PRbak

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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">THIS IS A BAK OF TWO</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NEW FROM CIC</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://climateinvestigations.org/trade-association-pr-spending/">https://climateinvestigations.org/trade-association-pr-spending/</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Between 2008 and 2017, these trade associations spent almost $1.4 billion on public relations, advertising, and communications contractors. The American Petroleum Institute eclipses all spenders at $663 million over this time period, accounting for nearly half the total trackable spending from all trade associations. The US Chamber of Commerce ranked second at $244 million spent. We found that the public relations firms with the most lucrative contracts over the time period of our dataset were&nbsp;<b>Edelman, DDC Advocacy, FleishmanHillard, and Blue Advertising (once part of Edelman).</b></font></span></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Many of the trade associations we analyzed are fossil fuel associated but represent different sectors of the industry, such as oil, gas, coal, petrochemical, mining, and utility companies. Trade associations spend their revenue, from members’ dues, on salaries, rent, and services such as lobbying and legal counsel, to forward the goals of the industry they represent.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trade associations routinely utilize the advertising and<b>&nbsp;front group — astroturf&nbsp;</b>— services that public relations firms can provide. Top trade associations spend millions on public relations work each year, often targeting the Washington DC media market and political decision makers.&nbsp; Some prominent PR campaigns are launched nationwide,&nbsp; while others create front groups that will intentionally never bear the trade association’s name.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To view the spending by individual trade associations or to see a profile of the PR firms we analyzed,</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">click on the links below:</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trade Associations</font></b></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuels & Petrochemical Manufacturers</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">America’s Natural Gas Alliance</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Mining Association</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Propane Gas Association</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Rural Electric Cooperative Association</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Western Energy Alliance</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Renewable Energy associations</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Public Relations Firms</font></b></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edelman and Blue Advertising</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Burson-Marsteller (Burson Cohn & Wolfe, as of 2018)</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">DCI Group</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Democracy, Data & Communications Advocacy (DDC Advocacy)</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FleishmanHillard</font></b></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">FTI Consulting</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hawthorn Group</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hill+Knowlton</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kivvit</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Porter Novelli</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Something Else Strategies</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Our analysis also reveals that fossil fuel trade associations far exceed the PR and advertising spending of renewable energy trade associations. One fossil fuel industry trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, spent over six times more than four prominent renewable energy trade associations combined. In total, the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Growth Energy, the National Biodiesel Board (NBB), and the Solar Energy Industry Association (SEIA) spent $98.4 million on PR and advertising during the 2008 to 2017 period. API alone dwarfs all four associations, spending a total of $663.2 million during the same time period.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">API alone spent over six times more than the renewable energy trade associations we analyzed.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In addition to a comprehensive analysis of how industry utilizes these sizable contracts, CIC has made available all the IRS 990 tax forms used in this analysis, and produced interactive data visualizations and downloadable spreadsheets with the raw data.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In this report, the Climate Investigations Center has extended and updated the Center for Public Integrity’s groundbreaking 2015 report on public relations spending by trade associations.&nbsp; Spending data we have compiled since the CPI analysis confirms that public relations firms remain in a lucrative and influential partnership with big business and energy trade associations.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Center for Public Integrity published “Who needs lobbyists? See what big business spends to win American minds,”</b>&nbsp;which was the most thorough analysis of trade association spending to date in January 2015.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">The report compiled IRS 990 data from 2008 through 2012 to reveal that trade associations were often spending more on public relations firms than lobbyists.&nbsp;</span>For some industries, advertising and front groups seemed to be the most powerful chosen means of achieving policy goals, putting public relations firms at the center of the policy debate over clean air, climate solutions, and good governance.</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Download our data here (.csv file), or view in the table below:</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trade Association<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Contract Recipient<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Year<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Amount Paid</font></b></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></b></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Western Energy Alliance</b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Resonate Networks<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$175,000.00</span></font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Western Energy Alliance<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">FTI Consulting<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$217,317.00</span></font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Western Energy Alliance<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Resonate Networks<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$200,000.00</b></font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Western Energy Alliance<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>FTI Consulting<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$243,000.00</b></font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Western Energy Alliance<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Clear Channel<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$125,360.00</span></font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">United States Chamber of Commerce</span><b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Revolution Agency<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b>2018<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$4,834,422.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span>2018<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$5,270,805.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$1,150,000.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>R Street Films<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$1,554,650.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Albright Stonebridge Group LLC</b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$712,888.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$2,919,990.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>R Street Films</b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$4,500,000.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$9,204,150.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$10,400,000.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Glass House Strategy</b><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$797,550.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Integrated Web Strategy</span><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$1,756,009.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$1,734,327.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$14,456,184.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$1,200,000.00</font></div><div id="su-post-5103" class="su-post" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" box-sizing="box-sizing" border-box="border-box" border="border" px="px" margin="margin" em="em" outline="outline" padding="padding" vertical-align="vertical-align" baseline="baseline" line-height="line-height"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>$7,050,000.00</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p2</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>R Street Films<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,075,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Purple Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,652,568.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Craft Media Digital<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,341,375.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Integrated Web Strategy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,208,823.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,049,800.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Adfero Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$709,250.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$23,365,676.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Craft Media Digital<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$8,718,330.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$8,267,709.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Something Else Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,773,205.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smart Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,650,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,605,111.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$12,268,494.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>National Media Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$9,095,731.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Mentzer Media Services<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,313,861.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smart Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$8,013,628.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$8,200,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>National Media Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$60,772,056.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>APCO Worldwide<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$17,370,239.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Integrated Web Strategy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,858,864.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p3</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Integrated Web Strategy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,225,909.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">United States Chamber of Commerce<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Presentation Testing<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$452,450.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Crosscut Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$251,005.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Crosscut Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$451,005.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Greentech Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$161,363.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Greentech Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$206,338.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blue Worldwide<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$410,790.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Tiger Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$275,915.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Forum One Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$160,200.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Tiger Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$272,164.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blake & Company<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$141,343.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Tiger Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$277,035.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Pillsbury Winthrop<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$143,719.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Solar Energy Industries Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Tiger Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$282,561.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bully Pullpit Interactive LLC<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,297,500.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>APCO Worldwide<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,801,384.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bully Pulpit Interactive<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,129,201.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>APCO Worldwide<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,152,606.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,624,600.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Kivvit<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,887,451.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p 4</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Kivvit<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$7,231,176.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,997,011.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$931,512.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,194,235.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Potomac Communications Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$486,715.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,602,939.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,876,578.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,796,853.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Potomac Communications Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$462,956.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,964,386.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Burson-Marsteller<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$294,414.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,463,288.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Potomac Communications Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$491,602.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,720,107.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,107,578.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Luntz Global LLC<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$547,256.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,867,491.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hill+Knowlton<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,128,574.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Potomac Communications Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$403,107.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nuclear Energy Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Smith & Harroff Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,221,698.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...page 8</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,851,461.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,199,953.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,424,574.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FTI Consulting<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$7,942,891.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Mentzer Media Services<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,867,890.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,582,784.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hamilton Place Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,441,979.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,770,200.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Target Enterprises<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,425,743.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>IMGE<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$916,645.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,770,200.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Multi Media Services<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,587,236.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,610,413.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Target Enterprises<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,443,489.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,080,878.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Gallatin Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$553,190.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Target Enterprises<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,748,483.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Target Enterprises<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,800,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Cove Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$165,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Target Enterprises<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,400,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p 9</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,543,079.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Association of Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$402,500.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Interstate Natural Gas Association of America<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bracewell & Giuliani<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$204,109.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Interstate Natural Gas Association of America<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Icemiller Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$120,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GRP Buying<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,019,657.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>RCR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,803,637.