Carto, Willis
<p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/institute-historical-review</font></p><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even " style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Once a prominent voice in extremist circles, the IHR has been on the decline, unable to publish its anti-Semitic </b><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><b>Journal</b> of Historical Review</em> or sponsor major international Holocaust denial conferences since 2004. The organization still runs its website, where it peddles extremist books and other materials, and hosts some minor extremist gatherings.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">In Its Own Words</strong><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />"Anyone who is aware of the true situation in Germany during the Third Reich era recognizes that the Crystal Night [the Nazi-orchestrated Kristallnacht pogrom against Jews] episode was quite extraordinary. It was a radical aberration from the normal pattern of daily life. The outburst was not in keeping with either the official National Socialist Jewish policy nor with the general German attitude towards the Jews.<b> The Germans were no more anti-Semitic than any other people."</b><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />— Ingrid Weckert, "'Crystal Night' 1938: The great anti-German spectacle," Institute for Historical Review website</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"On this basis of their similar ideologies about ethnicity and nationhood, National Socialists and Zionists worked together for what each group believed was in its own national interest. As a result, the Hitler government vigorously supported Zionism and Jewish emigration to Palestine from 1933 until 1940-1941, when the Second World War prevented extensive collaboration… . The SS was particularly enthusiastic in its support for Zionism."<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />—Mark Weber, "Zionism and the Third Reich," Institute for Historical Review website</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Although officially Jews have never made up more than five percent of the country's total population, they played a highly disproportionate and probably decisive role in the infant Bolshevik regime, effectively dominating the Soviet government during its early years. Soviet historians, along with most of their colleagues in the West, for decades preferred to ignore this subject. The facts, though, cannot be denied."<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />—Mark Weber, "The Jewish Role in the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia's Early Soviet Regime," Institute for Historical Review website</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">Background</strong><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />In 1978, Willis Carto, founder and head of the anti-Semitic Liberty Lobby, based in Washington, D.C., spun off a new organization called the Institute for Historical Review (IHR). It presented itself as a legitimate historical research group, devoted to "revisionism" — a term hijacked from a school of credible historians who offered new interpretations for the origins of World War I. But in fact, it was made up of white supremacists and neo-Nazis, and it would draw expertise from the like-minded around the world. Its mission was to erase the Holocaust by any means at its disposal — including distortion, misquotation and outright falsification.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">IHR's first annual conference in 1979 attracted deniers from around the world and helped to introduce some key American extremists to Holocaust denial. <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/david-duke" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s;">David Duke</a>, the neo-Nazi who was then the national leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was so taken with the idea that he followed up the conference with a "Special Holocaust Edition" of his Crusader newspaper</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In the same way, National Socialist Party of America leader Frank Collin enthusiastically embraced denial, saying, "There was no Holocaust, but they deserve one — and will get it." For years, IHR's yearly conferences were key events that offered networking opportunities for neo-Nazis and anti-Semites from around the world.</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A critical contribution by IHR was the pseudo-academic gloss it applied to its anti-Semitism. The group actively tried to avoid blatant anti-Jewish slurs, and instead sought to couch its politics in distortions of history and science meant to sound reasonable. Though the theories that resulted were far out, they had at least the appearance of legitimacy, as did </span><em style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit;">The Journal of Historical Review</em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> that the IHR began to publish in 1980.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Deniers would claim, for example, that the Anne Frank diary is a fraud because it contained marks made with a postwar ballpoint pen (they didn't mention that the marks were made later by Frank's father, who survived German concentration camps to edit and publish the diary</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">). <b>They would assert that the death-camp ovens were not capable of burning as many bodies as the Allies had said</b> were disposed of after gassing.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> They lied about the qualities of the Zyklon B gas used to kill Jews, the operation of the Einsatzgruppen (the mobile killing squads which shot to death more than 1 million Jews in Eastern Europe), and hundreds of other facts. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Through it all, IHR sought to give the appearance that its writers were honest, if skeptical, students of history.