Carnegie

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Andrew Carnegie</h1>

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<th style=" text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;" class="" colspan="2"><span class="fn">Andrew Carnegie</span></th>

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<span>Andrew Carnegie in 1913.</span></td>

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<td class="">25 November 1835<span style=" display: none;">(<span class="bday">1835-11-25</span>)</span>

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, Scotland, UK</td>

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<td class="">11 August 1919 (aged 83)

Shadow Brook

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox,_Massachusetts" title="Lenox, Massachusetts">Lenox, Massachusetts</a>, United States</td>

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<th style=" text-align: left;">Cause of death</th>

<td class=""><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial_pneumonia" title="Bronchial pneumonia">bronchial pneumonia</a></td>

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<th style=" text-align: left;">Occupation</th>

<td class="role"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> steel tycoon</td>

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<th style=" text-align: left;">Net worth</th>

<td class=""><span style=" font-size: larger; color: rgb(0, 204, 0);">▲</span><b>$298.3 billion</b> in 2007 dollars, according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures" title="List of wealthiest historical figures">List of wealthiest historical figures</a>, based on information from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> – February 2008.</td>

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<th style=" text-align: left;"><span style=" white-space: nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th>

<td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Whitfield_Carnegie" title="Louise Whitfield Carnegie">Louise Whitfield</a></td>

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<th style=" text-align: left;">Children</th>

<td class=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Carnegie_Miller" title="Margaret Carnegie Miller">Margaret Carnegie Miller</a></td>

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<td style=" text-align: center;" class="" colspan="2"><b>Signature</b>

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<p><b>Andrew Carnegie</b> (properly pronounced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑrˈneɪɡi/</span></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><span class="IPA" title="English pronunciation respelling">kar-<small>NAY</small>-gee</span></i></a>), but commonly, <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɑrnɨɡi/</span> or <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑrˈnɛɡi/</span>)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie#cite_note-MacKay_p29-0"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MacKay_p29_0-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></a> (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist.

He was one of the most famous leaders of industry of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

He immigrated to the United States as a child with his parents. His first job in the United States was as a factory worker in a bobbin factory. Later, he became a bill logger for the owner of the company. Soon after he became a messenger boy. Eventually he progressed up the ranks of a telegraph company. He built Pittsburgh's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a>, which was later merged with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert_H.Gary" title="Elbert H. Gary">Elbert H. Gary's</a> Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. With the fortune he made from business, he later turned to philanthropy and interests in education, founding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation of New York</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Museums_of_Pittsburgh" title="Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh">Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh</a>.

Carnegie gave away most of his money to establish many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">libraries</a>, schools, and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries, as well as a pension fund for former employees. He is often regarded as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures" title="List of wealthiest historical figures">second-richest man in history</a> after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>. Carnegie started as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" title="Telegraph">telegrapher</a> and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He built further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe.

He earned most of his fortune in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel industry</a>. In the 1870s, he founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a>, a step which cemented his name as one of the "Captains of Industry". By the 1890s, the company was the largest and most profitable industrial enterprise in the world. Carnegie sold it to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P.Morgan" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a> in 1901, who created <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education and scientific research. His life has often been referred to as a true "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags_to_riches" title="Rags to riches">rags to riches</a>" story.</p>

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<h2><span style=" font-size: medium;" class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">pullman, munitions for civil war</span></h2>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span></h2>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1889:_Johnstown_Flood">1889: Johnstown Flood</span></h3>

<p>Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Fishing_and_Hunting_Club" title="South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club">South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club</a>, which was blamed for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Flood" title="Johnstown Flood">Johnstown Flood</a> that killed 2,209 people in 1889.

At the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's partner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a> had formed the exclusive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club were: Benjamin Ruff; T. H. Sweat; Charles J. Clarke; Thomas Clark; Walter F. Fundenberg; Howard Hartley; Henry C. Yeager; J. B. White; Henry Clay Frick; E. A. Myers; C. C. Hussey; D. R. Ewer; C. A. Carpenter; W. L. Dunn; W. L. McClintock; and A. V. Holmes.

The sixty-odd club members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a>, his attorneys <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philander_Knox" title="Philander Knox">Philander Knox</a> and James Hay Reed, as well as Frick's business partner Andrew Carnegie. High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown. With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the lake was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests and eventually came to be owned by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881. Less than 20 miles downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown, and Carnegie Steel's chief competitor (from whom Carnegie had hired away steelmaking expert Bill Jones), the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, which boasted the world's largest annual steel production.

Poor maintenance, a reduction in height, and unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31, 1889 resulting in twenty million tons of water to sweep down the valley causing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_Flood" title="Johnstown Flood">Johnstown Flood</a>. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance to the flood victims as well as determining never to speak publicly about the club or the flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club's members.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged by the flood, they returned to full production within a year and a half. By that time, Carnegie's steel production had outstripped Cambria's. After the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to replace the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood. The Carnegie-donated library is now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum.</p>

<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1892:_Homestead_Strike">1892: Homestead Strike</span></h3>

The Homestead Strike</div>

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<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a> was a bloody labor confrontation lasting 143 days in 1892, one of the most serious in U.S. history. The conflict was centered around Carnegie Steel's main plant in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead, Pennsylvania</a>, and grew out of a dispute between the National Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States and the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie left on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked. In doing so, Carnegie left mediation of the dispute in the hands of his associate and partner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a>. Frick was well known in industrial circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sensibilities.

After a recent increase in profits by 60%, the company refused to raise worker's pay by more than 30%. When some of the workers demanded the full 60%, management locked the union out. Workers considered the stoppage a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout_%28industry%29" title="Lockout (industry)">lockout</a>" by management and not a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>" by workers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and subsequent government action would have been a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal demonstration of the growing labor rights movement, strongly opposed by management. Frick brought in thousands of strikebreakers to work the steel mills and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton</a> agents to safeguard them.

On 6 July, the arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City and Chicago resulted in a fight in which 10 men—seven strikers and three Pinkertons—were killed and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Governor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pattison" title="Robert Pattison">Robert Pattison</a> ordered two brigades of state militia to the strike site. Then, allegedly in response to the fight between the striking workers and the Pinkertons, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> shot at Frick in an attempted assassination, wounding Frick. While not directly connected to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the assassination attempt. According to Berkman, "...with the elimination of Frick, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie#cite_note-30"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></sup></a><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie#cite_note-31"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">[</sup></a></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie#cite_note-31"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">32<span>]</span></sup></a> Afterwards, the company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place of the Homestead plant workers, and Carnegie returned to the United States. However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Homestead event</p>

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<h3 id="preview">Article Preview</h3>

<h1>CARNEGIE INSTITUTION GETS EUGENIC RECORDS; Mrs. E.H. Harriman Gives Plant Worth $500,000, and Fund Yielding $12,000 a Year.</h1>

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December 22, 1917, Saturday

Page 3, 279 words

COLD SPRING HARBOR, L.I., Dec. 21.--The announcement was made today that Mrs. E.H. Harriman had donated the $500,000 Eugenic Records establishment at Cold Spring Harbor to the Carnegie Institution at Washington....

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