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Plus Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,826,908.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NASCAR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,000,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NASCAR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,500,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NASCAR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,600,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FP1 Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,494,435.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FP1 Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,464,619.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>RCR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,963,615.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>RCR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,131,950.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NASCAR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,600,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>America's Renewable Future<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,250,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FUELSAMERICA<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,000,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NASCAR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,600,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>RCR<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,731,782.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Growth Energy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Americans United For Change<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,582,450.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p 11</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Net Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$750,599.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Sloane & Company<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$391,995.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,091,122.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,326,106.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>R&R Partners<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$515,811.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$683,183.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$548,163.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GC Strategic Advocacy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$543,940.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>IMGE<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$727,470.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edison Electric Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GC Strategic Advocacy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,100,597.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Capital Counsel<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$250,328.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,046,395.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Elmendorf Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$180,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Rosen Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$334,995.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Revolution Media Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,722,452.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GSD&M<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$31,989,809.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Wind Energy Association<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>New Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$744,274.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DDC Advocacy<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$7,735,244.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Pool House<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,299,340.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GSD&M<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$30,396,324.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p12</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blue Advertising<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$24,355,069.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,922,626.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Advocates Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,039,363.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$9,515,924.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,738,577.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Advocates Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,090,899.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blue Advertising<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$26,890,598.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$10,840,597.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$18,255,218.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$7,466,543.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blue Advertising<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$28,272,065.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$17,254,064.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$8,144,795.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,961,184.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blue Advertising<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$32,834,698.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,124,143.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$23,941,600.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,553,397.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$51,917,692.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$22,782,020.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p13</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Designated Market Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,289,804.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,529,594.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Advocates Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,430,224.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$68,306,448.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>FleishmanHillard<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,846,056.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,089,200.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$63,228,379.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Advocates Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,843,563.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$68,732,735.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Advocates Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,138,667.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$75,207,455.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Petroleum Institute<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DC Navigators<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2008<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,300,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Glover Park<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,597,208.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Porter Novelli<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$683,645.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Porter Novelli<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,171,558.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Glover Park<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,777,189.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Gladstein Neandross & Associates<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$934,016.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Glover Park<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,963,161.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Dewey Square<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$738,957.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Natural Gas Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Dewey Square<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,475,506.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p 15</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Just Add Firewater<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$771,978.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Singer Associates<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,080,436.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,595,348.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Dezenhall Resources<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,500,546.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,011,828.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,996,049.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>American Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$350,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,034,064.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>American Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$450,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Consumer Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$522,500.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>American Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$895,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Consumer Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$790,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Creative Response Concepts<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$722,205.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Edelman<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$638,494.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Consumer Energy Alliance<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,045,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Prisim Public Affairs<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2010<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$250,194.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Eletricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2018<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$247,277.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Bevendge Seay<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2009<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$168,678.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2017<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$490,770.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,093,877.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p 16</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$673,111.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Stateside Associates<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2016<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$252,045.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,583,262.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Causeway Soultions<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$513,891.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Democracy Data & Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$387,902.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blueprint Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$300,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Real Clear Holdings<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2015<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$346,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,083,525.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NJI Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$313,775.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Wilkinson Barker Knauer LLP<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$240,399.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Blueprint Communications<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2014<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$240,000.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>JDA Frontline<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$650,108.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2013<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,811,881.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>White and Partners<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$16,169,526.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>New Media Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$4,018,884.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hawthorn Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,591,098.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DCI Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2012<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,187,219.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>White and Partners<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$23,943,108.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hawthorn Group<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,008,860.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Coalition on Clean Coal Electricity<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>R&R Partners<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>2011<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,626,678.00</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">end?</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">publicrelations419</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">oops 419</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">kind of an orphan? see shops</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">capt 914</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Promotion of GMO-Derived Impossible Burger at World’s Largest Natural Food Trade Show Denounced as Deceptive</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">awards silver anvil bernays, e bruce harrison but not poison ivy?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.awpagesociety.com/</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.prsa.org/</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">maybe this is more historical. abstract</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.prwatch.org/topics/public-relations</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; ===</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Waterfront Strategies<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$136,704,026<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$11,147,408<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$125,556,618</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Great American Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$119,870,370<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,275,577<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$117,594,793</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>National Media Research<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$91,583,810<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$359,985<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$91,223,825</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Main Street Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$53,783,031<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$180,247<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$53,602,784</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">5<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Screen Strategies Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$46,690,599<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$45,112,813<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$1,577,786</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">6<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Mentzer Media Services<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$46,212,642<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$22,989,866<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$23,222,776</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">7<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Canal Partners Media<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$41,062,537<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$38,730,915<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$2,331,622</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">8<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>OnMessage Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$36,423,356<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$31,206,517<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$5,216,839</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Automatic Data Processing Inc<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$35,592,211<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$35,592,211<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$0</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">10<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Buying Time LLC<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$34,277,478<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$25,179,775<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$9,097,703</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">11<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Strategic Media Placement<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$33,592,889<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$23,968,470<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$9,624,419</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">12<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Strategic Media Services<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$33,392,104<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$30,022,198<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$3,369,906</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">13<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>GMMB<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$32,267,310<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$31,375,401<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$891,909</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">14<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>SKDKnickerbocker<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$26,404,278<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$20,175,823<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$6,228,455</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">15<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Strategic Fundraising<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$26,286,396<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$26,286,396<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>$</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In fact, we can tell you just how well certain media companies, consultants, pollsters and others in the “election-industrial complex” are doing. In the 2014 elections, for instance, the Democratic media firm Waterfront Strategies took in over $136 million from campaigns and committees — easily the biggest haul for any vendor. At least 82 other vendors raked in $5 million or more.