Clarke, V

<h2 style="background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Desert_Storm">Desert Storm</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1990, H&K went to work for the government of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kuwait" title="Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kuwait</a>, organizing PR in support of the war with&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Iraq</a>. During the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/The_babies-from-incubators_hoax_and_war_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="The babies-from-incubators hoax and war in the Persian Gulf" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nayirah affair</a>&nbsp;in the first Gulf war,<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke" title="Victoria Clarke" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Victoria Clarke</a>&nbsp;wa<b>s General Manager of Hill & Knowlton's Washington, DC office. (Clarke would later become Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs for the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bush_administration" title="Bush administration" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">George W. Bush administration</a>.)</b></p><div>=</div><div>extensive timeline 911 on:&nbsp;</div><div><a href="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=victoria_clarke_1">http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=victoria_clarke_1</a></div><div>
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</div><div></div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Victoria "Torie" Clarke</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> citing "personal reasons", resigned, effective Friday, June 20, 2003</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs.&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Clarke was nominated by President&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_W.Bush" title="George W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">George W. Bush</a>&nbsp;to be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs on April 5, 2001. She was confirmed by the Senate on May 17, 2001, and sworn in at a ceremony in the Pentagon on May 22, 2001. In the position, Clarke was responsible for U.S. Department of Defense public information, internal information, community relations, information training, and audiovisual matters.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In September 2003 Clarke joined <b>CNN TV network as a political and policy analyst.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E2D61F3AF930A1575AC0A9659C8B63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[5]</a>&nbsp;In December 2003,<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Comcast_Corporation" title="Comcast Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Comcast Corporation</a>&nbsp;announced that it had hired Clarke as their new Senior Advisor for Communications and Government Affairs</b>.&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Since 2007 and into April, 2008, Clarke was an on-air consultant and news analyst for the <b>ABC TV</b> network.&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup></p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#.22Psyops_on_steroids.22_via_military_analysts" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">"Psyops on steroids" via military analysts</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#Affiliations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Affiliations</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#SourceWatch_resources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">SourceWatch resources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">External links</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#Articles_and_other_resources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Articles and other resources</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Psyops_on_steroids.22_via_military_analysts">"Psyops on steroids" via military analysts</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In early 2002, as "detailed planning for a possible&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Iraq</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;invasion" began, then-Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Victoria Clarke launched an effort to recruit "key influentials" to help sell a wary public on the war, reported the&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">New York Times'</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">s David Barstow in April 2008. Clarke and her senior aide,&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger" title="Brent T. Krueger" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Brent T. Krueger</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, eventually signed up more than </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">75 retired military officers</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, who appeared on television and radio news shows as military analysts, and/or penned newspaper op/ed columns. The Pentagon referred to the military analysts as "message force multipliers" or "surrogates," and held weekly meetings with them, which continued at least until the time of the April 2008&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Times</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;report.</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-analyst_3-0" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_note-analyst-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Defense Department also paid for some analysts to travel to Iraq and Guantanamo Bay, encouraging them to counter negative press with Pentagon&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Talking_points" title="Talking points" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">talking points</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Former&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/NBC" title="NBC" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">NBC</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;military analyst&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Kenneth_Allard" title="Kenneth Allard" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Kenneth Allard</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;called the effort "psyops on steroids." Many of the analysts were also</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> lobbyists for defense contractors</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and boasted of their Pentagon access to potential clients. This financial conflict discouraged the analysts from questioning or criticizing the Pentagon's claims.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The Pentagon also tracked what the analysts said, via a six-figure contract with&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Omnitec_Solutions" title="Omnitec Solutions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Omnitec Solutions</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, as&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_V.Cowan" title="William V. Cowan" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">William V. Cowan</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;learned. He was fired from the Pentagon analysts group after saying on&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Fox_News" title="Fox News" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Fox News</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;that the United States was "not on a good glide path right now" in Iraq</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-analyst_3-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_note-analyst-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Clarke was the general manager of the Washington, D.C. office of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hill & Knowlton</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a global public relations and marketing firm. She also previously served as President of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bozell_Eskew_Advertising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozell Eskew Advertising (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Bozell</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Eskew Advertising</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a leading issue advocacy and corporate communications company. From 1993 to 1998, Clarke was Vice President for Public Affairs and Strategic Counsel for the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=National_Cable_Television_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Cable Television Association (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">National Cable Television Association</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1992, Clarke served as Press Secretary for the re-election campaign of President&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" title="George Herbert Walker Bush" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b>George Herbert Walker Bush</b></a>. From 1989 to 1992, she was Assistant U.S. Trade Representative under Ambassador&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Carla Anderson Hills</a>&nbsp;for Public Affairs and Private Sector Liaison. Previously, she served as press secretary to Congressman and then </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Senator&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/John_McCain" title="John McCain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">John McCain</a>. In 1982, Ms. Clarke was a press assistant to then Vice President George Bush. From 1979 to 1982,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Ms. Clarke worked as an editorial assistant, photographer, and graphics editor for the&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Washington Star</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;daily newspaper.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ms. Clarke holds a B.A. degree from </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">George Washington University</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> where she graduated in 1982.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">From&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/asdpa_bio.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">U.S. Defense Department</a>&nbsp;Biography of Victoria Clarke.</p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Affiliations">Affiliations</span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Intern, Spring 2000,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/visitctr/interns/list.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Global Policy Forum</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/visitctr/annreprt/anrp99-4.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[6]</a>; B.A., M.A. candidate, School of International Training</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Carla Anderson Hills</b> alleged to be "Torie" Clarke's "mentor".<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://100777.com/nwo/121.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[7]</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="SourceWatch_resources">SourceWatch resources</span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Donald_H.Rumsfeld" title="Donald H. Rumsfeld" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Donald H. Rumsfeld</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hill & Knowlton</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Pentagon military analyst program" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pentagon military analyst program</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Third_party_technique" title="Third party technique" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Third party technique</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/U.S.Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/William_V.Cowan" title="William V. Cowan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">William V. Cowan</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3><ol class="references" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dod.gov/releases/2003/nr20030616-0102.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[1]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.prwatch.org/node/2341" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[2]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/story?id=4629220&page=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/comments?type=story&id=3306734" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">[4]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-analyst-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">↑&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_ref-analyst_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.0</a></sup>&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke#cite_ref-analyst_3-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4.1</a></sup>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">David Barstow,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Behind Analysts, the Pentagon’s Hidden Hand</a>,&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, April 20, 2008.</span></li></ol><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_and_other_resources">Articles and other resources</span></h3><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/dod_brief01.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">September 11, 2001&nbsp;: Attack on America</a>, DoD News Briefing presented by Victoria Clarke, ASD PA 10:16a.m.; September 12, 2001. The Avalon Project, Yale University.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winningwomen.org/winningwomen/VictoriaClarkeBio.htm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Victoria "Torie" Clarke, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs</a>, "Winning Women."</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A64452-2003Jun16?language=printer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Pentagon Spokeswoman Clarke Resigns</a>," Associated Press, June 16, 2003.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Sep2001/n09062001_200109061.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">DIA Hopes to Grow Anthrax Variant to Test Vaccine</a></li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Categories</a>:&nbsp;<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:People" title="Category:People" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">People</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Public_relations_professionals" title="Category:Public relations professionals" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Public relations professionals</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Politics(U.S.)" title="Category:Politics (U.S.)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Politics (U.S.)</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:War/peace" title="Category:War/peace" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">War/peace</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:War_in_Iraq" title="Category:War in Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">War in Iraq</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Category:Pentagon military analyst program" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pentagon military analyst program</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>=</div><div><div class="timestamp" style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Georgia, serif;">April 20, 2008</div><div class="kicker" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 15px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13.600000381469727px;"><nyt_kicker>MESSAGE MACHINE</nyt_kicker></div><h1 style="font-size: 24px; margin-top: 3px; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><nyt_headline version="1.0" type=" ">Behind TV Analysts, Pentagon’s Hidden Hand</nyt_headline></h1><nyt_byline version="1.0" type=" " style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13.600000381469727px;"><div class="byline" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10pt;">By&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/david_barstow/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More Articles by David Barstow" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">DAVID BARSTOW</a></div></nyt_byline><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13.600000381469727px;"><nyt_text style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13.600000381469727px;"><div id="articleBody"><nyt_correction_top><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the summer of 2005, the Bush administration confronted a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> fresh wave of criticism over&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/guantanamobaynavalbasecuba/index.html?inline=nyt-geo" title="More news and information about Guantánamo." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Guantánamo Bay</a>. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The detention center had just been branded “the gulag of our times” by&nbsp;</span><a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/amnesty_international/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Amnesty International" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Amnesty International</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, there were new allegations of abuse from&nbsp;</span><a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_nations/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about the United Nations." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">United Nations</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;human rights experts and calls were mounting for its closure.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The administration’s communications experts responded swiftly. Early one Friday morning, they </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">put a group of retired military officers on one of the jets normally used by Vice President&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/dick_cheney/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Dick Cheney." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Dick Cheney</a>&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and flew them to Cuba for a carefully orchestrated tour of Guantánamo.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">To the public, these men are members of a familiar fraternity, presented tens of thousands of times on television and radio as “military analysts” whose long service has equipped them to give authoritative and unfettered judgments about the most pressing issues of the post-Sept. 11 world.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Hidden behind that appearance of objectivity, though, is a Pentagon information apparatus that has used those analysts in a campaign to generate favorable news coverage of the administration’s wartime performance, an examination by The New York Times has found.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The effort, which began with the buildup to the&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/iraq/index.html?inline=nyt-geo" title="More news and information about Iraq." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Iraq</a>&nbsp;war and continues to this day, has sought to exploit ideological and military allegiances, and also a powerful financial dynamic</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">: Most of the analysts have ties to military contractors</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> vested in the very war policies they are asked to assess on air.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Those business relationships are hardly ever disclosed to the viewers, and sometimes not even to the networks themselves. But collectively, the men on the plane and several dozen other military analysts represent more than 150 military contractors either as lobbyists, senior executives, board members or consultants. The companies include defense heavyweights, but also scores of smaller companies, all part of a vast assemblage of contractors scrambling for hundreds of billions in military business generated by the administration’s war on terror. It is a furious competition, one in which inside information and easy access to senior officials are highly prized.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Records and interviews show how the Bush administration has used its control over access and information in an effort to transform the analysts into a kind of media Trojan horse — an instrument intended to shape terrorism coverage from inside the major TV and radio networks.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Analysts have been wooed in hundreds of private briefings with senior military leaders, including officials with significant influence over contracting and budget matters, records show. They have been taken on tours of Iraq and given <font color="#ff0000">access to classified intelligence. They have been briefed by officials from the White House, State Department and Justice Department, including Mr. Cheney</font>,&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/alberto_r_gonzales/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Alberto R. Gonzales." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Alberto R. Gonzales</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/stephen_j_hadley/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Stephen J. Hadley." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Stephen J. Hadley</a>.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">In turn, members of this group have echoed administration talking points, sometimes even when they suspected the information was false or inflated. Some analysts acknowledge they suppressed doubts because they feared jeopardizing their access.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">A few expressed regret for participating in what they regarded as an effort to dupe the American public with propaganda dressed as independent military analysis.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“It was them saying, ‘We need to stick our hands up your back and move your mouth for you,’&nbsp;” Robert S. Bevelacqua, a retired Green Beret and former Fox News analyst, said.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kenneth Allard, a former NBC military analyst who has taught information warfare at the National Defense University, said the campaign amounted to a sophisticated information operation. “</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This was a coherent, active policy,” he said.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As conditions in Iraq deteriorated, Mr. Allard recalled, he saw a yawning gap between what analysts were told in private briefings and what subsequent inquiries and books later revealed.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“Night and day,” Mr. Allard said, “I felt we’d been hosed.”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The Pentagon defended its relationship with military analysts, saying they had been given only factual information about the war. “The intent and purpose of this is nothing other than an earnest attempt to inform the American people,” Bryan Whitman, a Pentagon spokesman, said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">It was, Mr. Whitman added, “a bit incredible” to think retired military officers could be “wound up” and turned into “puppets of the Defense Department.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Many analysts strongly denied that they had either been co-opted or had allowed outside business interests to affect their on-air comments, and some have used their platforms to criticize the conduct of the war. Several, like Jeffrey D. McCausland, a CBS military analyst and defense industry lobbyist, said they kept their networks informed of their outside work and recused themselves from coverage that touched on business interests.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“I’m not here representing the administration,” Dr. McCausland said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Some network officials, meanwhile, acknowledged only a limited understanding of their analysts’ interactions with the administration. They said that while they were sensitive to potential conflicts of interest, they did not hold their analysts to the same ethical standards as their news employees regarding outside financial interests. The onus is on their analysts to disclose conflicts, they said. And whatever the contributions of military analysts, they also noted the many network journalists who have covered the war for years in all its complexity.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Five years into the Iraq war, most details of the architecture and execution of the Pentagon’s campaign have never been disclosed. But The Times successfully sued the Defense Department to gain access to 8,000 pages of e-mail messages, transcripts and records describing years of private briefings, trips to Iraq and Guantánamo and an extensive Pentagon talking points operation.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">These records reveal a symbiotic relationship where the usual dividing lines between government and journalism have been obliterated.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Internal Pentagon documents repeatedly refer to the military analysts as “message force multipliers” or “surrogates” who could be counted on to deliver administration “themes and messages” to millions of Americans “in the form of their own opinions.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Though many analysts are paid network consultants, making <font color="#ff0000">$500 to $1,000 per appearance, in Pentagon meetings they sometimes spoke as if they were operating behind enemy lines, interviews and transcripts show. Some offered the Pentagon tips on how to outmaneuver the networks, </font>or as one analyst put it to&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/donald_h_rumsfeld/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Donald H. Rumsfeld." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Donald H. Rumsfeld</a>, then the defense secretary, “the Chris Matthewses and the Wolf Blitzers of the world.” Some warned of planned stories or sent the Pentagon copies of their correspondence with network news executives. Many — although certainly not all — faithfully echoed talking points intended to counter critics.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Good work,” Thomas G. McInerney, a retired Air Force general, consultant and Fox News analyst, wrote to the Pentagon after receiving fresh talking points in late 2006. “We will use it.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Again and again, records show, the administration has enlisted analysts as a rapid reaction force to rebut what it viewed as critical news coverage, some of it by the networks’ own Pentagon correspondents. For example, when news articles revealed that troops in Iraq were dying because of inadequate body armor, a senior Pentagon official wrote to his colleagues: “I think our analysts — properly armed — can push back in that arena.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The documents released by the Pentagon do not show any quid pro quo between commentary and contracts. But some analysts said they had used the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> special access as a marketing and networking opportunity or as a window into future business possibilities.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">John C. Garrett is a retired Marine colonel and unpaid analyst for Fox News TV and radio. He is also a lobbyist at Patton Boggs who helps firms win Pentagon contracts, including in Iraq. In promotional materials, he states that as a military analyst he “is privy to weekly access and briefings with the secretary of defense, chairman of the&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/j/joint_chiefs_of_staff/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Joint Chiefs of Staff" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>&nbsp;and other high level policy makers in the administration.” One client told investors that Mr. Garrett’s special access and decades of experience helped him “to know in advance — and in detail — how best to meet the needs” of the Defense Department and other agencies.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In interviews Mr. Garrett said there was an inevitable overlap between his dual roles. He said he had gotten “information you just otherwise would not get,” from the briefings and three Pentagon-sponsored trips to Iraq. He also acknowledged using this access and information to identify opportunities for clients. “You can’t help but look for that,” he said, adding, “If you know a capability that would fill a niche or need, you try to fill it. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“That’s good for everybody.”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">At the same time, in e-mail messages to the Pentagon, Mr. Garrett displayed an eagerness to be supportive with his television and radio commentary. “Please let me know if you have any specific points you want covered or that you would prefer to downplay,” he wrote in January 2007, before President Bush went on TV to describe the surge strategy in Iraq.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Conversely, the administration has demonstrated that there is a price for sustained criticism, many analysts said. “You’ll lose all access,” Dr. McCausland said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">With a majority of Americans calling the war a mistake despite all administration attempts to sway public opinion, the Pentagon has focused in the last couple of years on cultivating in particular military analysts frequently seen and heard in conservative news outlets, records and interviews show.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Some of these analysts were on the mission to Cuba on June 24, 2005 — the first of<b> six such Guantánamo trips</b> — which was designed to mobilize analysts against the growing perception of Guantánamo as an international symbol of inhumane treatment. On the flight to Cuba, for much of the day at Guantánamo and on the flight home that night, Pentagon officials briefed the 10 or so analysts on their key messages — how much had been spent improving the facility, the abuse endured by guards, the extensive rights afforded detainees.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The results came quickly. The analysts went on TV and radio</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, decrying Amnesty International,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> criticizing calls to close the facility and asserting that all detainees were treated humanely.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“The impressions that you’re getting from the media and from the various pronouncements being made by people who have not been here in my opinion are totally false,” Donald W. Shepperd, a retired Air Force general, reported live on CNN by phone from Guantánamo that same afternoon.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The next morning, Montgomery Meigs, a retired Army general and NBC analyst, appeared on “Today.” “There’s been over $100 million of new construction,” he reported. “The place is very professionally run.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Within days, transcripts of the analysts’ appearances were circulated to senior White House and Pentagon officials, cited as evidence of progress in the battle for hearts and minds at home.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">Charting the Campaign</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">By early 2002, detailed planning for a possible Iraq invasion was under way, yet an obstacle loomed. Many Americans, polls showed, were uneasy about invading a country with no clear connection to the Sept. 11 attacks. Pentagon and White House officials believed the military analysts could play a crucial role in helping overcome this resistance.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><font color="#ff0000">Torie Clarke,</font> the former public relations executive who oversaw the Pentagon’s dealings with the analysts as assistant secretary of defense for public affairs, had come to her job with distinct ideas about achieving what she called <font color="#ff0000">“information dominance.</font>” In a spin-saturated news culture, she argued, opinion is swayed most by voices perceived as authoritative and utterly independent.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">And so even before Sept. 11, she built a system within the Pentagon to recruit <font color="#ff0000">“key influentials”</font> — movers and shakers from all walks who with the proper ministrations might be counted on to generate support for Mr. Rumsfeld’s priorities</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">In the months after Sept. 11, as every network rushed to retain its own all-star squad of retired military officers, Ms. Clarke and her staff sensed a new opportunity. To Ms. Clarke’s team, the military analysts were the ultimate “key influential” — authoritative, most of them decorated war heroes, all reaching mass audiences.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The analysts, they noticed, often got more airtime than network reporters, and they were not merely explaining the capabilities of Apache helicopters. They were framing how viewers ought to interpret events. What is more, while the analysts were in the news media, they were not of the news media. They were military men, many of them ideologically in sync with the administration’s neoconservative brain trust, many of them important players in a military industry anticipating large budget increases to pay for an Iraq war.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Even analysts with no defense industry ties, and no fondness for the administration, were reluctant to be critical of military leaders, many of whom were friends. “</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It is very hard for me to criticize the United States Army,” said William L. Nash, a retired Army general and ABC analyst. “It is my life.”</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other administrations had made sporadic, small-scale attempts to build relationships with the occasional military analyst. But these were trifling compared with what Ms. Clarke’s team had in mind.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Don Meyer,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> an aide to Ms. Clarke, said a strategic decision was made in 2002 to make the analysts the main focus of the public relations push to construct a case for war. Journalists were secondary. “We didn’t want to rely on them to be our primary vehicle to get information out,” Mr. Meyer said.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The Pentagon’s regular press office would be kept separate from the military analysts. The analysts would instead be catered to by a small group of political appointees, with the point person being Brent T. Krueger, another senior aide to Ms. Clarke.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The decision recalled other administration tactics that subverted traditional journalism. Federal agencies, for example, have paid columnists to write favorably about the administration. They have </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">distributed to local TV stations hundreds of fake news segments with fawning accounts of administration accomplishments. The Pentagon itself has made covert payments to Iraqi newspapers to publish coalition propaganda.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Rather than complain about the “media filter,” each of these techniques simply converted the filter into an amplifier. This time, Mr. Krueger said, the military analysts would in effect be “writing the op-ed” for the war.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">Assembling the Team</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">From the start, interviews show, the White House took a keen interest in which analysts had been identified by the Pentagon, requesting lists of potential recruits, and suggesting names.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Ms. Clarke’s team wrote summaries describing their backgrounds, <font color="#ff0000">business affiliations </font>and where they stood on the war.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“Rumsfeld ultimately cleared off on all invitees,”</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> said Mr. Krueger, who left the Pentagon in 2004. (Through a spokesman, Mr. Rumsfeld declined to comment for this article.)</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Over time, the Pentagon recruited more than 75 retired officers, although some participated only briefly or sporadically</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. The <font color="#ff0000">largest contingent was affiliated with Fox News</font>, followed by NBC and CNN, the other networks with 24-hour cable outlets. But analysts from CBS and ABC were included, too.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Some recruits, though not on any network payroll, were influential in other ways — either because they were sought out by radio hosts, or because they often published op-ed articles or were quoted in magazines, Web sites and newspapers. At least nine of them have written op-ed articles for The Times.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The group was heavily represented by men involved in the business of helping companies win military contracts. Several held senior positions with contractors that gave them direct responsibility for winning new Pentagon business. James Marks, a retired Army general and analyst for CNN from 2004 to 2007, pursued military and intelligence contracts as a senior executive with McNeil Technologies. Still others held board positions with military firms that gave them responsibility for government business.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> General McInerney, the Fox analyst, for example, sits on the boards of several military contractors,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> including Nortel Government Solutions, a supplier of communication networks.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Several were defense industry lobbyists, such as Dr. McCausland, who works at Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney, a major lobbying firm </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">where he is director of a national security team that represents several military contractors. “We offer clients access to key decision makers,” Dr. McCausland’s team promised on the firm’s Web site.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr. McCausland was not the only analyst making this pledge. Another was&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/joseph_w_ralston/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Joseph W. Ralston." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Joseph W. Ralston</a>, a retired Air Force general. Soon after signing on with CBS, General Ralston was named vice chairman of the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Cohen Group</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a consulting firm headed by a former defense secretary, William Cohen, himself now a “world affairs” analyst for CNN. “The Cohen Group knows that getting to ‘yes’ in the aerospace and defense market — whether in the United States or abroad — requires that companies have a thorough, up-to-date understanding of the thinking of government decision makers,” the company tells prospective clients on its Web site.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">There were also ideological ties.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Two of NBC’s most prominent analysts,&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/barry_r_mccaffrey/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Barry R. McCaffrey." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Barry R. </a><a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/barry_r_mccaffrey/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Barry R. McCaffrey."><font color="#ff0000">McCaffrey</font></a>&nbsp;and the late Wayne A. Downing, were on the advisory board of the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, an advocacy group created with White House encouragement in 2002 to help make the case for ousting&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/saddam_hussein/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Saddam Hussein." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Saddam Hussein</a>. Both men also had their own consulting firms and sat on the boards of major military contractors.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Many also shared with Mr. Bush’s national security team a belief that pessimistic war coverage broke the nation’s will to win in Vietnam, and there was a mutual resolve not to let that happen with this war.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This was a major theme, for example, with Paul E. Vallely, a Fox News analyst from 2001 to 2007. A retired Army general who had specialized in psychological warfare, Mr. Vallely co-authored a paper in 1980 that accused American news organizations of failing to defend the nation from “enemy” propaganda during Vietnam.