cardinal Sin

<div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4"> FORMULATIONS & FINDINGS30 International Journal of Learning and Media / Volume 3 / Number 1</font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>Introduction</div><div>
</div><div>The Philippines has a rich history of innovative and sometimes subversive mobile technology being used for both political and social ends—from the jeepney (mobile in an older sense of the word) to the mobile (in the word’s newest sense) phone. Yet, as social net-working sites (SNS) have become part of everyday life in many countries—including developing ones—the literature on SNS has focused predominantly on its social use by middle-class youth in Anglophonic con-texts (boyd and Ellison 2007; Goggin and McLelland 2008). The appropriation of SNS is global, though, and global appropriation of SNS does not imply uniformity of motivation, experience, or outcome. Around the world, SNS are being appropriated in new and surprising ways. Therefore, SNS can no longer be exclusively interpreted as spaces for socializing. As they become globally quotidian, they are also becom-ing sites for emerging forms of civic engagement, participation, and politics in addition to socializing, relationship management, and identity construction (Bennett 2008; Ito et al. 2008; Rheingold 2008; Ben-nett and Wells 2009). Many of the SNS studies that focus on socializing distinguish between “friendship-driven” and “interest-driven” forms of participation, but other forms of affective interpersonal intimacy are part and parcel of political and civic participation in this new public sphere. This is evident in the case of Manila. Manila has been heralded as the texting (or short message service, SMS) capital of the world and, not by coincidence, for its political deployment of mobile phones (Ellwood-Clayton 2003; Rafael 2003; Pertierra 2006).<b> In the Second People Power Revolution, which led to the ouster of President Joseph Estrada, </b>mobile phones became both a symbol and a tool of democ-racy, and texting was prominent in the political ap-plication of communications networks (Pertierra et al. 2002; <b>Rheingold 2002; </b>Rafael 2003; Pertierra 2006).</div><div>1</div><div>
</div><div><b> As Rheingold (2002) notes, the “people power” de-ployment of mobile phones to bring down President Estrada was an example of “smart mobs”</b>—that is, the use of technologies to merge and help harness human agency through cooperation and collaboration.  More recently, the Philippines has become the SNS capital of the world (Roumen 2009). The deploy-ment of SNS expands earlier modes of civic engage-ment and media seen during the 2001 ...</div><div>
</div><div>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution</div><div>
</div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The <b>Second EDSA Revolution</b> (<b>EDSA II</b>) was a four-day political protest from 17–20 January 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joseph Estrada</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of Presidents of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">thirteenth</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">President of the Philippines</a>. Estrada was succeeded by his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Vice-President</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo</a>, who was sworn into office by then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chief Justice</a> Hilario Davide, Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Malacañang Palace</a>. EDSA is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">acronym</a>derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos_Avenue" title="Epifanio de los Santos Avenue" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue</a>, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Metro Manila</a>, namely<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pasay</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati" title="Makati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Makati</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Quezon City</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Caloocan</a>, with the revolution's epicentre at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">EDSA Shrine</a> church at the northern tip of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ortigas Center</a>, a business district.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Advocates described EDSA II as "popular" but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup> International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process_of_law" title="Due process of law" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">due process of law</a>", "mob rule", and a "<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">de facto</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" title="Coup d'etat" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">coup</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution#cite_note-nytimes.com-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup></p></div></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><u>Jaime Sin</u> (Cardinal of the Catholic Church in the PI, which was/is highly influential in Filipino culture and politics. That's why his support for Cory, who the media portrayed as pious and highly religious, meant so much for her politically. If God stood behind her, who would dare stand in her way but the "evil" Marcos, was the message that many people understood from this. It was also at Cardinal Sin's prompting that Salvador Laurel decided to run with Cory as her VP, and his call for action was one of the catalysts of the EDSA movement.)</div><div>
</div></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#222222" face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Jaime Lachica Sin</b> <span style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DD</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Legion_of_Honor" title="Philippine Legion of Honor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">PLH</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna" title="Order of Sikatuna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">OS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lakandula" title="Order of Lakandula" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">OL</a></span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" title="Traditional Chinese character" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chinese</a>: 辛海梅; 辛海棉 <i>Xīn Hǎiméi</i>; <i>Xīn Hǎimián</i>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Latin</a>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la" xmlns:xml="xml"><i>Iacomus Sin</i></span>; August 31, 1928 – June 21, 2005) was the 30th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Philippines" title="Roman Catholicism in the Philippines" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Archbishop of Manila</a>, and was also a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal(Catholicism)" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cardinal</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" title="Chinese