IPCC Third Assessment 3rd
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</font></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><b times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">The Royal Society</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> of the United Kingdom</span></b><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, for centuries a renowned arbiter of science,<b> harshly criticized Exxon in 2006 for publishing "very misleading" statements about the IPCC's Third Assessment Report</b>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The IPCC found that most of the observed warming of the planet in the late 20</span></span><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" inherit="inherit" line-height="line-height" position="position" relative="relative" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" top="top" em="em" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">th</span><span times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> century was probably caused by humans</span></span></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">see below</font></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">...</font></div><h2 style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusions" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Conclusions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Working_Group_I">Working Group I</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The key conclusions of <b>Working Group I</b> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/005.htm" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url("");">The Scientific Basis, Summary for Policymakers</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_AR3_WG12001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC AR3 WG1 2001</a>) were:</font></p><ol style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">An </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system (The global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" title="Instrumental temperature record" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">average surface temperature</a> has increased over the 20th century by about 0.6 °C; Temperatures have risen during the past four decades in the lowest 8 kilometres of the atmosphere; <b>Snow cover and ice extent have decreased)</b></span></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate (Anthropogenic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aerosols</a> (i.e., human emitted aerosols) are short-lived and mostly produce negative radiative forcing; Natural factors have made small contributions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">radiative forcing</a> over the past century)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(Complex physically based climate models are required to provide detailed estimates of feedbacks and of regional features. Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols. Nevertheless, confidence in the ability of these models to provide useful projections of future climate has improved due to their demonstrated performance on a range of space and time-scales </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" style="background-image: url(""); background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.)</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities</b></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century</b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Global average temperature and sea level are projected to rise under all IPCC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">SRES scenarios</a>.</font></li></ol><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The TAR estimate for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">climate sensitivity</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The wide range in projections is based upon several different scenarios that assume different levels of future CO<sub style="line-height: 1;">2</sub> emissions </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(see the section below on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Projections_in_the_TAR" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Projections in the TAR</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">).</span></font></p><h3 style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Synthesis_Report">Synthesis Report</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The TAR Synthesis Report includes a summary of the TAR's main findings and uncertainties.<sup id="cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><b> "Robust findings" of the TAR include</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><ul w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; list-style-image: url("");"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Observed warming of the Earth's surface, attribution of observed warming to human activities, <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_climate_model#Projections_of_future_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">projected increases</a> in future global mean temperature, rising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">sea levels</a>, and increased frequency of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">heat waves</a>.</b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Future warming will have both beneficial and adverse effects, </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">but for higher levels of warming,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> adverse effects will predominate.</span></b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Developing countries and poor persons are most vulnerable to climate change.</font></li></ul><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
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</div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Climate change: Five things we have learned from the IPCC report</b></font></div><div><b>
</b></div><div>By Matt McGrath</div><div>Environment correspondent</div><div>
</div><div>Published 9 August</div><div>
</div><div>The UN report on the science of climate change is set to make a huge impact. Our environment correspondent Matt McGrath considers some of the key lessons from it.</div><div>
</div><div>Climate change is widespread, rapid and intensifying - and it's down to us</div><div>For those who live in the West, the dangers of warming our planet are no longer something distant, impacting people in faraway places.</div><div>
</div><div>"Climate change is not a problem of the future, it's here and now and affecting every region in the world," said Dr Friederike Otto from the University of Oxford, and one of the many authors on the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.</div><div>
</div><div><b>It is the confidence of the assertions that the scientists are now making that is the real strength of this new publication.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The phrase "very likely" appears 42 times in the 40-odd pages of the Summary for Policymakers. In scientific terms, that's 90-100% certain that something is real.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Infographic</div><div>"I think there's not one single kind of new surprise that comes out, it's the over-arching solidness that makes this the strongest IPCC report ever made," Prof Arthur Petersen, from University College London (UCL), told BBC News.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>Prof Petersen is a former Dutch government representative at the IPCC, and was an observer at the approval session that produced this report.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>"It's understated, it's cool, it's not accusing, it's just bang, bang, bang, one clear point after the other."</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The clearest of these points is about the responsibility of humanity for climate change.</b></div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">
</b></div><div><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">There's no longer any equivocating - it's us.</b></div><div>
</div><div>[More than 100 people were killed in floods that ravaged parts of Europe in July 2021]</div><div>
</div><div><b>The 1.5C temperature limit is on life support</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b>When the last IPCC report on the science of climate change was published in 2013, the idea of 1.5C being the safe global limit for warming was barely considered.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b>