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We lost the war — not because we were outfought, but because we were out Psyoped,” he wrote. He urged a radically new approach to psychological operations in future wars — taking aim at not just foreign adversaries but domestic audiences, too. He called his approach “MindWar” — using network TV and radio to “strengthen our national will to victory.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">The Selling of the War</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">From their earliest sessions with the military analysts, Mr. Rumsfeld and his aides spoke as if they were all part of the same team.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In interviews, participants described a powerfully seductive environment — the uniformed escorts to<font color="#ff0000"> Mr. Rumsfeld’s private conference room</font>, the best government china laid out, the embossed name cards, the blizzard of PowerPoints, the solicitations of advice and counsel, the appeals to duty and country, the warm thank you notes from the secretary himself.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Oh, you have no idea,” Mr. Allard said, describing the effect. “You’re back. They listen to you. They listen to what you say on TV.” It was, he said, “psyops on steroids” — a nuanced exercise in influence through flattery and proximity. “It’s not like it’s, ‘We’ll pay you $500 to get our story out,’ ” he said. “It’s more subtle.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The access came with a condition. Participants were instructed not to quote their briefers directly or otherwise describe their contacts with the Pentagon.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the fall and winter leading up to the invasion, the Pentagon armed its analysts with </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">talking points portraying Iraq as an urgent threat. The basic case became a familiar mantra: Iraq possessed chemical and biological weapons, was developing nuclear weapons, and might one day slip some to&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/al_qaeda/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Al Qaeda." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Al Qaeda</a>; an invasion would be a relatively quick and inexpensive “war of liberation.”</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">At the Pentagon, members of Ms. Clarke’s staff marveled at the way the analysts seamlessly incorporated material from talking points and briefings as if it was their own.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“You could see that they were messaging,” Mr. Krueger said. “You could see they were<font color="#ff0000"> taking verbatim what the secretary was saying or what the technical specialists were saying. And they were saying it over and over and over.</font>” Some days, he added, “We were able to click on every single station and every one of our folks were up there delivering our message. You’d look at them and say, ‘This is working.’&nbsp;”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">On April 12, 2003, with major combat almost over, Mr. Rumsfeld drafted a memorandum to Ms. Clarke. “Let’s think about having some of the folks who did such a good job as talking heads in after this thing is over,” he wrote.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">By summer, though, the first signs of the insurgency had emerged. Reports from journalists based in Baghdad were increasingly suffused with the imagery of mayhem.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The Pentagon did not have to search far for a counterweight.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">It was time, an internal Pentagon strategy memorandum urged, t</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">o “re-energize surrogates </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">and message-force multipliers,” starting with the military analysts.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The memorandum led to a proposal to take analysts on a</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> tour of Iraq in September 2003, timed to help overcome the sticker shock from Mr. Bush’s request for $87 billion in emergency war financing.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The group included</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> four analysts from Fox News, one each from CNN and ABC, and several research-group luminaries whose opinion articles appear regularly in the nation’s op-ed pages.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The trip invitation promised a look at “the real situation on the ground in Iraq.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The situation, as described in scores of books,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> was deteriorating.&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/l_paul_iii_bremer/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about L. Paul Bremer III." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">L. Paul Bremer III</a>, then the American viceroy in Iraq, wrote in his memoir, “My Year in Iraq,” that he had privately warned the White House that the United States had “about half the number of soldiers we needed here.”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We’re up against a growing and sophisticated threat,” Mr. Bremer recalled telling the president during a private White House dinner.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">That dinner took place on Sept. 24, while the analysts were touring Iraq.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yet these harsh realities were elided, or flatly contradicted, during the official presentations for the analysts, records show. The itinerary, scripted to the minute, featured brief visits to a model school, a few refurbished government buildings, a center for women’s rights, a mass grave and even the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">gardens of Babylon.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mostly the analysts attended briefings. These sessions, records show, spooled out an alternative narrative, depicting an Iraq bursting with political and economic energy, its security forces blossoming. On the crucial question of troop levels, the briefings echoed the White House line: No reinforcements were needed. The “growing and sophisticated threat” described by Mr. Bremer was instead depicted as degraded, isolated and on the run.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We’re winning,” a briefing document proclaimed.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One trip participant, General Nash of ABC, said some briefings were so clearly “artificial” that he joked to another group member that they were on </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“the George Romney memorial trip to Iraq,” </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">a reference to Mr. Romney’s infamous claim that American officials had “brainwashed” him into supporting the Vietnam War during a tour there in 1965, while he was governor of Michigan.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But if the trip pounded the message of progress, it also </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">represented a business opportunity:</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> direct access to the most senior civilian and military leaders in Iraq and Kuwait, including many with a say in how the president’s $87 billion would be spent. It also was a chance to gather inside information about the most pressing needs confronting the American mission: the acute shortages of “up-armored” Humvees; the billions to be spent building military bases; the urgent need for interpreters; and the ambitious plans to train Iraq’s security forces.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Information and access of this nature had undeniable value for trip participants like William V. Cowan and Carlton A. Sherwood.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Cowan, a Fox analyst and retired Marine colonel, was the chief executive of a new military firm, the wvc3 Group. Mr. Sherwood was its executive vice president. At the time, the company was seeking contracts worth tens of millions to supply body armor and counterintelligence services in Iraq. In addition, wvc3 Group had a written agreement to use its influence and connections to help tribal leaders in Al Anbar Province win reconstruction contracts from the coalition.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Those sheiks wanted access to the C.P.A.,” Mr. Cowan recalled in an interview, referring to the Coalition Provisional Authority.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Cowan said he pleaded their cause during the trip. “I tried to push hard with some of Bremer’s people to engage these people of Al Anbar,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Back in Washington, Pentagon officials kept a nervous eye on how the trip translated on the airwaves. Uncomfortable facts had bubbled up during the trip. One briefer, for example, mentioned that the Army was resorting to packing inadequately armored Humvees with sandbags and Kevlar blankets. Descriptions of the Iraqi security forces were withering. “They can’t shoot, but then again, they don’t,” one officer told them, according to one participant’s notes.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“I saw immediately in 2003 that things were going south,” General Vallely, one of the Fox analysts on the trip, recalled in an interview with The Times.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Pentagon, though, need not have worried.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“You can’t believe the progress,” General Vallely told Alan Colmes of Fox News upon his return. He predicted the insurgency would be “down to a few numbers” within months.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We could not be more excited, more pleased,” Mr. Cowan told Greta Van Susteren of Fox News. There was barely a word about armor shortages or corrupt Iraqi security forces. And on the key strategic question of the moment — whether to send more troops — the analysts were unanimous.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“I am so much against adding more troops,” General Shepperd said on CNN.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">Access and Influence</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Inside the Pentagon and at the White House, the trip was viewed as a masterpiece in the management of perceptions, not least because it gave fuel to complaints that “mainstream” journalists were ignoring the good news in Iraq.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We’re hitting a home run on this trip,” a senior Pentagon official wrote in an e-mail message to&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/richard_b_myers/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Richard B. Myers." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Richard B. Myers</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/peter_pace/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Peter Pace." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Peter Pace</a>, then chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Its success only intensified the Pentagon’s campaign. The pace of briefings accelerated. More trips were organized. Eventually the effort involved officials from Washington to Baghdad to Kabul to Guantánamo and back to Tampa, Fla., the headquarters of United States Central Command.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The scale reflected strong support from the top. When officials in Iraq were slow to organize another trip for analysts, a Pentagon official fired off an e-mail message warning that the trips “have the highest levels of visibility” at the White House and urging them to get moving before Lawrence Di Rita, one of Mr. Rumsfeld’s closest aides, “picks up the phone and starts calling the 4-stars.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Di Rita, no longer at the Defense Department, said in an interview that a “conscious decision” was made to rely on the military analysts to counteract “the increasingly negative view of the war” coming from journalists in Iraq. The analysts, he said, generally had “a more supportive view” of the administration and the war, and the combination of their TV platforms and military cachet made them ideal for rebutting critical coverage of issues like troop morale, treatment of detainees, inadequate equipment or poorly trained Iraqi security forces. “On those issues, they were more likely to be seen as credible spokesmen,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">For analysts with military industry ties, the attention brought access to a widening circle of influential officials beyond the contacts they had accumulated over the course of their careers.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Charles T. Nash, a Fox military analyst and retired Navy captain, is a consultant who helps small companies break into the military market. Suddenly, he had entree to a host of senior military leaders, many of whom he had never met. It was, he said, like being embedded with the Pentagon leadership. “You start to recognize what’s most important to them,” he said, adding, “There’s nothing like seeing stuff firsthand.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Some Pentagon officials said they were well aware that some analysts viewed their special access as a business advantage. “Of course we realized that,” Mr. Krueger said. “We weren’t naïve about that.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">They also understood the financial relationship between the networks and their analysts.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Many analysts were being paid by the “hit,” the number of times they appeared on TV</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The more an analyst could boast of fresh inside information from high-level Pentagon “sources,” the more hits he could expect. The more hits, the greater his potential influence in the military marketplace, where several analysts prominently advertised their network roles.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“They have taken lobbying and the search for contracts to a far higher level,” Mr. Krueger said. “This has been highly honed.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Di Rita, though, said it never occurred to him that analysts might use their access to curry favor. Nor, he said, did the Pentagon try to exploit this dynamic. “That’s not something that ever crossed my mind,” he said. In any event, he argued, the analysts and the networks were the ones responsible for any ethical complications. “We assume they know where the lines are,” he said.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The analysts met personally with Mr. Rumsfeld at least 18 times</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, records show, but that was just the beginning. They had dozens more sessions with the most senior members of his brain trust and access to officials responsible for managing the billions being spent in Iraq. Other groups of “key influentials” had meetings, but not nearly as often as the analysts.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">An internal memorandum in 2005 helped explain why. The memorandum, written by a Pentagon official who had accompanied analysts to Iraq, said that based on her observations during the trip, th</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">e analysts “are having a greater impact” on network coverage of the military. “They have now become the go-to guys not only on breaking stories, but they influence the views on issues,” she wrote.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Other branches of the administration also began to make use of the analysts. Mr. Gonzales, then the attorney general, met with them soon after news leaked that the government was wiretapping terrorism suspects in the United States without warrants, Pentagon records show. When&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/david_h_petraeus/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about David H. Petraeus." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">David H. Petraeus</a>&nbsp;was appointed the commanding general in Iraq in January 2007, one of his early acts was to meet with the analysts.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We knew we had extraordinary access,” said Timur J. Eads, a retired Army lieutenant colonel and Fox analyst who is vice president of government relations for Blackbird Technologies, a fast-growing military contractor.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Like several other analysts, Mr. Eads said he had at times held his tongue on television for fear that “some four-star could call up and say, ‘Kill that contract.’&nbsp;” For example, he believed Pentagon officials misled the analysts about the progress of Iraq’s security forces. “I know a snow job when I see one,” he said. He did not share this on TV.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Human nature,” he explained, though he noted other instances when he was critical.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Some analysts said that even before the war started, they privately had questions about the justification for the invasion, but were careful not to express them on air.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Bevelacqua, then a Fox analyst, was among those invited to a briefing in early 2003 about Iraq’s purported stockpiles of illicit weapons. He recalled asking the briefer whether the United States had “smoking gun” proof.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“&nbsp;‘We don’t have any hard evidence,’&nbsp;” Mr. Bevelacqua recalled the briefer replying. He said he and other analysts were alarmed by this concession. “We are looking at ourselves saying, ‘What are we doing?’&nbsp;”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Another analyst, Robert L. Maginnis, a retired Army lieutenant colonel who works in the Pentagon for a military contractor, attended the same briefing and recalled feeling “very disappointed” after being shown satellite photographs purporting to show bunkers associated with a hidden weapons program. Mr. Maginnis said he concluded that the analysts were being “manipulated” to convey a false sense of certainty about the evidence of the weapons. Yet he and Mr. Bevelacqua and the other analysts who attended the briefing did not share any misgivings with the American public.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Bevelacqua and another Fox analyst, Mr. Cowan, had formed the wvc3 Group, and hoped to win military and national security contracts.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“There’s no way I was going to go down that road and get completely torn apart,” Mr. Bevelacqua said. “You’re talking about fighting a huge machine.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Some e-mail messages between the Pentagon and the analysts reveal an implicit trade of privileged access for favorable coverage. Robert H. Scales Jr., a retired Army general and </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">analyst for Fox News and&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/national_public_radio/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about National Public Radio" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">National Public Radio</a>&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">whose consulting company advises several military firms on weapons and tactics used in Iraq, wanted the Pentagon to approve high-level briefings for him inside Iraq in 2006.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Recall the stuff I did after my last visit,” he wrote. “I will do the same this time.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">Pentagon Keeps Tabs</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">As it happened, the analysts’ news media appearances were being closely monitored. The Pentagon paid a private contractor, Omnitec Solutions, hundreds of thousands of dollars to scour databases for any trace of the analysts, be it a segment on “The O’Reilly Factor” or an interview with The Daily Inter Lake in Montana, circulation 20,000.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Omnitec evaluated their appearances using the same tools as corporate branding experts. One report, assessing the impact of several trips to Iraq in 2005, offered example after example of analysts echoing Pentagon themes on all the networks</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Commentary from all three Iraq trips was extremely positive over all,” the report concluded.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">In interviews, several analysts reacted with dismay when told they were described as reliable “surrogates” in Pentagon documents. And some asserted that their Pentagon sessions were, as David L. Grange, a retired Army general and CNN analyst put it, “just upfront information,” while others pointed out, accurately, that they did not always agree with the administration or each other. “None of us drink the Kool-Aid,” General Scales said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Likewise, several also denied using their special access for business gain. “Not related at all,” General Shepperd said, pointing out that many in the Pentagon held CNN “in the lowest esteem.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Still, even the mildest of criticism could draw a challenge. Several analysts told of fielding telephone calls from displeased defense officials only minutes after being on the air.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">On Aug. 3, 2005, 14 marines died in Iraq. That day, Mr. Cowan, who said he had grown increasingly uncomfortable with the “twisted version of reality” being pushed on analysts in briefings, called the Pentagon to give “a heads-up” that some of his comments on Fox “may not all be friendly,” Pentagon records show. Mr. Rumsfeld’s senior aides quickly arranged a private briefing for him, yet when he told&nbsp;<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/bill_oreilly/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Bill O'Reilly." style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);">Bill O’Reilly</a>&nbsp;that the United States was “not on a good glide path right now” in Iraq, the repercussions were swift.</span></p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Mr. Cowan said he was “precipitously fired from the analysts group” for this appearance. The Pentagon, he wrote in an e-mail message, “simply didn’t like the fact that I wasn’t carrying their water.” The next day James T. Conway, then director of operations for the Joint Chiefs, presided over another conference call with analysts. He urged them, a transcript shows, not to let the marines’ deaths further erode support for the war.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“The strategic target remains our population,” General Conway said. “We can lose people day in and day out, but they’re never going to beat our military. What they can and will do if they can is strip away our support. And you guys can help us not let that happen.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“General, I just made that point on the air,” an analyst replied.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Let’s work it together, guys,” General Conway urged.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold"><b>The Generals’ Revolt</b></span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The full dimensions of this mutual embrace were perhaps never clearer than in April 2006, after several of Mr. Rumsfeld’s former generals — none of them network military analysts — went public with devastating critiques of his wartime performance. Some called for his resignation.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">On Friday, April 14, with what came to be called the “Generals’ Revolt” dominating headlines, Mr. Rumsfeld instructed aides to summon military analysts to a meeting with him early the next week, records show. When an aide urged a short delay to “give our big guys on the West Coast a little more time to buy a ticket and get here,” Mr. Rumsfeld’s office insisted that “the boss” wanted the meeting fast “for impact on the current story.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">That same day, Pentagon officials helped two Fox analysts, General McInerney and General Vallely, write an opinion article for The Wall Street Journal defending Mr. Rumsfeld.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Starting to write it now,” General Vallely wrote to the Pentagon that afternoon. “Any input for the article,” he added a little later, “will be much appreciated.” Mr. Rumsfeld’s office quickly forwarded talking points and statistics to rebut the notion of a spreading revolt.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Vallely is going to use the numbers,” a Pentagon official reported that afternoon.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The standard secrecy notwithstanding, plans for this session leaked, producing a front-page story in The Times that Sunday. In damage-control mode, Pentagon officials scrambled to present the meeting as routine and directed that communications with analysts be kept “very formal,” records show. “This is very, very sensitive now,” a Pentagon official warned subordinates.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">On Tuesday, April 18, some 17 analysts assembled at the Pentagon with Mr. Rumsfeld and General Pace, then the chairman of the Joint Chiefs.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A transcript of that session, never before disclosed, shows a </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">shared determination to marginalize war critics and revive public support for the war.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“I’m an old intel guy,” said one analyst. (The transcript omits speakers’ names.) “And I can sum all of this up, unfortunately, with one word. That is Psyops. Now most people may hear that and they think, ‘Oh my God, they’re trying to brainwash.’&nbsp;”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“What are you, some kind of a nut?” Mr. Rumsfeld cut in, drawing laughter. “You don’t believe in the Constitution?”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">There was little discussion about the actual criticism pouring forth from Mr. Rumsfeld’s former generals. Analysts argued that opposition to the war was rooted in perceptions fed by the news media, not reality</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. The administration’s overall war strategy, they counseled, was “brilliant” and “very successful.”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Frankly,” one participant said, “from a military point of view, the penalty, 2,400 brave Americans whom we lost, 3,000 in an hour and 15 minutes, is relative.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">An analyst said at another point: “This is a wider war. And whether we have democracy in Iraq or not, it doesn’t mean a tinker’s damn if we end up with the result we want, which is a regime over there that’s not a threat to us.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Yeah,” Mr. Rumsfeld said, taking notes.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">But winning or not, they bluntly warned, the administration was in grave political danger so long as most Americans viewed Iraq as a lost cause. “America hates a loser,” one analyst said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Much of the session was devoted to ways that Mr. Rumsfeld could reverse the “political tide.” One analyst urged Mr. Rumsfeld to “just crush these people,” and assured him that “most of the gentlemen at the table” would enthusiastically support him if he did.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“You are the leader,” the analyst told Mr. Rumsfeld. “You are our guy.”</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">At another point, an analyst made a suggestion: “In one of your speeches you ought to say, ‘Everybody stop for a minute and imagine an Iraq ruled by Zarqawi.’ And then you just go down the list and say, ‘All right, we’ve got</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> oil, money, sovereignty, access to the geographic center of gravity of the Middle East, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">blah, blah, blah.’ If you can just paint a mental picture for Joe America to say, ‘Oh my God, I can’t imagine a world like that.’&nbsp;”</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Even as they assured Mr. Rumsfeld that they stood ready to help in this public relations offensive, the analysts sought guidance on what they should cite as the next “milestone” that would, as one analyst put it, “keep the American people focused on the idea that we’re moving forward to a positive end.” They placed particular emphasis on the growing confrontation with Iran.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“When you said ‘long war,’ you changed the psyche of the American people to expect this to be a generational event,” an analyst said. “And again, I’m not trying to tell you how to do your job...”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Get in line,” Mr. Rumsfeld interjected.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">The meeting ended and Mr. Rumsfeld, appearing pleased and relaxed, took the entire group into a small study and showed off treasured keepsakes from his life, several analysts recalled.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Soon after, analysts hit the airwaves. The Omnitec monitoring reports, circulated to more than 80 officials, confirmed that analysts repeated many of the Pentagon’s talking points: that Mr. Rumsfeld consulted “frequently and sufficiently” with his generals; that he was not “overly concerned” with the criticisms; that the meeting focused “on more important topics at hand,” including the next milestone in Iraq, the formation of a new government.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Days later, Mr. Rumsfeld wrote a memorandum distilling their collective guidance into bullet points. Two were underlined:</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Focus on the Global War on Terror — not simply Iraq. The wider war — the long war.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Link Iraq to Iran. Iran is the concern. If we fail in Iraq or Afghanistan, it will help Iran.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">But if Mr. Rumsfeld found the session instructive, at least one participant, General Nash, the ABC analyst, was repulsed.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“I walked away from that session having total disrespect for my fellow commentators, with perhaps one or two exceptions,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="bold">View From the Networks</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Two weeks ago General Petraeus took time out from testifying before Congress about Iraq for a conference call with military analysts.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Garrett, the Fox analyst and Patton Boggs lobbyist, said he told General Petraeus during the call to “keep up the great work.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“Hey,” Mr. Garrett said in an interview, “anything we can do to help.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">For the moment, though, because of heavy election coverage and general war fatigue, military analysts are not getting nearly as much TV time, and the networks have trimmed their rosters of analysts. The conference call with General Petraeus, for example, produced little in the way of immediate coverage.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Still, almost weekly the Pentagon continues to conduct briefings with selected military analysts. Many analysts said network officials were only dimly aware of these interactions. The networks, they said, have little grasp of how often they meet with senior officials, or what is discussed.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“I don’t think NBC was even aware we were participating,” said Rick Francona, a longtime military analyst for the network.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Some networks publish biographies on their Web sites that describe their analysts’ military backgrounds and, in some cases, give at least limited information about their business ties. But many analysts also said the networks asked few questions about their outside business interests, the nature of their work or the potential for that work to create conflicts of interest. “None of that ever happened,” said Mr. Allard, an NBC analyst until 2006.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“The worst conflict of interest was no interest.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Mr. Allard and other analysts said their network handlers also raised no objections when the Defense Department began paying their commercial airfare for Pentagon-sponsored trips to Iraq — a clear ethical violation for most news organizations.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">CBS News declined to comment on what it knew about its military analysts’ business affiliations or what steps it took to guard against potential conflicts.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">NBC News also declined to discuss its procedures for hiring and monitoring military analysts. The network issued a short statement: “We have clear policies in place to assure that the people who appear on our air have been appropriately vetted and that nothing in their profile would lead to even a perception of a conflict of interest.”</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Jeffrey W. Schneider, a spokesman for ABC, said that while the network’s military consultants were not held to the same ethical rules as its full-time journalists, they were expected to keep the network informed about any outside business entanglements. “We make it clear to them we expect them to keep us closely apprised,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">A spokeswoman for Fox News said executives “refused to participate” in this article.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">CNN requires its military analysts to disclose in writing all outside sources of income. But like the other networks, it does not provide its military analysts with the kind of written, specific ethical guidelines it gives its full-time employees for avoiding real or apparent conflicts of interest.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">Yet even where controls exist, they have sometimes proven porous.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">CNN, for example, said it was unaware for nearly three years that one of its main military analysts, General Marks, was deeply involved in the business of seeking government contracts, including contracts related to Iraq.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">General Marks was hired by CNN in 2004, about the time he took a management position at McNeil Technologies, where his job was to pursue military and intelligence contracts. As required, General Marks disclosed that he received income from McNeil Technologies. But the disclosure form did not require him to describe what his job entailed, and CNN acknowledges it failed to do additional vetting.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We did not ask Mr. Marks the follow-up questions we should have,” CNN said in a written statement.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">In an interview, General Marks said it was no secret at CNN that his job at McNeil Technologies was about winning contracts. “I mean, that’s what McNeil does,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">CNN, however, said it did not know the nature of McNeil’s military business or what General Marks did for the company. If he was bidding on Pentagon contracts, CNN said, that should have disqualified him from being a military analyst for the network. But in the summer and fall of 2006, even as he was regularly asked to comment on conditions in Iraq, General Marks was working intensively on bidding for a $4.6 billion contract to provide thousands of translators to United States forces in Iraq. In fact, General Marks was made president of the McNeil spin-off that won the huge contract in December 2006.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">General Marks said his work on the contract did not affect his commentary on CNN. “I’ve got zero challenge separating myself from a business interest,” he said.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">But CNN said it had no idea about his role in the contract until July 2007, when it reviewed his most recent disclosure form, submitted months earlier, and finally made inquiries about his new job.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">“We saw the extent of his dealings and determined at that time we should end our relationship with him,” CNN said.</p><nyt_correction_bottom style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="correctionNote"><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="date">Correction: April 22, 2008</span>&nbsp;
An article on Sunday about the Pentagon’s relationship with news media military analysts misidentified the military affiliation of one analyst, John C. Garrett. He retired as a colonel from the Marines, not the Army.</p></div><div class="correctionNote"><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;">This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><span class="date">Correction: April 24, 2008</span>&nbsp;
The continuation of an article on Sunday about a Pentagon effort to use military analysts to generate favorable news coverage carried 10 paragraphs that were partly obscured in some editions by a chart.</p><p style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24px;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/us/20generals.html?r=0&pagewanted=print">http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/us/20generals.html?r=0&pagewanted=print</a></p></div></nyt_correction_bottom></nyt_correction_top></div></nyt_text></span></div><div>=</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Brent T. Krueger</b>&nbsp;the director for community relations and public liaison in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs between at least 2003 and 2004. The then-Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Victoria_Clarke" title="Victoria Clarke" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Victoria Clarke</a>. Krueger explained to the American Forces Press Service that he coordinated public outreach for the secretary and the deputy defense secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-analyst_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-analyst-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In March 2003 the&nbsp;<i>American Forces Press Service</i>&nbsp;reported that, according to Krueger, "the Defense Department is committed to keeping the American people informed and involved in the global war against terrorism". "To that end, he said, the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/DefendAmerica" title="DefendAmerica" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">DefendAmerica</a>&nbsp;outreach program was created immediately following the Sept. 11, 2001, attack on America to provide speakers for community groups and organizations holding public events on national defense. Speakers talk about the continuing war against terrorism," it reported.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup></p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#The_Analyst.27s_Machine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">The Analyst's Machine</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#SourceWatch_resources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">SourceWatch resources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">External links</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#Sources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#Articles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Analyst.27s_Machine">The Analyst's Machine</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In April 2008, a feature in the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>&nbsp;by David Barstow referred to Krueger as the "point person" in a program to recruit "key influentials" from amongst military analysts to help sell a wary public on "a possible&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Iraq</a>&nbsp;invasion." Krueger explained that the team of analysts touted the media outlets would be "writing the op-ed" for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-analyst_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-analyst-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Krueger explained to Barstow that providing the selected analysts with&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Talking_points" title="Talking points" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">talking points</a>&nbsp;and briefing material was effective in projecting the administration's pro-war message."You could see that they were messaging ... You could see they were taking verbatim what the secretary was saying or what the technical specialists were saying. And they were saying it over and over and over".<sup id="cite_ref-analyst_1-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-analyst-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Krueger explained that on some days "we were able to click on every single station and every one of our folks were up there delivering our message. You'd look at them and say, 'This is working.'"<sup id="cite_ref-analyst_1-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_note-analyst-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Krueger also acknowledged that the selected analysts could use their insider access to help attract clients for other consulting work. "Of course we realized that ... We weren’t naïve about that," Krueger said. ”</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