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, IHR hosted conferences that attracted various well-known Holocaust deniers from around the world: <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/ernst-zundel" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Ernst Zündel</a> and John Ball of Canada (Zündel was later deported by Canada to his native Germany); Robert Faurisson of France; Friedrich Berg of Germany; Carlo Mattogno of Italy; and Jürgen Graf and Arthur Vogt of Switzerland. Most notably, <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/david-irving" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">David Irving</a>, a writer whose Holocaust denial activities caused a British judge to label him "a right-wing, pro-Nazi polemicist," attended in 1983, and went on to speak before at least four more conferences, in 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994, as well as at numerous other IHR events. </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">While outwardly thriving during this period, internally there was a power struggle going on for control of IHR. In the mid-1980s, Mark Weber, a former news editor of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">National Vanguard</em>, a neo-Nazi publication of the <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/national-alliance" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s;">National Alliance</a>, began taking a leading role at Willis Carto's IHR</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1984, Weber began leading the group's annual conferences, and the next year he joined the IHR's editorial advisory committee; in 1992, he took over IHR's </span><em style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit;">The Journal of Historical Review</em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1993, with Weber's support, the IHR board ousted Carto as its leader, accusing him of interfering in editorial decisions.<b> The following May, Carto and his wife tried to retake IHR by occupying its California offices, a situation that led to fistfights and Carto being forcefully removed by the police</b>. Around the same time, another dispute between IHR and Carto broke out, with IHR leaders accusing Carto of diverting some $10 million that was allegedly left to IHR's parent body, the Legion for the Survival of Freedom. </span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the decade of litigation that followed, Carto's <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em>, the newspaper published by his Liberty Lobby, characterized Weber as a "rat," "cockroach" and "devil," but in the end Weber's side basically won. In 1996, a California court ruled in favor of IHR, saying that Carto owed the Legion for the Survival of Freedom $6.43 million. In 2001, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em> was shut down, although it was rapidly replaced with the look-alike American Free Press, which like its predecessor focused on the alleged evils of "Zionism," wild-eyed conspiracy theories, and wacky alternative health claims. Carto also created <em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/barnes-review" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">The Barnes Review</a></em>, a new Holocaust denial journal that competed directly with IHR.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While Weber and the IHR won their lawsuits, the fight with Carto proved to be a great distraction for the organization. It could not regularly publish the bimonthly <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Journal of Historical Review</em> (no issues were published between April 1996 and May 1997) and it was unable to hold any conferences between 1994 and 2000. IHR did manage to put on a major conference in 2000, with Irving, Zündel, and other notable Holocaust deniers in attendance, but a planned 2001 conference on "Revisionism and Zionism" in Beirut, Lebanon, was cancelled after the host government "would not permit the four-day meeting to take place." </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Since then, the IHR has continued to decline. By 2003, it had stopped publishing its journal and its once-large conferences were reduced to mostly small, one-day affairs with a couple of speakers. A major blow came in 2009 when Weber decided to downgrade Holocaust denial in favor of criticizing Jews and Israel.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Weber was viciously attacked by several important revisionists, many of whom called for his resignation from IHR. Weber still speaks in public and on radio shows such as "The Political Cesspool," which is run by white nationalist James Edwards of Memphis, Tenn. IHR also still maintains its website and continues to sell extremist books, but it is clearly a shadow of its former self. </span></font></p></div></div></div><div class="view view-stories view-id-stories view-display-id-eva_stories_by_group view-dom-id-aaa2a73772cd27d3ae548f3e048bca17" style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 class="title" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0.83em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Recent News</font></h2><div class="view-content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><article id="node-1691" class="node node-story node-teaser node-even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field field-name-title-field field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even " style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/racist-memphis-radio-host-celebrated-council-conservative-citizens-conference" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Racist Memphis Radio Host Celebrated at Council of Conservative Citizens Conference</font></a></div></div></div></div><div class="links" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></article></div><div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><article id="node-1463" class="node node-story node-teaser node-odd" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field field-name-title-field field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even " style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/pan-aryanism-binds-hate-groups-america-and-europe" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Pan-Aryanism Binds Hate Groups in America and Europe</font></a></div></div></div></div><div class="links" style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></article></div><div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd views-row-last" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><article id="node-981" class="node node-story node-teaser node-even" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="content" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field field-name-title-field