Filipino" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chinese Filipino</a> descent, Sin was known for his instrumental role in the 1986 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">People Power Revolution</a>, which toppled the regime of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ferdinand Marcos</a> and installed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Corazon Aquino</a> as his successor. He was again considered a charismatic leader of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people" title="Filipino people" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Filipino people</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_EDSA_Revolution" title="2001 EDSA Revolution" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2001 EDSA Revolution</a> that replaced President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joseph Estrada</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo</a>. Sin died at the age of 76, due to renal complications resulting from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">diabetes</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; padding: 7px; font-size: 13.3px; display: table; zoom: 1; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="color: black; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 13.3px; display: inline; line-height: 1.3; background: none;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Early_life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Archbishop_of_Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Archbishop of Manila</span></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Views_on_condom_use" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Views on condom use</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#People_Power_movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">People Power movement</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Retirement_and_death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Retirement and death</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Auxiliary_Bishops_of_Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Auxiliary Bishops of Manila</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Vicars_General_of_Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Vicars General of Manila</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Honours_and_Awards" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Honours and Awards</span></a><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#National_Honour" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">National Honour</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#Foreign_Honour" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign Honour</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Sin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sin was born into a wealthy family in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Washington,Aklan" title="New Washington, Aklan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">New Washington</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklan_Province" title="Aklan Province" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Aklan</a>, Philippines to Juan Sin (of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese" title="Filipino Chinese" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Chinese ancestry</a>) and Máxima Lachica, of Philippine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Aklanon</a> ancestry. He was the seventh of sixteen children. He eventually left his childhood home and his family to study in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Vincent_Ferrer_Seminary" title="St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Easton-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup> and was ordained a priest of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Jaro" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Archdiocese of Jaro</a> on April 3, 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Hierarchy_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Hierarchy-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup> He was the first rector of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Pius_X_Seminary" title="St. Pius X Seminary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">St. Pius X Seminary</a> in Lawaan Hills, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxas_City" title="Roxas City" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Roxas City</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Capiz</a>, serving from 1957 to 1967. On February 29, 1960, he was named Domestic Prelate (present-day, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Prelate" title="Honorary Prelate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">honorary prelate</a> with the title of <i>Monsignor</i>. He was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">auxiliary bishop</a> of Jaro on February 10, 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-Hierarchy_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Hierarchy-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup> and was consecrated bishop of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">titular see</a> of Obba on March 18 of that year. On March 15, 1972, Sin was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coadjutor_Archbishop" title="Coadjutor Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Coadjutor Archbishop</a> of Jaro, taking on administrative roles in the archdiocese, while holding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">titular see</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_Lubrense" title="Massa Lubrense" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Massa Lubrense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hierarchy_2-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Hierarchy-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[2]</a></sup> On October 8, 1972, Sin was appointed Archbishop of Jaro, taking full supervision of the archdiocese.</p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Archbishop_of_Manila">Archbishop of Manila</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Sin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archbishop of Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sin's service as Archbishop of Jaro ended with his appointment on January 21, 1974 to the larger archdiocese seated in the national capital of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manila</a>. Sin was initially reluctant to take on the role of leader of the Catholic Church in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowe_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Stowe-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup> He was officially installed as Archbishop of Manila at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manila Cathedral</a> on March 19, 1974, making him only the third native Filipino in the office after centuries of Spanish, American and Irish archbishops.