</p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="SourceWatch_resources">SourceWatch resources</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Pentagon military analyst program" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pentagon military analyst program</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h3><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Gerry J. Gilmore,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29508" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"DoD Program Educates Civilian Leaders About the Military"</a>, American Forces Press Service, January 30, 2003.</span></li><li id="cite_note-analyst-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">↑&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-analyst_1-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2.0</a></sup>&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-analyst_1-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2.1</a></sup>&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-analyst_1-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2.2</a></sup>&nbsp;<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-analyst_1-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2.3</a></sup>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">David Barstow, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Behind Analysts, the Pentagon’s Hidden Hand</a>,"&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, April 20, 2008.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brent_T.Krueger#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29235" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"DefendAmerica Speakers Keep the Public Informed"</a>, American Forces Press Service, March 24, 2003.</span></li></ol><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span></h3><table style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px; margin: 0.5em 0.57em 0.5em 0.7em; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 205); border: 1px solid rgb(218, 210, 109); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 860.7999877929688px; padding: 0.25em;"><b>This article is a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/SourceWatch:Find_or_fix_a_stub" title="SourceWatch:Find or fix a stub" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">stub</a>.&nbsp;<i>You</i>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/SourceWatch:Find_or_fix_a_stub" title="SourceWatch:Find or fix a stub" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a></b>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Brent_T.Krueger&action=edit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">expanding it</a>.</td><td>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Categories</a>:&nbsp;<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Category:Pentagon military analyst program" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pentagon military analyst program</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Stubs" title="Category:Stubs" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Stubs</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>=</div><div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Citizens for a Free Kuwait</b>&nbsp;(CFK) was a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_group" title="Front group" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">front group</a>&nbsp;established by the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hill & Knowlton</a>&nbsp;PR firm to promote the 1991 U.S. war in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" class="extiw" title="w:Persian Gulf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Persian Gulf</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="extiw" title="w:Operation Desert Storm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Operation Desert Storm</a>).</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#History" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#Packaging_the_Emir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Packaging the Emir</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#Suffer_the_Little_Children" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Suffer the Little Children</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#Articles_and_resources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Articles and resources</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#Other_Related_SourceWatch_Resources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Other Related SourceWatch Resources</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">References</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#External_Articles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">External Articles</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops led by dictator&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Saddam Hussein</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;invaded the oil-producing nation of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="w:Kuwait" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none;">Kuwait</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Like&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" class="extiw" title="w:Manuel Noriega" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none;">Manuel Noriega</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama" class="extiw" title="w:Panama" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none;">Panama</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Hussein had been a US ally for nearly a decade. From 1980 to 1988, he had killed approximately 150,000 Iranians, in addition to at least 13,000 of his own citizens. Despite complaints from international human rights group, however, the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Reagan</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_H.W.Bush" title="George H.W. Bush" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Bush</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;administrations had treated Hussein as a valuable ally in the US confrontation with&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Iran" title="Iran" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Iran</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. As late as July 25 - a week before the invasion of Kuwait - US Ambassador&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/April_Glaspie" title="April Glaspie" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">April </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Glaspie</span></a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;commiserated with Hussein over a "cheap and unjust" profile by ABC's&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Diane Sawyer</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, and wished for an "appearance in the media, even for five minutes," by Hussein that "would help explain Iraq to the American people."</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Viewed in strictly moral terms, Kuwait hardly looked like the sort of country that deserved defending, even from a monster like Hussein. The tiny but super-rich state had been an independent nation for just a quarter century when in 1986 the ruling al-Sabah family tightened its dictatorial grip over the "black gold" fiefdom by disbanding the token National Assembly and firmly establishing all power in the be-jeweled hands of the ruling Emir. Then, as now, Kuwait's ruling oligarchy brutally suppressed the country's small democracy movement, intimidated and censored journalists, and hired desperate foreigners to supply most of the nation's physical labor under conditions of indentured servitude and near-slavery. The wealthy young men of Kuwait's ruling class were known as spoiled party boys in university cities and national capitals from Cairo to Washington.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Waging a war to push Iraq's invading army from Kuwait would cost billions of dollars and require an unprecedented, massive US military mobilization. The American public was notoriously reluctant to send its young into foreign battles on behalf of any cause. To sell war in the Middle East, Bush needed to convince Americans that former ally Saddam Hussein now embodied evil, and that the oil fiefdom of Kuwait was a struggling young democracy.</p><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Packaging_the_Emir">Packaging the Emir</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">US Congressman Jimmy Hayes of Louisiana - a conservative Democrat who supported the Gulf War - later estimated that the government of </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kuwait funded as many as 20 PR, law and lobby firms in its campaign to mobilize US opinion and force against Hussein.72 Participating firms included the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Rendon_Group" title="Rendon Group" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Rendon Group</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which received a retainer of $100,000 per month for media work, and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Neill%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neill & Co. (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Neill & Co.</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, which received $50,000 per month for lobbying Congress.&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sam_Zakhem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Zakhem (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Sam Zakhem</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, a former US ambassador to the oil-rich gulf state of Bahrain, funneled $7.7 million in advertising and lobbying dollars through two front groups, the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coalition_for_Americans_at_Risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coalition for Americans at Risk (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Coalition for Americans at Risk</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Freedom_Task_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Task Force (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Freedom Task Force</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The Coalition, which began in the 1980s as a front for the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> contras </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">in&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Nicaragua</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, prepared and placed TV and newspaper ads, and kept a stable of fifty speakers available for pro-war rallies and publicity events.</span></b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hill & Knowlton</a>, then the world's largest PR firm, served as mastermind for the Kuwaiti campaign. Its activities alone would have constituted the largest foreign-funded campaign ever aimed at manipulating American public opinion. By law, the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Foreign Agents Registration Act</a>&nbsp;should have exposed this propaganda campaign to the American people, but the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Justice_Department" title="Justice Department" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Justice Department</a>&nbsp;chose not to enforce it. Nine days after Saddam's army marched into Kuwait, the Emir's government agreed to fund a contract under which Hill & Knowlton would represent Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a classic PR&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">front group</a>&nbsp;designed to hide the real role of the Kuwaiti government and its collusion with the Bush administration. Over the next six months, the Kuwaiti government channeled $11.9 million dollars to Citizens for a Free Kuwait, whose only other funding totalled $17,861 from 78 individuals. Virtually all of CFK's budget - $10.8 million - went to Hill & Knowlton in the form of fees.</b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The man running Hill & Knowlton's Washington office was</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Craig_L.Fuller" title="Craig L. Fuller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Craig L. Fuller</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, one of Bush's closest friends and inside political advisors. The news media never bothered to examine Fuller's role until after the war had ended, but if America's editors had read the PR trade press, they might have noticed this announcement, published in&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=O%27Dwyer%27s_PR_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Dwyer's PR Services (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">O'Dwyer's PR Services</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;before the fighting began: "Craig L. Fuller, chief of staff to Bush when he was vice-president, has been on the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Kuwaiti account at Hill & Knowlton since the first day</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Robert_Dilenschneider" title="Robert Dilenschneider" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">(Robert) Dilenschneider</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;at one point made a trip to Saudi Arabia, observing the production of some 20 videotapes, among other chores. The&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wirthlin_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wirthlin Group (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Wirthlin Group</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, research arm of H&K, was the pollster for the Reagan Administration. ... Wirthlin has reported receiving $1.1 million in fees for research assignments for the Kuwaitis.&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Robert_K.Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Gray (page does not exist)" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Robert K. Gray</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Chairman of H&K/USA based in Washington, DC had leading roles in both Reagan campaigns. He has been involved in foreign nation accounts for many years. . . .&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Lauri_J.Fitz-Pegado" title="Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, account supervisor on the Kuwait account, is a former Foreign Service Officer at the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/US_Information_Agency" title="US Information Agency" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">US Information Agency</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;who joined Gray when he set up his firm in 1982."</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In addition to Republican notables like Gray and Fuller, Hill & Knowlton maintained a well-connected stable of in-house Democrats who helped develop the bipartisan support needed to support the war. Lauri Fitz-Pegado, who headed the Kuwait campaign, had previously worked with super-lobbyist&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ron_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron Brown (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Ron Brown</a>&nbsp;representing Haiti's Duvalier dictatorship. Hill & Knowlton senior vice-president&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thomas_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ross (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Thomas Ross</a>&nbsp;had been Pentagon spokesman during the Carter Administration. To manage the news media, H&K relied on vice-chairman</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Frank_Mankiewicz" title="Frank Mankiewicz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Frank Mankiewicz</a>,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> whose background included service as press secretary and advisor to&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F.Kennedy" class="extiw" title="w:Robert F. Kennedy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none;">Robert F. Kennedy</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern" class="extiw" title="w:George McGovern" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none;">George McGovern</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, followed by a stint as president of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/National_Public_Radio" title="National Public Radio" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">National Public Radio</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Under his direction, Hill & Knowlton arranged hundreds of meetings, briefings, calls and mailings directed toward the editors of daily newspapers and other media outlets.</span></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jack_O%27Dwyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack O'Dwyer (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Jack O'Dwyer</a>&nbsp;had reported on the PR business for more than twenty years, but he was awed by the rapid and expansive work of H&K on behalf of Citizens for a Free Kuwait: "Hill & Knowlton . . . has assumed a<b> role in world affairs unprecedented for a PR firm. H&K has employed a stunning variety of opinion-forming devices and techniques to help keep US opinion on the side of the Kuwaitis. . . . The techniques range from full-scale press conferences showing torture and other abuses by the Iraqis to the distribution of tens of thousands of 'Free Kuwait' T-shirts and bumper stickers at college campuses across the US."</b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Documents filed with the US Department of Justice showed that 119 H&K executives in 12 offices across the US were overseeing the Kuwait account. "The firm's activities, as listed in its report to the Justice Department, included arranging media interviews for visiting Kuwaitis, setting up observances such as National Free Kuwait Day, National Prayer Day (for Kuwait), and National Student Information Day, organizing public rallies, releasing hostage letters to the media, distributing news releases and information kits, contacting politicians at all levels, and producing a nightly radio show in Arabic from Saudi Arabia," wrote Arthur Rowse in</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Progressive</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;after the war. Citizens for a Free Kuwait also capitalized on the publication of a quickie</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> 154-page book</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> about Iraqi atrocities titled&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Rape of Kuwait</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, copies of which were stuffed into media kits and then featured on TV talk shows and the&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wall Street Journal</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. The Kuwaiti embassy also bought 200,000 copies of the book for distribution to American troops.</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hill & Knowlton produced dozens of&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Video_news_release" title="Video news release" class="mw-redirect" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">video news releases</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;at a cost of well over half a million dollars, but it was money well spent, resulting in tens of millions of dollars worth of "free" air time. The </span><font color="#ff0000" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">VNRs</font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> were shown by eager TV news directors around the world who rarely (if ever) identified Kuwait's PR firm as the source of the footage and stories. TV stations and networks simply fed the carefully-crafted propaganda to unwitting viewers, who assumed they were watching "real" journalism. After the war Arthur Rowse asked Hill & Knowlton to show him some of the VNRs, but the PR company refused. Obviously the phony TV news reports had served their purpose, and it would do H&K no good to help a reporter reveal the extent of the deception. In Unreliable Sources, authors Martin Lee and Norman Solomon noted that "when a research team from the communications department of the University of Massachusetts surveyed public opinion and correlated it with knowledge of basic facts about US policy in the region, they drew some sobering conclusions: </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The more television people watched, the fewer facts they knew; and the less people knew in terms of basic facts, the more likely they were to back the Bush administration."</span></b></p></div></div><blockquote style="margin: 0 0 0 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;"><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;" /><ol><li><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Throughout the campaign, the&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Wirthlin_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wirthlin Group (page does not exist)" style="line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Wirthlin Group</a><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;conducted </span><b style="line-height: 1.5em;">daily opinion polls</b><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> to help Hill & Knowlton take the emotional pulse of key constituencies so it could identify the themes and slogans that would be most effective in promoting support for US military action. After the war ended, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation produced an Emmy award-winning TV documentary on the PR campaign titled "To Sell a War." The show featured an interview with Wirthlin executive&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Dee_Alsop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dee Alsop (page does not exist)" style="line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none;">Dee Alsop</a><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;in which Alsop bragged of his work and demonstrated how audience surveys were even used to </span><b style="line-height: 1.5em;">physically adapt the clothing and hairstyle of the Kuwait ambassador so he would seem more likeable to TV audiences.</b><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> Wirthlin's job, Alsop explained, was "to identify the messages that really resonate emotionally with the American people." The theme that struck the deepest emotional chord, they discovered, was "the fact that Saddam Hussein was a madman who had committed atrocities even against his own people, and had tremendous power to do further damage, and he needed to be stopped."</span></li></ol></div></blockquote><div><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Suffer_the_Little_Children">Suffer the Little Children</span></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Every big media event needs what journalists and flacks alike refer to as<b> "the hook."</b> An ideal hook becomes the central element of a story that makes it newsworthy, evokes a strong emotional response, and sticks in the memory. In the case of the Gulf War, the "hook" was invented by Hill & Knowlton<b>. In style, substance and mode of delivery, it bore an uncanny resemblance to England's&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" class="extiw" title="w:World War I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">World War I</a>&nbsp;hearings that accused German soldiers of killing babies.</b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>On October 10, 1990, the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=House_Human_Rights_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House Human Rights Caucus (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">House Human Rights Caucus</a>&nbsp;held a hearing</b> on Capitol Hill which provided the first opportunity for formal presentations of Iraqi human rights violations. <font color="#ff0000">Outwardly, the hearing resembled an official congressional proceeding, but appearances were deceiving. In reality, the Human Rights Caucus, chaired by California Democrat&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tom_Lantos" title="Tom Lantos" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">Tom Lantos</a>&nbsp;and Illinois Republican&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Porter (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none;">John Porter</a>, was simply an association of politicians.</font> Lantos and Porter were also co-chairs of the Congressional Human Rights Foundation, a legally separate entity that occupied free office space valued at $3,000 a year in Hill & Knowlton's Washington, DC office. Notwithstanding its congressional trappings, the Congressional Human Rights Caucus served as another <b>Hill & Knowlton front group, </b>which - like all front groups - used a noble-sounding name to disguise its true purpose.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Only a few astute observers noticed the hypocrisy in Hill & Knowlton's use of the term "human rights." One of those observers was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_MacArthur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John MacArthur (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">John MacArthur</a>, author of&nbsp;<i>The Second Front</i>, which remains the best book written about the manipulation of the news media during the Gulf War. In the fall of 1990, MacArthur reported, Hill & Knowlton's Washington switchboard was simultaneously fielding calls for the Human Rights Foundation and for "government representatives of Indonesia, another H&K client. Like H&K client&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" class="extiw" title="w:Turkey" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Turkey</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="w:Indonesia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b>Indonesia</b></a>&nbsp;is a practitioner of naked aggression, having seized . . . the former Portuguese colony of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" class="extiw" title="w:East Timor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">East Timor</a>&nbsp;in 1975. Since the annexation of East Timor, the Indonesian government has killed, by conservative estimate, about 100,000 inhabitants of the region."</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">MacArthur also noticed another telling detail about the October 1990 hearings: "The Human Rights Caucus is not a committee of congress, and therefore it is unencumbered by the legal accouterments that would make a witness hesitate before he or she lied. ...</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Lying under oath in front of a congressional committee is a crime; lying from under the cover of anonymity to a caucus is merely public relations."</span></b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In fact, the most emotionally moving testimony on October 10 came from a 15-year-old Kuwaiti girl, known only by her first name of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Nayirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nayirah (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Nayirah</a>. According to the Caucus, Nayirah's full name was being kept confidential to prevent Iraqi reprisals against her family in occupied Kuwait. Sobbing, she described what she had seen with her own eyes in a hospital in Kuwait City. Her written testimony was passed out in a media kit prepared by Citizens for a Free Kuwait. "I volunteered at the al-Addan hospital," Nayirah said. "While I was there, I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where . . . babies were in incubators. They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the cold floor to die."</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Three months passed</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> between Nayirah's testimony and the start of the war. During those months, the story of babies torn from their incubators was repeated over and over again. President Bush told the story. It was recited as fact in Congressional testimony, on TV and radio talk shows, and at the UN Security Council. "Of all the accusations made against the dictator," MacArthur observed, "none had more impact on American public opinion than the one about Iraqi soldiers removing 312 babies from their incubators and leaving them to die on the cold hospital floors of Kuwait City."</span></b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">At the Human Rights Caucus, however, Hill & Knowlton and <b>Congressman Lantos had failed to reveal that Nayirah was a member of the Kuwaiti Royal Family</b>. Her father, in fact, was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Saud_Nasir_al-Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saud Nasir al-Sabah (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saud Nasir al-Sabah</a>, Kuwait's Ambassador to the US, who sat listening in the hearing room during her testimony. The Caucus also failed to reveal that H&K vice-president<b> Lauri Fitz-Pegado</b> had coached Nayirah in what even the Kuwaitis' own investigators later confirmed was false testimony. In an opinion column in the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>&nbsp;in January 1992, MacArthur wrote that "a Hill and Knowlton vice president,<b>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gary_Hymel" title="Gary Hymel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gary Hymel</a>,</b> helped organize the Congressional Human Rights Caucus hearing in meetings with Mr. Lantos and Mr. Porter and the chairman of Citizens for a Free Kuwait, Hassan al-Ebraheem. Mr. Hymel presented the witnesses, including Nayirah. (He later told me he knew who she was at the time.)"<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">If Nayirah's outrageous lie had been exposed at the time it was told, it might have at least caused some in Congress and the news media to soberly reevaluate the extent to which they were being skillfully manipulated to support military action.<b> Public opinion was deeply divided on Bush's Gulf policy. As late as December 1990, a New York Times/CBS News poll indicated that 48 percent of the American people wanted Bush to wait before taking any action if Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait by Bush's January 15 deadline</b>.85 On January 12, the US Senate voted by a narrow<b><u>, five-vote margin to support the Bush administration in a declaration of war. Given the narrowness of the vote, the babies-thrown-from-incubators story may have turned the tide in Bush's favor.</u></b></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Following the war, human rights investigators attempted to confirm Nayirah's story and could find no witnesses or other evidence to support it.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Amnesty International</a>, appears to have participated in this deception, and the opening salvo of the campaign featured an interview with George Bush (Snr) referring to the AI-press alert on "throwing the babies out of the incubators". <b>AI has not issued an apology<font color="#ff0000">??</font></b> for its role in this deception. Furthermore, there is an account by Prof. Francis Boyle, a former board member of AI-USA, who&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=4573" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">describes</a>&nbsp;in detail AI's role in this propaganda campaign.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">From an interview with Prof. Francis Boyle conducted by Dennis Bernstein,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?aid=4573" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">CAQ</a>, Summer 2002:</p><blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">As for the allegation about the Iraqi soldiers taking babies out of incubators and putting them on the floor of the hospital where they did, I didn’t know if that was true or not, but it certainly sounded very sensationalist to me. And as a result of that, I made an effort to hold that report back for further review, on those grounds that I gave to you. And indeed I also enlisted a fellow board member for the same reason, and he and I both tried, and I made the point, even if this story about the dead babies is true, it’s completely sensationalist, and it is simply going to be used in the United States to monger for war, and could turn the tide in favor of war. And so you know, we really need to pull back on this, further review, more study.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">They wouldn’t do it. It was clear it was on the fast track there in London. This was not AI USA, this was in London. And it had been put on the fast track, they were ramming it through. They didn’t care. Finally, I said look, let us at least put out an Errata report to accompany it on those aspects that are clearly wrong. They refused to do that either. They then put the report out, and you know what a terrible impact that had in terms of war propaganda. Of the six votes in the United States Senate that passed the resolution to go to war, several of those senators said that they were influenced by the Amnesty report. Now I want to make it clear this was not a job by&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Amnesty International</a>&nbsp;but by London, and what happened then, when the war started, at the next AI USA board meeting, I demanded an investigation. By then it had come out that this was Kuwaiti propaganda put together by the PR firm,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hill & Knowlton</a>, and I demanded an investigation.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Absolutely nothing happened. There was never an investigation, there was total stonewalling coming out of London. They refused ever to admit that they did anything wrong. There has never been an explanation, there has never been an apology. It’s down the memory hole like&nbsp;<i>1984</i>&nbsp;and Orwell. My conclusion was that a high-level official of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Amnesty International</a>&nbsp;at that time, whom I will not name, was a<b> British intelligence agent</b>. Moreover, my fellow board member, who also investigated this independently of me, reached the exact same conclusion. So certainly when I am dealing with people who want to work with Amnesty in London, I just tell them, "Look, just understand, they’re penetrated by intelligence agents, U.K., maybe U.S., I don’t know, but you certainly can’t trust them."</p></blockquote><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Nayirah herself was unavailable for comment. "This is the first allegation I've had that she was the ambassador's daughter," said Human Rights Caucus co-chair<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=John_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Porter (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">John Porter</a>. "Yes, I think people . . . were entitled to know the source of her testimony." When journalists for the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>&nbsp;asked Nasir al-Sabah for permission to question Nayirah about her story, the ambassador angrily refused.</p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Following the publication of MacArthur's column in the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, Hill and Knowlton at first refused to comment. NPR's Mara Liasson reported on the day the article appeared that the PR firm "did not return repeated calls from NPR".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_and_resources">Articles and resources</span></h2><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_Related_SourceWatch_Resources">Other Related SourceWatch Resources</span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Front_groups" title="Front groups" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Front groups</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Balkan_Action_Committee" title="Balkan Action Committee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Balkan Action Committee</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coalition_for_a_Democratic_Majority" title="Coalition for a Democratic Majority" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Coalition for a Democratic Majority</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_for_the_Free_World" title="Committee for the Free World" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Committee for the Free World</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_Iraq" title="Committee for the Liberation of Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Committee for the Liberation of Iraq</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_for_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Gulf" title="Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_on_the_Present_Danger" title="Committee on the Present Danger" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Committee on the Present Danger</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Institute_on_Religion_and_Democracy" title="Institute on Religion and Democracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Institute on Religion and Democracy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Prodemca" title="Prodemca" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Prodemca</a>&nbsp;(Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Project for the New American Century</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Project_for_the_Republican_Future" title="Project for the Republican Future" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Project for the Republican Future</a></li></ul><h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3><ol class="references" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">John R. MacArthur,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/films/livefrombaghdad/related.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"</a>, Op-Ed,&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, January 6, 1992.</span></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">↑</a>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Mara Liasson, "Human Rights Committee Heard Iffy Data on Iraq", All Things Considered,&nbsp;<i>NPR</i>, January 6, 1992.</span></li></ol><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_Articles">External Articles</span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">John R. MacArthur,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/films/livefrombaghdad/related.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"</a>, Op-ed,&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, January 6, 1992.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mara Liasson, "Human Rights Committee Heard Iffy Data on Iraq", All Things Conbsidered,&nbsp;<i>NPR</i>, January 6, 1992.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Michael Kingsley and John Sununu, "Agents of Influence in the Gulf War?", "Crossfire",&nbsp;<i>CNN</i>, January 16, 1992.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1D61131F934A25752C0A964958260" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"P.R. Firm Had No Reason to Question Kuwaiti's Testimony"</a>,&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i>, January 17, 1992.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lars-Erik Nelson, "Reward for Spreading a Lie", Newsday (New York), May 17, 1994, page A14.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sen. Lauch Faircloth (R-NC), "Kuwait Questions",&nbsp;<i>Roll Call</i>, June 13, 1994.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy10.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf</a>," excerpted from&nbsp;<i>Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry</i>&nbsp;(Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press), 1995.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_Ridgeway" title="James Ridgeway" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">James Ridgeway</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/update/2006/11/tom_lantos_gulf_war.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Democrats Pick Iraq Hawk as House Foreign Policy Czar</a>, Mother Jones, November 14, 2006.