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This week, the Center for Responsive Politics is making this information more accessible. Expenditures, like contributions, must be reported to the FEC by campaigns and other committees; but they’ve always been the poor stepchild of campaign finance, typically receiving far less attention than the other side of the ledger. They’re often ignored simply because of the size and complexity of the data set. Filers tend to describe their spending as vaguely as possible (e.g. “Media” or “Postage”) and will refer to the same recipient any number of ways (e.g. “USPS,” “Post Office,” “Postal Service,” among dozens of possibilities). To make matters worse, the FEC’s expenditures file is full of duplicates and difficult to interpret correctly.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CRP has spent years wrestling with these issues, and at last we’re putting expenditures data in the spotlight with a dedicated section on our site.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The front page of the section will highlight the cycle’s top overall vendors — the huge media-buying and fundraising firms favored by the parties and their allies. The “Top Vendors” tab at left shows a longer list that can be broken down by type of vendor (media, polling, fundraising and online media) or by party, since many firms do business exclusively with Democrats or Republicans. Clicking on a vendor’s name will take you to a profile showing all firms that used that vendor and the amount they spent. This is a great way to identify when ostensibly independent groups, such as super PACs, and candidates, rely on the same firms. For example,Mentzer Media Services, 2014’s sixth-ranked vendor, was a favorite of both Sen.Mitch McConnell‘s campaign and conservative outside groups that spent money on his behalf, like Crossroads GPS and 60 Plus Association.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The expenditures section also shows a pie chart breakdown of all expenditures for the cycle. CRP divides expenditures into seven major categories: Administrative, Campaign Expenses, Fundraising, Media, Strategy & Research, Salaries & Wages, and Unclassifiable. (We also have categories for contributions and transfers, but don’t include those here because in aggregate that money is just being passed from group to group.) As the chart shows, campaign spending is dominated by media, and to a lesser extent by money spent on fundraising and personnel.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the bottom of the page is a list of the cycle’s top-spending candidate committees. Click on any of the campaigns to see a breakdown of their expenditures as well as their top vendors, or click on the “Top Committees” tab at left for a longer list that includes other types of committees.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In fact, the Employment Policies Institute operates from the same office suite [8] as Berman and Company, a public relations firm owned by Richard Berman [8]. This is not an opinion; it’s a fact anyone can verify by viewing EPI and Berman and Company’s websites. The 990 for the Employment Policies Institute Foundation (EPIF) lists Rick Berman as the CEO; in 2011 his for-profit firm was paid $1.5 million of EPIF's total $2.1 million budget. If you’re wondering how a PR company could so easily fool newspapers across the country—including the Post, which regularly pats itself on the back for breaking Watergate—then you haven’t woken up to the crisis of American journalism.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Pew Research Center [9], newspaper newsrooms have shrunk 30% since 2000, leaving fewer than 40,000 newspaper employees across the country, the lowest number since 1978. In such a depressed media environment — where there are four public relations flacks for every reporter, compared to a 1-to-1 ratio in the 1960s – it is not surprising that a P.R. company could successfully rebrand itself as a think tank and capitalize on an acronym held by an actual think tank, the Economic Policy Institute, with 20 staff and 36 respected research associates. Unilke the Berman group, the Economic Policy Institute lists its staff, its raft of experts, its board, its annual report and its annual audit, which shows its funders, right on its website [10].</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Junkyard Dogs</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Warming Is Good For You</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">excerpted from the book</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trust Us, We're Experts!</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jeremy P. Tarcher / Putnam Publisher, 2001, paper</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Junkyard Dogs</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p222</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Major corporations and petty hustlers O alike use the mantle of science to market all kinds of potions and remedies, many of which have no demonstrable efficacy and some of which are harmful. The history of psychiatry and the other social sciences is also riddled with scientific-sounding explanations for human behavior, on the basis of which innocent people have been sterilized, lobotomized, drugged against their will, or imprisoned.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The concept of "junk science," however, is a particular term coined by corporate attorneys, lobbyists, PR firms, and industry-funded think tanks. It has very little to do with the quality of the research in question. In the hotly contested terrain of regulatory and liability law, "junk science" is the term that corporate defenders apply to any research, no matter how rigorous, that justifies regulations to protect the environment and public health. The opposing term, "sound science," is used in reference to any research, no matter how flawed, that can be used to challenge, defeat, or reverse environmental and public health protections.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Junk science" first emerged in the courtroom as a disparaging term for the paid expert witnesses that attorneys hire to testify on behalf of their clients. In many cases, of course, an expert witness is unnecessary. If one person shoots another in front of witnesses, you don't need a rocket scientist to know who is responsible. During the twentieth century, however, courts expanded the system of tort law under which personal-injury lawsuits are filed in order to cover cases in which proof of causation is somewhat more complicated. Many of these cases require a scientist's testimony particularly when the injury in question comes from environmental or toxic causes-for example, cancer in army veterans subjected to radiation from atomic bomb tests; asbestos-related mesothelioma; Reyes Syndrome caused by taking aspirin; or the link between swine flu vaccinations and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. By expanding the system of tort law, courts made it possible for people injured through these sorts of causes to collect damages from the companies responsible.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p229</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tobacco Science Meets Junk Science</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For big tobacco, the industry campaign against "junk science" presented an interesting opportunity-a chance to reposition itself as something other than a pariah in the scientific community.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Just as every action in the physical world begets an equal and opposite reaction, every risk to public health seems to beget an equal and opposite effort at denial from the industry whose products are implicated. The tobacco industry, which U.S. Surgeons General have cited since the 1 960s as "the greatest cause of illness, disability and premature deaths in this country," helped invent the strategy of using scientists as third-party advocates, and if Oscars were given for such campaigns, tobacco would certainly win a lifetime achievement award. Prior to the 1950s, tobacco companies routinely advertised tobacco's alleged health "benefits" with testimonials from doctors and celebrities. When the first scientific studies documenting tobacco's role in cancer and other fatal illnesses began to appear, the industry was thrown into a panic. A 1953 report by Dr. Ernst L. Wynder heralded to the scientific community a definitive link between cigarette smoking and cancer, creating what internal memos from the industry-funded Tobacco Institute refer to as the " 1954 emergency." Fighting for its economic life, the tobacco industry launched what must be considered the costliest, longest-running, and most successful PR crisis management campaign in history. In the words of the industry itself, the campaign was aimed at "promoting cigarettes and protecting them from these and other attacks," by "creating doubt about the health charge without actually denying it, and advocating the public's right to smoke, without actually urging them to take up the practice."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For help, the tobacco industry turned in the 1950s to what was then the world's largest PR firm, Hill & Knowlton, which designed a brilliant and expensive campaign that was later described as follows in a 1993 lawsuit, State of Mississippi vs. the Tobacco Cartel:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As a result of these efforts, the Tobacco Institute Research Committee (TIRC), an entity later known as The Council for Tobacco Research (CTR), was formed.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Tobacco Industry Research Committee immediately ran a full-page promotion in more than 400 newspapers aimed at an estimated 43 million Americans . . . entitled "A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers." . . . In this advertisement, the participating tobacco companies recognized their "special responsibility" to the public, and promised to learn the facts about smoking and health. The participating tobacco companies promised to sponsor independent research.... The participating tobacco companies also promised to cooperate closely with public health officials....</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">After thus beginning to lull the public into a false sense of security concerning smoking and health, the Tobacco Industry Research Committee continued to act as a front for tobacco industry interests. Despite the initial public statements and posturing, and the repeated assertions that they were committed to full disclosure and vitally concerned, the TIRC did not make the public health a primary concern.... In fact, there was a coordinated, industry-wide strategy designed actively to mislead and confuse the public about the true dangers associated with smoking cigarettes. Rather than work for the good of the public health as it had promised, and sponsor independent research, the tobacco companies and consultants, acting through the tobacco trade association, refuted, undermined, and neutralized information coming from the scientific and medical community.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p265</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Defining Terms</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The absence of real standards for distinguishing between junk science and sound science allows corporate apologists to use the term with confidence, while simultaneously managing to amicably disagree about an issue as fundamental and important as tobacco. The concept of junk science serves as a convenient way of reconciling their pro-corporate bias with pretensions of scientific superiority, while simultaneously glossing over ethical conflicts of interest.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Equally disturbing is the sheer amount of rhetorical venom and bile that the junkyard dogs of science have injected into public policy discussions, polarizing debates and lowering rather than elevating the tone of public scientific discourse. Some of the most respected voices in public life have been targeted for attack. Since its founding in 1936, Consumers Union and its monthly publication, Consumer Reports, have been icons of integrity, offering impartial scientific testing of consumer products and also serving as advocates for real consumer protection. None of this matters to "Junkman" Steven Milloy. In l999 he launched a second website, called "Consumer Distorts" (www.consumerdistorts.com), which accuses Consumer Reports of socialism, sensationalism, and "scaring consumers away from products." ACSH has also gone to war repeatedly with Consumers Union, accusing it of "irresponsible fear-mongering" for its reports on health threats represented by pesticides and other chemicals found in foods and common household items.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The failure of the self-proclaimed "sound science" movement to provide a sound methodology is doubly disappointing because, in the end, the critics of junk science have a certain amount of truth on their side. There is indeed a great deal of bad science in the news media and in courtrooms, and not all of it comes from corporations. Over the years, both business marketers and advocacy groups have become highly skilled at inventing and exaggerating fears, dealing in dubious statistics and using emotional appeals to sell products or mobilize public support for causes. The time constraints and visual nature of television make simple messages stand out more easily than complex ones, and marketers have learned to exploit this reality of the modern mass media. In addition to the political goals that underlie these appeals, sometimes there are commercial motives as well. Great profits can be made by selling overhyped "natural" food supplements like shark cartilage and melatonin.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Warming Is Good For You</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p268</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Automobile exhausts, coal-burning power plants, factory smoke stacks, and other vented wastes of the industrial age now pump six billion tons of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" into the earth's atmosphere each year. They are called greenhouse gases because they trap radiant energy from the sun that would otherwise be reflected back into space. The fact that a natural greenhouse effect occurs is well-known and is not debated. Without it, in fact, temperatures would drop so low that oceans would freeze and life as we know it would be impossible. What climatologists are concerned about, however, is that increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing more heat to be trapped. Concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are currently at their highest level in 420,000 years.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"The basic science of global warming has not changed since the topic was raised earlier in this century," notes a December 1999 open letter by the directors of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the British Meteorological Office. "Furthermore, the consensus of opinion has been growing, within both the scientific and the business communities. Our new data and understanding now point to the critical situation we face: to slow future change, we must start taking action soon. At the same time, because of our past and ongoing activities, we must start to learn to live with the likely consequences-more extreme weather, rising sea levels, changing precipitation patterns, ecological and agricultural dislocations, and the increased spread of human disease.... Ignoring climate change will surely be the most costly of all possible choices, for us and our children."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"There is no debate among statured scientists of what is happening," says James McCarthy, who chairs the Advisory Committee on the Environment of the International Committee of Scientific Unions. "The only debate is the rate at which it's happening." Between 1987 and 1993, McCarthy oversaw the work of the leading climate scientists from 60 nations as they developed the IPCC's landmark 1995 report.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are, of course, areas of considerable outstanding dispute and genuine scientific uncertainty. No one knows how rapid or drastic global warming will turn out to be, or how severely it will affect food production, ocean levels, or the spread of disease. There is also debate over the extent to which global warming has already contributed to droughts, intense hurricanes, and environmental degradation such as coral bleaching. Given these uncertainties, it is difficult to talk of a "worst-case scenario," but the scenarios that are plausible include many that are dire enough.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">... For the oil, coal, auto, and manufacturing industries, warnings of the sort involve another kind of high stakes. Any measures to control emissions of greenhouse gases threaten their long-standing habits of doing business.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They view scientists' conclusions about global warming with the same interest-driven hostility that the tobacco industry shows toward scientists who study lung cancer. Like the tobacco industry, they have pumped millions of dollars into efforts to debunk the science they hate. They have found little support, however, among the "statured scientists" to whom McCarthy refers-the people who are actually involved in relevant research and whose work has been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The global warming consensus among these scientists is so strong that the oil and auto industries have been forced far afield in their search for voices willing to join in their denial. What is remarkable, given this fact, is the extent to which industry PR has been successful in creating the illusion that global warming is some kind of controversial, hotly disputed theory.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lobbying for Lethargy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1989, not long after James Hansen's highly publicized testimony before Congress and shortly after the first meeting of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Burson-Marsteller PR firm created the Global Climate Coalition (GCC). Chaired by William O'Keefe, an executive for the American Petroleum Institute, the GCC operated until 1997 out of the offices of the National Association of Manufacturers. Its members have included the American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Amoco, the American Forest & Paper Association, American Petroleum Institute, Chevron, Chrysler, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Dow Chemical, Exxon, Ford, General Motors, Mobil, Shell, Texaco, Union Carbide, and more than 40 other corporations and trade associations. The GCC has also used "Junkman" Steven Milloy's former employer, the EOP Group, as well as the E. Bruce Harrison Company, a subsidiary of the giant Ruder Finn PR firm. Within the public relations industry, Harrison is an almost legendary figure who is ironically considered "the founder of green PR" because of his work for the pesticide industry in the 1960s, when he helped lead the attack on author Rachel Carson and her environmental classic Silent Spring.