field-type-text field-label-hidden" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="field-item even " style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/lying-about-holocaust-inside-denial-movement" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Lying About the Holocaust: Inside the Denial Movement</font></a></div><div class="field-item even " style="box-sizing: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although at one time he had access to leading politicians, Carto eventually became infamous for his pro-Nazi and rabidly anti-Jewish views and lost those connections. In 1978, he founded the first major American Holocaust-denial outfit, the <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/institute-historical-review" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Institute for Historical Review</a>. Throughout his career, Carto has been known for his anti-Semitism, anti-black racism and the wild alternative health claims regularly made in his various publications.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">In His Own Words</strong><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />"Without a means of confronting the onrushing third world, white civilization is doomed. It can do nothing else but deteriorate to a third world level with all that implies: the final triumph of liberalism; political correctness; a garbage culture; poverty; the extermination of the middle class and then Marxism. It means Jewish political and cultural domination, including a political tyranny comparable to Stalinism."<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />— "Is Christianity Relevant?", <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Barnes Review</em> website</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The Israelis literally control our press all except a few of us, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">American Free Press</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Barnes Review</em> and a few other patriotic, independent publications around the country. They control our Congress… . [A]ny one of them [members of Congress] is liable to rise up on the floor at anytime and deliver a speech praising Jews and Zionists and Blacks and Indians and heaven only knows, but can you imagine any one of them standing up and praising White Christians?"<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />— Interview by Michael Collins Piper, April 20, 2007</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">Background</strong><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />In 1955, Carto founded the Liberty Lobby, which billed itself as a conservative, anti-Communist group but became known for its advocacy of both white supremacy and anti-Semitism. Carto personally held strong anti-Semitic views and claimed to be a devotee of the theories of Francis Parker Yockey, who in his 600-page book <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Imperium</em> pitched an upbeat message to beleaguered fascists, urging them to engage in a "world-historical struggle" and arguing that the fall of the Third Reich was merely a temporary setback that paved the way for a future triumph. (Carto also was one of the first American writers to deny the Holocaust in print: "‘Gas-chambers' that did not exist were photographed, and a ‘gasmobile' was invented to titillate the mechanically-minded.") Carto's Liberty Lobby promoted Yockey's writings in its newspaper, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em>, and later his publishing outfit, Noontide Press, republished <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Imperium</em> along with other works promoting a white supremacist worldview. </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carto was very active in the politics of the 1960s. According to Dan T. Carter's book, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics</em> (1996), Carto was a key supporter of governor George Wallace. In the lead-up to Wallace's 1968 presidential bid, Carto co-authored a pamphlet headlined "Stand Up For America: The Story of George C. Wallace," lauding the candidate as the only one capable of beating back "Blacky" and the Communist-dominated federal government. Carto's Liberty Lobby mailed 175,000 copies to its subscribers and printed an additional 150,000 copies that were provided to the Wallace campaign for distribution.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After Wallace's bid failed, Carto decided to build a more explicitly neo-Nazi organization. He took control of Youth for Wallace and renamed it the National Youth Alliance. The ousted directors of the Wallace youth group grew concerned when they discovered that the movers and shakers behind Carto's political apparatus were part of a subterranean neo-Nazi cult known as the Francis Parker Yockey Society. "They belong to secret cells," columnist Drew Pearson reported in 1969, "where they are known only by code names. ... They sing the old Nazi songs, hoard Nazi war relics and display the swastika at their meetings. ... They seek the overthrow of democracy in the United States." <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Imperium</em> was even introduced as the founding theoretical text of the National Youth Alliance, which fell apart amidst internecine strife. (It would be reconstituted as the National Alliance by <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/william-pierce" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">William Pierce</a>, a former acolyte of American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell and, until Pierce's death in 2002, America's most important neo-Nazi organization.) For several years, one-time Klan leader <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/david-duke" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">David Duke</a> also sold <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Imperium</em> through his mail-order book catalog.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1978, Carto spun off a new organization (under a parent organization called the Legion for the Survival of Freedom) called the <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/institute-historical-review" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Institute for Historical Review</a> (IHR). The IHR presented itself as a legitimate historical research group, devoted to "revisionism" — a term hijacked from a school of credible historians who offered new interpretations for the origins of World War I. In fact, the new organization was made up of white supremacists and Nazi sympathizers, and it would draw expertise from the like-minded from around the world. Its mission was to erase the Holocaust by any means at its disposal — including distortion, misquotation and outright falsification.