</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; font-size: 12.800000190734863px; 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padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Propaganda" title="Category:Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Propaganda</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Pro-war_fronts" title="Category:Pro-war fronts" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pro-war fronts</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div>-----</div><div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em;"><span dir="auto">Nayirah (testimony)</span></h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; width: 854.4000244140625px; line-height: 1.5em;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto;"><div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump" style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px; zoom: 1; margin-top: -1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#mw-navigation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#p-search" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" /></div><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#p-search" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><b>Nayirah Testimony</b>&nbsp;refers to the controversial testimony given before the non-governmental&nbsp;</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lantos_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Congressional Human Rights Caucus</a>&nbsp;on October 10, 1990, by a female who provided only her first name, Nayirah. In her emotional testimony, Nayirah stated that after the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Invasion of Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a>&nbsp;she had witnessed Iraqi soldiers take babies out of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator(neonatal)#Incubator" title="Incubator (neonatal)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">incubators</a>&nbsp;in a Kuwaiti hospital, take the incubators, and leave the babies to die. Though reporters did not then have access to Kuwait, her testimony was regarded as credible at the time and was widely publicized. It was cited numerous times by United States senators and the president in their rationale to back Kuwait in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gulf War</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Her story was initially corroborated by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Amnesty International</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[1]</a></sup>&nbsp;and testimony from evacuees. Following the liberation of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kuwait</a>, reporters were given access to the country and found the story of stolen incubators unsubstantiated. However, they did find that a number of people, including babies, died when nurses and doctors fled the country.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In 1992, it was revealed that Nayirah's last name was al-Ṣabaḥ (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Arabic</a>:&nbsp;<span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar" xmlns:xml="xml">نيره الصباح</span>‎) and that she was the daughter of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_bin_Nasir_Al-Sabah" title="Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah</a>, the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Furthermore, it was revealed that her testimony was organized as part of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a>&nbsp;public relations campaign which was run by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Hill & Knowlton</a>&nbsp;for the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_government" title="Kuwaiti government" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kuwaiti government</a>. Following this, al-Sabah's testimony has largely come to be regarded as wartime<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">propaganda</a>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px;"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline;">Contents</h2>&nbsp;<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 11.199999809265137px;">&nbsp;[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Background</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Incubator_allegations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Incubator allegations</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Advertising" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Advertising</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Hill.26_Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Hill & Knowlton</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Congressional_Human_Rights_Foundation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Congressional Human Rights Foundation</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Testimony" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Testimony</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Hill.26_Knowlton_2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Hill & Knowlton</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Effect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Effect</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Initial_response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Initial response</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Revelation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Revelation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Subsequent_response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Subsequent response</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Hill_and_Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Hill and Knowlton</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Tom_Lantos_response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Tom Lantos response</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Ambassador_Sabah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Ambassador Sabah</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Investigations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Investigations</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Human_Rights_Watch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Human Rights Watch</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Amnesty_International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Amnesty International</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Kroll_Report" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Kroll Report</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Television" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Aftermath" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Scholarly_commentary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Scholarly commentary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#In_popular_culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">14</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="tocnumber">15</span>&nbsp;<span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Incubator_allegations">Incubator allegations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Incubator allegations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators . Life-support systems are turned off. . . . They are even removing traffic lights. The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police.</td></tr><tr><td>—Evacuee's description as reported in&nbsp;<i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait, there were reports of widespread looting. On September 2, 1990 in a letter to the UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, Kuwait's UN representative, Mohammad A. Abulhasan, wrote:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Further to those of our communications which are intended to inform you of the actions perpetrated by the Iraqi occupation authorities in Kuwait in contravention of all international laws, and on the basis of confirmed information provided to us by the Government of Kuwait, we wish to draw attention to a phenomenon which has no precedent in history, namely, the Iraqi occupation authorities' organized operation for the purpose of looting and plundering Kuwait. It is impossible to compare this operation to any similar incidents or to provide an exact account thereof because it is in effect an operation designed to achieve nothing less than the complete removal of Kuwait's assets, including property belonging to the State, to public and private institutions and to individuals, as well as the contents of houses, factories, stores, hospitals, academic institutes, schools, and universities...What has occurred in Kuwait is the perpetration of an act of armed robbery by a State which has used its military, security and technical organs for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-UNS-21694_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-UNS-21694-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In the letter, Abulhasan also noted that "theft of all equipment from private and public hospitals, including X-ray machines, scanners and pieces of laboratory equipment."<sup id="cite_ref-UNS-21694_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-UNS-21694-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[3]</a></sup>&nbsp;The allegations of looting were also retold by evacuees who described "soldiers looting office buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment."&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Douglas Hurd</a>, the British Secretary for foreign affairs surmised that "they are looting and destroying in a way which suggests that they may not expect to be there for very long."<sup id="cite_ref-Beeston_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Beeston-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The looting of incubators attracted media attention because of allegations that premature babies were being discarded or dying as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Rendallp24-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;On September 5, Abdul Wahab Al-Fowzan, the Kuwaiti health minister-in-exile, stated at a press conference in Taif, Saudi Arabia "that Iraqi soldiers had seized virtually all of the country's hospitals and medical institutions after their invasion" and that "soldiers evicted patients and systematically looted the hospitals of high-tech equipment, ambulances, drugs and plasma" which resulted in the death of 22 premature babies.<sup id="cite_ref-Beeston_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Beeston-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup><i>The Washington Post</i>described the origin of the Kuwaiti baby story as follows:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The Kuwaiti baby story originated with a letter from a senior Kuwaiti public health official that was smuggled out of the country by a European diplomat late last month, according to Hudah Bahar, an architect who received the letter here in London. It was supplemented by information gathered from fleeing Kuwaitis and other sources by Fawzia Sayegh, a Kuwaiti pediatrician living here. The letter claimed that Iraqi soldiers ordered patients evicted from several hospitals and closed down critical units for treating cancer patients, dialysis patients and those suffering from diabetes. Bahar and Sayegh said the Iraqis hauled sophisticated equipment such as dialysis machines back to Baghdad, part of the haul of cash, gold, cars and jewelry that is said by Arab banking sources to exceed $2 billion. Among the equipment taken were the 22 infant incubator units, they said.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><i>The Washington Post</i>&nbsp;also noted that it was unable to verify the accusations as Iraq did not permit access to the area and had quarantined diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 5, in another letter to the UN Secretary General, Abulhasan reiterated Fowzan's claims writing:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">We are informed by impeccable sources in Kuwait's health institutions that the Iraqi occupation authorities have carried out the following brutal crimes, which may be described as crimes against humanity: ... 2. The incubators in maternity hospitals used for children suffering from retarded growth (premature children) have been removed, causing the death of all the children who were under treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-UNS-21713_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-UNS-21713-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[8]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The letter did not state how many babies had died.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waltonp771_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-waltonp771-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[9]</a></sup>&nbsp;The allegations in the letter received widespread media coverage in the following days.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[15]</a></sup>&nbsp;That day, in an interview with released hostages on NPR's All Things Considered, a hostage stated that Iraqi troops were "hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[16]</a></sup>&nbsp;Reuters also reported they had been told "that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[18]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 9, NPR reported that "in a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-NPR1-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[19]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 17, Edward Gnehm Jr., the U.S. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, told reporters that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies had died when Iraqi troops had stolen their incubators.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[20]</a></sup>&nbsp;<i>The Los Angeles Times</i>&nbsp;reported that "refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."<sup id="cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Rendallp24-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LosAngeles1_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-LosAngeles1-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[21]</a></sup>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<i>San Jose Mercury News</i>&nbsp;also reported the same allegation that day, adding that Western diplomats thought "this is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, it could be cause for some kind of military intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-San_Jose1_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-San_Jose1-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 25, the&nbsp;<i>Washington Post</i>&nbsp;reported that "Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators."<sup id="cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Rendallp24-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost1_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-washingtonpost1-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[23]</a></sup>&nbsp;The president of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a>&nbsp;wrote to Representative Gus Yatron stating of how he "recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators [in Kuwait], used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 29, in a meeting between Kuwaiti leader Sheik Jabbar al Ahmed al Sabah and president George Bush Sr., the exiled emir told the president that Iraqis were "going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[26]</a></sup>&nbsp;In his remarks following the discussion, Bush stated that "Iraqi aggression has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure country, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and even murdered" and that "Iraq's leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."<sup id="cite_ref-bremarks1_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-bremarks1-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[27]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 28, Kuwait's planning minister, Sulaiman Mutawa reported that 12 babies had died as a result of incubator looting.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[28]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On September 30,&nbsp;<i>U.S. News & World Report</i>&nbsp;reported that that it had obtained secret US government cables based on eyewitness accounts that revealed "shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals."<sup id="cite_ref-usnewsworldreportcable1_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-usnewsworldreportcable1-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[29]</a></sup>&nbsp;The cables stated that on the sixth day of Iraqi invasion, Iraqi soldiers "entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal" and that "they unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators" thus killing the 22 children.<sup id="cite_ref-usnewsworldreportcable1_29-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-usnewsworldreportcable1-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On October 9, at a Presidential news conference, Bush stated:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">I thought General Scowcroft [Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs] put it very well after the Amir left here. And I am very much concerned, not just about the physical dismantling but of the brutality that has now been written on by Amnesty International confirming some of the tales told us by the Amir of brutality. It's just unbelievable, some of the things at least he reflected. I mean, people on a dialysis machine cut off, the machine sent to Baghdad; babies in incubators heaved out of the incubators and the incubators themselves sent to Baghdad. Now, I don't know how many of these tales can be authenticated, but I do know that when the Amir was here he was speaking from the heart. And after that came Amnesty International, who were debriefing many of the people at the border. And it's sickening.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[30]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising">Advertising</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Advertising" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>As far as the East is from the West, that's how far most U.S. advertisers want to be removed from any hint of capitalizing on the Iraqi conflict.</td></tr><tr><td>—<i>Advertisers steer clear of Mideast</i>,<i>St. Petersburg Times</i>&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Amos-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[31]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Initially, most advertisers were ignoring the Middle East crisis in their ads.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_31-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Amos-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[31]</a></sup>&nbsp;It was noted that companies selling information, such as news organizations, were running advertisements for their coverage of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Amos_31-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Amos-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[31]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Citizens for a Free Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a>&nbsp;was a public relations committee set up by the Kuwaiti embassy, described by&nbsp;<i>The Times News</i>&nbsp;as a "Washington, D.C.- based committee comprised of concerned Kuwaitis and Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-DeparleTimes_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-DeparleTimes-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[33]</a></sup>&nbsp;Though the committee occupied embassy office space, they were to be working independently of the embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-DeparleTimes_32-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-DeparleTimes-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[32]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hill.26_Knowlton">Hill & Knowlton</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In 1990, after being approached by a Kuwaiti expatriate in New York, Hill & Knowlton took on "Citizens for a Free Kuwait."<sup id="cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Roschbwalbp268-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[34]</a></sup>&nbsp;The objective of the national campaign was to raise awareness in the United States about the dangers posed by Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein to Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Roschbwalbp268-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[34]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Hill & Knowlton conducted a $1 million study to determine the best way to win support for strong action.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[35]</a></sup>&nbsp;H & K had the Wirthington Group conduct focus groups to determine the best strategy that would influence public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_p170_36-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Andersen_p170-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[36]</a></sup>&nbsp;The study found that an emphasis on atrocities, particularly the incubator story, was the most effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_p170_36-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Andersen_p170-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[36]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Hill & Knowlton is estimated to have been given as much as $12 million by the Kuwaitis for their public relations campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-jury_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-jury-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[37]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Congressional_Human_Rights_Foundation">Congressional Human Rights Foundation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Congressional Human Rights Foundation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The Congressional Human Rights Foundation is a non-governmental organization that investigates human rights abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-nytdeception_38-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-nytdeception-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[38]</a></sup>&nbsp;It was headed by Democratic U.S. Representative&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lantos" title="Tom Lantos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Tom Lantos</a>&nbsp;and Republican Representative&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Porter(Illinois_politician)" title="John Porter (Illinois politician)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">John Porter</a>&nbsp;and rented space in Hill & Knowlton's Washington headquarters at a $3000 reduced rate.<sup id="cite_ref-nytdeception_38-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-nytdeception-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[38]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Testimony">Testimony</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Testimony" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On October 10, 1990 Nayirah was the last to testify at the Caucus. In her oral testimony, which lasted about 6 minutes, she stated:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">I volunteered at the al-Addan hospital with twelve other women who wanted to help as well. I was the youngest volunteer. The other women were from twenty to thirty years old. While I was there I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators and left the babies on the cold floor to die.[crying] It was horrifying.<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur_p58_39-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-MacArthur_p58-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eemeren_p70_40-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Eemeren_p70-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[40]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Although Nayirah did not specify how many babies were in the incubators in her oral testimony, in the written testimony distributed by Hill and Knowlton, it read "While I was there I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators."<sup id="cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[41]</a></sup>&nbsp;The testimony was not given under oath.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Representative John Porter, co-chairman of the caucus, remarked that in his eight years of service on the caucus, he had never heard such "brutality and inhumanity and sadism."<sup id="cite_ref-Brosnan_42-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Brosnan-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[42]</a></sup>&nbsp;Nayirah's testimony was described as the most dramatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosnan_42-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Brosnan-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[42]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hill.26_Knowlton_2">Hill & Knowlton</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Hill & Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">It is unclear how much of Nayirah's testimony was coached. Though the firm was supposed to provide only stylistic help,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[43]</a></sup>&nbsp;it was reported that H&K "provided witnesses, wrote testimony, and coached the witnesses for effectiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-Sriramesh.2C_p.864_44-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Sriramesh.2C_p.864-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[44]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect">Effect</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Effect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Nayirah's testimony was widely publicized.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_p772_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Walton_p772-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[45]</a></sup>&nbsp;Hill & Knowlton, which had filmed the hearing, sent out a video news release to Medialink, a firm which served about 700 television stations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowse_1992_46-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Rowse_1992-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[46]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">That night, portions of the testimony aired on ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Sriramesh.2C_p.864_44-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Sriramesh.2C_p.864-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowse_1992_46-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Rowse_1992-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[46]</a></sup>&nbsp;Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches backing the use of force.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[Note 1]</a></sup>&nbsp;President George Bush repeated the story at least ten times in the following weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[49]</a></sup>&nbsp;Her account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in favor of participation in the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[50]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_response">Initial response</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Initial response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On January 13, 1991, the&nbsp;<i>Sunday Times</i>&nbsp;reported that a Dr Ali Al-Huwail could vouch for 92 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[51]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Iraq denied the allegations. On October 16, Iraqi information minister, Latif Nassif al-Jassem, told the Iraqi News Agency that "now you [Bush] are using what he [Sheikh Jaber] told you to make Congress ratify the budget which is in the red because of your policies" adding that "you, as the president of a superpower, have to weigh words carefully and not act as a clown who repeats what he is told."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[52]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In a visit to Kuwait on October 21, 1990, journalists who were escorted by Iraqi information ministry officials, doctors at a Kuwaiti maternity facility denied the incubator allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-reutersoct21_54-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-reutersoct21-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[53]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the visit, the Iraqi head of the Kuwaiti health department, Abdul-Rahman Mohammad al-Ugeily, said that "Baghdad had sent 1,000 doctors and other medical to staff to help run Kuwait's 14 hospitals and health centres following the invasion."<sup id="cite_ref-reutersoct21_54-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-reutersoct21-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[53]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Revelation">Revelation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=11&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Revelation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>A little reportorial investigation would have done a great service to the democratic process.</td></tr><tr><td>—John MacArthur<sup id="cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthur-1-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[54]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On March 15, 1991, shortly after Kuwait was liberated, John Martin, an ABC reporter, reported that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors stopped working or fled the country" and discovered that Iraqi troops "almost certainly had not stolen hospital incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-counterpunch_57-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-counterpunch-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[56]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On January 6, 1992,&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>&nbsp;published an op-ed piece by John MacArthur entitled "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"<sup id="cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthur-1-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[54]</a></sup>&nbsp;MacArthur discovered that Nayirah was the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the U.S., Saud Nasir al-Sabah.<sup id="cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthur-1-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[54]</a></sup>&nbsp;MacArthur noted that "the incubator story seriously distorted the American debate about whether to support military action" and questioned whether "their [Representatives Lantos and Porter] special relationship with Hill and Knowlton should prompt a Congressional investigation to find out if their actions merely constituted an obvious conflict of interest or, worse, if they knew who the tearful Nayirah really was in October 1990."<sup id="cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthur-1-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[54]</a></sup>&nbsp;The story earned MacArthur the Monthly Journalism Award from&nbsp;<i>The Washington Monthly</i>&nbsp;in April 1992, and the Mencken Award in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[57]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsequent_response">Subsequent response</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=12&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Subsequent response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hill_and_Knowlton">Hill and Knowlton</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=13&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Hill and Knowlton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>We disseminated information in a void as a basis for Americans to form opinions.</td></tr><tr><td>—Frank Mankiewicz, Vice Chairman, Hill & Knowlton<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilboap9_60-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Gilboap9-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[59]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">On January 15, 1992, the CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas E. Eidson, responded to the concerns raised by MacArthur in a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">letter to the editor</a>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-thomaseidsonr1-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[60]</a></sup>&nbsp;Eidson stated that "at no time has this firm collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony" asserting that the firm "had no reason to question her veracity when she testified following her escape from Kuwait."<sup id="cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-thomaseidsonr1-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[60]</a></sup>&nbsp;The letter explained that Nayirah's charge that Iraqi soldiers removed newborn babies from incubators was corroborated by Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani, head of the Red Crescent, before the United Nations Security Council and that the media was not permitted back inside Kuwait "until after the liberation, there was no way to check immediately on the stories of refugees."<sup id="cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-thomaseidsonr1-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[60]</a></sup>&nbsp;Eidson concluded that "Nayirah's credibility should no more be questioned than if she had been a doctor or teacher" and the company's work with the Kuwaitis was consistent with firm's standards stating that "the public interest was fairly served."<sup id="cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-thomaseidsonr1-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[60]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In August 1992, Howard Paster replaced Robert K. Gray as the general manager of the Washington office in order to clean up the firm's image.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[62]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Critics contended that the Hill & Knowlton had concocted a fake popular movement, Citizens for a Free Kuwait, and subsequently used questionable evidence and suspect witnesses to influence public opinion and policy in the United States and the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilboap9_60-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Gilboap9-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trentop381_64-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Trentop381-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[64]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Hill & Knowlton's actions taken on behalf of Citizens for a Free Kuwait, together with those of other major clients including Bank of Credit and Commerce International, the Church of Scientology, and an anti-abortion campaign by Catholic bishops raised ethical concerns among public relations professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[65]</a></sup>&nbsp;The concerns, though not new, were more vigorous than previous ones due to the prominence of the issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Roschbwalbp268-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[34]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tom_Lantos_response">Tom Lantos response</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=14&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Tom Lantos response" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; color: black; width: 23em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>Hold on to your hats. The grand campaign to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war is on.</td></tr><tr><td>—Tom Lantos' response to MacArthur<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In an interview, Lantos stated that he had concealed Nayirah's identity at the request of her father in order to protect her family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[50]</a></sup>&nbsp;Lantos denied any allegations of wrongdoing arguing that "The media happened to focus on her. If she hadn't testified, they would have focused on something else."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[50]</a></sup>&nbsp;Lantos also stated that:</p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be credible did not cross my mind. I have no basis for assuming that her story is not true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman's story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no way diminishes the avalanche of human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[50]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In a letter to the editor to the New York Times on Jan 27, 1992 entitled "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities", Tom Lantos responded to MacArthur's allegations. He wrote that "Mr. MacArthur's deceptive article serves only the cynics who seek to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war" noting "the article's sinister innuendo suggests that the girl was not even in Kuwait at the time of the Iraqi invasion, and that the whole gruesome incident was a diabolical plot by an American public relations firm."&nbsp;<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup>&nbsp;Lantos wrote that "the fact that Nayirah was the daughter of the Ambassador of Kuwait made her a more credible witness" and that "her relationship to the Ambassador and Government enhanced her credibility."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup>&nbsp;He also noted that "her account was consistent with the information we received from other witnesses, with hundreds of other atrocity stories from Kuwait carried by media around the globe, and consistent with reports by independent human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International, who also testified at our hearing and subsequently published accounts similar to Nayirah's."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup>&nbsp;Lantos concluded that "given the countless cases of verified Iraqi human rights violations", it was "unnecessary and counterproductive to invent atrocities."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Lantos also rejected the allegations of a special relationship between the caucus and Hill & Knowlton stating that "caucus activities are held without regard to whether these countries are represented by any law firm or public relations firm."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos1_67-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos1-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[66]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In a subsequent letter to New York Times, MacArthur pointed out that the testimony had been retracted.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[67]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ambassador_Sabah">Ambassador Sabah</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=15&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Ambassador Sabah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The ambassador has stated that his daughter had witnessed the atrocities she described, and that her presence in Kuwait could be verified by the United States Embassy in Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[50]</a></sup>&nbsp;He also stated "If I wanted to lie, or if we wanted to lie, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn't use my daughter to do so. I could easily buy other people to do it."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[68]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Investigations">Investigations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=16&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Investigations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_Rights_Watch">Human Rights Watch</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=17&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Human Rights Watch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In 1992, the human rights organization Middle East Watch, a division of&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Human Rights Watch</a>, published the results of their investigation of the incubator story. Its director, Andrew Whitley, told the press, "While it is true that the Iraqis targeted hospitals, there is no truth to the charge which was central to the war propaganda effort that they stole incubators and callously removed babies allowing them to die on the floor. The stories were manufactured from germs of truth by people outside the country who should have known better." One investigator, Aziz Abu-Hamad, interviewed doctors in the hospital where Nayirah claimed she witnessed Iraqi soldiers pull 15 infants from incubators and leave them to die.&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Independent</a></i>&nbsp;reported, "The doctors told him the maternity ward had 25 to 30 incubators. None was(were) taken by the Iraqis, and no babies were taken from them."<sup id="cite_ref-myth_70-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-myth-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[69]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Amnesty_International">Amnesty International</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=18&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Amnesty International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Amnesty International initially supported the story, but later issued a retraction.<sup id="cite_ref-sunincubator1_71-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-sunincubator1-71" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[71]</a></sup>&nbsp;It stated that it "found no reliable evidence that Iraqi forces had caused the deaths of babies by removing them or ordering their removal from incubators."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-73" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[72]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Kroll_Report">Kroll Report</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=19&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Kroll Report" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Kuwaiti officials do not discuss the matter with the press.<sup id="cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[41]</a></sup>&nbsp;In order to respond to these charges, the Kuwaiti government hired&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_Associates" title="Kroll Associates" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kroll Associates</a>&nbsp;to undertake an independent investigation of the incubator story. The Kroll investigation lasted nine weeks and conducted over 250 interviews. The interviews with Nayirah revealed that her original testimony was wildly distorted at best; she told Kroll that she had actually only seen one baby outside its incubator for "no more than a moment." She also told Kroll that she was never a volunteer at the hospital and had in fact "only stopped by for a few minutes."