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GCC has group in the United States battling reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Its activities have included publication of glossy reports, aggressive lobbying at international climate negotiation meetings, and raising concern about unemployment that it claims would result from emissions regulations. Since 1994 GCC alone has spent more than $63 million to combat any progress toward addressing the climate crisis. Its efforts are coordinated with separate campaigns by many of its members, such as the National Coal Association, which spent more than $700,000 on the global climate issue in 1992 and 1993, and the American Petroleum Institute, which paid the Burson-Marsteller PR firm $1.8 million in 1993 for a successful computer-driven "grassroots" letter and phone-in campaign to stop a proposed tax on fossil fuels.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">These numbers may not seem huge compared to the billions that corporations spend on advertising. The Coca-Cola company alone, for example, spends nearly $300 million per year on soft drink advertisements. But the Global Climate Coalition is not advertising a product. Its propaganda budget serves solely to influence the news media and government policymakers on a single issue and comes on top of the marketing, lobbying, and campaign contributions that industry already spends in the regular course of doing business. In 1998, the oil and gas industries alone spent $58 million lobbying the U.S. Congress. For comparison's sake, environmental groups spent a relatively puny total of $4.7 million-on all is- a sues combined, not just global warming.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industry's PR strategy with regard to the global warming issue is also eminently practical, with limited, realistic goals. Opinion polls for the past decade have consistently shown that the public would like to see something done about the global warming problem, along with many other environmental issues. Industry's PR strategy is not aimed at reversing the tide of public opinion, which may in any case be impossible. Its goal is simply to stop people from mobilizing to do anything about the problem, to create sufficient doubt in their minds about the seriousness of global warming that they will remain locked in debate and indecision. Friends of the Earth International describes this strategy as "lobbying for lethargy".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"People generally do not favor action on a non-alarming situation when arguments seem to be balanced on both sides and there is a clear doubt," explains Phil Lesly, author of Lesly's Handbook of Public Relations and Communications, a leading PR textbook. In order for the status quo to prevail, therefore, corporations have a simple task: "The weight of impressions on the public must be balanced so people will have doubts and lack motivation to take action. Accordingly, means are needed to get balancing information into the stream from sources that the public will find credible. There is no need for a clear-cut' victory.' ... Nurturing public doubts by demonstrating that this is not a clear-cut situation in support of the opponents usually is all that is necessary."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p283</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hot Talk, Slow Walk</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During the 1 990s, Clinton-bashing was a common theme in industry's appeals to conservatives, using the argument that the global warming issue was a liberal attempt to replace private property with "socialism," "bureaucracy," and "big government." Particularly strong criticisms were leveled at then-Vice President Al Gore, who has spoken with occasional eloquence about the greenhouse effect and wrote about it in his book Earth in the Balance. Ironically, industry's attacks on Clinton and Gore helped conceal the Clinton administration's own complicity in the effort to prevent any effective regulations on greenhouse emissions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On the eve of Earth Day in April 1993, Clinton announced his intention to sign a treaty on global warming, only to spend the rest of his two terms in office waffling and backpedaling. His "Climate Change Action Plan" of October 1993 turned out to be a "voluntary effort," depending entirely on the goodwill of industry for implementation. By early 1996, he was forced to admit that the plan was off track and would not even come close to meeting its goal for greenhouse gas reductions by the year 2000.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In June 1997, Clinton addressed the United Nations Earth Summit and pledged a sustained U.S. commitment to stop global warming. Painting a near-apocalyptic picture of encroaching seas and killer heat, he acknowledged that America's record over the past five years was "not sufficient.... We must do better and we will." Four months later, however, he announced that realistic targets and timetables for cutting greenhouse gas emissions should be put off for 20 years, prompting Australian environmental writer Sharon Beder to comment that "champagne corks are popping in the boardrooms of BP, Shell, Esso, Mobil, Ford, General Motors, and the coal, steel and aluminum corporations of the US, Australia and Europe.... The new limits are so weak, compared with even the most pessimistic predictions of what the US would offer in the current negotiations, that two years of hard work by 150 countries towards reaching an agreement in December are now irrelevant."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During negotiations in Kyoto, the United States lobbied heavily and successfully to weaken the treaty's actual provisions for limiting greenhouse gases. The resulting treaty proposed a reduction of only 7 percent in global greenhouse emissions by the year 2012, far below the 20 percent cut proposed by the IPCC and European nations or the 30 percent reduction demanded by low-lying island nations that fear massive flooding as melting polar ice leads to rising sea levels. The United States also successfully won a provision that will allow countries to exceed their emission targets by buying right-to-pollute credits from nations that achieve better-than-targeted reductions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greenpeace called the resulting Kyoto treaty "a tragedy and a farce." It was condemned as "too extreme" by U.S. industry, declared dead on arrival by Senate Republicans, and praised by some environmental groups; and it provided all the political wiggle room that the Clinton administration needed to have its cake and eat it too. Clinton embraced the agreement but simultaneously said he would not submit it to the Senate until impoverished Third World nations agreed to their own cutbacks in greenhouse gas emissions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There is a method to this madness that is well understood in Washington lobbying circles, although it is rarely discussed in public. By talking tough about the environment while sitting on the Kyoto treaty, Clinton and Gore were able to preserve their "green credentials" for political purposes while blaming the treaty's demise on anti-environmental Republicans and an apathetic public. For Democrats, it was a "win-win situation." They could stay on the campaign-funding gravy train by doing what their corporate donors wanted, while giving lip service to solving the problem. The December 12,1997 New York Times reported that Clinton was "in the risk-free position of being able to make a strong pro-environmental political pitch while not having to face a damaging vote in the Senate.... One senior White House official . . . said it was possible that the treaty would not be ready for submission . . . during the remainder of Mr. Clinton's term in office." And indeed, this prediction proved correct. Industry's "lobbyists for lethargy" had succeeded.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stormy Weather</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">While Nero fiddles, the burning of Rome is proceeding and even appears to be occurring faster than some climatologists expected. The twelve warmest years in recorded history have all occurred since 1983. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the World Meteorological Association concurred that 1997 was the hottest year ever, only to be surpassed by 1998, which was in turn surpassed by 1999. In January 2000, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences Fred Seitz's former stomping grounds issued a major report concluding that global warming is an "undoubtedly real" problem and is in fact occurring 30 percent faster than the rate estimated just five years earlier ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A series of extreme weather events also seemed to corroborate the IPCC's predictions. In 1998, a January ice storm caused widespread power outages in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. In February, Florida was hit by the deadliest tornado outbreak in its history. April through June was the driest period in 104 years of record in Florida, Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico, and May through June was the warmest period on record. Heat and dry weather caused devastating fires in central and eastern Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America, and Florida. Massive floods hit Argentina, Peru, Bangladesh, India, and China, where the flooding of the Yangtze River killed more than 3,000 people and caused $30 billion in losses. Droughts plagued Guyana, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, the Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and southern Russia. On October 4, 1998, Oklahoma was hit by 20 tornadoes, setting a national record for the most twisters ever during a single day. Three hurricanes and four tropical storms caused billions of dollars of damage to the United States. In late September, Hurricane Georges devastated the northern Caribbean, causing $4 billion in damages. A month later, Central America was devastated by Hurricane Mitch, Central America's worst natural disaster in 218 years, which killed more than 11,000 people and displaced another 2.4 million. In the Pacific, October's Super typhoon Zeb inundated the northern Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan. Only eight days later, Super typhoon Babs struck the Philippines, submerging parts of Manila.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1999, farmers in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States suffered through a record drought. A prolonged heat wave killed 271 people in the Midwest and Northeast. Hurricane Floyd battered North Carolina, inflicting more than a billion dollars in damages, while Boston marked a record 304 consecutive days without snow. In India, a supercyclone killed some 10,000 people. Torrential rains and mudslides killed 15,000 in Venezuela. Hurricane-force windstorms destroyed trees, buildings, and monuments in France, leaving more than $4 billion in damages. The South Pacific islands of Tebua Tarawa and Abunuea in the nation of Vanuato disappeared beneath the ocean, the first victims of the global rise in sea levels. The wave of catastrophes continued in 2000, with a prolonged drought in Kenya while wet, warm weather spawned billions of crop-threatening locusts in Australia and drought driven fires devastated Los Alamos. The melting and fissuring of Antarctica's ice shelf, which first became dramatically evident in 1995, led in l May 2000 to the calving of three enormous icebergs with a combined surface area slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">p287</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"You can't stop climate change given what we're doing right now,'' said Michael MacCracken in February 2000. MacCracken is director of the National Assessment Coordination Office of the U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program, which was launched by President Bush in 1989. It is already too late to stop global warming, he said, due to the accumulated carbon-dioxide emissions that have already entered the atmosphere. The best that can be hoped for is to minimize the problem and adapt to the changes. In the United States, necessary measures will include changing the way water supplies are managed in the western United States, beefing up public health programs, building higher bridges, and rethinking massive environmental restoration projects.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For years, the PR apparatus of big coal and big oil persuaded many key decision-makers that global warming was a phantom-that it was not even happening. As the scientific data proving otherwise has accumulated, the contrarian line of argument has also shifted. Industry voices have begun to admit that the industrial greenhouse effect is real, and some are attempting to argue, like Arthur Robinson of the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, that it is actually a good thing-that it will enhance plant growth or that it will be of no consequence because the anticipated temperature changes will be relatively slight. Other voices are stepping forward with industry's standard lament, claiming that even if global warming is a bad thing, fixing the problem is impossible because it will cost trillions of dollars, ruin the economy, and eliminate jobs.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Trust Us, We're Experts!</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Index of Website</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Home Page</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">liquid truth from book sheldon and rampton</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Liquid Truth: Advice from the Spinmeisters</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1992, the food industry’s International Food Information Council (IFIC) retained Dr. G. Clotaire Rapaille,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“an international market research expert,” to research</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“how Americans relate to food biotechnology and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">genetic engineering.” IFIC, an ardent</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">enthusiast for the use of biotechnology</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">in agriculture, wanted to know how it</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">could overcome consumer apprehensions about the new technology.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A “core team” was assembled to</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">aid in the research, consisting of representatives from the Monsanto Agricultural Company, NutraSweet, Kraft</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">General Foods, Ajinomoto, Du Pont</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and Calgene. Other research sponsors</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">included Frito-Lay, Coca-Cola,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nestlé, Procter & Gamble, and the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">M&M/Mars candy company. The</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">goal of the research team was to</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“develop actionable strategies, messages, and language that will express</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">information positively about the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">process and products—without stirring fears or negative connotations.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dr. Rapaille is a Jungian psychologist who uses a technique that he</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">calls “Archetype Studies” which</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">claims to delve into the “primordial</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">cause for . . . opinions, attitudes or</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">motivations.” As his report to IFIC</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">explained, “For each element in the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">world, there is a first meaningful experience called the Imprinting Moment.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Archetype is the pattern which underlies this</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Imprinting Moment. The Archetype is completely preordained by the culture, and it is common to everyone</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">in a given culture. . . . The Archetype is the Logic of</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Emotion that forms the Collective Unconscious.” Discover these Archetypes, Rapaille’s theory promised, and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You can ‘read’ the consumers like a book, and you can</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">understand their unconscious ‘logic.’”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rapaille’s process for uncovering Archetypes was</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">similar in most respects to what another advertising or</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PR person might term a “focus group,” but Rapaille liked</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to refer to them as “Imprinting Groups.” Each group</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">consisted of 20-30 everyday Americans, which Rapaille’s</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">team of “Archetypologists” led through a series of “relaxation exercises and visualization” aimed at eliciting their</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">innermost feelings about biotechnology.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The result of these exercises, the team concluded, was</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">that the biotech industry stood at a crossroads. “In one</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">case, we have tremendous public support—we can be</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">viewed as farmers bringing new varieties and improved</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">foods to consumers. But if we do not position ourselves</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and our products correctly, we can just as easily be</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">viewed in the same class as Hitler and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Frankenstein.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The difference depended on which</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“imprint” provided the Archetype for</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">public perception of the new foods.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And the public would choose its</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Archetype based largely on the food</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">industry’s choice of words.