington's corridors of power, but David Addington is the most powerful man you've never heard of. Here's why,"</a> <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>, May 29, 2006 (issue).</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murraywaas.net/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Murray Waas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/0209nj1.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney Authorized Libby to Leak Classified Information"</a> <i>National Journal</i> Feb. 9 2006.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murray-waas.com/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Dan Froomkin,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/blog/2006/03/31/BL2006033100695.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"A Compelling Story,"</a> <i>White House Watch</i> Blog/<i>Washington Post</i>, March 31, 2006.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2006/04/09/waas_now.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Murray Waas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/0414nj3.htm" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney Authorized Leak of CIA Report,Libby Says"</a> <i>National Journal</i>, April 14, 2006.</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2007"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2007</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marcy Wheeler (emptywheel), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firedoglake.com/2007/01/29/libby-live-david-addington/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Libby Live: David Addington"</a>, blogged live at <i>Firedoglake</i> Blogspot, January 29, 2007.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jason_Leopold" title="Jason Leopold" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Jason Leopold</a> and Marc Ash, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/013107Z.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney's Handwritten Notes Implicate Bush in Plame Affair,"</a> <i>truthout</i>, January 31, 2007.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Marcy Wheeler (emptywheel), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenexthurrah.typepad.com/the_next_hurrah/2007/06/addingtons-meth.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Addington's Methods,"</a> <i>The Next Hurrah</i> Blog, June 25, 2007.</font></li></ul><h4 style="background: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom: none; line-height: 1.6;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2008"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2008</font></span></h4><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" a="A" csvg="Csvg" http="http" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="cx" cy="cy" r="r" fill="fill" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Murray_Waas" title="Murray Waas" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Murray Waas</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200809u/gonzales-notes" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"The Case of the Gonzales Notes,"</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/murray_waas" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The <i>Atlantic</i></a>, Sept. 26, 2008.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murraywaas.info/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Murray Waas</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200809u/gonzales-investigation" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"What Bush Told Gonzales,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/murray_waas" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">The <i>Atlantic</i>,</a> Sept. 26, 2008.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murray-waas.net/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">Murray Waas</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://murraywaas.crooksandliars.com/2008/12/23/exclusive-cheneys-admissions-to-the-cia-leak-prosecutor-and-fbi/" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"Cheney's Admissions to the CIA Leak Prosecutor and FBI"</a>, Dec. 23, 2008.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Andy Worthington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington/the-ten-lies-of-dick-chen_b_153419.html" style="text-decoration: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" c="C" fxml="Fxml" version="version" d="D" encoding="encoding" utf-8="UTF-8" f="F" e="E" csvg="Csvg" http="http" a="A" fwww.w3.org="Fwww.w3.org" f2000="F2000" fsvg="Fsvg" width="width" height="height" cg="Cg" transform="transform" translate="translate" crect="Crect" x="x" y="y" fill="fill" fff="fff" stroke="stroke" cpath="Cpath" m831.194="M831.194" h5.234v5.391l-1.571="h5.234v5.391l-1.571" z="z" m835.424="M835.424" l.022="l.022" fg="Fg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="xmlns" xmlns:data="data">"The Ten Lies of Dick Cheney,"</a> <i>Huffington Post</i>, Dec. 24 2008.</font></li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Politics(U.S.)" title="Category:Politics (U.S.)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Politics (U.S.)</a></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:George_W.Bush" title="Category:George W. 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Bush</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Scandals" title="Category:Scandals" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Scandals</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Civil_liberties(U.S.)" title="Category:Civil liberties (U.S.)" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Civil liberties (U.S.)</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Needs_review" title="Category:Needs review" style="text-decoration: none; background: none;">Needs review</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2014</font></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Addington, a controversial former aide and counsel to Vice President <a href="http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/cheney_dick" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">Dick Cheney,</a> is vice president for research at the conservative <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Heritage_Foundation" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">Heritage Foundation</a>. According to his Heritage bio, “Addington heads the group within Heritage consisting of the departments of Domestic and Economic Policy; Foreign and Defense Policy Studies; American Studies; and the <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Meese_Edwin_III" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">Edwin Meese III</a> Center for Legal and Judicial Studies.”