<sup id="cite_ref-Kuwaitgate_74-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Kuwaitgate-74" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[73]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Hill & Knowlton spokesman Tom Ross describes the report as a "vindication of Hill and Knowlton" and that "it conclusively demonstrates that there were incubator atrocities and that Nayirah was a witness to them."<sup id="cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[41]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.799999237060547px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=20&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Television" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Both 20/20 and 60 minutes featured investigative pieces on the testimony.</p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=21&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Criticism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The campaign has been described by critics as corrupt, deceptive and unethical and charge that it was used to spread false or exaggerated tales of Iraqi atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-jury_37-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-jury-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-macarthurct_75-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthurct-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-76" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[75]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Lantos was criticized for his withholding the information.<sup id="cite_ref-nytdeception_38-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-nytdeception-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[38]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The testimony has been regarded as false by the&nbsp;<i>Chicago Tribune</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-macarthurct_75-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthurct-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[74]</a></sup>&nbsp;<i>Huffington Post</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[76]</a></sup>&nbsp;and numerous other publications.</p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=22&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Aftermath" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>In fact, nearly everyone involved in peddling the tale of the unplugged babies, from Amnesty International to Kuwaiti doctors, has sprinted away from it.</td></tr><tr><td>—Newsday<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-78" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[77]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Following the end of the war, Reuters reported that Iraq returned "98 truckloads of medical equipment stolen from Kuwait, including two of the baby incubators". Abdul Rahim al-Zeid, an assistant under-secretary at the Kuwaiti Public Health Ministry, said that by returning the incubators the Iraqis had unwittingly provided proof that they took them.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_return_79-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-reuters_return-79" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[78]</a></sup>&nbsp;Kuwait's chief ambulance officer, Abdul Reda Abbas, stated that "We think the Iraqis might have returned the incubators by mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_return_79-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-reuters_return-79" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[78]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Following the revelation of Nayirah's identity, there was a public outrage that the information had been withheld.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[79]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scholarly_commentary">Scholarly commentary</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=23&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Scholarly commentary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><table class="toccolours" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(198, 219, 247); padding: 5px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; color: black; width: 25em; max-width: 25%; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td>In the end, the question was not whether H&K effectively altered public opinion, but whether the combined efforts of America's own government, foreign interests, and private PR and lobbying campaigns drowned out decent and rational, unemotional debate.</td></tr><tr><td>—<i>The power house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of access and influence in Washington</i><sup id="cite_ref-Trento_81-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-Trento-81" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The content, presentation, distribution, effectiveness, and purpose of Nayirah's testimony have been the subject of multiple public relations studies.</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">In his book,&nbsp;<i>Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse</i>,&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragma-dialectics" title="Pragma-dialectics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Frans H. van Eemeren</a>&nbsp;stating that "visual messages which accompany verbal argumentation can be so drastic that rational argumentation becomes almost impossible" described Nayirah's story as an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_misericordiam" title="Argumentum ad misericordiam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">argumentum ad misericordiam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[81]</a></sup>&nbsp;In the paper&nbsp;<i>The Hill & Knowlton Cases: A Brief on the Controversy</i>&nbsp;by Susanne A. Roschwalb, the author noted that as H&K was a British firm, "what effect did British concerns -such as the possible collapse of its financial institutions, if the Kuwaiti currency, the dinar, became worthless -have on Hill & Knowlton’s efforts?"<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-83" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[82]</a></sup>&nbsp;Ted Rowse, in his article&nbsp;<i>Kuwaitgate — killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated</i>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly" title="The Washington Monthly" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Washington Monthly</a></i>&nbsp;noted that "Most reporters, having apparently been burned by Hill & Knowlton's handiwork in spreading the original Nayirah story without checking it out, seem to prefer to let the story fade away, passively falling, once again, for the company's public relations guile."<sup id="cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[41]</a></sup>&nbsp;John R. MacArthur, who authored&nbsp;<i>Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War</i>&nbsp;has noted that "at the time, it was the most sophisticated and expensive PR campaign ever run in the U.S. by a foreign government."<sup id="cite_ref-macarthurct_75-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-macarthurct-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[74]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=24&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: In popular culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The 2002 HBO movie&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_From_Baghdad(film)" title="Live From Baghdad (film)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Live From Baghdad</a></i>&nbsp;included several scenes dealing with the incubator allegations, without presenting the story as unquestioned truth. In that movie, several characters try to determine the accuracy or inaccuracy of the story, but are unable to draw any conclusions. After the final credits, a note stated that the incubator allegations were never substantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[83]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=25&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Sell_a_War" title="To Sell a War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">To Sell a War</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_From_Baghdad(film)" title="Live From Baghdad (film)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Live From Baghdad</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumana_Hanna" title="Jumana Hanna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Jumana Hanna</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_bin_Nasir_Al-Sabah" title="Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=26&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: Notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">This was viewed as important since the January 10, 1991 authorization to use force passed by only 5 senate votes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[48]</a></sup></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=27&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; -webkit-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v13/n03/alexander-cockburn/right-stuff" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">http://www.lrb.co.uk/v13/n03/alexander-cockburn/right-stuff</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"U.S. Evacuates 171 From Iraq, Kuwait - Women Who Made It Out Recount Tales Of Terror".&nbsp;<i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>. September 8, 1990. p.&nbsp;1A. "Cindy of San Francisco, who declined to be identified further, said,<i>Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators . Life-support systems are turned off. . . . They are even removing traffic lights. "The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police," she said."</i></span><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=U.S.+Evacuates+171+From+Iraq%2C+Kuwait+-+Women+Who+Made+It+Out+Recount+Tales+Of+Terror&rft.date=September+8%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.pages=1A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></i></span></li><li id="cite_note-UNS-21694-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-UNS-21694_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-UNS-21694_3-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United Nations Security Council</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undemocracy.com/S/21694" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>masthead document</i>&nbsp;<b>Letter Dated 2 September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of Kuwait To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretary-General</b></a>&nbsp;on September 3, 1990</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Leff, Lisa (September 11, 1990). "Weary, wary evacuees bring tales of horror".&nbsp;<i>Washington Post</i>. "The evacuees told of soldiers looting office buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment. They described food shortages that afflicted soldiers as well as civilians, and random acts of violence."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Weary%2C+wary+evacuees+bring+tales+of+horror&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.aulast=Leff&rft.au=Leff%2C+Lisa&rft.date=September+11%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-Beeston-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Beeston_5-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Beeston_5-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Beeston, Nicholas (September 5, 1990). "A battle ground to test Saddam - Iraq invasion of Kuwait". London, England.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Beeston%2C+Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.btitle=A+battle+ground+to+test+Saddam+-+Iraq+invasion+of+Kuwait&rft.date=September+5%2C+1990&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Unknown parameter<code style="font-family: monospace, Courier; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|=</code>&nbsp;ignored (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rendallp24-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Rendallp24_6-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Rendall, p. 24</span></li><li id="cite_note-washingtonpostglenn-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpostglenn_7-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Frankel, Glenn (September 10, 1990).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1146881.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Iraq, Kuwait Waging an Old-Fashioned War of Propaganda&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 15, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraq%2C+Kuwait+Waging+an+Old-Fashioned+War+of+Propaganda+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Glenn&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.date=September+10%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1146881.html&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Wikilink embedded in URL title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-UNS-21713-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-UNS-21713_8-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">United Nations Security Council</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undemocracy.com/S/21713" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>masthead document</i>&nbsp;<b>Letter Dated 5 September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of Kuwait To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretary-General</b></a>&nbsp;on September 5, 1990</span></li><li id="cite_note-waltonp771-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-waltonp771_9-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Walton, p 771</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Kuwait says seizure of hospital equipment caused many deaths".&nbsp;<i>Reuters News</i>. September 6, 1992.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait+says+seizure+of+hospital+equipment+caused+many+deaths&rft.date=September+6%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Iraq equipment removal killed patients - Kuwait.".&nbsp;<i>Reuters News</i>. September 6, 1992.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraq+equipment+removal+killed+patients+-+Kuwait.&rft.date=September+6%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Kuwaiti says Iraq plundered hospitals".&nbsp;<i>Associated Press</i>&nbsp;(North Carolina: Charlotte Observer). September 7, 1990. p.&nbsp;A16.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+says+Iraq+plundered+hospitals&rft.date=September+7%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.pages=A16&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pub=Charlotte+Observer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Official: Hospitalized in Kuwait are left to die".&nbsp;<i>Associated Press</i>&nbsp;(Chicago Tribune). September 7, 1990. p.&nbsp;12.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Official%3A+Hospitalized+in+Kuwait+are+left+to+die&rft.date=September+7%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Persian Gulf crisis - More about the Mideast".&nbsp;<i>Houston Chronicle</i>. September 7, 1990. p.&nbsp;A18.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Persian+Gulf+crisis+-+More+about+the+Mideast&rft.date=September+7%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.pages=A18&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Kuwait Says Iraq Plundered Hospitals".&nbsp;<i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>(Associated Press). September 7, 1990. p.&nbsp;A21.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Says+Iraq+Plundered+Hospitals&rft.date=September+7%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.pages=A21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Released Hostages Tell of Kuwait Terror".&nbsp;<i>All Things Considered</i>(Transcription of broadcast) (National Public Radio). September 7, 1990. "Total destruction everywhere, cars wrecked, burned, people thrown out of cars on the street you're driving down; they just throw people over the street. They're hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Released+Hostages+Tell+of+Kuwait+Terror&rft.date=September+7%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Kuwait offers to help cover mideast costs - contributions should offset U.S. liability".&nbsp;<i>Newport News</i>&nbsp;(Virginia). September 8, 1990. "Cindy, who refused to give her last name, and another woman who identified herself only as Rudi, told the Reuters news agency that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait+offers+to+help+cover+mideast+costs+-+contributions+should+offset+U.S.+liability&rft.date=September+8%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newport+News&rft.place=Virginia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Tamayo, Juan O. (September 8, 1990). "Iraqi hostage horror: It smelled of death'".&nbsp;<i>Austin American-Statesman</i>. p.&nbsp;A1.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraqi+hostage+horror%3A+%60It+smelled+of+death%27&rft.aufirst=Juan+O.&rft.aulast=Tamayo&rft.au=Tamayo%2C+Juan+O.&rft.date=September+8%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austin+American-Statesman&rft.pages=A1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-NPR1-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah_(testimony)#cite_ref-NPR1_19-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^</a></b></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Weekend Edition Sunday (News)".&nbsp;<i>National Public Radio</i>&nbsp;(Transcription of broadcast). September 9, 1990. "Time is running out,' said one, a pediatrician. She said in the last few days, the Iraqi troops had looted a local hospital. In a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators , she said, and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq. Dr. Fawzi al-Said said the report came to her by the hospital attendants, who had buried the dead infants."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Weekend+Edition+Sunday+%28News%29&rft.date=September+9%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Iraq tightens its grip on Kuwait". Ohio. September 29, 1990. pp.&nbsp;6A. "The U.S. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, Edward Gnehm Jr., told reporters Monday that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies born prematurely died when Iraqi troops removed them from incubators they stole. Gnehm has been named to replace current ambassador Nathaniel Howell, who is holed up inside the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.btitle=Iraq+tightens+its+grip+on+Kuwait&rft.date=September+29%2C+1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=6A&rft.place=Ohio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Unknown parameter&nbsp;<code style="font-family: monospace, Courier; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|=</code>ignored (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-LosAngeles1-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-LosAngeles1_21-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Murphy, Kim (September 17, 1990). "Kuwaitis bolt for border amid reports of atrocities".&nbsp;<i>The Los Angeles Times</i>&nbsp;(The Tampa Tribune). p.&nbsp;1A. "Western officials said that they are still investigating reports of atrocities in Kuwait and added that many appeared to be well-documented and supported by enough eyewitness accounts that they could be considered true. In one case, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaitis+bolt+for+border+amid+reports+of+atrocities&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Kim&rft.date=September+17%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.pages=1A&rft.pub=The+Tampa+Tribune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-San_Jose1-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-San_Jose1_22-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Air Cutoff of Iraq Gains U.N. Support Kuwaiti Refugees Spill Across Border".&nbsp;<i>San Jose Mercury News</i>&nbsp;(California). September 17, 1990. p.&nbsp;1A. "In one case, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die. "This is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, it could be cause for some kind of military intervention," said a Western diplomat in close contact with the Kuwaitis."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Air+Cutoff+of+Iraq+Gains+U.N.+Support+Kuwaiti+Refugees+Spill+Across+Border&rft.date=September+17%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.pages=1A&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-washingtonpost1-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-washingtonpost1_23-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hoagland, Jim (September 25, 1990). "End Saddam's Reign of Terror".<i>Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;a23. "But while dissidents have been making such arguments, Saddam's actions in Kuwait show that he is not interested in compromise or in leaving Kuwait -- on any terms. He has begun to depopulate Kuwait, as he once did with Kurdistan, and to send in Iraqis with phony new citizenship documents. Based on Saddam's bloodstained track record, it is almost certain that the young Kuwaiti men being grabbed at the border and elsewhere in Kuwait are being sent to Iraq to die. American refugees and others report that Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators and any other supplies that can be sent to Baghdad, leaving babies and infirm patients to die.ld give sanctions and negotiations a chance so he can avoid the costs of attacking Iraq's occupation forces is not enough. That does not stay Saddam's ruthless hand."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=End+Saddam%27s+Reign+of+Terror&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Hoagland%2C+Jim&rft.aulast=Hoagland&rft.date=September+25%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.pages=a23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hall, Lawrence. "Suffer the Children: Summit must herald a new era in lives of our endangered young". Newark, New Jersey. "The president of Citizens for a Free Kuwait recently wrote Rep. Gus Yatron (D-Pa.), decrying the brutality of this madman."Nothing points to the ruthlessness of Saddam Hussein more poignantly than his unmerciful misuse of the very young. His manipulation of political opponents through the abuse of their children is, sadly, a well documented fact. We recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators (in Kuwait ), used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure," he wrote."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Hall%2C+Lawrence&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.btitle=Suffer+the+Children%3A+Summit+must+herald+a+new+era+in+lives+of+our+endangered+young&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Newark%2C+New+Jersey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Unknown parameter&nbsp;<code style="font-family: monospace, Courier; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|=</code>&nbsp;ignored (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Iraq plunders Kuwait, US warns war closer- The Gulf crisis".&nbsp;<i>The Sun Herald</i>&nbsp;(Sydney, Australia). September 30, 1990. p.&nbsp;8. "The emir told Bush of Iraqis going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraq+plunders+Kuwait%2C+US+warns+war+closer-+The+Gulf+crisis&rft.date=September+30%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Herald&rft.pages=8&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Raum, Tom. "Iraqi provocation\Emir's tales of Iraqi atrocities in Kuwait may spur U.S. military response".&nbsp;<i>Associated Press</i>&nbsp;(Philadelphia Daily News).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraqi+provocation%5CEmir%27s+tales+of+Iraqi+atrocities+in+Kuwait+may+spur+U.S.+military+response&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Raum&rft.au=Raum%2C+Tom&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Daily+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-bremarks1-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-bremarks1_27-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=2269" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Remarks Following Discussions With Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah of Kuwait"</a>. September 28, 1990. "Iraqi aggression has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure country, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and even murdered. Iraq's leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.btitle=Remarks+Following+Discussions+With+Amir+Jabir+al-Ahmad+al-Jabir+Al+Sabah+of+Kuwait&rft.date=September+28%2C+1990&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbushlibrary.tamu.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublic_papers.php%3Fid%3D2269&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Spiegelman, Arthur (September 28, 1990). "Its leaders in exile, Kuwait plans for the day of freedom".&nbsp;<i>Reuters News</i>. "He said that Iraqi troops were plundering his country, removing even the rides and merry-go-around from a children's amusement park. "They went into a hospital and took babies from incubators. Twelve babies died so they could send the incubators to Baghdad.""</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Its+leaders+in+exile%2C+Kuwait+plans+for+the+day+of+freedom&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Spiegelman&rft.au=Spiegelman%2C+Arthur&rft.date=September+28%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-usnewsworldreportcable1-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-usnewsworldreportcable1_29-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-usnewsworldreportcable1_29-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gergen, David (September 30, 1990). "The barbarities of Saddam Hussein - In Kuwait, 22 babies died when invaders stole their incubators".<i>US News & World Report</i>&nbsp;(The Seattle Times). p.&nbsp;A16. "Secret U.S. government cables, obtained by U.S. News & World Report, reveal shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals. The cables are based on eyewitness accounts from Kuwaiti doctors and others traumatized by what they have seen. Among their allegations: -- On the sixth day of their invasion, Iraqi soldiers reportedly entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal. They unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators . All 22 children died."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=The+barbarities+of+Saddam+Hussein+-+In+Kuwait%2C+22+babies+died+when+invaders+stole+their+incubators&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gergen%2C+David&rft.aulast=Gergen&rft.date=September+30%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News+%26+World+Report&rft.pages=A16&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=18911" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"The President's News Conference"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The American Presidency Project</i>. October 9, 1990.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+News+Conference&rft.date=October+9%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D18911&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-Amos-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Amos_31-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Amos_31-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Amos_31-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">AMOS, DENISE L. (September 3, 1990). "Advertisers steer clear of Mideast". p.&nbsp;9.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=AMOS%2C+DENISE+L.&rft.aufirst=DENISE+L.&rft.aulast=AMOS&rft.btitle=Advertisers+steer+clear+of+Mideast&rft.date=September+3%2C+1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Unknown parameter&nbsp;<code style="font-family: monospace, Courier; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">|=</code>&nbsp;ignored (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-DeparleTimes-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-DeparleTimes_32-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-DeparleTimes_32-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Deparle, Jason (3 September 1990).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/03/business/the-media-business-gulf-crisis-starts-a-costly-fight-for-good-press.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Gulf Crisis Starts a Costly Fight for Good Press"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>. p.&nbsp;31.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=THE+MEDIA+BUSINESS%3B+Gulf+Crisis+Starts+a+Costly+Fight+for+Good+Press&rft.au=Deparle%2C+Jason&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=Deparle&rft.date=3+September+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F09%2F03%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-media-business-gulf-crisis-starts-a-costly-fight-for-good-press.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nFYaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6653,7758817" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Kuwaitis loan jets to transport troops"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Associated Press</i>&nbsp;(The Times News). August 28, 1990. p.&nbsp;5.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaitis+loan+jets+to+transport+troops&rft.date=August+28%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnFYaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6653%2C7758817&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+Times+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-Roschbwalbp268-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Roschbwalbp268_34-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Roschbwalb, p. 268</span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rowse, Aruther E. (October 18, 1992). "Teary Testimony to Push America Toward War".&nbsp;<i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. p.&nbsp;9/Z1.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Teary+Testimony+to+Push+America+Toward+War&rft.aufirst=Aruther+E.&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.au=Rowse%2C+Aruther+E.&rft.date=October+18%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.pages=9%2FZ1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-Andersen_p170-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Andersen_p170_36-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Andersen_p170_36-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Andersen, p. 170</span></li><li id="cite_note-jury-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-jury_37-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-jury_37-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Jury says 3 took Kuwaiti money to promote war".&nbsp;<i>Sun-Sentinel</i>&nbsp;(The Washington Post). July 8, 1992. p.&nbsp;3A.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Jury+says+3+took+Kuwaiti+money+to+promote+war&rft.date=July+8%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Sentinel&rft.pages=3A&rft.pub=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-nytdeception-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-nytdeception_38-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-nytdeception_38-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-nytdeception_38-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/15/opinion/deception-on-capitol-hill.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Deception on Capitol Hill"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>. January 15, 1992. p.&nbsp;A20.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Deception+on+Capitol+Hill&rft.date=January+15%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fdeception-on-capitol-hill.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=A20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-MacArthur_p58-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-MacArthur_p58_39-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">MacArthur, p. 58</span></li><li id="cite_note-Eemeren_p70-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Eemeren_p70_40-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Eemeren, p. 70</span></li><li id="cite_note-rowse_kuwaitgate-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-rowse_kuwaitgate_41-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Rowse, "Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated"</span></li><li id="cite_note-Brosnan-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Brosnan_42-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Brosnan_42-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Brosnan, James W. (October 11, 1990). "Witenesses describe atrocities by Iraqis".&nbsp;<i>The Commercial Appeal</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Witenesses+describe+atrocities+by+Iraqis&rft.au=Brosnan%2C+James+W.&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.aulast=Brosnan&rft.date=October+11%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Pratt, p. 288</span></li><li id="cite_note-Sriramesh.2C_p.864-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Sriramesh.2C_p.864_44-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Sriramesh.2C_p.864_44-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Sriramesh, p. 864</span></li><li id="cite_note-Walton_p772-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Walton_p772_45-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Walton, p. 772</span></li><li id="cite_note-Rowse_1992-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Rowse_1992_46-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Rowse_1992_46-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Rowse, "How to build support for war"</span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Walton, p. 772</span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Eemeren, p. 70</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Walton, p.771</span></li><li id="cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos_nyt_interview_51-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Krauss, Clifford (January 12, 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/12/world/congressman-says-girl-was-credible.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"CONGRESSMAN SAYS GIRL WAS CREDIBLE"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=CONGRESSMAN+SAYS+GIRL+WAS+CREDIBLE&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Clifford&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.date=January+12%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F12%2Fworld%2Fcongressman-says-girl-was-credible.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Alderson, Andrew; Wavell, Stuart (January 13, 1991). "Paradise lost: The full story of Iraq's violation of Kuwait - Gulf Crisis".&nbsp;<i>Sunday Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Paradise+lost%3A+The+full+story+of+Iraq%27s+violation+of+Kuwait+-+Gulf+Crisis&rft.au=Alderson%2C+Andrew&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Alderson&rft.au=Wavell%2C+Stuart&rft.date=January+13%2C+1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Iraq rejects U.S. charges of atrocities".&nbsp;<i>Reuters News</i>. October 16, 1990.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Iraq+rejects+U.S.+charges+of+atrocities&rft.date=October+16%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-reutersoct21-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-reutersoct21_54-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-reutersoct21_54-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"Doctors deny babies killed in Iraqi invasion".&nbsp;<i>Reuters News</i>. October 21, 1990.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Doctors+deny+babies+killed+in+Iraqi+invasion&rft.date=October+21%2C+1990&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-macarthur-1-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthur-1_55-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Arthur, John (January 6, 1992). "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?".&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Remember+Nayirah%2C+Witness+for+Kuwait%3F&rft.au=Arthur%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.date=January+6%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Fowler, p. 22</span></li><li id="cite_note-counterpunch-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-counterpunch_57-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cohen, Mitchel (December 28, 2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/cohen1228.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"How George Bush, Sr. Sold the 1991 Bombing of Iraq to America"</a>.&nbsp;<i>CounterPunch</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=How+George+Bush%2C+Sr.+Sold+the+1991+Bombing+of+Iraq+to+America&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Mitchel&rft.aufirst=Mitchel&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=December+28%2C+2002&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2Fcohen1228.html&rft.jtitle=CounterPunch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpers.org/subjects/JohnRMacArthur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"MacArthur, John R."</a>.&nbsp;<i>Harper's Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 16, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=MacArthur%2C+John+R.&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpers.org%2Fsubjects%2FJohnRMacArthur&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Bennett, p. 131</span></li><li id="cite_note-Gilboap9-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Gilboap9_60-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Gilboap9_60-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text">Gilboa, p. 9</span></li><li id="cite_note-thomaseidsonr1-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-thomaseidsonr1_61-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/17/opinion/l-pr-firm-had-no-reason-to-question-kuwaiti-s-testimony-879692.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"P.R. Firm Had No Reason to Question Kuwaiti's Testimony"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>. January 17, 1992.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=P.R.+Firm+Had+No+Reason+to+Question+Kuwaiti%27s+Testimony&rft.date=January+17%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F17%2Fopinion%2Fl-pr-firm-had-no-reason-to-question-kuwaiti-s-testimony-879692.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Roschwalb, p. 273</span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lee, Gary (August 28, 1992). "Troubled Public Relations Firm Names New Washington Manager; Paster Replaces Gray, Who Retains Title as Chairman of the Board".&nbsp;<i>The Washington Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A24.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Troubled+Public+Relations+Firm+Names+New+Washington+Manager%3B+Paster+Replaces+Gray%2C+Who+Retains+Title+as+Chairman+of+the+Board&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gary&rft.date=August+28%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.pages=A24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-Trentop381-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Trentop381_64-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Trento, p. 381</span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Grunig, pp. 137-138</span></li><li id="cite_note-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Roschbwalb, p. 267</span></li><li id="cite_note-lantos1-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-lantos1_67-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/27/opinion/l-kuwaiti-gave-consistent-account-of-atrocities-789292.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>. January 27, 1992. p.&nbsp;A20.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Gave+Consistent+Account+of+Atrocities&rft.date=January+27%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fl-kuwaiti-gave-consistent-account-of-atrocities-789292.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=A20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">MacArthur, John (January 27, 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DF1F3EF934A15752C0A964958260" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities; Retracted Testimony"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Gave+Consistent+Account+of+Atrocities%3B+Retracted+Testimony&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.au=MacArthur%2C+John&rft.date=January+27%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CE1DF1F3EF934A15752C0A964958260&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Stauber, p. 143</span></li><li id="cite_note-myth-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-myth_70-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Leonard Doyle, "Iraqi Baby Atrocity is Revealed as Myth,"&nbsp;<i>The Independent</i>&nbsp;(12 January 1992) p. 11.</span></li><li id="cite_note-sunincubator1-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-sunincubator1_71-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sun_sentinel/access/89530803.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"INCUBATOR STORY NEEDED VERIFICATION&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Sun Sentinel</i>. Jan 21, 1992.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=INCUBATOR+STORY+NEEDED+VERIFICATION+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.date=Jan+21%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fsun_sentinel%2Faccess%2F89530803.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rft.jtitle=Sun+Sentinel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Wikilink embedded in URL title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Koenig, Robert L. (January 9, 1992). "Testimony Of Kuwaiti Envoy's Child Assailed".