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In communicating about food</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">biotechnology and genetic engineering, we now know a variety of ‘trigger’</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">words that will help consumers view</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">these products in the same vein as</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">farming, hybrids, and the natural</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">order, rather than as Frankenfoods,”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the study concluded. In the category</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of “words to use,” Rapaille suggested</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">terms such as beauty, bounty, children, choices, cross-breeding, diversity, earth, farmer, flowers, fruits,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">future generations, hard work, heritage, improved, organic, purity, quality, soil, tradition and wholesome.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Words to lose” included: biotechnology, chemical, DNA, economic,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">experiments, industry, laboratory,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">machines, manipulate, money, pesticides, profit, radiation, safety and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">scientists.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a memo accompanying the completed study,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">IFIC’s Libby Mikesell and Tom Stenzel summarized the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">lessons learned. “The technology in biotechnology has</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘scary’ overtones in connection with life in any form. …</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Biotechnology may not be the optimal term to use in our</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">discussions,” they wrote. “Clotaire recommends that we</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘sandwich’ the word genetic between other words that</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">create an association with tradition and nature. Some</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">possible terms he suggested were ‘biogenetic gardening,’</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘natural genetics’ or ‘natural genetic gardening.’ He composed this sentence as an example of how to use the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">terms: New genetic discoveries allow us to be successful gardeners of the 21st century and to accomplish cross-breeding</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">at a highly sophisticated level, fulfilling a vision of the gardeners of the 19th century.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is worth noting that many of the terms in Rapaille’s</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">list of “words to lose” are straightforward characterizations of the actual scientific process used in developing</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">10 PR Watch / Fourth Quarter, 2000</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">genetically engineered foods, while many of the “words</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to use” are vague, pleasant-sounding euphemisms</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">designed to obscure the details about everything that is</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">new and unique about the process.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is also worth noting the irony in IFIC’s choice of</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">someone like Rapaille to help design its strategy for</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">defending biotech foods. Whatever dangers biotechnology may or may not present to the public, it is undeniably an example of modern science in</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">action. When</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">talking among themselves, biotech’s promoters frequently invoke the name of science, characterizing their</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">opponents as irrational, fear-driven technophobes.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We all are frustrated by the public’s emotional</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">response to scientific, factual issues,” stated the IFIC</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">report. Yet Rapaille’s advice to IFIC was not only calculated to evoke an emotional response and to avoid any</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mention of science, his very methodology for arriving at</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">his analysis is at best a parody of the scientific method.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">HARD SCIENCE AND FLUID TRUTH</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The power that science wields in modern society is a</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">reflection of its ability to create knowledge that is as close</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to infallible as any product of human endeavor. Reasonable people may disagree in their opinions about</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shakespeare or religion, but they do not disagree with</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the laws of thermodynamics. This is because the theories</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of science, especially the hard sciences, have been developed through methodologies that require verification by</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">multiple, independent researchers using clearly defined,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">replicable experiments. If the experiments do not</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">bear out a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rejected</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">or modified.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The very prestige that science enjoys, however, has</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">also given rise to a variety of scientific pretenders—disciplines such as phrenology or eugenics that merely claim</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to be scientific. The great philosopher of science Karl</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Popper gave a great deal of consideration to this problem and coined the term “pseudoscience” to help separate the wheat from the chaff. The</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">difference between</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">science and pseudoscience, he concluded, is that genuinely scientific theories are “falsifiable,”—i.e., they are</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">formulated in such a way that if they are wrong, they can</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">be proven false through experiments. By contrast,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">pseudosciences are formulated so vaguely that they can</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">never be proven or disproven.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The difference between a science and a pseudoscience is that scientific statements can be proved wrong</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and pseudoscientific statements cannot,” says Robert</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Youngson in his book, Scientific Blunders: A Brief History</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of How Wrong Scientists Can Sometimes Be. “By this criterion you will find that a surprising number of seemingly scientific assertions—perhaps</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">even many in which</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">you devoutly believe—are complete nonsense. Rather</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">surprisingly this is not to assert that all pseudoscientific</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">claims are untrue. Some of them may be true, but you</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">can never know this, so they are not entitled to claim the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">cast-iron assurance and reliance that you can have, and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">place, in scientific facts.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You always try—you always serve</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the truth. But again—but the truth</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">is often, you know, is often not</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">necessarily a solid. It can be a liquid.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">—public relations counselor John Scanlon</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Judged by this standard, many of the “social sciences”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">—including the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and others—are actually pseudosciences rather than the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">real thing. This does not mean that Freud and Jung were</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">charlatans or fools. Both were creative thinkers with fascinating insights into the human psyche, but a research</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">methodology that derives its data from the dreams of</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mentally ill patients is a far cry from the orderly system</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of measurements that we associate with hard sciences like</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">physics and chemistry.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Regardless of their scientific limitations, theories of</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">human psychology figure prominently in the thinking of</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the public relations industry. What is more important</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">than their actual effectiveness is the seemingly authoritative justification that they provide for the PR worldview—a belief that people are</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">fundamentally irrational</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">and that therefore a class of behind-the-scenes manipulators is necessary to shape opinion for the public’s own</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">good. But this belief is at odds not only with the ideals</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of democracy but also with the fundamental and necessary ideological underpinnings of the scientific method</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">itself. Before scientists can reach any conclusions whatsoever about the elements in the periodic table or the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">space-time continuum, they have to first believe that “the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">truth is out there” and that their investigations will take</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">them closer to it.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The public relations worldview, however, envisions</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">truth as an infinitely malleable, spinnable thing. For consultants like Clotaire Rapaille, the truth is not a thing to</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">be discovered but a thing to be created, through artful</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">word choices and careful arrangement of appearances.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Given a choice, do you serve your client or the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">truth?” a reporter asked John Scanlon, one of today’s</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">leading spinmeisters, during a 1991 interview.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You always try—you always serve the truth,” Scanlon replied. “But again—but the truth is often, you know,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">is often not necessarily a solid. It can be a liquid. . . .What</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PR Watch / Fourth Quarter, 2000 11</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">seems to be true is not necessarily the case when we look</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">at it and we dissect it and take it apart, and we turn it</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">around and we look at it from a different perspective. ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whose truth are we talking about, your truth or</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">my truth?”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">John Scanlon specializes in representing high-profile</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">clients, especially clients embroiled in controversy. In</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1997, the trade publication Inside PR ranked him as the</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">number two expert in the world at “crisis management”—the PR field that specializes in helping clients</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">fend off scandals and repair bad reputations. In 1999,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">for example, he represented famed fellatrix and self-proclaimed liar Monica Lewinsky as she embarked on a</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">media tour to promote her book, Monica’s Story. Lewinsky too, it seems, had a version of the truth to tell, as did</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the president whose sexual relationship with her</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">depended on what your definition of “is” is.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scanlon’s other assignments have included PR for</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CBS when it was sued for libel by Vietnam-era general</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">William Westmoreland. Later, he squared off against 60</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Minutes when he went to work for the Brown &</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Williamson tobacco company in its effort to discredit</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">tobacco-industry whistleblower Jeffrey Wigand, whose</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">story was dramatized in the recent movie, The Insider.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scanlon also represented Ivana Trump during her</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">divorce from The Donald. “What we did was quite scientific,” he said. By “scientific,” however, he meant</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">something quite different from what a particle physicist</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">would mean. “I mean we sat down with Mrs. Trump,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">with Ivana early on with her attorneys and talked about</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">what was the specific critical message that she wanted to</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">communicate. I mean, we had a very, very clear position.” But having a “very, very clear position” is an</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">entirely different thing than seeking the truth, which is</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">what an actual scientist would be doing.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It would be nice to imagine that Scanlon’s fluid attitude toward the truth is some kind of aberration, but it</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">is not. Richard Edelman, his one-time boss at Edelman</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Worldwide, goes even further. Not only are there different versions of the truth, “In this era of exploding media</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">technologies,” Edelman says, “there is no truth except</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">the truth you create for yourself.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the rules of PR is that spin cannot be a demonstrable lie, a point driven home in every PR textbook.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Never lie to a reporter” has become an industry</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mantra. Fortunately, there is a loophole. Spin is the art</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">of appearances, not substance. When there is no truth</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">except what you create for yourself, lies become unnecessary, even irrelevant. To lie is to respect reality enough</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">to falsify it. The practitioners of public relations do</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">not falsify the truth, because they do not believe that it</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">even exists.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BAMBI KILLERS</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The PR industry’s preoccupation with imagery over</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">substance was evident again in its reaction to the May</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1999 release of a Cornell University study showing that</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">pollen from Monsanto’s genetically-engineered Bt corn</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">could drift onto milkweed plants and poison Monarch</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">butterflies.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Monarch is “sort of the Bambi of the insect</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">world,” according to Marlin Rice, a professor of entomology at Iowa State University in Ames. “It’s big and</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">gawdy and gets a lot of good press. And you’ve got school</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">kids all across the country raising them in jars.” The BtMonarch controversy came on the heels of other recent</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">studies showing that Bt crops kill non-target beneficial</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">insects such as lacewings and ladybugs, kill beneficial soil</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">microorganisms, damage soil fertility, and may harm</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">insect-eating birds. However, it was the image problems</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">associated with killing Bambi that sent industry</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">spokespersons scurrying to counter the damage. Discoveries like this could end consumer complacency “in</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">an instant,” worried one source quoted in PR Week,</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">which described the Cornell study as “a wake-up call”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">for industry.