</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"><b>But in the political negotiations leading up to the Paris climate agreement in 2015</b>, many developing countries and island states pushed for this lower temperature limit, arguing that it was a matter of survival for them.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">A special report on 1.5C in 2018 showed the advantages of staying under the limit were massive compared to a 2C world. Getting there would require carbon emissions to be cut in half, essentially, by 2030 and net zero emissions reached by 2050. Otherwise, the limit would be reached between 2030 and 2052.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">This new report re-affirms this finding. Under all scenarios, the threshold is reached by 2040. <b>If emissions aren't reined in, 1.5C could be gone in around a decade.</b></span></div><div>
</div><div>Reaching net zero involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible using clean technology, then absorbing any remaining ones by, for example, planting trees.</div><div>
</div><div>While the situation is very serious, it is not a sudden drop into calamity.</div><div>
</div><div>"The 1.5C threshold is an important threshold politically, of course, but from a climatic point of view, it is not a cliff edge - that once we go over 1.5C, suddenly everything will become very catastrophic," explained Dr Amanda Maycock, from the University of Leeds, and one of the authors of the new report.</div><div>
</div><div>"The very lowest emissions scenario that we assess in this report shows that the warming level does stabilise around or below 1.5C later on in the century. If that were the pathway that we would follow, then the the impacts would be significantly avoided."</div><div>
</div><div>Infographic</div><div>
</div><div><b>The bad news: No matter what we do, the seas will continue to rise</b></div><div>In the past, the IPCC has been criticised for being way too conservative when it came to assessing the risk of sea-level rise. A lack of clear research saw previous reports exclude the potential impacts of the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.</div><div>
</div><div>Not this time.</div><div>
</div><div>The report shows that under current scenarios, the seas could rise above the likely range, going up to 2m by the end of this century and up to 5m by 2150. While these are unlikely figures, they can't be ruled out under a very high greenhouse gas emissions scenario.</div><div>
</div><div>That's bad enough - but even if we get a handle on emissions and keep temperatures around 1.5C by 2100, the waters will continue to rise long into the future.</div><div>
</div><div>Infographic</div><div>
</div><div>"The gorilla that looms large in the background is these very scary sea-level rise numbers in the long term," said Prof Malte Meinshausen from the University of Melbourne and an IPCC author.</div><div>
</div><div>"In the paper it shows that even with 1.5C warming we're looking at the long-term of two to three metres. And under the highest scenarios, we could be looking at multi-metre sea-level rise by 2150. That is just scary, because it's maybe not at the end of our lifetime, but it is around the corner and it will be committing this planet to a big legacy."</div><div>
</div><div><b>Even if the sea-level rise is relatively mild, it will have knock-on effects that we cannot avoid.</b></div><div>
</div><div>"With gradual sea-level rise, those extreme sea-level events that have occurred in the past, just once per century, will occur more and more frequently in the future," said Valérie Masson-Delmotte, co-chair of the IPCC working group that prepared the new report.</div><div>
</div><div>"Those that occurred only once per century in the past are expected to occur once or twice per decade by mid-century. The information we provide in this report is extremely important to take into account and prepare for these events."</div><div>
</div><div><b>The good news: Scientists are more certain about what will work</b></div><div>The warnings are clearer and more dire - but there is an important thread of hope running through this report.</div><div>
</div><div>Scientists have long been worried that the climate could be more sensitive to carbon dioxide than they thought.</div><div>
</div><div>They use a phrase - equilibrium climate sensitivity - to capture the range of warming that could occur if CO2 levels were doubled.</div><div>
</div><div>In the last report, in 2013, this ranged from 1.5C to 4.5C, with no best estimate.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>This time round, the range has narrowed and the authors opt for 3C as their most likely figure.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Why is this important?</div><div>
</div><div>"We are now able to constrain that with a good degree of certainty and then we employ that to really make far more accurate predictions," said Prof Piers Forster from the University of Leeds, and an author on the report.</div><div>
</div><div>"So, that way, we know that net zero will really deliver."</div><div>
</div><div>Infographic</div><div>
</div><div><b>Another big surprise in the report is the role of methane, another warming gas.</b></div><div>
</div><div>According to the IPCC, around 0.3C of the 1.1C that the world has already warmed by comes from methane.</div><div>
</div><div>Tackling those emissions, from the oil and gas industry, agriculture and rice cultivation, could be a big win in the short-term.</div><div>
</div><div>"The report quashes any remaining debate about the urgent need to slash methane pollution, especially from sectors such as oil and gas, where the available reductions are fastest and cheapest," said Fred Krupp, from the US Environmental Defense Fund.</div><div>
</div><div>"When it comes to our overheating planet, every fraction of a degree matters - and there is no faster, more achievable way to slow the rate of warming than by cutting human-caused methane emissions."</div><div>
</div><div><b>Politicians will be nervous, the courts will be busy</b></div><div>The timing of this report, coming just a couple of months before the critical COP26 climate conference in Glasgow, means that it will likely be the bedrock of the negotiations. The IPCC has some form here: their previous assessment in 2013 and 2014 paved the way for the Paris climate agreement.</div><div>
</div><div>This new study is far stronger, clearer and more confident about what will happen if politicians don't act.</div><div>
</div><div>If they don't act quickly enough and COP26 ends in an unsatisfactory fudge, then the courts might become more involved.</div><div>
</div><div>Four maps showing how world could get warmer</div><div>
</div><div>In recent years, in Ireland and the Netherlands, environmental campaigners have successfully gone to court to force governments and companies to act on the science of climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>"We're not going to let this report be shelved by further inaction. Instead, we'll be taking it with us to the courts," said Kaisa Kosonen, senior political adviser at Greenpeace Nordic.</div><div>
</div><div>"By strengthening the scientific evidence between human emissions and extreme weather, the IPCC has provided new, powerful means for everyone everywhere to hold the fossil fuel industry and governments directly responsible for the climate emergency.</div><div>
</div><div>"One only needs to look at the recent court victory secured by NGOs against Shell to realise how powerful IPCC science can be."</div><div> no lnx grafix</div><div>
</div><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">6th 2021</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/</a></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">new 821</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">c<a href="https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/08/19/opinion-fox-news-debunked-lies-dangerous-health-democracy/8160031002/&ct=ga&cd=CAEYACoTNDAzOTk2NDM0OTA1ODI2NTc5MTIaNDZlMTFmY2U2ZTMxZmE5Mzpjb206ZW46VVM&usg=AFQjCNGi11nafFEGWHo2LQWviyw3A02EgQ" target="blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?rct%3Dj%26sa%3Dt%26url%3Dhttps://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/08/19/opinion-fox-news-debunked-lies-dangerous-health-democracy/8160031002/%26ct%3Dga%26cd%3DCAEYACoTNDAzOTk2NDM0OTA1ODI2NTc5MTIaNDZlMTFmY2U2ZTMxZmE5Mzpjb206ZW46VVM%26usg%3DAFQjCNGi11nafFEGWHo2LQWviyw3A02EgQ&source=gmail&ust=1629645373816000&usg=AFQjCNF79wYenKD4CXtS6aW-ZguZ6_oTCA" style="display: inline; text-decoration-line: none; line-height: 20px;">ommentary: 'Foxitis' can be dangerous to your health, democracy and our planet</a></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /></font><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div style="padding: 2px 0px 8px;"><div><a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Austin American-Statesman</font></a></div><div><a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></a></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 0px; line-height: 18px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fox invited <b>Marc Morano</b>, one its favorite climate deniers, to undermine the [IPCC ]report by ridiculously claiming it was just intended to “scare everyone.”