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IHR's first annual conference was held in 1979. As in subsequent meetings, deniers from around the world attended and helped to introduce some key American extremists to Holocaust denial. David Duke, the neo-Nazi who was then national leader of the <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/knights-ku-klux-klan" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Knights of the Ku Klux Klan</a>, was so taken with the idea that he followed up the conference with an issue of his <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Crusader</em> newspaper that he dubbed the "Special Holocaust Edition." In the same way, National Socialist Party of America leader Frank Collin enthusiastically embraced denial, saying, "There was no Holocaust, but they deserve one — and will get it." </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1984, Carto helped to found the far right Populist Party, which soon became a haven for white supremacists and other racial extremists. David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan leader, captured the party's presidential nomination in 1988, winning 0.05% of the national vote; in 1992, Bo Gritz, the former Green Beret and militia enthusiast, headed the party's ticket, grabbing 0.1%, twice the amount that Duke had received. Behind the scenes, however, infighting was splitting the party's ranks. According to a report by the Anti-Defamation League, before Duke's nomination in 1988, Carto and his followers were pushed from power, forcing him to set up a separate faction under the leadership of Don Wassall, who later broke with Carto over financial and managerial disputes (Wassall would later found his own racist organization, the American Nationalist Union, and become a chapter leader in the white supremacist <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/council-conservative-citizens" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Council of Conservative Citizens</a>). Carto then turned on the Populist Party, using the Liberty Lobby's newspaper, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em>, to attack his former organization. By 1994, political infighting had so riven the organization that it was unable to field a candidate in the 1996 election.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1993, Carto found himself involved in another political battle, this time for control of the Institute for Historical Review. The leadership of IHR voted to terminate the organization's association with Carto, accusing him of fraud and financial mismanagement. Among other assets, what was a stake was control over millions of dollars in bequests to the IHR's parent corporation. A series of disputes followed, including, at one point, Carto occupying the IHR's headquarters in an attempt to seize control. A number of complicated lawsuits ensued, and the court battles lasted for years. In 1996, a California Superior Court judge ruled against Carto, ordering him to pay IHR over $6 million. In response, Carto and the Liberty Lobby filed for bankruptcy. </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During this process, Carto decided to launch a new publication, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Barnes Review</em>, dedicated to historical revisionism, which would compete directly with the IHR's <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Journal of Historical Review</em>. Initially funded by the Liberty Lobby and staffed by members of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em> newspaper, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Barnes Review</em> has gone on to supplant IHR's <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Journal</em> as the nation's leading Holocaust-denial publication. </font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2001, after years of stalling and legal wrangling in an attempt to shield his assets from seizure, Carto was ordered by the courts to relinquish control of Liberty Lobby and <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em> and to vacate his long held Liberty Lobby offices in Washington, D.C. Soon after, Carto did shutter The Spotlight (its last edition was July 2, 2001). However, a month later, Carto and former staffers of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Spotlight</em> created yet another newspaper, <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">American Free Press</em>. Today, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Press</em> carries stories on Zionism, secret "New World Order" conspiracies, American Jews and Israel. Mixed in are advertisements for outfits like Pete Peter's Scriptures for America and Kingdom Identity Ministries — practitioners of <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/christian-identity" style="box-sizing: inherit; transition: all 0.3s; background: transparent;">Christian Identity</a>, a theology that claims that Jews are the biological descendants of Satan.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Recently, Carto himself has apparently become an adherent of Christian Identity. In an article posted on <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Barnes Review</em> website entitled, "Is Christianity Relevant?," he claimed that the "present day Jews are not the descendants of the group celebrated in the die [sic] Old Testament but as a combination of races in no way connected to it." Instead, Identity adherents believe that the "Aryan white races — the Germanic and Keltic peoples in particular — are literally the chosen people of God," Carto writes. "Based on this reality, one must conclude that the Identity message holds out hope for survival — not only spiritual and cultural survival — but racial survival."</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2;" mercury="Mercury" ssm="SSm" a="A" b="B" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2em; line-height: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/willis-carto</font></p>