&nbsp;<i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>. p.&nbsp;1C.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Testimony+Of+Kuwaiti+Envoy%27s+Child+Assailed&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Robert+L.&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.date=January+9%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.pages=1C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-73" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Priest, Dana (January 7, 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73982685.html?&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Legislator to Probe Allegations of Iraqi Atrocities; Accuser Identified as Daughter of Kuwait Ambassador to U.S.<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Washington Post</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Legislator+to+Probe+Allegations+of+Iraqi+Atrocities%3B+Accuser+Identified+as+Daughter+of+Kuwait+Ambassador+to+U.S.+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.aulast=Priest&rft.au=Priest%2C+Dana&rft.date=January+7%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2Faccess%2F73982685.html%3F%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Wikilink embedded in URL title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kuwaitgate-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Kuwaitgate_74-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Ted Rowse, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n9_v24/ai_12529902/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated,"&nbsp;<i>Washington Monthly</i>&nbsp;(September 1992).</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-macarthurct-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthurct_75-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthurct_75-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-macarthurct_75-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Weiss, Tara (March 15, 2001). "NPR insists funding doesn't influence news".&nbsp;<i>The Hartford Courant</i>&nbsp;(Chicago Tribune).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=NPR+insists+funding+doesn%27t+influence+news&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Tara&rft.date=March+15%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hartford+Courant&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-76" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hebert, James (July 14, 2003). "Always consider the source … if you can identify it".&nbsp;<i>Copley News Service</i>. ""It was a corrupt, unethical thing to be doing," Broom says of the incident and Hill and Knowlton's role in it."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Always+consider+the+source+%E2%80%A6+if+you+can+identify+it&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Hebert%2C+James&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.date=July+14%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copley+News+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sepahpour-Ulrich, Soraya (December 18, 2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-sepahpourulrich/deadly-intentions-the-tru_b_397818.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Deadly Intentions: The Truth Behind The Iran Rumors"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Soraya&rft.aulast=Sepahpour-Ulrich&rft.au=Sepahpour-Ulrich%2C+Soraya&rft.btitle=Deadly+Intentions%3A+The+Truth+Behind+The+Iran+Rumors&rft.date=December+18%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fsoraya-sepahpourulrich%2Fdeadly-intentions-the-tru_b_397818.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-78" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dwyer, Jim (July 3, 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77551765.html?dids=77551765:77551765&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Desert Mirage Of Dead Babies&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]"</a>. Long Island, New York.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+Jim&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.btitle=Desert+Mirage+Of+Dead+Babies+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.date=July+3%2C+1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fnewsday%2Faccess%2F77551765.html%3Fdids%3D77551765%3A77551765%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rft.place=Long+Island%2C+New+York&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Wikilink embedded in URL title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-reuters_return-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-reuters_return_79-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-reuters_return_79-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Brough, David (September 6, 1992). "IRAQ RETURNS STOLEN INCUBATORS TO KUWAIT.".&nbsp;<i>Reuters</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=IRAQ+RETURNS+STOLEN+INCUBATORS+TO+KUWAIT.&rft.au=Brough%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Brough&rft.date=September+6%2C+1992&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></span></li><li id="cite_note-80" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Richissin, Todd (October 17, 2001).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/84654960.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Media finds war access denied&nbsp;; Coverage: Journalists are bristling at the Pentagon's tightening control on what they're allowed to see&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.aulast=Richissin&rft.au=Richissin%2C+Todd&rft.btitle=Media+finds+war+access+denied+%3B+Coverage%3A+Journalists+are+bristling+at+the+Pentagon%27s+tightening+control+on+what+they%27re+allowed+to+see+%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A0.95em%3B+font-size%3A+90%25%3B+color%3A+%23555%22%3E%28subscription+required%29%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3APages+containing+links+to+subscription-only+content&rft.date=October+17%2C+2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbaltsun%2Faccess%2F84654960.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&nbsp;<span class="error citation-comment" style="color: red;">Wikilink embedded in URL title (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">help</a>)</span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Trento-81" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-Trento_81-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Qtd. in Trento, p. 389</span></li><li id="cite_note-82" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Eemeren pp. 70-71</span></li><li id="cite_note-83" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-83" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Roschwalb, p. 272</span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#cite_ref-84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/films/livefrombaghdad/related.shtml" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Live From Baghdad</a>&nbsp;HBO: Related articles.</span></li></ol></div><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Journals</dt></dl><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bishop, Ed (April 2003).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6666/is_255_33/ai_n28994713/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Not so ancient history"</a>.&nbsp;<i>St. Louis Journalism Review</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Not+so+ancient+history&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Ed&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.date=April+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb6666%2Fis_255_33%2Fai_n28994713%2F&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Journalism+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cull, Nicholas J. (Fall 2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabmediasociety.com/peer_reviewed/index.php?article=38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"'The Perfect War': US Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting During Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 1990/1991"</a>.<i>Transnational Broadcasting Studies</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=%27The+Perfect+War%27%3A+US+Public+Diplomacy+and+International+Broadcasting+During+Desert+Shield+and+Desert+Storm%2C+1990%2F1991&rft.au=Cull%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.aulast=Cull&rft.date=Fall+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabmediasociety.com%2Fpeer_reviewed%2Findex.php%3Farticle%3D38&rft.jtitle=Transnational+Broadcasting+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fowler, Giles; Fedler, Fred (1991). "A Farewell to Truth: Lies, Rumors and Propaganda as the Press Goes to War".&nbsp;<i>Florida Communication Journal</i>&nbsp;<b>22</b>&nbsp;(1): 22–34.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1050-3366" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">1050-3366</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=A+Farewell+to+Truth%3A+Lies%2C+Rumors+and+Propaganda+as+the+Press+Goes+to+War&rft.au=Fedler%2C+Fred&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Giles&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1050-3366&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Florida+Communication+Journal&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9334&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=22" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gilboa, Eytan (2001). "Diplomacy in the media age: Three models of uses and effects".&nbsp;<i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>&nbsp;<b>12</b>&nbsp;(2): 1–28.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290108406201" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1080/09592290108406201</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2296" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">0959-2296</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Diplomacy+in+the+media+age%3A+Three+models+of+uses+and+effects&rft.aufirst=Eytan&rft.au=Gilboa%2C+Eytan&rft.aulast=Gilboa&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290108406201&rft.issn=0959-2296&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9328&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E.Grunig" title="James E. Grunig" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Grunig, James E.</a>&nbsp;(Summer 1993).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14469342.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Public relations and international affairs: effects, ethics and responsibility"</a>&nbsp;(<span style="font-size: 10.399999618530273px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(subscription required)</span>).&nbsp;<i>Journal of International Affairs</i><b>47</b>&nbsp;(1): 137–162.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022197X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">0022197X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Public+relations+and+international+affairs%3A+effects%2C+ethics+and+responsibility&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Grunig%2C+James+E.&rft.aulast=Grunig&rft.date=Summer+1993&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-14469342.html&rft.issn=0022197X&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.pages=137%E2%80%93162&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mundy, Alicia (September/October 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071031045742/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/92/5/pr.asp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Is the press any match for powerhouse P.R.?"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Columbia Journalism Review</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Is+the+press+any+match+for+powerhouse+P.R.%3F&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Alicia&rft.date=September%2FOctober+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freplay.waybackmachine.org%2F20071031045742%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbackissues.cjrarchives.org%2Fyear%2F92%2F5%2Fpr.asp&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pratt, C (1994). "Hill & Knowlton's two ethical dilemmas".&nbsp;<i>Public Relations Review</i>&nbsp;<b>20</b>&nbsp;(3): 277–294.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0363-8111%2894%2990041-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0363-8111(94)90041-8</a>.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/03638111" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">03638111</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Hill+%26+Knowlton%27s+two+ethical+dilemmas&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.au=Pratt%2C+C&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0363-8111%2894%2990041-8&rft.issn=03638111&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Public+Relations+Review&rft.pages=277%E2%80%93294&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=20" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rendall, Steve; Hart, Peter; Hollar, Julie (January/February 2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2816" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"20 Stories That Made a Difference"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Extra!</i>&nbsp;<b>19</b>&nbsp;(1): 23–28.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0895-2310" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">0895-2310</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=20+Stories+That+Made+a+Difference&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Hart%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hollar%2C+Julie&rft.aulast=Rendall&rft.au=Rendall%2C+Steve&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fair.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D2816&rft.issn=0895-2310&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Extra%21&rft.pages=23%E2%80%9328&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Roschwalb, S (1994). "The Hill & Knowlton cases: A brief on the controversy".&nbsp;<i>Public Relations Review</i>&nbsp;<b>20</b>&nbsp;(3): 267–276.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0363-8111%2894%2990040-X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1016/0363-8111(94)90040-X</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/03638111" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">03638111</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=The+Hill+%26+Knowlton+cases%3A+A+brief+on+the+controversy&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Roschwalb&rft.au=Roschwalb%2C+S&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0363-8111%2894%2990040-X&rft.issn=03638111&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Public+Relations+Review&rft.pages=267%E2%80%93276&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=20" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rowse, Ted (September 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n9_v24/ai_12529902/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated"</a>.&nbsp;<i>The Washington Monthly</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaitgate+-+killing+of+Kuwaiti+babies+by+Iraqi+soldiers+exaggerated&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.au=Rowse%2C+Ted&rft.date=September+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1316%2Fis_n9_v24%2Fai_12529902%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Monthly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rowse, Arthur E. (September/October 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080420060318/http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/92/5/war.asp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"How to build support for war"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Columbia Journalism Review</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=How+to+build+support+for+war&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.au=Rowse%2C+Arthur+E.&rft.date=September%2FOctober+1992&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freplay.waybackmachine.org%2F20080420060318%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbackissues.cjrarchives.org%2Fyear%2F92%2F5%2Fwar.asp&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Walton, Douglas (1995).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougwalton.ca/papers%20in%20pdf/95Pity.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); padding-right: 18px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Appeal to pity: A case study of theargumentum ad misericordiam"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Argumentation</i>&nbsp;<b>9</b>&nbsp;(5): 769–784.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00744757" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">10.1007/BF00744757</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0920-427X" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">0920-427X</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Appeal+to+pity%3A+A+case+study+of+theargumentum+ad+misericordiam&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.au=Walton%2C+Douglas&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dougwalton.ca%2Fpapers%2520in%2520pdf%2F95Pity.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00744757&rft.issn=0920-427X&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Argumentation&rft.pages=769%E2%80%93784&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=9" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></div><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Books</dt></dl><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Andersen, Robin (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jviaAmJL_a8C&pg=PA170" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>A century of media, a century of war</i></a>. Peter Lang. pp.&nbsp;170–172.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7893-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-8204-7893-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Robin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.btitle=A+century+of+media%2C+a+century+of+war&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjviaAmJL_a8C%26pg%3DPA170&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7893-7&rft.pages=170%E2%80%93172&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Baillargeon, Normand (January 4, 2008).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S2nh2Ffds7gC&pg=PA270" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>A short course in intellectual self-defense</i></a>. Seven Stories Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-765-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-58322-765-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Baillargeon%2C+Normand&rft.aufirst=Normand&rft.aulast=Baillargeon&rft.btitle=A+short+course+in+intellectual+self-defense&rft.date=January+4%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2nh2Ffds7gC%26pg%3DPA270&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-765-7&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Barra, Ximena de la; Buono, Richard Alan Dello (2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CtAjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA225" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Latin America after the neoliberal debacle: another region is possible</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6605-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6605-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-7425-6605-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Barra%2C+Ximena+de+la&rft.au=Buono%2C+Richard+Alan+Dello&rft.aufirst=Ximena+de+la&rft.aulast=Barra&rft.btitle=Latin+America+after+the+neoliberal+debacle%3A+another+region+is+possible&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtAjAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6605-7&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bennett, W. Lance; Paletz, David L. (1994).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eMajb92GFt0C&pg=PA140" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War</i></a>. University of Chicago Press.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04259-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-226-04259-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Bennett%2C+W.+Lance&rft.aufirst=W.+Lance&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.au=Paletz%2C+David+L.&rft.btitle=Taken+by+storm%3A+the+media%2C+public+opinion%2C+and+U.S.+foreign+policy+in+the+Gulf+War&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMajb92GFt0C%26pg%3DPA140&rft.isbn=978-0-226-04259-6&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bivens, Rena Kim (October 2008).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MfHdcrvv2JwC&pg=PA89" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The Road to War: Manufacturing Public Opinion in Support of U.S. Foreign Policy Goals</i></a>. GRIN Verlag.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-17931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-17931-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-3-640-17931-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Bivens%2C+Rena+Kim&rft.aufirst=Rena+Kim&rft.aulast=Bivens&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War%3A+Manufacturing+Public+Opinion+in+Support+of+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Goals&rft.date=October++2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMfHdcrvv2JwC%26pg%3DPA89&rft.isbn=978-3-640-17931-2&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Carpenter, Ted Galen (1995).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZlBCj8gE3rgC&pg=PA192" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The captive press: foreign policy crises and the First Amendment</i></a>. Cato Institute.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882577-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882577-22-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-882577-22-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved Marc</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Ted+Galen&rft.aufirst=Ted+Galen&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.btitle=The+captive+press%3A+foreign+policy+crises+and+the+First+Amendment&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlBCj8gE3rgC%26pg%3DPA192&rft.isbn=978-1-882577-22-4&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Doorley, John; Garcia, Helio Fred (October 20, 2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7BLZHl6cTzEC&pg=PT80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Reputation management: the key to successful public relations and corporate communication</i></a>. Taylor & Francis.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97470-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-415-97470-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Doorley%2C+John&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Helio+Fred&rft.aulast=Doorley&rft.btitle=Reputation+management%3A+the+key+to+successful+public+relations+and+corporate+communication&rft.date=October+20%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BLZHl6cTzEC%26pg%3DPT80&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97470-7&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Eemeren, Frans H. van (2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=raH4yXxjKtUC&pg=PA70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Examining Argumentation in Context: Fifteen Studies on Strategic Maneuvering</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp.&nbsp;70–71.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1118-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1118-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-90-272-1118-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Eemeren%2C+Frans+H.+van&rft.aufirst=Frans+H.+van&rft.aulast=Eemeren&rft.btitle=Examining+Argumentation+in+Context%3A+Fifteen+Studies+on+Strategic+Maneuvering&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraH4yXxjKtUC%26pg%3DPA70&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1118-7&rft.pages=70%E2%80%9371&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Effarah, Jamil E. (September 2007).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e9a2BaYQAD4C&pg=PA240" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Think Palestine to Unlock Us-Israelis and Arabs Conflicts</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p.&nbsp;240.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-3252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-3252-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-4343-3252-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Effarah%2C+Jamil+E.&rft.aufirst=Jamil+E.&rft.aulast=Effarah&rft.btitle=Think+Palestine+to+Unlock+Us-Israelis+and+Arabs+Conflicts&rft.date=September++2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9a2BaYQAD4C%26pg%3DPA240&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-3252-3&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ewen, Stuart (October 22, 1998).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=KEcBIPpSBNsC&pg=PA28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>PR!: a social history of spin</i></a>. Basic Books.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06179-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-465-06179-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Ewen%2C+Stuart&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=Ewen&rft.btitle=PR%21%3A+a+social+history+of+spin&rft.date=October+22%2C+1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEcBIPpSBNsC%26pg%3DPA28&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06179-2&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Foerstel, Herbert N. (June 2001).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HorHFYH0NsoC&pg=PA52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>From Watergate to Monicagate: ten controversies in modern journalism and media</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&nbsp;51–52.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31163-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-313-31163-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Herbert+N.&rft.au=Foerstel%2C+Herbert+N.&rft.aulast=Foerstel&rft.btitle=From+Watergate+to+Monicagate%3A+ten+controversies+in+modern+journalism+and+media&rft.date=June++2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHorHFYH0NsoC%26pg%3DPA52&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31163-5&rft.pages=51%E2%80%9352&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Frenay, Robert (March 30, 2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wIHxtFgA7FwC&pg=PA413" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Pulse: the coming age of systems and machines inspired by living things</i></a>. Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;412–413.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11327-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-374-11327-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Frenay%2C+Robert&rft.aulast=Frenay&rft.btitle=Pulse%3A+the+coming+age+of+systems+and+machines+inspired+by+living+things&rft.date=March+30%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwIHxtFgA7FwC%26pg%3DPA413&rft.isbn=978-0-374-11327-8&rft.pages=412%E2%80%93413&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gardner, Lloyd C. (March 2, 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=t5k8sUQDvQsC&pg=PA84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The Long Road to Baghdad: A History of U.S. Foreign Policy from the 1970s to the Present</i></a>. The New Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-476-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-59558-476-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+C.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Lloyd+C.&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.btitle=The+Long+Road+to+Baghdad%3A+A+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+from+the+1970s+to+the+Present&rft.date=March+2%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5k8sUQDvQsC%26pg%3DPA84&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-476-2&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Grandin, Greg (2007).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7OX5QaLkH-YC&pg=PA228" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism</i></a>. Macmillan.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8323-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-8050-8323-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Grandin%2C+Greg&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Workshop%3A+Latin+America%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Imperialism&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OX5QaLkH-YC%26pg%3DPA228&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8323-1&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hatonn, Gyeorgos Ceres.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LDZHpaTBdooC&pg=PA60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>From The Frying Pan Into The Pit Of Fire</i></a>. Phoenix Source Distributors, Inc.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922356-90-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922356-90-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-922356-90-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Gyeorgos+Ceres&rft.au=Hatonn%2C+Gyeorgos+Ceres&rft.aulast=Hatonn&rft.btitle=From+The+Frying+Pan+Into+The+Pit+Of+Fire&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDZHpaTBdooC%26pg%3DPA60&rft.isbn=978-0-922356-90-4&rft.pub=Phoenix+Source+Distributors%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jaco, Charles (January 1, 2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=tF9q3N90bWUC&pg=PA110" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The complete idiot's guide to the Gulf War</i></a>. Penguin.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864324-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-02-864324-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Jaco%2C+Charles&rft.aulast=Jaco&rft.btitle=The+complete+idiot%27s+guide+to+the+Gulf+War&rft.date=January+1%2C+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF9q3N90bWUC%26pg%3DPA110&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864324-3&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Waldman, Paul (June 21, 2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=76We8KhOkJIC&pg=PA19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The press effect: politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world</i></a>. Oxford University Press US.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517329-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-19-517329-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Hall&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+Kathleen+Hall&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=The+press+effect%3A+politicians%2C+journalists%2C+and+the+stories+that+shape+the+political+world&rft.date=June+21%2C+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76We8KhOkJIC%26pg%3DPA19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517329-1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Knightley, Phillip (2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DXu6XL4g4agC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The first casualty: the war correspondent as hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Iraq</i></a>. JHU Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8030-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-8018-8030-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Knightley%2C+Phillip&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.btitle=The+first+casualty%3A+the+war+correspondent+as+hero+and+myth-maker+from+the+Crimea+to+Iraq&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXu6XL4g4agC&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8030-8&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Loehr, Davidson (October 11, 2005).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1SMnNK7dH0YC&pg=PA106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>America, fascism, and God: sermons from a heretical preacher</i></a>. Chelsea Green Publishing.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931498-93-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931498-93-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-931498-93-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Davidson&rft.aulast=Loehr&rft.au=Loehr%2C+Davidson&rft.btitle=America%2C+fascism%2C+and+God%3A+sermons+from+a+heretical+preacher&rft.date=October+11%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SMnNK7dH0YC%26pg%3DPA106&rft.isbn=978-1-931498-93-7&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Maass, Peter (August 10, 2010).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GrZdx38JDQ4C&pg=PA146" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7545-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-4000-7545-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.au=Maass%2C+Peter&rft.btitle=Crude+World%3A+The+Violent+Twilight+of+Oil&rft.date=August+10%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrZdx38JDQ4C%26pg%3DPA146&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7545-4&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">MacArthur, John R. (2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=px4awQl7lT0C&pg=PA247" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Second front: censorship and propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War</i></a>. University of California Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24231-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-520-24231-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.au=MacArthur%2C+John+R.&rft.btitle=Second+front%3A+censorship+and+propaganda+in+the+1991+Gulf+War&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx4awQl7lT0C%26pg%3DPA247&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24231-9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Manheim, Jarol B. (January 2, 1994).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ePkskYl8XQAC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Strategic public diplomacy and American foreign policy: the evolution of influence</i></a>. Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508738-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-19-508738-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Jarol+B.&rft.aulast=Manheim&rft.au=Manheim%2C+Jarol+B.&rft.btitle=Strategic+public+diplomacy+and+American+foreign+policy%3A+the+evolution+of+influence&rft.date=January+2%2C+1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePkskYl8XQAC&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508738-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Marlin, Randal (2002).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Zp38Ot2g7LEC&pg=PA198" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Propaganda and the ethics of persuasion</i></a>. Broadview Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-376-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-376-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-55111-376-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft.aulast=Marlin&rft.au=Marlin%2C+Randal&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+the+ethics+of+persuasion&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZp38Ot2g7LEC%26pg%3DPA198&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-376-0&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">McCusker, Gerry (March 2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ko5gcgfKW9oC&pg=PA197" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"Propaganda-Truth is the first casualty of PR War"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Public Relations Disasters: Talespin--Inside Stories and Lessons Learnt</i>. Kogan Page Publishers. pp.&nbsp;196–198.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-4572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-4572-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-7494-4572-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Public+Relations+Disasters%3A+Talespin--Inside+Stories+and+Lessons+Learnt&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.au=McCusker%2C+Gerry&rft.btitle=Propaganda-Truth+is+the+first+casualty+of+PR+War&rft.date=March++2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo5gcgfKW9oC%26pg%3DPA197&rft.isbn=978-0-7494-4572-0&rft.pages=196%E2%80%93198&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">McPherson, James Brian (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=icY_SPvVBO0C&pg=PA123" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965-present</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31780-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-313-31780-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=James+Brian&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+Brian&rft.btitle=Journalism+at+the+end+of+the+American+century%2C+1965-present&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicY_SPvVBO0C%26pg%3DPA123&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31780-4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Miller, Karen S. (1999).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XD3PkYdP9O8C&pg=PA183" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The voice of business: Hill & Knowlton and postwar public relations</i></a>. UNC Press Books. pp.&nbsp;182–183.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2439-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-8078-2439-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Karen+S.&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.au=Miller%2C+Karen+S.&rft.btitle=The+voice+of+business%3A+Hill+%26+Knowlton+and+postwar+public+relations&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD3PkYdP9O8C%26pg%3DPA183&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2439-9&rft.pages=182%E2%80%93183&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Müller-Kulmann, Thomas (November 2007).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2hcjxfLGA0wC&pg=PA6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Propaganda and Censorship in Gulf War I</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. pp.&nbsp;6–7.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-78145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-78145-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-3-638-78145-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Kulmann&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Kulmann%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Censorship+in+Gulf+War+I&rft.date=November++2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hcjxfLGA0wC%26pg%3DPA6&rft.isbn=978-3-638-78145-9&rft.pages=6%E2%80%937&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Phillips, Kevin P. (September 6, 2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Wty3o92hyigC&pg=PA309" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>American dynasty: aristocracy, fortune, and the politics of deceit in the house of Bush</i></a>. Penguin.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303431-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303431-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-14-303431-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Kevin+P.&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Kevin+P.&rft.btitle=American+dynasty%3A+aristocracy%2C+fortune%2C+and+the+politics+of+deceit+in+the+house+of+Bush&rft.date=September+6%2C+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWty3o92hyigC%26pg%3DPA309&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303431-5&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rossi, Melissa L. (November 29, 2005).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pA2bCe2nPtMC&pg=PT216" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>What every American should know about who's really running the world: the people, corporations, and organizations that control our future</i></a>. Penguin.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28615-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28615-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-452-28615-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Melissa+L.&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Melissa+L.&rft.btitle=What+every+American+should+know+about+who%27s+really+running+the+world%3A+the+people%2C+corporations%2C+and+organizations+that+control+our+future&rft.date=November+29%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpA2bCe2nPtMC%26pg%3DPT216&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28615-3&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Spragens, William C. (1995).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cr41_UeQwM8C&pg=PA51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Electronic magazines: soft news programs on network television</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;51.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94155-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-275-94155-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.aulast=Spragens&rft.au=Spragens%2C+William+C.&rft.btitle=Electronic+magazines%3A+soft+news+programs+on+network+television&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcr41_UeQwM8C%26pg%3DPA51&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94155-0&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy (January 10, 2009).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=i1WkJx12iScC&pg=PA864" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The global public relations handbook: theory, research, and practice</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;864–865.