.</font></div></div></div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">----</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">last week, President Biden <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/08/05/executive-order-on-strengthening-american-leadership-in-clean-cars-and-trucks/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">signed an Executive Order</u></a> encouraging U.S. leadership in the clean car sector with a goal of half of all new car sales in the U.S. being zero-emission by 2030. It took them a few days, but deniers seem to have assembled their response by cobbling together a mix of old lies, new misrepresentations, and bizarre logical fallacies.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">For example, a response that in any sane outlet might be praise for Biden’s plan was published in the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Koch-funded RealClearEnergy as an attack: <a title="" href="https://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2021/08/11/president_bidens_electric-car_future_is_union_made_789575.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">President Biden’s Electric Car Future is Union Made</u></a>. Bruce Yandle, a fellow at the Koch-funded Mercatus Center at George Mason University, is upset that Biden invited three major U.S. car companies to attend the announcement because they were the largest employers of workers in the United Auto Workers union, and didn’t invite non-American companies with non-union workers to his event promoting good American jobs</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Climate Denier Roundup</font></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Obviously, it’s no surprise that a Koch crony is anti-union and anti-EV, unless you confuse organized labor with organized denial.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Speaking of organized denial, while the <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/11/21/1814443/-Koch-Foundation-Funds-Conservative-Media-Like-The-Daily-Caller-American-Spectator-and-Reason" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">once-Koch-funded</u></a> <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daily Caller</em> has since <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/6/21/1866305/-Is-Tucker-Carlson-Getting-Woke-On-Koch-Is-It-Because-They-re-Their-Cutting-Daily-Caller-Funding" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">basically given up</u></a> on regular climate denial reporting, and its IPCC story was <a href="https://dailycaller.com/2021/08/09/code-red-un-report-climate-change/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">a straightforward rip-off</u></a> of the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-science-climate-environment-and-nature-united-nations-1d89d5183583718ad4ad311fa2ee7d83" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">AP’s “code red” coverage</u></a> (sans any Koch-network denial quote, because no-pay, no-play, we assume). The <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Caller</em> still occasionally publishes guest opinion pieces and <a href="https://dailycaller.com/2021/08/10/whelan-president-biden-wants-you-to-listen-to-the-science-just-not-when-it-comes-to-electric-vehicles/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">ran one from Charlotte Whelan</u></a> of the (<a href="https://www.desmog.com/covidenial-reopen-movement/#Independent%20Women's%20Forum" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">pro-Covid</u></a>) Independent Women’s Forum and<b> Steamboat Institute (which is hosting <a title="" href="https://www.steamboatinstitute.org/event/13th-annual-freedom-conference-and-festival/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Marc Morano and a slate of other rightwing pseudostars at an upcoming festival</u></a></b>).</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Whelan is also upset the White House invited union workers to its pro-union-jobs event, and adds (with a deliberately misleading citation) the claim that “it could take more than 15 years to recoup the upfront extra costs in fuel savings. The average American certainly can’t wait that long to ‘make back’ the additional upfront cost” But the work cited (<a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/electric-vs-gas-it-cheaper-drive-ev" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">an NRDC post</u></a> based on <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/pdfExtended/S2542-4351(20)30231-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">a peer-reviewed study</u></a>) doesn’t even measure how long it would take to recoup the upfront cost of an EV with cheaper charging and a more efficient propulsion system. The study did, however, use 15 years as the unit of measurement for a car’s life. So the calculations show that over an average 15-year lifespan of ownership, it can be almost $15,000 cheaper to go with an electric car.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Over at the<b> Koch-funded Heritage foundation</b>’s media arm, their policy analyst <a title="" href="https://www.dailysignal.com/2021/08/09/what-you-need-to-know-about-bidens-ill-conceived-executive-order-on-electric-vehicles" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Katie Tubb makes a similar claim</u></a> about EVs being for rich people, which we’ve addressed before as part of <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/6/15/1953275/-Big-Oil-s-Latest-Attempt-To-Undercut-Electric-Vehicles-Co-Opts-Issues-Of-Fairness-Justice" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">their propaganda campaigns</u></a>, as well as the <a title="" href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/6/7/2033988/-Will-Energy-Transition-Materials-Be-Big-Oil-s-Newest-Anti-Electric-Vehicle-Buzzword" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">old racist dog whistle about China</u></a>.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Finally, we get to a new name to us, Diana Furchtgott-Roth, who wrote that Biden’s move was “costly and counterproductive” in the <a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">industry-funded</u></a> <b>Manhattan Institute</b>’s City Journal.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">After a column </span><a href="https://www.city-journal.org/fcc-reallocation-of-transportation-safety-band-endangers-american-drivers" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">defending the auto industry from 5G in January</u></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and another in March with the phrase “nothing beats personal vehicles for social distancing.” Furchtgott-Roth makes similar points to the other professional disinformers in her most recent </span><em style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">City Journal</em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> piece, but she also </span><a href="https://www.city-journal.org/biden-electric-vehicle-executive-order-could-prove-counterproductive" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">dds a particularly baffling claim</span></u></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"> that because “the United States has achieved energy security by becoming a net exporter of oil and natural gas,” then “mandating sales of electric vehicles would weaken that security.”</span></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But if exporting oil makes us stronger (by her logic) then <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">wouldn’t having more of it to export because our own cars are using less of it be a good thing, that would make us stronger?</strong></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Why would someone write something so inane and illogical, despite a byline that includes “former deputy assistant secretary for research and technology at the U.S. Department of Transportation” and “adjunct professor of economics at George Washington University?” Those are both legitimate organizations, not industry-funded disinformation operations!</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Well it turns out that the DOT appointment was made by notoriously-bad-hiring-manager Donald Trump, and prior to that, <a href="https://www.ttnews.com/articles/trump-transportation-nominees-finch-fulton-diana-furchtgott-roth-advance-senate-floor" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Furchtgott-Roth was an economist for the American Petroleum Institute</u></a>, <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/12/7/2000410/-RealClearEnergy-s-Posts-Range-From-Why-Electric-Cars-Are-Bad-To-Why-Oil-and-Gas-is-Good" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">proving once again</u></a> that <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/6/24/1955593/-Yet-Another-Attack-On-Electric-Vehicles-From-A-Covert-Fossil-Fuel-Fundee-This-Time-In-FT" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">when someone says something stupid about EVs</u></a>, it’s <a title="" href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/5/16/1764718/-Why-Is-It-Only-Fossil-Fueled-Pundits-Criticize-Electric-Cars" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">probably on purpose</u></a>.