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Perhaps the most interesting aspect of PR Week’s</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">response to the Monarch butterfly study is the narrow</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">range of options that it considered possible for the public</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">relations industry. “Are we only limited to a defensive</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">role in talking about GE foods?” it asked, answering that</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PR pros can also make a positive case by arguing that</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">biotechnology is “needed to adequately feed a growing</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">world population.” The choice, in other words, was</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">between playing defense or offense for the biotech team.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The law of unintended consequences means studies</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">like the butterfly study are likely to surface, focusing on</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">something company researchers may never have considered,” PR Week admitted, but rather than take such</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“unintended consequences” seriously, it advised public</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">relations professionals to treat them as “brush fires” to</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">be “quickly dealt with.” ¦</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">12 PR Watch / Fourth Quarter, 2000</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">mapcruzin:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GREENWASH: Perspectives on right-wing and libertarian think-tanks, free-market and common-sense environmentalists, and their corporate sponsors</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sponsors</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Also on This Page --> - Introduction - Steve Milloy & JunkScience.com - Eye-Opening Articles - Anti-Environmental Organizations - Research Resources - Links In Progress - Add a Link</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Greenbiz.com puts McDonalds on steering committee: Paul Hawken resigns.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Bad on the Environment? Need to Look Green on Earth Day? Try LuntzSpeak.Com - "Despite poll numbers showing overwhelming concern for the environment, some members of the Republican leadership have decided it's easier to spend time, money and political capital on obscuring a bad record and bad policies than to develop sound environmental policies that protect public health and public lands."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"But don't take our word for it! To appreciate the amount of spin here, use this guide to help decode some of the sneakier communications tips, or read the memo for yourself."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;ActivistCash.com "This is just the beginning! Over the course of 2002, ActivistCash.com will continue to grow, and continue to root out the funding sources of the most notorious anti-consumer groups. We will keep adding profiles on the first of every month, by the end of the year you'll be able to get the facts on more than 50 activist groups that are responsible for the vast majority of anti-consumer activism in North America. We'll also be tracking over 750 foundations and hundreds of key players and celebrities."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;The Chlorophiles are an independent non-profit organisation of workers in the chlorine and PVC industry who want to react on the allegations against their work. We find that we are working responsibly and with responsible care to make products for the well-being of humanity. Humanity may not be excluded from the benefits of chlorine on the base of prejudices and false or erroneous information.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CHLOROPHILES-USA is a grass-roots, not-for-profit group modelled after the European founding group. The purpose of these groups and similar groups throughout the world is to spread the truth about chlorine and polyvinyl chloride in benefitting people. Additional efforts in the areas of safety, the environment, and health are of concern from time to time.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(Nothing especially new in either of the above websites - similar tiring "arguments" that you will find at some of the other websites below, JunkScience et al.)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here's a new (to me at least) website that I just ran across: http://environmental.networkroom.com/ - they say, "Welcome to ... The online clearing house and conference room for activists and insiders in the free-market environmental movement."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This website is a project of the http://www.free-market.net/ - to quote, "F R E E - M A R K E T . N E T is the libertarian portal. We are the world's most comprehensive source for information on liberty."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The free-market.net claims as its senior partner the Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/ . By the way, Steve Milloy, publisher of http://www.junkscience.com/ , is an adjunct scholar at the CATO Institute. Small world!</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;New Anti-Enviro Website:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative "think-tank" launched their new envirolie.org -- oops, I mean -- envirotruth.org website on May 6, 2002. Amy Ridenour, cofounder of the NCPPR, says, "The website will provide details about the "jihad" that environmental organizations are waging against corporate America." Click here for the entire story.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Example of recent NCPPR report: Press Release: Opening the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Storage Facility is Important to National Security; Action Would Eliminate the Only Serious Vulnerability of Nuclear Plants to Terrorism - January 12, 2002. http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA383.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NCPPR websites include (descriptions are from the NCPPR web pages):</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The National Center for Public Policy Research is a communications and research foundation dedicated to providing free market solutions to today's public policy problems. We believe that the principles of a free market, individual liberty and personal responsibility provide the greatest hope for meeting the challenges facing America in the 21st century. http://www.nationalcenter.org/.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Envirotruth is dedicated to injecting badly needed truth into the debate about our environment. For too long, some environmental groups have seized the world stage and the public's attention by distorting facts, bending the truth and even committing acts of terrorism against innocent citizens. http://www.envirotruth.org/.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Project 21 is an initiative of The National Center for Public Policy Research to promote the views of African-Americans whose entrepreneurial spirit, dedication to family and commitment to individual responsibility has not traditionally been echoed by the nation's civil rights establishment. http://www.nationalcenter.org/P21Index.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The National Center launched the John P. McGovern M.D. Center for Environmental and Regulatory Affairs, originally named the Environmental Policy Task Force, to help arm conservatives with tools for the environmental policy debate it had been lacking, among them: 1) a forum for coordination and sharing of strategy and information; 2) numerous accounts of how environmental regulations work in practice; 3) explanations of the perspectives of various groups on environmental issues; 4) a marketing apparatus to help grassroots environmental activists, persons knowledgeable about environmental regulations and reputable economists and scientists gain greater access to the media; 5) a system for countering "junk science" when it appears, especially in the media, with accurate facts. http://www.nationalcenter.org/eptf.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">SCOOP® Newsletter - An Irreverent Look at the Policies Behind the News. http://www.nationalcenter.org/ScoopLtr.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Center for Environmental Justice - Reviewing the impact of environmental policies on minorities and the poor. http://www.nationalcenter.org/CEJ.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Relief Report covers environment issues and monitors regulation of people & the economy. http://www.nationalcenter.org/ReliefRprt.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Budget Watch - Providing a truth dectector in the ongoing battle over federal spending. http://www.nationalcenter.org/Watch.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Legal Briefs - The newsletter that monitors the legal system that rules our lives. http://www.nationalcenter.org/LegalBriefs.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Earth Day Information Center. http://www.nationalcenter.org/EarthDay98.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Warming Information Center - A project of the John P. McGovern M.D. Center for Environmental and Regulatory Affairs of The National Center for Public Policy Research. http://www.nationalcenter.org/Kyoto.html.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Introduction</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber have been at the forefront of the effort to expose the corporate funding and right-wing "free-market" environmentalism of Steve Milloy's JunkScience website. Their recent book, Trust Us, We're Experts: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future, is a must read for background on this subject. Check out a recent review of this book, Science for Sale and his recent article, How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here is their definition of "Junk Science":</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">... "junk science" is the term that corporate defenders apply to any research, no matter how rigourous, that justifies regulations to protect the environment and public health. The opposing term, "sound science," is used in reference to any research, no matter how flawed, that can be used to challenge, defeat, or reverse environmental and public health protection. (p. 222-223, Trust Us, We're Experts)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steve Milloy & JunkScience.com&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Milloy's JunkScience website:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Junk science" is faulty scientific data and analysis used to used to (sic) further a special agenda. The junk science "mob" includes:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The MEDIA may use junk science for sensational headlines and programming. Some members of the media use junk science to advance their and their employers' social and political agendas.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PERSONAL INJURY LAWYERS may use junk science to bamboozle juries into awarding huge verdicts. Large verdicts may then be used to extort even greater sums from deep-pocket businesses that may be fearful of future jury verdicts.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">SOCIAL ACTIVISTS, such as the "food police," environmental extremists, and gun-control advocates, may use junk science to achieve social and political change.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">GOVERNMENT REGULATORS may use junk science to expand their authority and to increase their budgets.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BUSINESSES may use junk science to bad-mouth competitors' products or to make bogus claims about their own products.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">POLITICIANS may use junk science to curry favor with special interest groups or to be "politically correct."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">INDIVIDUAL SCIENTISTS may use junk science to achieve fame and fortune.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">INDIVIDUALS who are ill (real or imagined) may use junk science to blame others for causing their illness.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Background on Milloy & JunkScience.com</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to PR Watch, Milloy became executive director of The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), an organization that was covertly created by Philip Morris for the express purpose of generating scientific controversy regarding the link between secondhand smoke and cancer. The Integrity in Science file on TASSC:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOUND SCIENCE COALITION (TASSC) [defunct]</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Support comes from companies like Procter & Gamble, Exxon, Dow Chemical, and Philip Morris." (Village Voice, 4/23/97)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Milloy’s office is in the headquarters of APCO Associates, a Washington, D.C., PR firm that specializes in creating coalitions like TASSC. (Village Voice, April 29, 1997, p. 39)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Web site, August 16, 1998] [T]his "sound science" coalition is supported by hundreds of corporations, including 3M, Amoco, Chevron, Dow Chemical, Exxon, General Motors, Occidental Petroleum, Philip Morris, Proctor & Gamble and W.R. Grace. Its objective is to act as a speakers bureau to deliver the corporate message that environmental public policy is not currently based on "sound science," and to counter excessive regulations that are based on what it considers "junk" science. O’Dywer’s PR Services reports that TASSC is "leading the charge against what it views as the unholy alliance between environmentalists and the media" (Feb. 1996).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TASSC claimed to have 250 to 300 scientists as active members (Tulsa World, April 25, 1996).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TASSC was created in 1993 to promote "sound science" in policy decision making. TASSC is chaired by former New Mexico governor Garrey Caruthers, and claims a membership of over 400 corporations. In addition to many corporate representatives, TASSC’s extensive advisory board contains well known "science skeptics" S. Fred Singer, Bruce Ames, Dr. Patrick Michaels, Michael Sanera, and Hugh Ellsaesser. (EWG)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Steven Milloy, executive director of TASSC, is a self styled "junk science" critic who previously launched the Junk Science Page through the Environmental Policy Analysis Network (EPAN), a group he started in 1996. Milloy is also a lobbyist for the EOP Group, a DC-based lobbying firm that represents the American Crop Protection Association, the Chlorine Chemistry Council, Edison Electric Institute, among others. Under Milloy’s personal listing of groups he represents through the EOP Group in 1996 were Fort Howard Corp., the International Food Additives Association, and Monsanto. According to the most recent edition of Washington Representatives, Milloy’s client list has grown to include the National Mining Association, among others. (EWG)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sponsors</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Eye-Opening Articles</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman"</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the biographical sketch that accompanies "The Fear Profiteers" (see cover story of this issue), Steven Milloy describes himself as the publisher of the Junk Science Home Page and an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute. "Milloy appears frequently on radio and television; has testified on risk assessment and Superfund before the U.S. Congress; and has lectured before numerous organizations," it adds, noting that he has also "written articles that have appeared in the New York Post, USA Today, Washington Times, The Chicago Sun-Times, and the Investors' Business Daily."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">These facts are all accurate as far they go, but they say nothing about how Milloy came to be a prominent debunker of "junk science." This omission is undoubtedly by design, because it would certainly be embarrassing to admit that a self-proclaimed scientific reformer got his start as a behind-the-scenes lobbyist for the tobacco industry, which has arguably done more to corrupt science than any other industry in history ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JUNK SCIENCE AND THE ART OF SPIN-DOCTORING</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Who produces the 'junk-science' claims, and who decides what is junk?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">One of the most disturbing effects of globalisation, and the economic rationalist policies which accompany it, is that scientific research has been usurped by corporations and industry associations around the world.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There's a growing dependence on corporate-sector financing of all kinds of research -- and much of this is designed to produce a predetermined outcome. As a result, there's a glut of dubious data permeating the media and the Internet which appears to be independent and informed, but which has its origins in partisan think-tanks, public relations companies, entrepreneurial science organisers, and pay-for-service public-polling organisations ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pro-GM scientists and the right</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the wake of the massive defeats suffered over their promotion of GM foods, pro-GM lobbyists in the UK have regrouped and with the help of a clique of right wing journalists and academics are coordinating a still more aggressive campaign of disinformation ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cato Institute: "Libertarian" in a Corporate Way</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the autumn of 1997, when Rupert Murdoch joined the board of directors at the Cato Institute, the announcement went unreported in major news outlets. Perhaps it seemed routine for one of the world's most powerful media moguls to take a leadership post at one of the most influential think tanks in Washington ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Show Me The Science! Corporate Polluters and the 'Junk Science' Strategy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The battle over the Environmental Protection Agency's new proposed clean air standards is the latest example in a long line of similar efforts by environmental backlash groups to weaken, repeal or prevent passage of strong environmental protections.1 In the clean air debate no fewer than 12 backlash groups have weighed in with their views on the "soundness" of the EPA's science.2 Of those groups, two were established specifically for the purpose of combating the air standards ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An interview with Steven J. Milloy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(from Heartland.org)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Public health expert Steven J. Milloy is executive director of The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC) and publisher of the Junk Science Home Page (http://www.junkscience.com). He is the author of several books and reports, including Choices in Risk Assessment: The Role of Science Policy in the Environmental Risk Management Process, a widely acclaimed publication that resulted from his work for the U.S. Department of Energy examining the relative roles of science and policy in regulatory risk assessment ... (Read entire article)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Anti-Environmental Organizations - A-E F-L M-Q R-Z</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; Argentine Foundation for Scientific Ecology - (english), (spanish).