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99513-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99513-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-415-99513-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Krishnamurthy&rft.aulast=Sriramesh&rft.au=Sriramesh%2C+Krishnamurthy&rft.btitle=The+global+public+relations+handbook%3A+theory%2C+research%2C+and+practice&rft.date=January+10%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1WkJx12iScC%26pg%3DPA864&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99513-9&rft.pages=864%E2%80%93865&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Stauber, John Clyde; Rampton, Sheldon (1995).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zSw5XhNudR0C" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Toxic sludge is good for you: lies, damn lies, and the public relations industry</i></a>. Common Courage Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-060-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-56751-060-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=John+Clyde&rft.aulast=Stauber&rft.au=Rampton%2C+Sheldon&rft.au=Stauber%2C+John+Clyde&rft.btitle=Toxic+sludge+is+good+for+you%3A+lies%2C+damn+lies%2C+and+the+public+relations+industry&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzSw5XhNudR0C&rft.isbn=978-1-56751-060-7&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Trento, Susan B. (October 1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PhyUMYCjVzoC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The power house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of access and influence in Washington</i></a>. St. Martin's Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08319-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08319-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-312-08319-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft.aulast=Trento&rft.au=Trento%2C+Susan+B.&rft.btitle=The+power+house%3A+Robert+Keith+Gray+and+the+selling+of+access+and+influence+in+Washington&rft.date=October+1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhyUMYCjVzoC&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08319-9&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Unger, Craig (March 16, 2004).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AyEMV1sd5S4C&pg=PA139" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>House of Bush, house of Saud: the secret relationship between the world's two most powerful dynasties</i></a>. Simon and Schuster.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5337-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-7432-5337-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.au=Unger%2C+Craig&rft.btitle=House+of+Bush%2C+house+of+Saud%3A+the+secret+relationship+between+the+world%27s+two+most+powerful+dynasties&rft.date=March+16%2C+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyEMV1sd5S4C%26pg%3DPA139&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5337-6&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Walton, Douglas N. (June 1997).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SynY0iJLN6sC&pg=PA127" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">"The Nayirah Case"</a>.&nbsp;<i>Appeal to pity: Argumentum ad misericordiam</i>. SUNY Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3461-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-7914-3461-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.atitle=Appeal+to+pity%3A+Argumentum+ad+misericordiam&rft.aufirst=Douglas+N.&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.au=Walton%2C+Douglas+N.&rft.btitle=The+Nayirah+Case&rft.date=June+1997&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSynY0iJLN6sC%26pg%3DPA127&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3461-1&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Winkler, Carol (2006).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HQt4-ylX_TAC&pg=PA109" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World War II era</i></a>. SUNY Press.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6617-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6617-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-7914-6617-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Carol&rft.btitle=In+the+name+of+terrorism%3A+presidents+on+political+violence+in+the+post-World+War+II+era&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQt4-ylX_TAC%26pg%3DPA109&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6617-9&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Willis, Jim; Willis, William James (2007).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=f4JiYcdq-NsC&pg=PA3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>The media effect: how the news influences politics and government</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;3.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99496-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99496-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-0-275-99496-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.au=Willis%2C+Jim&rft.au=Willis%2C+William+James&rft.btitle=The+media+effect%3A+how+the+news+influences+politics+and+government&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4JiYcdq-NsC%26pg%3DPA3&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99496-9&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Winter, James P. (1992).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SPMkdV1gBSwC&pg=PA25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Common cents: media portrayal of the Gulf War and other events</i></a>. Black Rose Books Ltd.&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895431-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895431-24-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">978-1-895431-24-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.au=Winter%2C+James+P.&rft.btitle=Common+cents%3A+media+portrayal+of+the+Gulf+War+and+other+events&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPMkdV1gBSwC%26pg%3DPA25&rft.isbn=978-1-895431-24-7&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books+Ltd.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Foundation for Public Relations Research and Education (U.S.) (1997).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GDfNCV904bwC" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><i>Public relations review</i></a>. JAI Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANayirah+%28testimony%29&rft.au=Foundation+for+Public+Relations+Research+and+Education+%28U.S.%29&rft.aulast=Foundation+for+Public+Relations+Research+and+Education+%28U.S.%29&rft.btitle=Public+relations+review&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDfNCV904bwC&rft.pub=JAI+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-image: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19.200000762939453px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayirah(testimony)&action=edit&section=28&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">edit</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Brian Eno</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9115,1020528,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Lessons in how to lie about Iraq</a>,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Observer</a></i>, August 17, 2003.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ameen Izzadeen,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060314214206/http://www.dailymirror.lk/inside/worldw/021206.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Lies, damn lies and war</a>,&nbsp;<i>Daily Mirror</i>&nbsp;of Sri Lanka, 2001 (no more precise date provided), archive.org mirror accessed 18 December 2006.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Phillip Knightley</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4270014,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">The disinformation campaign</a>,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Guardian</a></i>, October 4, 2001.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_O%27Kane" title="Maggie O'Kane" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Maggie O'Kane</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4561023-103677,00.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">This time I'm scared</a>,&nbsp;<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The Guardian</a></i>, December 5, 2002.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Alexander Cockburn</a>,&nbsp;<i>Truth or Propaganda?</i>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/1991-gulf-war/the-1991-gulf-war/truth-or-propaganda.html" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">Radio Interview with Geoff Pevere</a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>&nbsp;<i>Prime Time</i>, originally broadcast December 14, 1992.</li></ul><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 850.7999877929688px; margin: 0.5em auto auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 1px; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-spacing: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="font-size: 11.199999809265137px; width: 848px; border-spacing: 0px; background-color: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah(testimony)#" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">hide</a>]</span><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left; margin-right: 0.5em; width: 6em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wartime_propagandists" title="Template:Wartime propagandists" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span title="View this template" style="font-variant: small-caps; background-image: none; background-color: transparent; border: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">v</span></a></li>&nbsp;<li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wartime_propagandists" title="Template talk:Wartime propagandists" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span title="Discuss this template" style="font-variant: small-caps; background-image: none; background-color: transparent; border: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">t</span></a></li>&nbsp;<li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wartime_propagandists&action=edit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAVklEQVR4Xn3PgQkAMQhDUXfqTu7kTtkpd5RA8AInfArtQ2iRXFWT2QedAfttj2FsPIOE1eCOlEuoWWjgzYaB/IkeGOrxXhqB+uA9Bfcm0lAZuh+YIeAD+cAqSz4kCMUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><span title="Edit this template" style="font-variant: small-caps; background-image: none; background-color: transparent; border: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">e</span></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><b>Wartime&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">propagandists</a></b></div></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Spanish-American War</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War#Hearst_and_Pulitzer" title="Propaganda of the Spanish–American War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">William Randolph Hearst</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War#Hearst_and_Pulitzer" title="Propaganda of the Spanish–American War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Joseph Pulitzer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Spanish Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Joseph Goebbels</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rose" title="Tokyo Rose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Tokyo Rose</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;">Axis Sally&nbsp;<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); display: inline; white-space: normal;"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Gillars" title="Mildred Gillars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">German</a></small></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Zucca" title="Rita Zucca" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Italian</a></small></li>&nbsp;</ul></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">William Joyce</a>&nbsp;(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw" title="Lord Haw-Haw" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Lord Haw-Haw</a>)</li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ferdonnet" title="Paul Ferdonnet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Paul Ferdonnet</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_Best" title="Robert Henry Best" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Robert Henry Best</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_W.Kaltenbach" title="Fred W. Kaltenbach" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Fred W. Kaltenbach</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Henriot" title="Philippe Henriot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Philippe Henriot</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baty" title="Thomas Baty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Thomas Baty</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Drexel" title="Constance Drexel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Constance Drexel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Korean War</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_City_Sue" title="Seoul City Sue" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Seoul City Sue</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Sally" title="Pyongyang Sally" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Pyongyang Sally</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Iraq War</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: transparent; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi" title="Ahmed Chalabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Ahmed Chalabi</a></li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Saeed_al-Sahhaf" title="Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Other Wars</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="line-height: 1.8em; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 698.4000244140625px; padding: 0px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX///8AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw/wLCAgQEAGpIDyT0IVcsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);"><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi_Hannah" title="Hanoi Hannah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hanoi Hannah</a>&nbsp;(Vietnam War)</li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Nayirah (testimony)</strong>&nbsp;(Gulf War)</li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Ibrahim" title="Moussa Ibrahim" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Moussa Ibrahim</a>&nbsp;(Libyan Civil War)</li>&nbsp;<li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala_Misrati" title="Hala Misrati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Hala Misrati</a>&nbsp;(Libyan Civil War)</li><li style="margin: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Barrio" title="Silvia Fernández Barrio" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none;">Argentine Annie</a>&nbsp;(Falklands War)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Categories</a>:&nbsp;<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_nurses" title="Category:Fictional nurses" style="text-decoration: none; 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background-repeat: initial initial;">Living people</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_people" title="Category:Kuwaiti people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Kuwaiti people</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Category:People of the Gulf War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">People of the Gulf War</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; 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display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Propaganda_legends" title="Category:Propaganda legends" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Propaganda legends</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_in_war_in_Asia" title="Category:Women in war in Asia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Women in war in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div>=</div><div><h2 style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-size: 0.9em; margin: 3px 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;">Don Meyer was a participant or observer in the following events:</h2><div class="timeline-paging" style="font-size: 0.9em; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="listOfEntitysEvents" style="margin-top: 35px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;"><div id="timelineEntries" style="margin-top: 40px;"><div class="i" style="margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"><b><font size="4"><a name="aearly2002clarkepr" /></font></b><div class="iT" style="width: 524.7999877929688px; display: table;"><h2 style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; width: 400px; float: left;"><a href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=aearly2002clarkepr#aearly2002clarkepr" title="View in context" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;"><font size="4">Early 2002 and Beyond: Pentagon Uses Military Analysts to Shape Opinions of Upcoming Iraq War</font></a></h2></div></div></div></div></div><div>
</div><div><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">While detailed plans for the upcoming invasion of Iraq are well underway, the administration realizes that the American people are not strongly behind such an invasion. They aren’t convinced that Saddam Hussein was responsible for the 9/11 attacks, and unsure about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. White House and Pentagon officials decide that using retired military officers as “independent military analysts” in the national media can help change hearts and minds (see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a042008pentagonpsyops" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">April 20, 2008</a>).&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">Assistant secretary of defense for public affairs Victoria “Torie” Clarke, a former public relations executive, intends to achieve what she calls “information dominance.” The news culture is saturated by “spin” and combating viewpoints; Clarke argues that opinions are most swayed by voices seen as authoritative and completely independent. Clarke has already put together a system within the Pentagon to recruit what she calls “key influentials,” powerful and influential people from all areas who, with the proper coaching, can generate support for Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld’s agenda. After 9/11, when each of the news networks rushed to land its own platoon of retired military officers to provide commentary and analysis, Clarke saw an opportunity: such military analysts are the ultimate “key influentials,” having tremendous authority and credibility with average Americans. They often get more airtime than network reporters, Clarke notes. More importantly, they are not just explaining military minutiae, but telling viewers how to interpret events. Best of all, while they are in the news media, they are not creatures of the media.</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">&nbsp;Reporter David Barstow will write in 2008, “They were military men, many of them ideologically in sync with the administration’s neoconservative brain trust, many of them important players in a military industry anticipating large budget increases to pay for an Iraq war.” And even those without such ties tended to support the military and the government. Retired Army general and ABC analyst William Nash will say: “It is very hard for me to criticize the United States Army. It is my life.”&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>'Writing the Op-Ed' for the War</u>&nbsp;- As a result, according to Clarke’s aide Don Meyer, Clarke decides to make the military analysts the main focus of the public relations push to build a case for invading Iraq. They, not journalists, will “be our primary vehicle to get information out,” Meyer recalls. The military analysts are not handled by the Pentagon’s regular press office, but are lavished with attention and “perks” in a separate office run by another aide to Clarke, Brent Krueger. According to Krueger, the military analysts will, in effect, be “writing the op-ed” for the war.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Working in Tandem with the White House</u>&nbsp;- The Bush administration works closely with Clarke’s team from the outset. White House officials request lists of potential recruits for the team, and suggests names for the lists. Clarke’s team writes summaries of each potential analyst, describing their backgrounds, business and political affiliations, and their opinions on the war. Rumsfeld has the final say on who is on the team: “Rumsfeld ultimately cleared off on all invitees,” Krueger will say. Ultimately, the Pentagon recruits over 75 retired officers, though some only participate briefly or sporadically.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Saturation Coverage on Cable</u>&nbsp;- The largest contingent of analysts is affiliated with Fox News, followed by NBC and CNN, the networks with 24-hour cable news coverage. Many analysts work for ABC and CBS as well. Many also appear on radio news and talk broadcasts, publish op-ed articles in newspapers, and are quoted in press reports, magazine articles, and in Web sites and blogs. Barstow, a New York Times reporter, will note that “[a]t least nine of them have written op-ed articles for The Times.”&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Representing the Defense Industry</u>&nbsp;- Many of the analysts have close ties with defense contractors and/or lobbying firms involved in helping contractors win military contracts from the Pentagon:&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Retired Army general James Marks, who begins working as an analyst for CNN in 2004 (until his firing three years later—see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=a0707markscnn" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">July 2007</a>) is a senior executive with McNeil Technologies, and helps that firm land military and intelligence contracts from the government.&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Thomas McInerney, a retired Air Force general and Fox News analyst, sits on the boards of several military contractors.&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;CBS military analyst Jeffrey McCausland is a lobbyist for Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney, a major lobbying firm where he is director of a national security team that represents several military contractors. His team proclaims on the firm’s Web site, “We offer clients access to key decision makers.”&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Shortly after signing with CBS, retired Air Force general Joseph Ralston became vice chairman of the Cohen Group, a consulting firm headed by former Defense Secretary William Cohen (also an analyst for CNN). The Cohen Group says of itself on its Web site, “The Cohen Group knows that getting to ‘yes’ in the aerospace and defense market—whether in the United States or abroad—requires that companies have a thorough, up-to-date understanding of the thinking of government decision makers.”&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Ideological Ties</u>&nbsp;- Many military analysts have political and ideological ties to the Bush administration and its supporters. These include:&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Two of NBC’s most familiar analysts, retired generals Barry McCaffrey and Wayne Downing, are on the advisory board of the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, an advocacy group created with White House encouragement in 2002 to push for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein.&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20/2008</a>]</cite>&nbsp;Additionally, McCaffrey is chief of BR McCaffrey Associates, which “provides strategic, analytic, and advocacy consulting services to businesses, non-profits, governments, and international organizations.”&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/20/AR2008042002131_pf.html" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">WASHINGTON POST, 4/21/2008</a>]</cite>&nbsp;Other members include senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Joseph Lieberman (D-CT), and prominent neoconservatives Richard Perle and William Kristol.&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/042808R.shtml" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">TRUTHOUT (.ORG), 4/28/2008</a>]</cite>&nbsp;Both McCaffrey and Downing head their own consulting firms and are board members of major defense contractors.&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Retired Army general Paul Vallely, a Fox News analyst from 2001 through 2007, shares with the Bush national security team the belief that the reason the US lost in Vietnam was due to negative media coverage, and the commitment to prevent that happening with the Iraq war. In 1980, Vallely co-wrote a paper accusing the US press of failing to defend the nation from what he called “enemy” propaganda—negative media coverage—during the Vietnam War. “We lost the war—not because we were outfought, but because we were out Psyoped,” he wrote. Vallely advocated something he called “MindWar,” an all-out propaganda campaign by the government to convince US citizens of the need to support a future war effort. Vallely’s “MindWar” would use network TV and radio to “strengthen our national will to victory.”&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20/2008</a>]</cite>&nbsp;
<img src="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/pics/childbullet.gif" width="5" height="8" alt="bullet" />&nbsp;Ironically, Clarke herself will eventually leave the Pentagon and become a commentator for ABC News.&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2008/4/22/pentagons_pundits_a_look_at_the" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">DEMOCRACY NOW!, 4/22/2008</a>]</cite>&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Seducing the Analysts</u>&nbsp;- Analysts describe a “powerfully seductive environment,” in Barstow’s words, created for them in the Pentagon: the uniformed escorts to Rumsfeld’s private conference room, lavish lunches served on the best government china, embossed name cards, “blizzard[s] of PowerPoints, the solicitations of advice and counsel, the appeals to duty and country, the warm thank you notes from the secretary himself.” Former NBC analyst Kenneth Allard, who has taught information warfare at the National Defense University, says: “[Y]ou have no idea. You’re back. They listen to you. They listen to what you say on TV.” Allard calls the entire process “psyops on steroids,” using flattery and proximity to gain the desired influence and effect. “It’s not like it’s, ‘We’ll pay you $500 to get our story out,’” Allard says. “It’s more subtle.”&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;">
<u>Keeping Pentagon Connections Hidden</u>&nbsp;- In return, the analysts are instructed not to quote their briefers directly or to mention their contacts with the Pentagon. The idea is always to present a facade of independent thought. One example is the analysts’ almost perfect recitation of Pentagon talking points during a fall and winter 2002 PR campaign (see&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/item.jsp?item=afallwinter02analystsdod" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Fall and Winter 2002</a>).&nbsp;<cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">[<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/washington/20generals.html" target="blank" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-decoration: none; font-size: 8pt; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20/2008</a>]</cite></p><p style="margin: 3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; width: 525.1375122070313px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;"><cite style="font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-style: normal; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">
</cite></p><div class="t" style="padding-left: 15px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 510.5874938964844px; font-size: 0.9em;"><b style="font-size: 0.9em;">Entity Tags:</b>&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=richard_perle" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Richard Perle</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=paul_vallely_1" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Paul Vallely</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=thomas_g.mcinerney" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">Thomas G. McInerney</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=william_s._cohen" style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49); text-decoration: none;">William S. 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</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 510.5874938964844px; font-size: 0.9em;"><a href="http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=don_meyer_1">http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=don_meyer_1</a></p></div></div><div>=</div><div><div>Nayirah (testimony)</div><div>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div>Nayirah Testimony refers to the controversial testimony given before the non-governmental Congressional Human Rights Caucus on October 10, 1990, by a female who provided only her first name, Nayirah. In her emotional testimony, Nayirah stated that after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait she had witnessed Iraqi soldiers take babies out of incubators in a Kuwaiti hospital, take the incubators, and leave the babies to die. Though reporters did not then have access to Kuwait, her testimony was regarded as credible at the time and was widely publicized. It was cited numerous times by United States senators and the president in their rationale to back Kuwait in the Gulf War.</div><div>
</div><div>Her story was initially corroborated by Amnesty International[1] and testimony from evacuees. Following the liberation of Kuwait, reporters were given access to the country and found the story of stolen incubators unsubstantiated. However, they did find that a number of people, including babies, died when nurses and doctors fled the country.</div><div>
</div><div>In 1992, it was revealed that Nayirah's last name was al-?aba? (Arabic: ???? ???????) and that she was the daughter of Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah, the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Furthermore, it was revealed that her testimony was organized as part of the Citizens for a Free Kuwait public relations campaign which was run by Hill & Knowlton for the Kuwaiti government. Following this, al-Sabah's testimony has largely come to be regarded as wartime propaganda.</div><div>
</div><div>Contents &nbsp;[hide]&nbsp;</div><div>1 Background</div><div>1.1 Incubator allegations</div><div>1.2 Advertising</div><div>1.3 Citizens for a Free Kuwait</div><div>1.4 Hill & Knowlton</div><div>1.5 Congressional Human Rights Foundation</div><div>2 Testimony</div><div>2.1 Hill & Knowlton</div><div>3 Effect</div><div>4 Initial response</div><div>5 Revelation</div><div>6 Subsequent response</div><div>6.1 Hill and Knowlton</div><div>6.2 Tom Lantos response</div><div>6.3 Ambassador Sabah</div><div>7 Investigations</div><div>7.1 Human Rights Watch</div><div>7.2 Amnesty International</div><div>7.3 Kroll Report</div><div>7.4 Television</div><div>8 Criticism</div><div>9 Aftermath</div><div>10 Scholarly commentary</div><div>11 In popular culture</div><div>12 See also</div><div>13 Notes</div><div>14 References</div><div>15 External links</div><div>Background[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>Incubator allegations[edit]</div><div>Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators . Life-support systems are turned off. . . . They are even removing traffic lights. The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police.</div><div>—Evacuee's description as reported in St. Louis Post-Dispatch[2]</div><div>Following the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait, there were reports of widespread looting. On September 2, 1990 in a letter to the UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, Kuwait's UN representative, Mohammad A. Abulhasan, wrote:</div><div>
</div><div>Further to those of our communications which are intended to inform you of the actions perpetrated by the Iraqi occupation authorities in Kuwait in contravention of all international laws, and on the basis of confirmed information provided to us by the Government of Kuwait, we wish to draw attention to a phenomenon which has no precedent in history, namely, the Iraqi occupation authorities' organized operation for the purpose of looting and plundering Kuwait. It is impossible to compare this operation to any similar incidents or to provide an exact account thereof because it is in effect an operation designed to achieve nothing less than the complete removal of Kuwait's assets, including property belonging to the State, to public and private institutions and to individuals, as well as the contents of houses, factories, stores, hospitals, academic institutes, schools, and universities...What has occurred in Kuwait is the perpetration of an act of armed robbery by a State which has used its military, security and technical organs for that purpose.[3]</div><div>
</div><div>In the letter, Abulhasan also noted that "theft of all equipment from private and public hospitals, including X-ray machines, scanners and pieces of laboratory equipment."[3] The allegations of looting were also retold by evacuees who described "soldiers looting office buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment." [4] Douglas Hurd, the British Secretary for foreign affairs surmised that "they are looting and destroying in a way which suggests that they may not expect to be there for very long."[5]</div><div>
</div><div>The looting of incubators attracted media attention because of allegations that premature babies were being discarded or dying as a result.[6] On September 5, Abdul Wahab Al-Fowzan, the Kuwaiti health minister-in-exile, stated at a press conference in Taif, Saudi Arabia "that Iraqi soldiers had seized virtually all of the country's hospitals and medical institutions after their invasion" and that "soldiers evicted patients and systematically looted the hospitals of high-tech equipment, ambulances, drugs and plasma" which resulted in the death of 22 premature babies.[5][7][7]The Washington Post described the origin of the Kuwaiti baby story as follows:</div><div>
</div><div>The Kuwaiti baby story originated with a letter from a senior Kuwaiti public health official that was smuggled out of the country by a European diplomat late last month, according to Hudah Bahar, an architect who received the letter here in London. It was supplemented by information gathered from fleeing Kuwaitis and other sources by Fawzia Sayegh, a Kuwaiti pediatrician living here. The letter claimed that Iraqi soldiers ordered patients evicted from several hospitals and closed down critical units for treating cancer patients, dialysis patients and those suffering from diabetes. Bahar and Sayegh said the Iraqis hauled sophisticated equipment such as dialysis machines back to Baghdad, part of the haul of cash, gold, cars and jewelry that is said by Arab banking sources to exceed $2 billion. Among the equipment taken were the 22 infant incubator units, they said.[7]</div><div>
</div><div>The Washington Post also noted that it was unable to verify the accusations as Iraq did not permit access to the area and had quarantined diplomats.[7]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 5, in another letter to the UN Secretary General, Abulhasan reiterated Fowzan's claims writing:</div><div>
</div><div>We are informed by impeccable sources in Kuwait's health institutions that the Iraqi occupation authorities have carried out the following brutal crimes, which may be described as crimes against humanity: ... 2. The incubators in maternity hospitals used for children suffering from retarded growth (premature children) have been removed, causing the death of all the children who were under treatment.[8]</div><div>
</div><div>The letter did not state how many babies had died.[7][9] The allegations in the letter received widespread media coverage in the following days.[10][11][12][13][14][15] That day, in an interview with released hostages on NPR's All Things Considered, a hostage stated that Iraqi troops were "hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."[16] Reuters also reported they had been told "that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."[17][18]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 9, NPR reported that "in a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq."[19]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 17, Edward Gnehm Jr., the U.S. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, told reporters that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies had died when Iraqi troops had stolen their incubators.[20] The Los Angeles Times reported that "refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."[6][21] The San Jose Mercury News also reported the same allegation that day, adding that Western diplomats thought "this is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, it could be cause for some kind of military intervention."[22]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 25, the Washington Post reported that "Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators."[6][23] The president of Citizens for a Free Kuwait wrote to Representative Gus Yatron stating of how he "recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators [in Kuwait], used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure."[24]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 29, in a meeting between Kuwaiti leader Sheik Jabbar al Ahmed al Sabah and president George Bush Sr., the exiled emir told the president that Iraqis were "going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."[25][26] In his remarks following the discussion, Bush stated that "Iraqi aggression has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure country, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and even murdered" and that "Iraq's leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."[27]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 28, Kuwait's planning minister, Sulaiman Mutawa reported that 12 babies had died as a result of incubator looting.[28]</div><div>
</div><div>On September 30, U.S. News & World Report reported that that it had obtained secret US government cables based on eyewitness accounts that revealed "shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals."[29] The cables stated that on the sixth day of Iraqi invasion, Iraqi soldiers "entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal" and that "they unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators" thus killing the 22 children.[29]</div><div>
</div><div>On October 9, at a Presidential news conference, Bush stated:</div><div>
</div><div>I thought General Scowcroft [Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs] put it very well after the Amir left here. And I am very much concerned, not just about the physical dismantling but of the brutality that has now been written on by Amnesty International confirming some of the tales told us by the Amir of brutality. It's just unbelievable, some of the things at least he reflected. I mean, people on a dialysis machine cut off, the machine sent to Baghdad; babies in incubators heaved out of the incubators and the incubators themselves sent to Baghdad. Now, I don't know how many of these tales can be authenticated, but I do know that when the Amir was here he was speaking from the heart. And after that came Amnesty International, who were debriefing many of the people at the border. And it's sickening.[30]</div><div>
</div><div>Advertising[edit]</div><div>As far as the East is from the West, that's how far most U.S. advertisers want to be removed from any hint of capitalizing on the Iraqi conflict.</div><div>—Advertisers steer clear of Mideast,St. Petersburg Times [31]</div><div>Initially, most advertisers were ignoring the Middle East crisis in their ads.[31] It was noted that companies selling information, such as news organizations, were running advertisements for their coverage of the conflict.[31]</div><div>
</div><div>Citizens for a Free Kuwait[edit]</div><div>The Citizens for a Free Kuwait was a public relations committee set up by the Kuwaiti embassy, described by The Times News as a "Washington, D.C.- based committee comprised of concerned Kuwaitis and Americans".[32][33] Though the committee occupied embassy office space, they were to be working independently of the embassy.[32]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton[edit]</div><div>In 1990, after being approached by a Kuwaiti expatriate in New York, Hill & Knowlton took on "Citizens for a Free Kuwait."[34] The objective of the national campaign was to raise awareness in the United States about the dangers posed by Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein to Kuwait.[34]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton conducted a $1 million study to determine the best way to win support for strong action.[35] H & K had the Wirthington Group conduct focus groups to determine the best strategy that would influence public opinion.[36] The study found that an emphasis on atrocities, particularly the incubator story, was the most effective.[36]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton is estimated to have been given as much as $12 million by the Kuwaitis for their public relations campaign.[37]</div><div>