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(Originally appeared at <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2021/8/12/2045354/-Biden-s-EV-EO-Triggers-Organized-Denial-s-Anti-EV-Responses" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">DailyKos</a>.)</font></span></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report</font></a></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">IPCC Third Assessment Report</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">TAR</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">),</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Climate Change 2001, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">IPCC</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The IPCC was established in 1988 by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">United Nations Environment Programme</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (UNEP) and the UN's </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">World Meteorological Organization</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (WMO) "... to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The Third Assessment Report is the third of a series of assessments; it has been superseded by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</a> (AR4), released in 2007.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Statements of the IPCC or information from the TAR are often used as a reference showing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">scientific consensus</a> on the subject of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">global warming</a>, <b>although a small minority of scientists take issue with the UN assessments </b>(see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" title="Global warming controversy" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Global warming controversy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of global warming" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Politics of global warming</a>).</font></p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 7px; display: table;"><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Working_groups" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Working groups</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Conclusions" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Conclusions</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Working_Group_I" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Working Group I</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Synthesis_Report" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Synthesis Report</span></font></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Projections" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Projections</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Scientific_opinion" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Scientific opinion</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism</span></font></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#IPCC_process" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">IPCC process</span></font></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Notes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></font></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></font></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Working_groups">Working groups</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The IPCC is organized as three <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">working groups</a> (WG) and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">task force</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19960101/http://www.ipcc.ch/about/about.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">[1]</a>:</font></p><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">WGI: Scientific aspects of climate (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG12001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG1 2001</a>).</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">WGII: Vulnerability, consequences, and options (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG22001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG2 2001</a>).</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">WGIII: Limitation and mitigation options (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG3 2001</a>).</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Task Force: National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">[2]</a></font></li></ul><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">WG I covers the same areas as the Second Assessment Report (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR(IPCC)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR (IPCC)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SAR</a>) of 1995, but WG II & III cover slightly different areas in the TAR.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusions" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Conclusions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Working_Group_I">Working Group I</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The key conclusions of <b>Working Group I</b> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/005.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">The Scientific Basis, Summary for Policymakers</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_AR3_WG12001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC AR3 WG1 2001</a>) were:</font></p><ol style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">An </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system (The global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" title="Instrumental temperature record" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">average surface temperature</a> has increased over the 20th century by about 0.6 °C; Temperatures have risen during the past four decades in the lowest 8 kilometres of the atmosphere; <b>Snow cover and ice extent have decreased)</b></span></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate (Anthropogenic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aerosols</a> (i.e., human emitted aerosols) are short-lived and mostly produce negative radiative forcing; Natural factors have made small contributions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">radiative forcing</a> over the past century)</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(Complex physically based climate models are required to provide detailed estimates of feedbacks and of regional features. Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols. Nevertheless, confidence in the ability of these models to provide useful projections of future climate has improved due to their demonstrated performance on a range of space and time-scales </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm" style="background: url(""); text-decoration-line: none;" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">[3]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.)</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities</b></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century</b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Global average temperature and sea level are projected to rise under all IPCC <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">SRES scenarios</a>.</font></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The TAR estimate for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">climate sensitivity</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The wide range in projections is based upon several different scenarios that assume different levels of future CO<sub style="line-height: 1;">2</sub> emissions </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(see the section below on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#Projections_in_the_TAR" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Projections in the TAR</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">).</span></font></p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Synthesis_Report">Synthesis Report</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The TAR Synthesis Report includes a summary of the TAR's main findings and uncertainties.