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn1" name="ednref1" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Addington took up his post at Heritage shortly after leaving the government in 2009. According to some reports from the time, Addington was one of several Bush lawyers who had difficulty landing jobs after leaving the administration, which some observers attributed to the notoriety of their work while in government.<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn2" name="ednref2" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a> When Heritage announced in August 2010 its decision to hire Addington, then-Heritage president <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Feulner_Edwin" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">Edwin Feulner</a> said, “Addington is a brilliant policy expert with over twenty years of senior experience at all levels and branches of governance. As a trusted advisor to two White Houses, the Defense Department,and four congressional committees, Mr. Addington understands Washington and how policy ideas become law.”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn3" name="ednref3" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although much of his work at Heritage focuses on domestic policy and the economy, Addington’s controversial defense and national security work under Cheney has repeatedly been the focus of investigations and media reports. For instance, after the killing of Osama bin Laden in early 2011, Addington’s role as one of the authors of the infamous “torture memos” was widely discussed.<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn4" name="ednref4" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More recently, since the leaking of NSA documents by contractor Edward Snowden in 2013, various reports have been published highlighting Addington’s role in producing a secret legal memo authorizing NSA surveillance of U.S. citizens in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. The issue was covered in the May 2014 PBS Frontline documentary “<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/united-states-of-secrets/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">United States of Secrets</a>,” which featured interviews with several former NSA analysts who left the agency after growing disillusioned with what they regarded as its launching of an unconstitutional and unnecessary domestic surveillance program.<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn5" name="ednref5" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commenting on Addington’s role, the documentary’s director, Michael Kirk, said that one of the “most astonishing” things they learned was that the legal memo authorizing the surveillance program “was written by the vice president's attorney; not Alberto Gonzales, the president's attorney, not over at the Justice Department, but by the attorney for the vice president. … Not an elected official—David Addington is the lawyer's name. … He just went to an office and wrote something that is still a secret and kept it in his safe and once in a while would reveal it to some people to read. But an amazing number of people in even the Bush White House, certainly at the Justice Department and out at the National Security Agency, never read the document. All they knew was that something had been signed by the president and the attorney general that authorized them to walk across the bright white lines that had been established by Congress in the 1970s. … It was and is, I think, the darkest-kept secret that the government has had in recent times.”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn6" name="ednref6" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the VP’s Office</font></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Widely viewed as having been one of the more influential figures within the office of the vice president (OVP) during the George W. Bush presidency, Addington was involved in several controversies. These included the decision to ignore Justice Department misgivings and approve memos authorizing torture techniques during interrogations of “war on terror” suspects; the effort to keep secret the Bush administration’s warrantless surveillance program; and the decision to block the release of key documents to the Senate Intelligence Committee regarding its investigation into prewar intelligence.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Referred to as "Cheney's Cheney" o<b>r "Cheney's hit man," </b>Addington became Cheney’s chief of staff after <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Libby_I_Lewis_Scooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">I. Lewis Libby</a> was indicted in connection to the PlameGate affair.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Addington had been a loyal Cheney sidekick since the mid-1980s, when he served as counsel for the House Committee on Intelligence and the Committee on Foreign Affairs. After the election of George H.W. Bush, when Cheney moved from Congress to his post as Defense Secretary, Addington tagged along, serving as Cheney’s special assistant and later as his general counsel. And when Cheney became vice president to George W. Bush, Addington again became Cheney’s general counsel, a position he held until November 2005, when Cheney named him chief of staff</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn7" name="ednref7" title="" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commenting on his move to chief of staff, the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New Republic</em>'s Ryan Lizza wrote: "Libby's resignation may be a bigger boon to Democrats than they realize. Addington is both more extreme and more politically tone-deaf than his predecessor. He and Cheney are the harbingers of bad times for Bush. When their names are in the news, political peril seems to follow.”