</div><div>Congressional Human Rights Foundation[edit]</div><div>The Congressional Human Rights Foundation is a non-governmental organization that investigates human rights abuse.[38] It was headed by Democratic U.S. Representative Tom Lantos and Republican Representative John Porter and rented space in Hill & Knowlton's Washington headquarters at a $3000 reduced rate.[38]</div><div>
</div><div>Testimony[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>On October 10, 1990 Nayirah was the last to testify at the Caucus. In her oral testimony, which lasted about 6 minutes, she stated:</div><div>
</div><div>I volunteered at the al-Addan hospital with twelve other women who wanted to help as well. I was the youngest volunteer. The other women were from twenty to thirty years old. While I was there I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators and left the babies on the cold floor to die.[crying] It was horrifying.[39][40]</div><div>
</div><div>Although Nayirah did not specify how many babies were in the incubators in her oral testimony, in the written testimony distributed by Hill and Knowlton, it read "While I was there I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators."[41] The testimony was not given under oath.</div><div>
</div><div>Representative John Porter, co-chairman of the caucus, remarked that in his eight years of service on the caucus, he had never heard such "brutality and inhumanity and sadism."[42] Nayirah's testimony was described as the most dramatic.[42]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton[edit]</div><div>It is unclear how much of Nayirah's testimony was coached. Though the firm was supposed to provide only stylistic help,[43] it was reported that H&K "provided witnesses, wrote testimony, and coached the witnesses for effectiveness."[44]</div><div>
</div><div>Effect[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>Nayirah's testimony was widely publicized.[45] Hill & Knowlton, which had filmed the hearing, sent out a video news release to Medialink, a firm which served about 700 television stations in the United States.[46]</div><div>
</div><div>That night, portions of the testimony aired on ABC's Nightline and NBC Nightly News reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans.[44][46] Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches backing the use of force.[Note 1] President George Bush repeated the story at least ten times in the following weeks.[49] Her account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in favor of participation in the Gulf War.[50]</div><div>
</div><div>Initial response[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>On January 13, 1991, the Sunday Times reported that a Dr Ali Al-Huwail could vouch for 92 deaths.[51]</div><div>
</div><div>Iraq denied the allegations. On October 16, Iraqi information minister, Latif Nassif al-Jassem, told the Iraqi News Agency that "now you [Bush] are using what he [Sheikh Jaber] told you to make Congress ratify the budget which is in the red because of your policies" adding that "you, as the president of a superpower, have to weigh words carefully and not act as a clown who repeats what he is told."[52]</div><div>
</div><div>In a visit to Kuwait on October 21, 1990, journalists who were escorted by Iraqi information ministry officials, doctors at a Kuwaiti maternity facility denied the incubator allegations.[53] In the visit, the Iraqi head of the Kuwaiti health department, Abdul-Rahman Mohammad al-Ugeily, said that "Baghdad had sent 1,000 doctors and other medical to staff to help run Kuwait's 14 hospitals and health centres following the invasion."[53]</div><div>
</div><div>Revelation[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>A little reportorial investigation would have done a great service to the democratic process.</div><div>—John MacArthur[54]</div><div>On March 15, 1991, shortly after Kuwait was liberated, John Martin, an ABC reporter, reported that "patients, including premature babies, did die, when many of Kuwait's nurses and doctors stopped working or fled the country" and discovered that Iraqi troops "almost certainly had not stolen hospital incubators and left hundreds of Kuwaiti babies to die."[55][56]</div><div>
</div><div>On January 6, 1992, The New York Times published an op-ed piece by John MacArthur entitled "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?"[54] MacArthur discovered that Nayirah was the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the U.S., Saud Nasir al-Sabah.[54] MacArthur noted that "the incubator story seriously distorted the American debate about whether to support military action" and questioned whether "their [Representatives Lantos and Porter] special relationship with Hill and Knowlton should prompt a Congressional investigation to find out if their actions merely constituted an obvious conflict of interest or, worse, if they knew who the tearful Nayirah really was in October 1990."[54] The story earned MacArthur the Monthly Journalism Award from The Washington Monthly in April 1992, and the Mencken Award in 1993.[41][57]</div><div>
</div><div>Subsequent response[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill and Knowlton[edit]</div><div>We disseminated information in a void as a basis for Americans to form opinions.</div><div>—Frank Mankiewicz, Vice Chairman, Hill & Knowlton[58][59]</div><div>On January 15, 1992, the CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas E. Eidson, responded to the concerns raised by MacArthur in a letter to the editor to The New York Times.[60] Eidson stated that "at no time has this firm collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony" asserting that the firm "had no reason to question her veracity when she testified following her escape from Kuwait."[60] The letter explained that Nayirah's charge that Iraqi soldiers removed newborn babies from incubators was corroborated by Dr. Ibraheem Behbehani, head of the Red Crescent, before the United Nations Security Council and that the media was not permitted back inside Kuwait "until after the liberation, there was no way to check immediately on the stories of refugees."[60] Eidson concluded that "Nayirah's credibility should no more be questioned than if she had been a doctor or teacher" and the company's work with the Kuwaitis was consistent with firm's standards stating that "the public interest was fairly served."[60]</div><div>
</div><div>In August 1992, Howard Paster replaced Robert K. Gray as the general manager of the Washington office in order to clean up the firm's image.[61][62]</div><div>
</div><div>Critics contended that the Hill & Knowlton had concocted a fake popular movement, Citizens for a Free Kuwait, and subsequently used questionable evidence and suspect witnesses to influence public opinion and policy in the United States and the UN.[59][63][64]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton's actions taken on behalf of Citizens for a Free Kuwait, together with those of other major clients including Bank of Credit and Commerce International, the Church of Scientology, and an anti-abortion campaign by Catholic bishops raised ethical concerns among public relations professionals.[65] The concerns, though not new, were more vigorous than previous ones due to the prominence of the issues.[34]</div><div>
</div><div>Tom Lantos response[edit]</div><div>Hold on to your hats. The grand campaign to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war is on.</div><div>—Tom Lantos' response to MacArthur[66]</div><div>In an interview, Lantos stated that he had concealed Nayirah's identity at the request of her father in order to protect her family and friends.[50] Lantos denied any allegations of wrongdoing arguing that "The media happened to focus on her. If she hadn't testified, they would have focused on something else."[50] Lantos also stated that:</div><div>
</div><div>The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be credible did not cross my mind. I have no basis for assuming that her story is not true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman's story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no way diminishes the avalanche of human rights violations.[50]</div><div>
</div><div>In a letter to the editor to the New York Times on Jan 27, 1992 entitled "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities", Tom Lantos responded to MacArthur's allegations. He wrote that "Mr. MacArthur's deceptive article serves only the cynics who seek to rewrite the history of the Persian Gulf war" noting "the article's sinister innuendo suggests that the girl was not even in Kuwait at the time of the Iraqi invasion, and that the whole gruesome incident was a diabolical plot by an American public relations firm." [66] Lantos wrote that "the fact that Nayirah was the daughter of the Ambassador of Kuwait made her a more credible witness" and that "her relationship to the Ambassador and Government enhanced her credibility."[66] He also noted that "her account was consistent with the information we received from other witnesses, with hundreds of other atrocity stories from Kuwait carried by media around the globe, and consistent with reports by independent human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International, who also testified at our hearing and subsequently published accounts similar to Nayirah's."[66] Lantos concluded that "given the countless cases of verified Iraqi human rights violations", it was "unnecessary and counterproductive to invent atrocities."[66]</div><div>
</div><div>Lantos also rejected the allegations of a special relationship between the caucus and Hill & Knowlton stating that "caucus activities are held without regard to whether these countries are represented by any law firm or public relations firm."[66]</div><div>
</div><div>In a subsequent letter to New York Times, MacArthur pointed out that the testimony had been retracted.[67]</div><div>
</div><div>Ambassador Sabah[edit]</div><div>The ambassador has stated that his daughter had witnessed the atrocities she described, and that her presence in Kuwait could be verified by the United States Embassy in Kuwait.[50] He also stated "If I wanted to lie, or if we wanted to lie, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn't use my daughter to do so. I could easily buy other people to do it."[68]</div><div>
</div><div>Investigations[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>Human Rights Watch[edit]</div><div>In 1992, the human rights organization Middle East Watch, a division of Human Rights Watch, published the results of their investigation of the incubator story. Its director, Andrew Whitley, told the press, "While it is true that the Iraqis targeted hospitals, there is no truth to the charge which was central to the war propaganda effort that they stole incubators and callously removed babies allowing them to die on the floor. The stories were manufactured from germs of truth by people outside the country who should have known better." One investigator, Aziz Abu-Hamad, interviewed doctors in the hospital where Nayirah claimed she witnessed Iraqi soldiers pull 15 infants from incubators and leave them to die. The Independent reported, "The doctors told him the maternity ward had 25 to 30 incubators. None was(were) taken by the Iraqis, and no babies were taken from them."[69]</div><div>
</div><div>Amnesty International[edit]</div><div>Amnesty International initially supported the story, but later issued a retraction.[70][71] It stated that it "found no reliable evidence that Iraqi forces had caused the deaths of babies by removing them or ordering their removal from incubators."[72]</div><div>
</div><div>Kroll Report[edit]</div><div>Kuwaiti officials do not discuss the matter with the press.[41] In order to respond to these charges, the Kuwaiti government hired Kroll Associates to undertake an independent investigation of the incubator story. The Kroll investigation lasted nine weeks and conducted over 250 interviews. The interviews with Nayirah revealed that her original testimony was wildly distorted at best; she told Kroll that she had actually only seen one baby outside its incubator for "no more than a moment." She also told Kroll that she was never a volunteer at the hospital and had in fact "only stopped by for a few minutes."[73]</div><div>
</div><div>Hill & Knowlton spokesman Tom Ross describes the report as a "vindication of Hill and Knowlton" and that "it conclusively demonstrates that there were incubator atrocities and that Nayirah was a witness to them."[41]</div><div>
</div><div>Television[edit]</div><div>Both 20/20 and 60 minutes featured investigative pieces on the testimony.</div><div>
</div><div>Criticism[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>The campaign has been described by critics as corrupt, deceptive and unethical and charge that it was used to spread false or exaggerated tales of Iraqi atrocities.[37][74][75]</div><div>
</div><div>Lantos was criticized for his withholding the information.[38]</div><div>
</div><div>The testimony has been regarded as false by the Chicago Tribune,[74] Huffington Post[76] and numerous other publications.</div><div>
</div><div>Aftermath[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>In fact, nearly everyone involved in peddling the tale of the unplugged babies, from Amnesty International to Kuwaiti doctors, has sprinted away from it.</div><div>—Newsday[77]</div><div>Following the end of the war, Reuters reported that Iraq returned "98 truckloads of medical equipment stolen from Kuwait, including two of the baby incubators". Abdul Rahim al-Zeid, an assistant under-secretary at the Kuwaiti Public Health Ministry, said that by returning the incubators the Iraqis had unwittingly provided proof that they took them.[78] Kuwait's chief ambulance officer, Abdul Reda Abbas, stated that "We think the Iraqis might have returned the incubators by mistake."[78]</div><div>
</div><div>Following the revelation of Nayirah's identity, there was a public outrage that the information had been withheld.[79]</div><div>
</div><div>Scholarly commentary[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>In the end, the question was not whether H&K effectively altered public opinion, but whether the combined efforts of America's own government, foreign interests, and private PR and lobbying campaigns drowned out decent and rational, unemotional debate.</div><div>—The power house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of access and influence in Washington[80]</div><div>The content, presentation, distribution, effectiveness, and purpose of Nayirah's testimony have been the subject of multiple public relations studies.</div><div>
</div><div>In his book, Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse, Frans H. van Eemeren stating that "visual messages which accompany verbal argumentation can be so drastic that rational argumentation becomes almost impossible" described Nayirah's story as an argumentum ad misericordiam.[81] In the paper The Hill & Knowlton Cases: A Brief on the Controversy by Susanne A. Roschwalb, the author noted that as H&K was a British firm, "what effect did British concerns -such as the possible collapse of its financial institutions, if the Kuwaiti currency, the dinar, became worthless -have on Hill & Knowlton’s efforts?"[82] Ted Rowse, in his article Kuwaitgate — killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated in the The Washington Monthly noted that "Most reporters, having apparently been burned by Hill & Knowlton's handiwork in spreading the original Nayirah story without checking it out, seem to prefer to let the story fade away, passively falling, once again, for the company's public relations guile."[41] John R. MacArthur, who authored Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War has noted that "at the time, it was the most sophisticated and expensive PR campaign ever run in the U.S. by a foreign government."[74]</div><div>
</div><div>In popular culture[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>The 2002 HBO movie Live From Baghdad included several scenes dealing with the incubator allegations, without presenting the story as unquestioned truth. In that movie, several characters try to determine the accuracy or inaccuracy of the story, but are unable to draw any conclusions. After the final credits, a note stated that the incubator allegations were never substantiated.[83]</div><div>
</div><div>See also[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>To Sell a War</div><div>Live From Baghdad</div><div>Jumana Hanna</div><div>Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah</div><div>Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder</div><div>Notes[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>^ This was viewed as important since the January 10, 1991 authorization to use force passed by only 5 senate votes.[47][48]</div><div>References[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>^ http://www.lrb.co.uk/v13/n03/alexander-cockburn/right-stuff</div><div>^ "U.S. Evacuates 171 From Iraq, Kuwait - Women Who Made It Out Recount Tales Of Terror". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. September 8, 1990. p. 1A. "Cindy of San Francisco, who declined to be identified further, said, Iraqis are beating people, bombing and shooting. They are taking all hospital equipment, babies out of incubators . Life-support systems are turned off. . . . They are even removing traffic lights. "The Iraqis are beating Kuwaitis, torturing them, knifing them, beating them, cutting their ears off if they are caught resisting or are with the Kuwaiti army or police," she said."</div><div>^ a b United Nations Security Council masthead document Letter Dated 2 September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of Kuwait To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretary-General on September 3, 1990</div><div>^ Leff, Lisa (September 11, 1990). "Weary, wary evacuees bring tales of horror". Washington Post. "The evacuees told of soldiers looting office buildings, schools and hospitals for air conditioners, computers, blackboards, desks, and even infant incubators and radiation equipment. They described food shortages that afflicted soldiers as well as civilians, and random acts of violence."</div><div>^ a b Beeston, Nicholas (September 5, 1990). "A battle ground to test Saddam - Iraq invasion of Kuwait". London, England. Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)</div><div>^ a b c Rendall, p. 24</div><div>^ a b c d e Frankel, Glenn (September 10, 1990). "Iraq, Kuwait Waging an Old-Fashioned War of Propaganda (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]". Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2011. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)</div><div>^ United Nations Security Council masthead document Letter Dated 5 September 1990 From The Permanent Representative Of Kuwait To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretary-General on September 5, 1990</div><div>^ Walton, p 771</div><div>^ "Kuwait says seizure of hospital equipment caused many deaths". Reuters News. September 6, 1992.</div><div>^ "Iraq equipment removal killed patients - Kuwait.". Reuters News. September 6, 1992.</div><div>^ "Kuwaiti says Iraq plundered hospitals". Associated Press (North Carolina: Charlotte Observer). September 7, 1990. p. A16.</div><div>^ "Official: Hospitalized in Kuwait are left to die". Associated Press (Chicago Tribune). September 7, 1990. p. 12.</div><div>^ "Persian Gulf crisis - More about the Mideast". Houston Chronicle. September 7, 1990. p. A18.</div><div>^ "Kuwait Says Iraq Plundered Hospitals". The San Francisco Chronicle (Associated Press). September 7, 1990. p. A21.</div><div>^ "Released Hostages Tell of Kuwait Terror". All Things Considered (Transcription of broadcast) (National Public Radio). September 7, 1990. "Total destruction everywhere, cars wrecked, burned, people thrown out of cars on the street you're driving down; they just throw people over the street. They're hitting children with the butts of the guns, taking infants out of incubators and taking the incubators."</div><div>^ "Kuwait offers to help cover mideast costs - contributions should offset U.S. liability". Newport News (Virginia). September 8, 1990. "Cindy, who refused to give her last name, and another woman who identified herself only as Rudi, told the Reuters news agency that Iraqi troops took premature babies out of incubators in Kuwait in order to steal the equipment."</div><div>^ Tamayo, Juan O. (September 8, 1990). "Iraqi hostage horror: It smelled of death'". Austin American-Statesman. p. A1.</div><div>^ "Weekend Edition Sunday (News)". National Public Radio (Transcription of broadcast). September 9, 1990. "Time is running out,' said one, a pediatrician. She said in the last few days, the Iraqi troops had looted a local hospital. In a ward for premature infants, soldiers had turned off the oxygen on incubators , she said, and packed the equipment for shipment to Iraq. Dr. Fawzi al-Said said the report came to her by the hospital attendants, who had buried the dead infants."</div><div>^ "Iraq tightens its grip on Kuwait". Ohio. September 29, 1990. pp. 6A. "The U.S. ambassador-designate to Kuwait, Edward Gnehm Jr., told reporters Monday that Kuwaiti health officials told him 22 babies born prematurely died when Iraqi troops removed them from incubators they stole. Gnehm has been named to replace current ambassador Nathaniel Howell, who is holed up inside the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait." Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)</div><div>^ Murphy, Kim (September 17, 1990). "Kuwaitis bolt for border amid reports of atrocities". The Los Angeles Times (The Tampa Tribune). p. 1A. "Western officials said that they are still investigating reports of atrocities in Kuwait and added that many appeared to be well-documented and supported by enough eyewitness accounts that they could be considered true. In one case, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die."</div><div>^ "Air Cutoff of Iraq Gains U.N. Support Kuwaiti Refugees Spill Across Border". San Jose Mercury News (California). September 17, 1990. p. 1A. "In one case, refugees reported that incubators for premature babies were confiscated by Iraqi troops and the babies inside were piled on the floor and left to die. "This is the kind of thing that some people call genocide, and if people wanted to construe it as such, it could be cause for some kind of military intervention," said a Western diplomat in close contact with the Kuwaitis."</div><div>^ Hoagland, Jim (September 25, 1990). "End Saddam's Reign of Terror". Washington Post. p. a23. "But while dissidents have been making such arguments, Saddam's actions in Kuwait show that he is not interested in compromise or in leaving Kuwait -- on any terms. He has begun to depopulate Kuwait, as he once did with Kurdistan, and to send in Iraqis with phony new citizenship documents. Based on Saddam's bloodstained track record, it is almost certain that the young Kuwaiti men being grabbed at the border and elsewhere in Kuwait are being sent to Iraq to die. American refugees and others report that Kuwait City's hospitals are being stripped of incubators and any other supplies that can be sent to Baghdad, leaving babies and infirm patients to die.ld give sanctions and negotiations a chance so he can avoid the costs of attacking Iraq's occupation forces is not enough. That does not stay Saddam's ruthless hand."</div><div>^ Hall, Lawrence. "Suffer the Children: Summit must herald a new era in lives of our endangered young". Newark, New Jersey. "The president of Citizens for a Free Kuwait recently wrote Rep. Gus Yatron (D-Pa.), decrying the brutality of this madman."Nothing points to the ruthlessness of Saddam Hussein more poignantly than his unmerciful misuse of the very young. His manipulation of political opponents through the abuse of their children is, sadly, a well documented fact. We recently learned that the Iraqi leader has ordered that maternity hospital incubators (in Kuwait ), used for treating premature babies, be turned off, allowing these infants to die of exposure," he wrote." Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)</div><div>^ "Iraq plunders Kuwait, US warns war closer- The Gulf crisis". The Sun Herald (Sydney, Australia). September 30, 1990. p. 8. "The emir told Bush of Iraqis going into hospitals, taking babies out of incubators and people off life-support machines to send the equipment back to Iraq."</div><div>^ Raum, Tom. "Iraqi provocation\Emir's tales of Iraqi atrocities in Kuwait may spur U.S. military response". Associated Press (Philadelphia Daily News).</div><div>^ "Remarks Following Discussions With Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah of Kuwait". September 28, 1990. "Iraqi aggression has ransacked and pillaged a once peaceful and secure country, its population assaulted, incarcerated, intimidated, and even murdered. Iraq's leaders are trying to wipe an internationally recognized sovereign state, a member of the Arab League and the United Nations, off the face of the map."</div><div>^ Spiegelman, Arthur (September 28, 1990). "Its leaders in exile, Kuwait plans for the day of freedom". Reuters News. "He said that Iraqi troops were plundering his country, removing even the rides and merry-go-around from a children's amusement park. "They went into a hospital and took babies from incubators. Twelve babies died so they could send the incubators to Baghdad.""</div><div>^ a b Gergen, David (September 30, 1990). "The barbarities of Saddam Hussein - In Kuwait, 22 babies died when invaders stole their incubators". US News & World Report (The Seattle Times). p. A16. "Secret U.S. government cables, obtained by U.S. News & World Report, reveal shocking acts of brutality inflicted by the Iraqis against innocent citizens at Kuwaiti hospitals. The cables are based on eyewitness accounts from Kuwaiti doctors and others traumatized by what they have seen. Among their allegations: -- On the sixth day of their invasion, Iraqi soldiers reportedly entered the Adan Hospital in Fahaheel looking for hospital equipment to steal. They unplugged the oxygen to the incubators supporting 22 premature babies and made off with the incubators . All 22 children died."</div><div>^ "The President's News Conference". The American Presidency Project. October 9, 1990.</div><div>^ a b c AMOS, DENISE L. (September 3, 1990). "Advertisers steer clear of Mideast". p. 9. Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)</div><div>^ a b Deparle, Jason (3 September 1990). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Gulf Crisis Starts a Costly Fight for Good Press". The New York Times. p. 31.</div><div>^ "Kuwaitis loan jets to transport troops". Associated Press (The Times News). August 28, 1990. p. 5.</div><div>^ a b c Roschbwalb, p. 268</div><div>^ Rowse, Aruther E. (October 18, 1992). "Teary Testimony to Push America Toward War". The San Francisco Chronicle. p. 9/Z1.</div><div>^ a b Andersen, p. 170</div><div>^ a b "Jury says 3 took Kuwaiti money to promote war". Sun-Sentinel (The Washington Post). July 8, 1992. p. 3A.</div><div>^ a b c "Deception on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. January 15, 1992. p. A20.</div><div>^ MacArthur, p. 58</div><div>^ Eemeren, p. 70</div><div>^ a b c d e Rowse, "Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated"</div><div>^ a b Brosnan, James W. (October 11, 1990). "Witenesses describe atrocities by Iraqis". The Commercial Appeal.</div><div>^ Pratt, p. 288</div><div>^ a b Sriramesh, p. 864</div><div>^ Walton, p. 772</div><div>^ a b Rowse, "How to build support for war"</div><div>^ Walton, p. 772</div><div>^ Eemeren, p. 70</div><div>^ Walton, p.771</div><div>^ a b c d e Krauss, Clifford (January 12, 1992). "CONGRESSMAN SAYS GIRL WAS CREDIBLE". The New York Times.</div><div>^ Alderson, Andrew; Wavell, Stuart (January 13, 1991). "Paradise lost: The full story of Iraq's violation of Kuwait - Gulf Crisis". Sunday Times.</div><div>^ "Iraq rejects U.S. charges of atrocities". Reuters News. October 16, 1990.</div><div>^ a b "Doctors deny babies killed in Iraqi invasion". Reuters News. October 21, 1990.</div><div>^ a b c d Arthur, John (January 6, 1992). "Remember Nayirah, Witness for Kuwait?". The New York Times.</div><div>^ Fowler, p. 22</div><div>^ Cohen, Mitchel (December 28, 2002). "How George Bush, Sr. Sold the 1991 Bombing of Iraq to America". CounterPunch.</div><div>^ "MacArthur, John R.". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved March 16, 2011.</div><div>^ Bennett, p. 131</div><div>^ a b Gilboa, p. 9</div><div>^ a b c d "P.R. Firm Had No Reason to Question Kuwaiti's Testimony". The New York Times. January 17, 1992.</div><div>^ Roschwalb, p. 273</div><div>^ Lee, Gary (August 28, 1992). "Troubled Public Relations Firm Names New Washington Manager; Paster Replaces Gray, Who Retains Title as Chairman of the Board". The Washington Post. p. A24.</div><div>^ Trento, p. 381</div><div>^ Grunig, pp. 137-138</div><div>^ Roschbwalb, p. 267</div><div>^ a b c d e f "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities". The New York Times. January 27, 1992. p. A20.</div><div>^ MacArthur, John (January 27, 1992). "Kuwaiti Gave Consistent Account of Atrocities; Retracted Testimony". The New York Times.</div><div>^ Stauber, p. 143</div><div>^ Leonard Doyle, "Iraqi Baby Atrocity is Revealed as Myth," The Independent (12 January 1992) p. 11.</div><div>^ "INCUBATOR STORY NEEDED VERIFICATION (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]". Sun Sentinel. Jan 21, 1992. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)</div><div>^ Koenig, Robert L. (January 9, 1992). "Testimony Of Kuwaiti Envoy's Child Assailed". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 1C.</div><div>^ Priest, Dana (January 7, 1992). "Legislator to Probe Allegations of Iraqi Atrocities; Accuser Identified as Daughter of Kuwait Ambassador to U.S. (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]". The Washington Post. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)</div><div>^ Ted Rowse, "Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated," Washington Monthly (September 1992).</div><div>^ a b c Weiss, Tara (March 15, 2001). "NPR insists funding doesn't influence news". The Hartford Courant (Chicago Tribune).</div><div>^ Hebert, James (July 14, 2003). "Always consider the source … if you can identify it". Copley News Service. ""It was a corrupt, unethical thing to be doing," Broom says of the incident and Hill and Knowlton's role in it."</div><div>^ Sepahpour-Ulrich, Soraya (December 18, 2009). "Deadly Intentions: The Truth Behind The Iran Rumors".</div><div>^ Dwyer, Jim (July 3, 1992). "Desert Mirage Of Dead Babies (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]". Long Island, New York. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)</div><div>^ a b Brough, David (September 6, 1992). "IRAQ RETURNS STOLEN INCUBATORS TO KUWAIT.". Reuters.</div><div>^ Richissin, Todd (October 17, 2001). "Media finds war access denied ; Coverage: Journalists are bristling at the Pentagon's tightening control on what they're allowed to see (subscription required)[[Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]". Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)</div><div>^ Qtd. in Trento, p. 389</div><div>^ Eemeren pp. 70-71</div><div>^ Roschwalb, p. 272</div><div>^ Live From Baghdad HBO: Related articles.</div><div>Journals</div><div>Bishop, Ed (April 2003). "Not so ancient history". St. Louis Journalism Review.</div><div>Cull, Nicholas J. (Fall 2006). "'The Perfect War': US Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting During Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 1990/1991". Transnational Broadcasting Studies.</div><div>Fowler, Giles; Fedler, Fred (1991). "A Farewell to Truth: Lies, Rumors and Propaganda as the Press Goes to War". Florida Communication Journal 22 (1): 22–34. ISSN 1050-3366.</div><div>Gilboa, Eytan (2001). "Diplomacy in the media age: Three models of uses and effects". Diplomacy & Statecraft 12 (2): 1–28. doi:10.1080/09592290108406201. ISSN 0959-2296.</div><div>Grunig, James E. (Summer 1993). "Public relations and international affairs: effects, ethics and responsibility" ((subscription required)). Journal of International Affairs 47 (1): 137–162. ISSN 0022197X.</div><div>Mundy, Alicia (September/October 1992). "Is the press any match for powerhouse P.R.?". Columbia Journalism Review.</div><div>Pratt, C (1994). "Hill & Knowlton's two ethical dilemmas". Public Relations Review 20 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(94)90041-8. ISSN 03638111.</div><div>Rendall, Steve; Hart, Peter; Hollar, Julie (January/February 2006). "20 Stories That Made a Difference". Extra! 19 (1): 23–28. ISSN 0895-2310.</div><div>Roschwalb, S (1994). "The Hill & Knowlton cases: A brief on the controversy". Public Relations Review 20 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0363-8111(94)90040-X. ISSN 03638111.</div><div>Rowse, Ted (September 1992). "Kuwaitgate - killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated". The Washington Monthly.</div><div>Rowse, Arthur E. (September/October 1992). "How to build support for war". Columbia Journalism Review.</div><div>Walton, Douglas (1995). "Appeal to pity: A case study of theargumentum ad misericordiam". Argumentation 9 (5): 769–784. doi:10.1007/BF00744757. ISSN 0920-427X.</div><div>Books</div><div>Andersen, Robin (2006). A century of media, a century of war. Peter Lang. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-0-8204-7893-7.</div><div>Baillargeon, Normand (January 4, 2008). A short course in intellectual self-defense. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-765-7. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</div><div>Barra, Ximena de la; Buono, Richard Alan Dello (2009). Latin America after the neoliberal debacle: another region is possible. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6605-7.</div><div>Bennett, W. Lance; Paletz, David L. (1994). Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04259-6.</div><div>Bivens, Rena Kim (October 2008). The Road to War: Manufacturing Public Opinion in Support of U.S. Foreign Policy Goals. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-17931-2.</div><div>Carpenter, Ted Galen (1995). The captive press: foreign policy crises and the First Amendment. Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-882577-22-4. Retrieved Marc.</div><div>Doorley, John; Garcia, Helio Fred (October 20, 2006). Reputation management: the key to successful public relations and corporate communication. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97470-7.</div><div>Eemeren, Frans H. van (2009). Examining Argumentation in Context: Fifteen Studies on Strategic Maneuvering. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-90-272-1118-7.</div><div>Effarah, Jamil E. (September 2007). Think Palestine to Unlock Us-Israelis and Arabs Conflicts. AuthorHouse. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-4343-3252-3.</div><div>Ewen, Stuart (October 22, 1998). PR!: a social history of spin. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06179-2.</div><div>Foerstel, Herbert N. (June 2001). From Watergate to Monicagate: ten controversies in modern journalism and media. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-313-31163-5.</div><div>Frenay, Robert (March 30, 2006). Pulse: the coming age of systems and machines inspired by living things. Macmillan. pp. 412–413. ISBN 978-0-374-11327-8.</div><div>Gardner, Lloyd C. (March 2, 2010). The Long Road to Baghdad: A History of U.S. Foreign Policy from the 1970s to the Present. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-476-2.</div><div>Grandin, Greg (2007). Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8323-1.</div><div>Hatonn, Gyeorgos Ceres. From The Frying Pan Into The Pit Of Fire. Phoenix Source Distributors, Inc. ISBN 978-0-922356-90-4.</div><div>Jaco, Charles (January 1, 2002). The complete idiot's guide to the Gulf War. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-02-864324-3.</div><div>Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Waldman, Paul (June 21, 2004). The press effect: politicians, journalists, and the stories that shape the political world. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-517329-1.</div><div>Knightley, Phillip (2004). The first casualty: the war correspondent as hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Iraq. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8030-8.</div><div>Loehr, Davidson (October 11, 2005). America, fascism, and God: sermons from a heretical preacher. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-931498-93-7.</div><div>Maass, Peter (August 10, 2010). Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-7545-4.</div><div>MacArthur, John R. (2004). Second front: censorship and propaganda in the 1991 Gulf War. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24231-9.</div><div>Manheim, Jarol B. (January 2, 1994). Strategic public diplomacy and American foreign policy: the evolution of influence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508738-3.</div><div>Marlin, Randal (2002). Propaganda and the ethics of persuasion. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-376-0.</div><div>McCusker, Gerry (March 2006). "Propaganda-Truth is the first casualty of PR War". Public Relations Disasters: Talespin--Inside Stories and Lessons Learnt. Kogan Page Publishers. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-7494-4572-0.</div><div>McPherson, James Brian (2006). Journalism at the end of the American century, 1965-present. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31780-4.</div><div>Miller, Karen S. (1999). The voice of business: Hill & Knowlton and postwar public relations. UNC Press Books. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-8078-2439-9. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</div><div>Müller-Kulmann, Thomas (November 2007). Propaganda and Censorship in Gulf War I. GRIN Verlag. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-3-638-78145-9.</div><div>Phillips, Kevin P. (September 6, 2004). American dynasty: aristocracy, fortune, and the politics of deceit in the house of Bush. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303431-5.</div><div>Rossi, Melissa L. (November 29, 2005). What every American should know about who's really running the world: the people, corporations, and organizations that control our future. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-452-28615-3.</div><div>Spragens, William C. (1995). Electronic magazines: soft news programs on network television. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-275-94155-0.</div><div>Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy (January 10, 2009). The global public relations handbook: theory, research, and practice. Taylor & Francis. pp. 864–865. ISBN 978-0-415-99513-9.</div><div>Stauber, John Clyde; Rampton, Sheldon (1995). Toxic sludge is good for you: lies, damn lies, and the public relations industry. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-56751-060-7.</div><div>Trento, Susan B. (October 1992). The power house: Robert Keith Gray and the selling of access and influence in Washington. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-08319-9.</div><div>Unger, Craig (March 16, 2004). House of Bush, house of Saud: the secret relationship between the world's two most powerful dynasties. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5337-6.</div><div>Walton, Douglas N. (June 1997). "The Nayirah Case". Appeal to pity: Argumentum ad misericordiam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3461-1.</div><div>Winkler, Carol (2006). In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World War II era. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6617-9.</div><div>Willis, Jim; Willis, William James (2007). The media effect: how the news influences politics and government. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-275-99496-9.</div><div>Winter, James P. (1992). Common cents: media portrayal of the Gulf War and other events. Black Rose Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-895431-24-7.</div><div>Foundation for Public Relations Research and Education (U.S.) (1997). Public relations review. JAI Press.</div><div>External links[edit]</div><div>
</div><div>Brian Eno, Lessons in how to lie about Iraq, The Observer, August 17, 2003.</div><div>Ameen Izzadeen, Lies, damn lies and war, Daily Mirror of Sri Lanka, 2001 (no more precise date provided), archive.org mirror accessed 18 December 2006.</div><div>Phillip Knightley, The disinformation campaign, The Guardian, October 4, 2001.</div><div>Maggie O'Kane, This time I'm scared, The Guardian, December 5, 2002.</div><div>Alexander Cockburn, Truth or Propaganda? Radio Interview with Geoff Pevere on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Prime Time, originally broadcast December 14, 1992.</div><div>[hide] v t e</div><div>Wartime propagandists</div><div>Spanish-American War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer</div><div>Spanish Civil War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</div><div>World War II<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>Joseph Goebbels Tokyo Rose Axis Sally German Italian &nbsp;William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) Paul Ferdonnet Robert Henry Best Fred W. Kaltenbach Philippe Henriot Thomas Baty Constance Drexel</div><div>Korean War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>Seoul City Sue Pyongyang Sally</div><div>Iraq War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>Ahmed Chalabi Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf</div><div>Other Wars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div>Hanoi Hannah (Vietnam War) Nayirah (testimony) (Gulf War) Moussa Ibrahim (Libyan Civil War) Hala Misrati (Libyan Civil War) Argentine Annie (Falklands War)</div><div>Categories: Fictional nursesGulf WarLiving peopleKuwaiti peoplePeople of the Gulf WarWomen in 20th-century warfarePropaganda in the United StatesPropaganda legendsWomen in war in Asia</div></div></div></div>