<sup id="cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup><b> "Robust findings" of the TAR include</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Observed warming of the Earth's surface, attribution of observed warming to human activities, <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_climate_model#Projections_of_future_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">projected increases</a> in future global mean temperature, rising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">sea levels</a>, and increased frequency of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">heat waves</a>.</b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Future warming will have both beneficial and adverse effects, </span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">but for higher levels of warming,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"> adverse effects will predominate.</span></b></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Developing countries and poor persons are most vulnerable to climate change.</font></li></ul><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"Key uncertainties" in the TAR include:</b><sup id="cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup></font></p><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Estimated climate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">forcings</a> of natural climatic factors and anthropogenic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">aerosols</a> (e.g., sulfate, which is produced when sulfur-rich coal is burnt), future changes in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">greenhouse gas</a> (GHG) emissions, and the role of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" title="Climate change feedback" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">climate feedbacks</a>, which may amplify or reduce the magnitude of future climate change;</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Assigning probabilities to projections of changes in sea level and temperature, as well as uncertainties related to regional projections of climate change.</font></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Projections">Projections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Projections are used in the TAR as a guide to the possible future effects of climate change, e.g., changes in global mean temperature and sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup> In the TAR, the word "projection" is favoured over "prediction".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup> This is because many future changes related to climate are highly uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup> For example, climate change projections are affected by highly uncertain changes in future GHG emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The TAR projects impacts according to possible future changes in global mean temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[7]</a></sup> Other projections are based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">scenarios</a> that the IPCC has developed.<sup id="cite_ref-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[3]</a></sup> In 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[8]</a></sup> the IPCC published 40 different scenarios<sup id="cite_ref-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a></sup> (the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">SRES" scenarios</a>) which contain estimates of future changes in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. The SRES scenarios project a wide range of possible changes in future social and economic development,<sup id="cite_ref-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development_9-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a></sup> and projected climate change impacts vary according to the scenario considered.<sup id="cite_ref-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a></sup> The IPCC has not assigned probabilities to the 40 SRES scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3_10-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a></sup> Some authors<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a></sup> have argued that some SRES scenarios are more likely to occur than others.</font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_opinion">Scientific opinion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">scientific opinion on climate change</a></font></div><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The IPCC is backed by the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_society_misleading_arguments_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-royal_society_misleading_arguments-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup> For example, a joint statement of support was issued in May 2001 by the science academies of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Caribbean, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. It states: "We recognise the IPCC as the world's most reliable source of information on climate change and its causes, and we endorse its method of achieving consensus."<sup id="cite_ref-royal_society_misleading_arguments_13-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-royal_society_misleading_arguments-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[13]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2001, the executive branch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US federal government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US federal government</a> asked the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Research Council" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US National Research Council</a> (US NRC, 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[14]</a></sup> to produce an assessment of climate change science. Part of the assessment by US NRC (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup> looks at the report produced by Working Group I (WG I) in the TAR. Working Group I's contribution to the TAR assesses the physical scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change. <b>US NRC (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[15]</a></sup> generally agrees with findings of the WG I report</b>, for example, US NRC (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[16]</a></sup> state that "[the] IPCC’s conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue."</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">US NRC (2001)</span><sup id="cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> emphasise the need for governments to have a good understanding of </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">uncertainties </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">in climate change science.</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The example cited by US NRC (2001)</span><sup id="cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> is the uncertainty over future changes in GHG emissions, which may be less or more than that projected by the TAR. US NRC (2001)</span><sup id="cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-2" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment-17" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[17]</a></sup><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> also state:</span></font></p><blockquote style="overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The most valuable contribution U.S. scientists can make is to continually question basic assumptions and conclusions, promote clear and careful appraisal and presentation of the uncertainties about climate change as well as those areas in which science is leading to robust conclusions, and work toward a significant improvement in the ability to project the future.</font></p></blockquote><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The IPCC's work has been the subject of criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[18]</a></sup> and there are a small number of climate scientists<sup id="cite_ref-king_climate_change_sceptics_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-king_climate_change_sceptics-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[20]</a></sup> who disagree with aspects of the IPCC's work. Perhaps the best known is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindzen" title="Richard Lindzen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Richard Lindzen</b></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-king_climate_change_sceptics_19-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-king_climate_change_sceptics-19" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[19]</a></sup> professor of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">meteorology</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.