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn8" name="ednref8" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Until his employment in the vice president’s office, Addington’s public record had been rather thin—possibly one reason few commentators noted his emergence. The <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New Yorker</em>'s Jane Mayer wrote that Addington “is extremely private; he keeps the door of his office locked at all times, colleagues say, because of the national security documents in his files. He has left almost no public paper trail, and he does not speak to the press or allow photographs to be taken for news stories. (He declined repeated requests to be interviewed for this article.)"<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn9" name="ednref9" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shortly after joining the Bush administration, however, Addington's name repeatedly surfaced because of his role in a string of controversial moves by the vice president’s office. In 2002, for example, John Wooden, owner of a parody-producing company called Chickenhead Productions, unveiled Whitehouse.org, a satirical website replete with photos and a fake bio of <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/Cheney_Lynne" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">Lynne Cheney</a>. Soon after the posting of the bio—which claimed that the second lady "likes movies, Infusium 23 Shampoo, postmodernist interpretative dance,"<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn10" name="ednref10" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a> Addington, then the VP's general counsel, fired off a letter to Wooden demanding that he "delete the photographs of [Lynne Cheney] and the fictitious biographical statement about her from the website."<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn11" name="ednref11" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The letter’s unique accomplishment was to push droves of curious web surfers to Whitehouse.org</b>. It also led reporters to query Cheney's office about the VP's role in the affair; the office denied Cheney had any knowledge of the letter. Some three years later, on October 31, 2005, when the White House (the real one) announced that Addington was going to replace Libby as Cheney's chief of staff, Wooden was quick to react, posting on his company's website a message to Addington: "Chickenhead would like to formally congratulate its best-ever pal, David Addington, on his recent promotion."<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn12" name="ednref12" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commenting on the episode, the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New Republic</em>'s Lizza wrote that although the "Chickenhead incident" was only a "minor dustup," it was "emblematic of the larger role Cheney's staff—and specifically Addington” played in the Bush White House. “On issue after issue, the Office of the Vice President overreacts and overreaches,” wrote Lizza, “pushing policies that end up embarrassing the administration and from which, more often than not, President Bush must retreat. But Cheney never seems to learn any lessons from these capers. If he had, he never would have promoted David Addington."<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn13" name="ednref13" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">During his initial stint as Cheney’s chief counsel, Addington was one of several aides cited in connection with the ongoing investigation by Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald into the so-called PlameGate affair. Although not charged, Addington was mentioned in the indictment—by title only—as part of a group of officials in Cheney's office who endeavored in early 2003 to identify Valerie Plame, and to gather and spread information about her husband Joseph Wilson's trip to Niger.</span><a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn14" name="ednref14" title="" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Addington was involved in numerous other controversies during his tenure as the vice president’s chief counsel, including the decision to block the release of key documents regarding the Senate investigation into pre-war intelligence.<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn15" name="ednref15" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a> <b>He also helped draft the White House "torture memos, </b>"which claimed that the president could sidestep the Geneva Conventions in the "war on terror,”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn16" name="ednref16" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a> <b>worked to block General Accounting Office efforts to investigate the executives and lobbyists who helped Cheney put together his energy plan,</b><a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn17" name="ednref17" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;"><b>[</b>17]</a> and led efforts to impede Congress's attempt to draft stringent rules governing the treatment of detainees in prisons like <b>Abu Ghraib.</b><a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn18" name="ednref18" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As Cheney’s chief of staff, Addington was accused of pushing the vice president’s office to resist efforts by Bush administration lawyers to reverse the White House position on oversight of the National Security Agency's <b>warrantless surveillance program.</b> When the administration announced in early January 2007 that it would allow court oversight of the program, one unnamed official told the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Washington Post</em> that Addington had "clearly lost this round."