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On May 24, 1976, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pope Paul VI</a> made him a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">College of Cardinals</a>, creating him <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Priest" title="Cardinal Priest" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Cardinal Priest</a> of the titular church of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_ai_Monti" title="Santa Maria ai Monti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Santa Maria ai Monti</a></i>. He participated as a cardinal-elector in both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,August_1978" title="Papal conclave, August 1978" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">August</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,October_1978" title="Papal conclave, October 1978" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">October</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">papal conclaves</a>which elected Popes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Paul I</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">John Paul II</a> respectively. In the August conclave, he reportedly told <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Luciani" title="Albino Luciani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Albino Luciani</a>, "You will be the new pope".<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Books_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Google_Books-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a></sup> After Luciani was elected as John Paul I, Cardinal Sin paid him homage, and the new pope said: "You were a prophet, but my reign will be a short one".<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Books_4-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Google_Books-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[4]</a></sup> He remained the youngest member of the College until 1983.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">His title and surname as Cardinal Sin (another term for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">deadly sin</a>) were a point of humour in the Philippines and for Filipino Catholics. Examples included "The greatest sin of all: Cardinal Sin", and even his own pun of "Welcome to the house of Sin" that he used to greet guests at Villa San Miguel, the Archbishop's palace in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Mandaluyong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Easton-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><h3 style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_on_condom_use">Views on condom use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Sin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views on condom use" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As a predominantly Catholic country, issues in the Philippines have and are influenced by the Church in varying degrees. Condom usage has historically been a controversial topic.<sup id="cite_ref-globalhistory_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-globalhistory-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[5]</a></sup> As the reigning Archbishop of Manila in 1996, when the government distributed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">condoms</a> to curb <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus" title="Human Immunodeficiency Virus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">HIV</a> infection rates, Sin called the programme as "intrinsically evil",<sup id="cite_ref-NYTAIDS_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-NYTAIDS-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></sup> in line with<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Church teaching on the matter</a>. Sin also denounced then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Health Secretary</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Flavier" title="Juan Flavier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Juan Flavier</a>, with some asserting that the latter's condom-promotion had made him an unwitting agent of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[7]</a></sup> Prominent Catholics also protested against the government's condom-distribution programme by publicly burning boxes of condoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTAIDS_6-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-NYTAIDS-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="People_Power_movement">People Power movement</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Sin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People Power movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Events in the Philippines under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ferdinand Marcos</a> forced Sin, the spiritual leader of Filipino Catholics, to become involved in politics. He became witness to corruption, fraud, and even murder by the regime and rising popular discontent with the dictatorial rule of Marcos and his wife, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Imelda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowe_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Stowe-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup> Within six months of his appointment as Archbishop, Sin was criticising the authorities after the military raided a Manila seminary on the grounds that it was harbouring insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Easton-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[1]</a></sup> Sin appealed to Filipinos of all religions to follow the teachings of Jesus in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gospels</a> and use peaceful means to change the political situation in the Philippines.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Beginning in the 1970s, Cardinal Sin, a moderate, was among the leaders who publicly pressured President Marcos to end martial law, out of concern that leftist radicals would overthrow the government.</b><sup id="cite_ref-Odonnell_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Odonnell-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[8]</a></sup> Sin eventually decided to speak out in support of Corazon Aquino, the widow of the assassinated opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., in calling for an end to martial law. This led to massive popular demonstrations, often led by nuns whom riot police dared not attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowe_3-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Stowe-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[3]</a></sup> In February 1986, he called on Filipinos to surround the police and military headquarters in Manila to protect then-military Vice Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos, who had broken with Mr. Marcos.<sup id="cite_ref-Odonnell_8-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Odonnell-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">[8]</a></sup> More than 1 million people took to the streets praying the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">rosary</a> and singing hymns in an outpouring that shielded anti-government rebels from attack. Some soldiers decided to join the marchers.