</font></p><h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 1.6;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="IPCC_process">IPCC process</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h4><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A report by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK Parliament</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Lords</a> Economic Affairs <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Select committees of the Parliament of the United Kingdom" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Select Committee</a> (EAC, 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-eac_ipcc_criticism_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-eac_ipcc_criticism-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup> contains criticisms of the IPCC's work, including the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarios" title="Special Report on Emissions Scenarios" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">SRES</a>" greenhouse gas emissions scenarios,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[22]</a></sup> which are used in the TAR. The Economic Affairs Select Committee is made up of members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">House of Lords</a>, which scrutinizes and votes on government legislation. One of the criticisms made by the EAC (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[23]</a></sup> is an apparent inconsistency between the Working Group II Summary for Policymakers and a statement made in the full WGII report: "The IPCC Summary for policy makers says that economic studies underestimate damage, whereas the chapter says the direction of the bias is not known."</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[24]</a></sup> issued a response to the report by EAC (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-eac_ipcc_criticism_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-eac_ipcc_criticism-21" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[21]</a></sup> The UK Government acknowledged the discrepancy between the WGII SPM and full WGII report which was referred to by the EAC (2005),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[25]</a></sup> but remained generally supportive of the IPCC's procedures. The UK Government rebutted a number of other criticisms of the TAR which were made by the EAC (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[26]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; clear: right; float: right; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px;"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; line-height: 13.09px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><span style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"><img alt="icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" style="border: 0px; 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counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">IPCC website</a>&</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-tar_robust_findings_and_key_uncertainties_2-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Summary for Policymakers", <i>Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/015.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Question 9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Synthesis+Report&rft.pages=Question+9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988">, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-tar_projected_climate_change_impacts_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Summary for Policymakers", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/009.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Question 3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.pages=Question+3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad,Q.K." class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ahmad, Q.K.; et al., "2. Methods and Tools", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/104.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2.6.1. Treatments of Uncertainties in Previous IPCC Assessments</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Methods+and+Tools&rft.pages=2.6.1.+Treatments+of+Uncertainties+in+Previous+IPCC+Assessments&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Q.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG22001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG2 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Annex B. Glossary of Terms", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/204.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Definitions of "climate projection" and "projection"</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+B.+Glossary+of+Terms&rft.pages=Definitions+of+%22climate+projection%22+and+%22projection%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Question 3", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/026.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Box 3-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Question+3&rft.pages=Box+3-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"19. Vulnerability to Climate Change and Reasons for Concern: A Synthesis", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/686.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">19.8.2. What does Each Reason for Concern Indicate?</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+Vulnerability+to+Climate+Change+and+Reasons+for+Concern%3A+A+Synthesis&rft.pages=19.8.2.+What+does+Each+Reason+for+Concern+Indicate%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG22001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG2 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorita,T." class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morita, T.; et al., "2. Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/080.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2.5.1.1 IPCC Emissions Scenarios and the SRES Process</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Mitigation+Scenarios+and+Implications&rft.pages=2.5.1.1+IPCC+Emissions+Scenarios+and+the+SRES+Process&rft.au=Morita%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, p.143 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG3 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development_9-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-SRES_Approach_to_Scenario_Development_9-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorita,T." class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morita, T.; et al., "2. Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/080.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2.5.1.2 SRES Approach to Scenario Development</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Mitigation+Scenarios+and+Implications&rft.pages=2.5.1.2+SRES+Approach+to+Scenario+Development&rft.au=Morita%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, pp.143-144 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG3 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3_10-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-SRES_impacts_figure_SPM-3_10-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Summary for Policymakers", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/009.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Figure SPM-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.pages=Figure+SPM-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDietz,S.2007" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Dietz, S.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.lse.ac.uk/dietzs/Reflections%20on%20the%20Stern%20Review%20(1).pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Reflections on the Stern review (1): a robust case for strong action to reduce the risks of climate change"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Economics</i>. <b>8</b>(1): 164. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-1838" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1468-1838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Economics&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Stern+review+%281%29%3A+a+robust+case+for+strong+action+to+reduce+the+risks+of+climate+change&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1468-1838&rft.au=Dietz%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.lse.ac.uk%2Fdietzs%2FReflections%2520on%2520the%2520Stern%2520Review%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTol,R.S.J.2005" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tol, R.S.J. (15 January 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5020101.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence (Tuesday 1 February 2005)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5020107.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Memorandum by Professor Richard S J Tol, Hamburg, Vrije and Carnegie Mellon Universities</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Affairs+-+Minutes+of+Evidence+%28Tuesday+1+February+2005%29&rft.pages=Memorandum+by+Professor+Richard+S+J+Tol%2C+Hamburg%2C+Vrije+and+Carnegie+Mellon+Universities&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft.au=Tol%2C+R.S.