<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn19" name="ednref19" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The surveillance program, which the administration secretly instituted in 2002, sidestepped a 1978 law passed in response to the Watergate scandal. Meant to protect civil liberties and prevent abuses of executive power, the law requires that government efforts to eavesdrop on U.S. citizens be vetted by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. When former Secretary of State Colin Powell first heard about the administration's surveillance program, which was revealed by the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New York Times</em> in late 2005, he reportedly said: "It's Addington. He doesn't care about the Constitution.”<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn20" name="ednref20" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">New Yorker</em>'s Mayer, Addington was the architect of what is known as the "New Paradigm," which she described as a "legal strategy for the war on terror" that rests "on a reading of the Constitution that few legal scholars share—namely, that the president, as commander-in-chief, has the authority to disregard virtually all previously known legal boundaries, if national security demands it. Under this framework, statutes prohibiting torture, secret detention, and warrantless surveillance have been set aside." Describing Addington's role in developing the paradigm, Mayer quoted a former administration lawyer who "said that the administration's legal positions were, to a remarkable degree, 'all Addington.' Another lawyer, Richard L. Shiffrin, who until 2003 was the Pentagon's deputy general counsel for intelligence, said that Addington was 'an unopposable force.'"<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn21" name="ednref21" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.6em 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Republican activist Bruce Fein called the net effect of Addington's influence on the president "quite alarming." Fein told Mayer that Addington and his cohorts "staked out powers that are a universe beyond any other administration.</b> [Bush] made claims that are really quite alarming. He's said that there are no restraints on his ability, as he sees it, to collect intelligence, to open mail, to commit torture, and to use electronic surveillance. If you used the president's reasoning, you could shut down Congress for leaking too much. His war powers allow him to declare anyone an illegal combatant. All the world's a battlefield—according to this view, he could kill someone in Lafayette Park if he wants! It's got the sense of Louis XIV: '<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">I</em> am the State.'"<a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/addington_david/#edn22" name="_ednref22" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: transparent; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-a-former-cheney-aide-nearly-killed-the-christmas-tree-industry</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>How a Former Cheney Aide Nearly Killed the Christmas Tree Industry</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The National Christmas Tree Board was supposed to protect American tree growers, until one man intervened.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Muira McCammon DECEMBER 13, 2016 </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">RITUALS WEEK</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">126</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Christmas tree. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Christmas tree. JOHNNY LAI/CC BY 2.0</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Back in the early 2000s, the Christmas tree industry was in distress. Artificial tree imports kept rising, threatening the livelihoods of domestic tree farms. The situation spiraled so out of control that in 2004, the National Christmas Tree Association launched a free online video game called “Attack of the Mutant Artificial Christmas Tree.” The game invited players to throw snowballs at artificial trees, which were branded as “100% Fake” and “Made in China” and blamed for “sucking the spirit out of Christmas.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Christmas tree growers were worried that their competitors in the artificial tree industry would quash them. Profit margins were shrinking. The soul of Saint Nick was on the line. Other agricultural producers in the United States—almonds, cotton, honey, watermelons, peanuts, raspberries, and other farm-grown products—have had similar moments, when competition, unpopularity, or lack of public understanding threatened to derail the industry.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Screenshot of the now defunct “Attack of the Mutant Artificial Christmas Tree” via the Wayback Machine. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Screenshot of the now defunct “Attack of the Mutant Artificial Christmas Tree” via the Wayback Machine. WAYBACK MACHINE</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Leaders in these troubled industries had taken advantage of a provision in the Commodity Promotion, Research and Information Act of 1996 to fund research and to launch advertising campaigns to repopularize and retell the story of their products. This is how America got the “Got Milk?” campaign. It’s why there’s such a thing as the National Honey Board, the American Lamb Board, and U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council. These checkoff programs use a combination of research and ads to try to bolster and distinguish their products.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Faced with the perception that potatoes are bad for the diet, for instance, the National Potato Board might put together a potato nutrition handbook. The Mushroom Council might stump for National Mushroom Month to burnish the reputation of the widely-derided fungus. These initiatives may seem funny, but they’re driven by people, who are trying to grapple with serious concerns in their respective industries. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Christmas Tree Promotion Board wasn’t supposed to be much different. It was supposed to shine a light on the beauty of real Christmas trees, and bring tree growers together once and for all. It was supposed to fund focus groups to answer big questions, to figure out who wanted to buy real Christmas trees in the 21st century, to appeal to new demographics. It was supposed to let Christmas tree growers launch their own campaigns, to put up “Got Christmas?” advertisements if they wanted.