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Abundant Wildlife Society of North America - "Inform yourself - help wildlife - protect your freedom."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Access to Energy - "A pro-science, pro-technology, pro-free enterprise monthly newsletter."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Accuracy In Academia - "A nonprofit public service organization based in Washington, D.C., seeks the reassertion of traditional academic ethics in our universities. We contend that academic freedom is threatened by a progressive ideological orthodoxy."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Accuracy in Media - "A non-profit, grassroots citizens watchdog of the news media that critiques botched and bungled news stories and sets the record straight on important issues that have received slanted coverage.."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At ActivistCash.com, we follow the money -- for you. This site, a part of the ConsumerFreedom.com Network, is committed to providing detailed and up-to-date information on where anti-consumer organizations and activists get their money. We have analyzed and compiled over 100,000 pages of IRS documents to create this database, and will be adding more information every month.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Acton Institute - "Environmental Stewardship is an approach to the earth and its resources that attends both to the demands of human freedom and flourishing and to the Biblical call for human beings to exercise caring "dominion" over creation..."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alaska Support Industry Alliance</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alliance for America is a coalition of grassroot organizations concerned with protecting the constitution, property rights, humans, and the environment. Conservationists involved in preserving natural resources and the natural beauty of the environment without destroying the lives of the people closest to it.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Alliance for Better Foods - "The Alliance supports biotechnology as a safe way to provide for a more abundant, nutritious and higher quality food supply."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Council on Science and Health, Inc. (ACSH) is a consumer education consortium concerned with issues related to food, nutrition, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, lifestyle, the environment and health. ACSH is an independent, nonprofit, tax-exempt organization.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ACSH list of science advisors.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">America's Future - "We believe in, we stand for, above all, the God-given freedom of the individual. We hold that the Constitution of the United States is the most profoundly important instrument ever devised by man for the protection of that freedom..."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American Recreation Coalition - Dedicated to the protection and enhancement of everyone's right to health and happiness through recreation...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Americans for Balanced Energy Choices (ABEC) is a national, non-profit organization designed to promote a dialogue with community leaders across the U.S. on issues involving America’s growing demand for electricity. ABEC will advocate in support of policies that strike the proper balance between protecting the environment and providing for continued economic growth and prosperity for America’s working families.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cato Institute seeks to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of more options that are consistent with the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, and peace. Toward that goal, the Institute strives to achieve greater involvement of the intelligent, concerned lay public in questions of policy and the proper role of government.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Consumer Freedom is a coalition supported by restaurant operators, food and beverage companies, and concerned individuals, working together to promote personal responsibility and protect consumer choices.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Unlike the anti-consumer activists we monitor and keep in check, we stand up for common sense and personal choice. The growing fraternity of "food cops," health care enforcers, militant activists, meddling bureaucrats, and violent radicals who think they can decide better than you "what's best for you" are not just attacking restaurants -- they're attacking liberty.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Coalition for Affordable and Reliable Energy (CARE) was formed to build support for a comprehensive and balanced energy policy that will enable the United States to meet its energy needs while striking a sensible balance among social, economic, national security, environmental and energy goals.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Coalition for Vehicle Choice (CVC) is a non-profit organization created to preserve the freedom of Americans to choose motor vehicles that meet their needs and their freedom to travel. CVC includes individuals and groups from all walks of life who believe freedom of choice and mobility are important values that must be considered when society develops polices intended to protect the environment, encourage energy efficiency and promote traffic safety.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow The (CFACT) was created to offer a new voice on consumer and environmental issues. The Committee boldly proclaims that the Western values of competition, progress, freedom, and stewardship can and do offer the best hope for protecting not only the earth and its wildlife, but even more importantly, its people. So therefore, CFACT is working to promote free-market and safe technological solutions to such growing concerns as waste-management, food production and processing, electrical generation, air and water quality, wildlife protection and much more. With an impressive advisory board of more than 40 academic and scientific experts in various fields along with a rapidly expanding citizen membership, CFACT is a catalyst that is helping carry our nation and our world toward a more constructive tomorrow.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commonwealth Foundation supports sound environmental policies based on factual evidence. We believe that regulators must clearly demonstrate that the environmental benefits such policies will produce will outweigh the costs they impose on businesses, property owners, and other taxpayers before imposing them.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Comptetitive Enterprise Institute - advancing the principles of free enterprise and limited government.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Consumer Alert was founded in 1977 as a national, non-profit, non-partisan, membership organization for people concerned about the excessive growth of government regulation at the national and state levels. Consumer Alert is dedicated to informing the public about the consumer benefits of competitive enterprise and to promoting sound economic, scientific, and risk data in public policy decisions. Our organization is the only free-market public interest group whose sole mission is to represent average consumers as purchasers of goods and services in a dynamic and competitive marketplace.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Doctors for Disaster Preparedness promotes homeland defense and prudent preparedness for disasters of all kinds, including war or terrorism. Its annual meeting brings together America's foremost authorities on strategic and civil defense as well as prominent scientists speaking on real threats or manufactured scares. Recent topics: global warming, ozone "depletion," radiation hazards and radiation hormesis.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Freedom.org - Eco-logic on-line.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Free-Market.net is the libertarian portal. We are the world's most comprehensive source for information on liberty.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Free Republic - "An online gathering place for independent, grass-roots conservatism on the web. We're working to roll back decades of governmental largesse, to root out political fraud and corruption, and to champion causes which further conservatism in America."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Frontiers of Freedom is solely dedicated to maintaining and restoring the American system of limited government and individual rights. Founded in 1995 by Malcolm Wallop upon his retirement from the U. S. Senate, Frontiers regards the Constitution, not as Congress sees it-an impediment to more efficient government-but as the pole star of America's future. Frontiers seeks to lead the conservative movement from the front line of the battle against an ever more powerful and intrusive federal government. Frontiers of Freedom is the antithesis to the Sierra Club and Vice President Al Gore's Earth in the Balance.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Climate Coalition is an organization of trade associations established in 1989 to coordinate business participation in the international policy debate on the issue of global climate change and global warming.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Global Warming News and Views - dedicated to disproving global warming and its negative effects.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greening Earth Society promotes the optimistic scientific view that CO2 is beneficial to humanking and all of nature.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Heartland Institute is a nonprofit public policy research organization dedicated to meeting the information needs of the nation's state and national elected officials, journalists, and its members. Heartland's mission is to be its customers' fastest, most convenient, most comprehensive, and most reliable source of public policy information.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From their environment section - "Welcome to the Common-Sense Environmentalist's Suite! We have brought together in one place the best research and commentary on sound science and market-based environmental protection from the nation's leading think tanks and advocacy groups. Hundreds of complete documents--even two entire books!--are available here, usually in Adobe Acrobat's easy-to-view and print PDF format".</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute - a think tank - whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">JunkScience.com - "All the junk that's fit to debunk."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Media Research Center ...bringing political balance to the nation’s news media and responsibility to the entertainment media, the Media Research Center (MRC) has grown into the nation’s largest and most respected conservative media watchdog organization.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Anxiety Center Online - "...the National Anxiety Center is a response to all the "Earth is Doomed!" stories in the media. Every April the Center gives our "Chicken Little Awards" to those individuals and groups who have scared the daylights out of millions of people."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Consumer Coalition list of member organizations.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Wilderness Institute - The Voice of Reason on the Environment.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The New American - "That Freedom Shall Not Perish."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NoMoreScares.com - "Throughout the years, there have been numerous health scares that have ruined our faith in science, our government, and the integrity of our people. Few of these scares have had even a minutia of scientific merit." ("The Fear Profiteers"). It's time to put a stop to those who profit from fear. (Steve Milloy of JunkScience.com is a frequent contributor)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine - Claim that global warming has produced no negative effects and that increasing CO2 has positive effects.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy promotes the principles of individual freedom and personal responsibility. The Institute believes these principles are best encouraged through policies that emphasize a free economy, private initiative, and limited government. By focusing on public policy issues such as education, the environment, law, economics, and social welfare, the Institute strives to foster a better understanding of the principles of a free society among leaders in government, academia, the media, and the business community.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;Pandora's Poison - "Once again, environmental activists are attempting to cloak their political agenda in the guise of rational rhetoric. But open the lid on Pandora's Poison, a new book from former Greenpeace campaigner Joe Thornton, and you will find that Thornton's "new" environmental strategy for banning chlorine ignores reality and merely repackages ideas and positions that have been proselytized by Greenpeace for more than 20 years."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Petition Project - Claims that 17,000+ scientists have signed their petition urging that the U.S. NOT sign the Kyoto Protocal. They say that increase CO2 will be good for the planet.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Reason Foundation - A national research and education organization that explores and promotes public policies based on rationality and freedom.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;The Science Center - "The Science Center is sponsored by the Chlorine Chemistry Council (CCC)TM and represents the latest effort by the CCC to help bring objective and balanced discussion of environmental and scientific issues to classrooms around the country. Working with premier education organizations like the Science Education for Public Understanding Program (SEPUP) and Project Learning Tree (PLT), the Chlorine Chemistry Council helps equip educators with the knowledge and tools needed to educate the country's students."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science & Environmental Policy Project - "The Science & Environmental Policy Project was founded in 1990 by atmospheric physicist S. Fred Singer on the premise that sound, credible science must form the basis for health and environmental decisions..."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Town Hall is the first truly interactive community on the Internet to bring Internet users, conservative public policy organizations, congressional staff, and political activists together under the broad umbrella of "conservative" thoughts, ideas and actions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;TRIfacts.org - "Putting 2000 TRI Dioxin Data in Perspective."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">U.S. Chamber of Commerce - "Whether it's lobbying the Federal Government, fighting in the courts, or offering special member benefits and discounts, the U.S. Chamber is working for you."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The U.S. Chamber of Commerce said, "...use of the Internet by extreme environmentalists and greater amounts of public disclosure law will create fear and allow the sabotage of industries..." (read full story)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Women In Mining is dedicated to educating students, teachers and the general public about the importance of minerals.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">World Climate Report - "... the nation's leading publication covering the breaking news concerning the science and political science of global climate change."</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Research Resources</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Media & Democracy is a nonprofit, public interest organization funded by individuals and nonprofit foundations and dedicated to investigative reporting on the public relations industry. The Center serves citizens, journalists and researchers seeking to recognize and combat manipulative and misleading PR practices.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for Science in the Public Interest has posted on the Internet a database of over 1,100 professors and scientists who consult for or have other affiliations with chemical, gas, oil, food, drug, and other companies. The web site also provides partial information about nonprofit and professional organizations that receive industry funding. Both parts of the database will be regularly expanded in the future.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CLEAR tracked the industry-supported backlash against environmentalism, commonly called the "Wise Use" Movement from 1993 through 1999. Check the their old website for archives. For about 2 years CLEAR was not active, but they have now reorganized and they have a new website, www.clearproject.org.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">CorpWatch: Holding Corporations Accountable - Provide a research guide for those looking for information on corporations.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting - FAIR, the national media watch group, has been offering well-documented criticism of media bias and censorship since 1986. They work to invigorate the First Amendment by advocating for greater diversity in the press and by scrutinizing media practices that marginalize public interest, minority and dissenting viewpoints. As an anti-censorship organization, they expose important news stories that are neglected and defend working journalists when they are muzzled.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Institute for Public Accuracy - As a nationwide consortium of policy researchers, the Institute for Public Accuracy seeks to broaden public discourse by gaining media access for those whose perspectives are commonly drowned out by corporate-backed think tanks and other influential institutions.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jim Norton's Anti-Environmental Myths website.