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F5020101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-royal_society_misleading_arguments-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-royal_society_misleading_arguments_13-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-royal_society_misleading_arguments_13-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Society2005" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Royal Society (13 April 2005), "Economic Affairs – Written Evidence", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/12we24.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Letter from The Royal Society: A GUIDE TO FACTS AND FICTIONS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE: Misleading arguments: The IPCC has become too politicised and does not accurately reflect the wide range of views within the scientific community. The IPCC summary for policy-makers does not adequately represent the scientific uncertainty.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Written+Evidence&rft.pages=Letter+from+The+Royal+Society%3A+A+GUIDE+TO+FACTS+AND+FICTIONS+ABOUT+CLIMATE+CHANGE%3A+Misleading+arguments%3A+The+IPCC+has+become+too+politicised+and+does+not+accurately+reflect+the+wide+range+of+views+within+the+scientific+community.+The+IPCC+summary+for+policy-makers+does+not+adequately+represent+the+scientific+uncertainty.&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft.au=Royal+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a>. This document is also available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/Facts-and-fictions-about-climate-change/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">PDF format</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Foreword", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=R7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">p.VII</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.pages=p.VII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUS_NRC2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US NRC 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1_15-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_summary_p1_15-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Summary", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">p.1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary&rft.pages=p.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUS_NRC2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US NRC 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Summary", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">p.3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary&rft.pages=p.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUS_NRC2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US NRC 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-us_nrc_2001_ipcc_assessment_17-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"7 Assessing Progress in Climate Science", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139&page=22" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">pp.22-23</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7+Assessing+Progress+in+Climate+Science&rft.pages=pp.22-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUS_NRC2001" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US NRC 2001</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., see: <cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/1210.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Chapter 7: the IPCC Process"</a>, </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+the+IPCC+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F1210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-king_climate_change_sceptics-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-king_climate_change_sceptics_19-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-king_climate_change_sceptics_19-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing,D.2005" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">King, D. (24 February 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5030101.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence (Tuesday 1 March 2005)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5030102.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Memorandum by Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government: THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCEPTICS</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Affairs+-+Minutes+of+Evidence+%28Tuesday+1+March+2005%29&rft.pages=Memorandum+by+Professor+Sir+David+King%2C+Chief+Scientific+Adviser+to+the+UK+Government%3A+THE+CLIMATE+CHANGE+SCEPTICS&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft.au=King%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F5030101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence", 18 January 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5011803.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Examination of Witnesses: Sir John Houghton's reply to Q45</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Affairs+-+Minutes+of+Evidence&rft.pages=Examination+of+Witnesses%3A+Sir+John+Houghton%27s+reply+to+Q45&rft.date=2005-01-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-eac_ipcc_criticism-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-eac_ipcc_criticism_21-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-eac_ipcc_criticism_21-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/1207.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Ch. 4: Forecasting greenhouse gas emissions and Temperature Change"</a>, </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+4%3A+Forecasting+greenhouse+gas+emissions+and+Temperature+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F1207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/1210.htm#a53" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Ch. 7: the IPCC Process: The policy-makers' summaries, paragraphs 112-114"</a>, </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+7%3A+the+IPCC+Process%3A+The+policy-makers%27+summaries%2C+paragraphs+112-114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F1210.htm%23a53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Economic Affairs Committee 2005</a></span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUK_Government2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK Government 2005</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/7104.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Appendix: Response to paragraphs 111 and 114 of the Report"</a>, </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Response+to+paragraphs+111+and+114+of+the+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F71%2F7104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUK_Government2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK Government 2005</a>, pp. 19–20</span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"></a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g.: <cite class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/7104.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Appendix: Response to paragraph 32 of the Report"</a>, </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Response+to+paragraph+32+of+the+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F71%2F7104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: inherit; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</span>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report#CITEREFUK_Government2005" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">UK Government 2005</a>, pp. 8–9</span></span></font></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report&action=edit§ion=11" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none; white-space: nowrap;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Third Assessment Report consists of the following reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report. On-line text and PDFs are available at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNEP/GRID-Arendal" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP/GRID-Arendal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">GRID-Arendal</a> (a collaborating centre of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</a>). Additional reports and documents can be found at the IPCC's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">documents web page</a>.</font></p><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFEconomic_Affairs_Committee2005" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Economic Affairs Committee (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/1202.