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The process seemed straightforward: for every Christmas tree sold, a small deduction of $0.15 from each grower’s proceeds would go into a fund that would support the Board’s work. But it wasn’t so simple. The Christmas Tree Promotion Board had a powerful enemy, and thanks to him, the American Christmas tree would have to wait a full four years for its heroes to convene.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Artificial trees on sale at Macy's.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Artificial trees on sale at Macy’s. RICH MITCHELL/CC BY 2.0</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In photographs, rosy-cheeked, grey-bearded David Addington almost looks like Santa Claus. Don’t be fooled: from the perspective of Christmas tree growers, he’s more of an Anti-Claus. Addington will go down in U.S. history as the man who dumped some serious coal on the farm grown Christmas tree industry in America. This is the man who almost killed the Christmas Tree Promotion Board.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>From 2005 to 2009, Addington had served as the chief of staff to Vice President Dick Cheney. He wielded so much power in the Bush Administration that many took to referring to him as “Cheney’s Cheney.” Richard L. Shiffrin, the Pentagon’s former deputy counsel for intelligence, called Addington “an unopposable force.”</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);" size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 2011, Christmas tree farm growers were on the verge of getting what they wanted. </b>That’s when Addington made his move. On November 8, 2011, he published “Obama Couldn’t Wait: His New Christmas Tree Tax” on the Daily Signal. Addington wrote: “Nobody is saying President Obama doesn’t have authority to impose his new Christmas Tree Tax — his Administration cites the Commodity Promotion, Research and Information Act of 1996. Just because the Obama Administration has the legal power to impose its Christmas Tree Tax doesn’t mean it should do so.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Then, he put a star on his own proverbial tree: “And, by the way, the American Christmas tree has a great image that doesn’t need any help from the government.” </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Addington with Dick Cheney in the White House, 2008. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Addington with Dick Cheney in the White House, 2008. NATIONAL ARCHIVES 18542200</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The blog quickly amassed over 3,000 comments—many from frustrated Christmas tree farmers, who disagreed adamantly with Addington. They wanted to set the record straight about the threats to the Christmas tree industry. One commenter wrote in to clarify that the fee was something that the growers had been wanting since 1991. He added, “The majority of tree growers are Republican. It is not a tax and has been done for other agricultural products thru the years. This is a comical spin.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The entire purpose of the Commodity Promotion, Research and Information Act of 1996 was to give people like the tree growers a chance to promote the commodity they were selling and protect it against competing markets, like the artificial tree industry. As one online commenter put it to Addington, “[It’s] simple business logic, you should be able to understand that.”</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nevertheless, the White House immediately postponed appointing board members to the Christmas Tree Promotion Board. No one in the U.S. government, especially President Obama, wanted to be labeled a tree-taxing humbug. In strategic terms, the delay made sense. Few people stepped up to try to explain the nuances of how checkoff programs worked, to clarify that the Christmas Tree Promotion Board embodied the very core concept of “for the people, by the people.” </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yes, the Promotion Board was for Christmas tree growers, by the Christmas tree growers, but the technicalities didn’t matter anymore. No one wanted to get on Fox News and recite thorny, polysyllabic clauses of legislation to prove that President Obama and his administration were actually on the side of the trees. The damage was done. </font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Christmas tree farm.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Christmas tree farm. CAROL FERNANDEZ/CC BY-ND 2.0</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So Christmas tree growers had to wait four more years for their gift to come. And in 2015, they got what they wanted: a group convened to try to save their industry from a slow and painful death.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tim O’Connor, the executive director of the Christmas Tree Promotion Board, reflected on the damper Anti-Claus Addington had put on the industry: “This program should have been implemented in 2011. <b>It didn’t happen until 2015, because of that whole fiasco of presidential politics. The growers who work so hard on this program are so frustrated by that, because they didn’t want to get involved in presidential politics. They wanted to promote Christmas trees. They lost years and years of opportunities, and still are dealing with the hangover from that</b>.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Robert Bates, a professor of horticulture at Penn State University, lamented: “It probably would have been approved much sooner, but for David Addington’s article. Once that piece created the (misguided) illusion that the Obama administration was ‘taxing Christmas’ the issue became a political hot potato and USDA delayed the process until later.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Now that the Christmas Tree Promotion Board is in session, maybe Christmas tree growers in the United States can finally follow their star</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div>