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In what later became known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">People Power Revolution</a>, Marcos, his family, and close advisors were forced to flee the Philippines<sup id="cite_ref-Stowe_3-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Stowe-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[3]</a></sup> and took up residence in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,Hawaii" title="Honolulu, Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Honolulu, Hawaii</a> upon the invitation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">U.S. President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Ronald Reagan</a>. Cardinal Sin, along with presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Corazon Aquino</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" title="Fidel Ramos" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Fidel Ramos</a>, became known to Filipinos as the architects of the People Power Movement.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Sin decided to intervene again, in 2001, to become spiritual leader of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA_II" title="EDSA II" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">another People Power Movement</a>. Some Filipinos alleged that president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Joseph Estrada</a> was guilty of widespread corruption and graft because of the controversial "second envelope". Poor people marching in the streets, with the support of Sin,</b> the elite and military generals, succeeded in toppling Estrada from power and elevating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> as acting president in what was perceived by the international community as a triumphant democracy. The "second envelope" was opened after the coup and turned out to be Estrada's bank account. Commenting on the endemic corruption that persisted after Marcos, Sin said, "We got rid of Ali Baba, but the 40 thieves remained."<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-nbc-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a></sup> It was reported that the cardinal's actions caused uneasiness at the Vatican and that he was summoned to Rome to explain himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Weil_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Weil-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hours before hundreds of soldiers and officers staged a failed revolt against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in July 2003, he urged Filipinos to be vigilant against groups plotting to violently overturn the country's democratic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_9-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-nbc-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>Two and a half years after Sin's death, it was reported that at the height of EDSA II, Sin received a directive from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Vatican</a> ordering him and the Philippine clergy to adopt a non-partisan stance</b> towards the political crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-pdi_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-pdi-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> Sin, who by then had committed support for the EDSA II revolt, was said to have threatened to resign as archbishop if compelled to withdraw his support.<sup id="cite_ref-pdi_11-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-pdi-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> The standoff was reportedly resolved with the mediation of the then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Supreme Court</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Associate Justice</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio_Panganiban" title="Artemio Panganiban" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Artemio Panganiban</a> (later, Chief Justice of the Philippines), a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Laity" title="Pontifical Council for the Laity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pontifical Council for the Laity</a>, a department of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Roman Curia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdi_11-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-pdi-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> As a result, the Vatican did not insist upon its earlier demand. The reports were attributed to persons reputed to have first-hand knowledge of the events,<sup id="cite_ref-pdi_11-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-pdi-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[11]</a></sup> but there has been no official confirmation of them from the Vatican or from the Archdiocese of Manila.</p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate; font-family: sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Sin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retirement and death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 22.4px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He retired as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Archbishop</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manila</a> on September 15, 2003 and was succeeded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudencio_Borbon_Rosales" title="Gaudencio Borbon Rosales" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Gaudencio Borbon Rosales</a>. He was too ill to travel to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,2005" title="Papal conclave, 2005" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">2005 conclave</a> that elected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Pope Benedict XVI</a>. Afflicted for years with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">kidney</a> ailment brought on by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">diabetes</a>, he was taken on June 19, 2005 to the Cardinal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufino_Santos" title="Rufino Santos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Rufino Santos</a> Medical Center in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">San Juan, Metro Manila</a> because of a slight but lingering fever. He died of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_failure" title="Renal failure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">renal failure</a> on June 21, 2005 at the age of 76.<sup id="cite_ref-Odonnell_8-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-Odonnell-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[8]</a></sup> The government accorded him the honour of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">state funeral</a> and a period of national mourning through Presidential Proclamation № 863, s. 2005 signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. He was buried beside his three immediate predecessors in the crypt of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Manila Cathedral</a>, after a funeral there attended by thousands of Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Sin#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">[12]</a></sup></p></div><div style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div>