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee</i></a>, London, UK: The Stationery Office Ltd., by order of the House of Lords</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Climate+Change%2C+the+Second+Report+of+the+2005%E2%80%932006+session%2C+produced+by+the+UK+Parliament+House+of+Lords+Economics+Affairs+Select+Committee&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office+Ltd.%2C+by+order+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Economic+Affairs+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F1202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988" /></font></li></ul><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG12001" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG1</a> (2001), Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; Johnson, C.A. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120519/https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis</i></a>, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80767-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80767-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-521-80767-0</bdi></a>, archived from <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a></span> on 2019-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+The+Scientific+Basis&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-80767-0&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+WG1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclimatechange2000000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> (pb: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01495-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01495-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-521-01495-6</a>).</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG22001" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG2</a> (2001), McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; White, K. S. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070847/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2Findex.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i></a>, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80768-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80768-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-521-80768-9</bdi></a>, archived from <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climatechange2000000unse_j1j8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat, url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" d="d" d6="d6" lock-gray-alt-2.svg="Lock-gray-alt-2.svg" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a></span> on 2016-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2019-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+II+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-80768-9&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+WG2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclimatechange2000000unse_j1j8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> (pb: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01500-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01500-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-521-01500-6</a>).</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_TAR_WG32001" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR WG3</a> (2001), Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; Pan, J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227094845/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Climate Change 2001: Mitigation</i></a>, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80769-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80769-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-521-80769-7</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a> on 2017-02-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Mitigation&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+III+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-80769-7&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+WG3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fpublications%2Fother%2Fipcc%255Ftar%2F%3Fsrc%3D%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> (pb: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01502-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01502-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-521-01502-2</a>).</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC_TAR_SYR2001" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IPCC TAR SYR</a> (2001), Watson, R. T.; the Core Writing Team (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report</i></a>, Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80770-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80770-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-521-80770-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Synthesis+Report&rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Groups+I%2C+II%2C+and+III+to+the+Third+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-80770-0&rft.au=IPCC+TAR+SYR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fipccreports%2Ftar%2Fvol4%2Fenglish%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> (pb: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01507-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">0-521-01507-3</a>).</span></font></li></ul><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFUK_Government2005" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">UK Government (28 November 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/7102.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>3rd Report of the 2005–2006 session: Government Response to the Economics of Climate Change (the 2nd Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee)</i></a>, London, UK: The Stationery Office Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3rd+Report+of+the+2005%E2%80%932006+session%3A+Government+Response+to+the+Economics+of+Climate+Change+%28the+2nd+Report+of+the+2005%E2%80%932006+session%2C+produced+by+the+UK+Parliament+House+of+Lords+Economics+Affairs+Select+Committee%29&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office+Ltd&rft.date=2005-11-28&rft.au=UK+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F71%2F7102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988">. Also available as a high-resolution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/71.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">PDF.</a></span></font></li></ul><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFUS_NRC2001" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">US NRC (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10139" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. A report produced by the Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (US NRC)</i></a>, Washington, D.C., USA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">National Academy Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Science%3A+An+Analysis+of+Some+Key+Questions.+A+report+produced+by+the+Committee+on+the+Science+of+Climate+Change%2C+US+National+Research+Council+%28US+NRC%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+USA&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2F+National+Academy+Press%5D&rft.date=2001&rft.au=US+NRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Frecord_id%3D10139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIPCC+Third+Assessment+Report" class="Z3988"> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment" style="">External link in <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; 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list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913043522/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" skins.vector.styles="skins.vector.styles" images="images" external-link-ltr-icon.svg="external-link-ltr-icon.svg" b4b84="b4b84" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Climate Change 2001, IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR)</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011201618/http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none; 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background: none;">GreenFacts</a>.</font></li></ul></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: </font><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_assessment_and_attribution" title="Category:Climate change assessment and attribution" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change assessment and attribution</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_reports" title="Category:Environmental reports" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Environmental reports</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Category:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2001_in_the_environment" title="Category:2001 in the environment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2001 in the environment</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div></div></div></div>