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Links In Progress</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We have compiled lists of many more anti-environmental organizations. As time allows, we will be posting these groups here. Here are a few that we are working on:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alliance for Environment and Resources</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alliance for a Responsible CFC Policy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Blue Ribbon Coalition</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">B.C. Forest Alliance</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Business Council for Sustainable Development</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">California Desert Coalition</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Citizens Coalition for Sustainable Development</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Citizens for the Environment</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Citizens for Total Energy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Defenders of Property Rights</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Environmental Conservation Organization</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Evergreen Foundation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Information Council for the Environment</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Institute for Justice</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Keep America Beautiful</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mothers' Watch</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mountain States Legal Foundation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Multiple Use Land Alliance</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Federal Lands Conference</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Inholders Association</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Legal Center for the Public Interest</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">National Wetlands Coalition</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Northern Community Advocates for Resource Equity</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oregon Lands Coalition</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Oregonians for Food and Shelter</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Pacific Legal Foundation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">People for the West!</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Political Economy Research Center</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The President's Council on Competitiveness</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Public Lands Council</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Putting People First</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sahara Club USA</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Science and Environmental Policy Report</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scientists and Engineers for Secure Energy (SE2)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Sea Lion Defense Fund</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Share B.C.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Society for Environmental Truth</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">US Council for Energy Awareness</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wilderness Impact Research Foundation</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yellow Ribbon Coalition</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">... and many more ...</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Add A Link</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When public opinion on the big social and political issues changes, the trends tend to be relatively gradual. Abrupt shifts, when they come, are usually precipitated by dramatic events. Which is why pollsters are so surprised by what has happened to perceptions about climate change over a span of just four years. A 2007 Harris poll found that 71 percent of Americans believed that the continued burning of fossil fuels would cause the climate to change. By 2009 the figure had dropped to 51 percent. In June 2011 the number of Americans who agreed was down to 44 percent—well under half the population. According to Scott Keeter, director of survey research at the Pew Research Center for People and the Press, this is “among the largest shifts over a short period of time seen in recent public opinion history.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even more striking, this shift has occurred almost entirely at one end of the political spectrum. As recently as 2008 (the year Newt Gingrich did a climate change TV spot with Nancy Pelosi) the issue still had a veneer of bipartisan support in the United States. Those days are decidedly over. Today, 70–75 percent of self-identified Democrats and liberals believe humans are changing the climate—a level that has remained stable or risen slightly over the past decade. In sharp contrast, Republicans, particularly Tea Party members, have overwhelmingly chosen to reject the scientific consensus. In some regions, only about 20 percent of self-identified Republicans accept the science.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Equally significant has been a shift in emotional intensity. Climate change used to be something most everyone said they cared about—just not all that much. When Americans were asked to rank their political concerns in order of priority, climate change would reliably come in last.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But now there is a significant cohort of Republicans who care passionately, even obsessively, about climate change—though what they care about is exposing it as a “hoax” being perpetrated by liberals to force them to change their light bulbs, live in Soviet-style tenements and surrender their SUVs. For these right-wingers, opposition to climate change has become as central to their worldview as low taxes, gun ownership and opposition to abortion. Many climate scientists report receiving death threats, as do authors of articles on subjects as seemingly innocuous as energy conservation. (As one letter writer put it to Stan Cox, author of a book critical of air-conditioning, “You can pry my thermostat out of my cold dead hands.”)</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">klein on heartland conf</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.thenation.com/article/164497/capitalism-vs-climate?page=full</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industry Facts & Figures</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industry Size and Growth</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to private-equity firm Veronhis Suhler Stevenson:</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spending on traditional and digital (word-of-mouth marketing) public relations services in the U.S. totaled $5.7 billion in 2010, a 12.8-percent year-over-year increase.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spending on traditional public relations services grew by 4.9 percent from 2005-10, to $3.7 billion.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Annual U.S. spending on combined public relations and word of mouth marketing services will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 14 percent between 2010 and 2015, to $10.96 billion.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Annual spending on traditional public relations services will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 8 percent, to $5.4 billion.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Annual spending on word of mouth marketing services will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 22.3 percent, to $5.6 billion (up from $2 billion in 2010).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Related: According to The Holmes Report 2011 Global Rankings, the global public relations industry grew by slightly more than 8 percent in 2010, ending the year with fee income of at least $8.8 billion and employing about 60,000 people.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edelman had the highest revenue for public relations agencies in 2010, with $531.5 million in income, according to The Holmes Report.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The average annual public relations budget in a publicly-owned company is $9.9 million.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The average annual public relations budget for a government agency is $16.4 million.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spending on word-of-mouth marketing services, which is often managed by public relations, grew by more than 10 percent in 2009 and is fueling much of the industry’s growth.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the 2011 PRWeek/PRCA Industry Census, the U.K. public relations industry contributes £7.5 billion to the economy and employs 61,000 professionals.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Despite current economic uncertainties, a recent survey by mergers-and-acquisitions firm Stevens Gould Pincus reveals that U.S. public relations firms are optimistic for 2010.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">64 percent expect increased revenues, while only 14 percent expect the slump to continue.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">14 percent say client budgets haven’t been affected and are holding steady.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are more than 7,000 public relations firms in the United States. The public relations community is even larger when considering the public relations function within America’s corporations, government bodies, health care institutions, military branches, professional services firms, associations, nonprofit organizations, and other public and private entities.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2008, there were 64,000 individuals employed as public relations managers (up from 63,000 in 2007) and 135,000 employed as public relations specialistts (up from 132,000 in 2007).</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://media.prsa.org/prsa+overview/industry+facts+figures</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lakewood Public Library</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Wild Ideas Lecture Series — The Battle for Your Mind</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propaganda, PR and PsyOps</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Quotron</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">presented by Kenneth Warren and John Guscott</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">October 15, 2000</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">——————————————————————————–</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propositions in Play</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“No enlightened person wishes to be duped by his desires, his fantasies, his glands.” Gordon W. Allport</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“All coercive techniques involve, on one level or another, frightening, or threatening, or intimidating a person, so that they move into survival mode.” Douglas Rushkoff</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“If we understand the mechanisms and motives of the group mind, it is now possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing it.” Edward L. Bernays</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Everytime you watch someone else doing something(or even starting to do something), the corresponding mirror neuron might fire in your brain…” Arleen Raymond</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“I think the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology….Although this science will be diligently studied, it will be rigidly confined to the governing class. The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated.” Bertrand Russell</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“What we observe in the population today are the three destructive symptoms of persons whose minds are controlled by alien forces: 1. Amnesia, i.e. loss of memory. 2. Abulia, i.e. loss of will. 3. Apathy, i.e. loss of interest in events vital to one’s own health and survival.” Michael A. Hoffman II</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It would not be impossible to prove with sufficient repetition and psychological understanding of the people concerned that a square is in fact a circle. They are mere words and words can be molded until they clothe ideas in disguise.” – Joseph Goebbels</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We shall assume that what each man does is based not on direct and certain knowledge, but on pictures made by himself or given to him…But what is propaganda, if not the effort to alter the picture to which men respond, to substitute one social pattern for another?” – Walter Lippmann</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The notion of rational man, capable of thinking and living according to reason, of controlling his passions and living according to scientific patterns, of choosing freely between good and evil–all this seems opposed to the secret influences, the mobilizations of myths, the swift appeals to the irrational, so characteristic of propaganda.” – Jacques Ellul</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There are no facts.” – Michel Foucault</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You shall know the truth and the truth shall make you mad.” – Aldous Huxley</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propaganda</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Context and Definitions</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“If you think about how you think, you will find your mind is made of memories, facts, and that sort of thing; you picked these up through continual reinforcement… Using a computer metaphor, your mind is hardware (the grey matter, providing you with senses, nerve endings, neurons) and software (combined from that odd core of your being that is doing the reflecting, and the material it is reflecting upon, kind of like a computer program and its data). That isn’t the whole story, of course; there is an unidentified extra component, the ‘wetware,’ that gives you free will, volition, self-awareness. We know next to nothing about how this piece works; it appears to be an odd combination of chaotic and stochastic processes, transcending both. About the only thing we know for certain about the human mind is that we haven’t even begun to utilize it to its full potential.” Michael Wilson, from: “Memetic Engineering PsyOps and Viruses for the Wetware”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propaganda – “systematic manipulation of public opinion, generally by the use of symbols such as flags, monuments, oratory, and publications. Modern propaganda is distinguished from other forms of communication in that it is consciously and deliberately used to influence group attitudes; all other functions are secondary. Thus, almost any attempt to sway public opinion, including lobbying, commercial advertising, and missionary work, can be broadly construed as propaganda.” Columbia Encyclopedia</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propaganda – “The deliberate attempt to influence mass attitudes on controversial subjects by the use of symbols rather than force. 2. A systematic effort to persuade a body of people to support or adopt a particular product, opinion, attitude, or course of action. Propaganda and Persuasion Techniques A Guide to Identifying Manipulative Information by Virginia Stewart, M.Ed.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Words are the new weapons, satellites the new artillery. . . . Caesar had his officers; Napoleon had his armies. I have my divisions: TV, news, magazines.” — Archvillain Elliot Carver to James Bond in Tomorrow Never Dies</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“As generally understood, propaganda is opinion expressed for the purpose of influencing actions of individuals or groups… Propaganda thus differs fundamentally from scientific analysis. The propagandist tries to “put something across,” good or bad. The scientist does not try to put anything across; he devotes his life to the discovery of new facts and principles. The propagandist seldom wants careful scrutiny and criticism; his object is to bring about a specific action. The scientist, on the other hand, is always prepared for and wants the most careful scrutiny and criticism of his facts and ideas. Science flourishes on criticism. Dangerous propaganda crumbles before it.” Alfred McLung Lee & Elizabeth Bryant Lee, from: The Fine Art of Propaganda</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Propaganda seeks to induce action, adherence, and as little thought as possible. According to propaganda, it is useless, even harmful for man to think …. Action must come directly from the depths of the unconscious ….. This is the basic condition of the political organization of the modern world, and propaganda is the instrument to attain this effect. An example that shows the radical devaluation of thought is the transformation of words in propaganda; there, language, the instrument of the mind, becomes “pure sound,” a symbol directly evoking feelings and reflexes. This is one of the most serious disociations that propaganda causes. Propaganda sometimes deliberately separates from man’s real world the verbal world that it creates; it tends to destroy man’s conscience” Jacques Ellul, from Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It is the emergence of mass media which makes possible the use of propaganda techniques on a societal scale. The orchestration of press, radio and television to create a continuous, lasting and total environment renders the influence of propaganda virtually unnoticed precisely because it creates a constant environment. Mass media provides the essential link between the individual and the demands of the technological society.” Jacques Ellul, from Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“… every day we are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another. These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. For better or worse, ours is an age of propaganda.” Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Our contemporaries only see the presentations which are given them by the press, the radio, propaganda, and publicity. . . . In his eyes, a fact becomes true when he has read an account of it in the paper, and he measures its importance by the size of the headlines!” Jacques Ellul, from: The Presence of the Kingdom</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Propagandists love short-cuts — particularly those which short-circuit rational thought. They encourage this by agitating emotions, by exploiting insecurities, by capitalizing on the ambiguity of language, and by bending the rules of logic.” Aaron Delwiche, from: “Why Think About Propaganda?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Categories of propaganda techniques are: “1. Characteristics of the content self-evident -No additional information is required to recognize the characteristics of this type of propaganda. “Name calling” and the use of slogans are techniques of this nature. 2. Additional information required to be recognized – Additional information is required by the target or analyst for the use of this technique to be recognized. “Lying” is an example of this technique. The audience or analyst must have additional information in order to know whether a lie is being told. 3. Evident only after extended output – “Change of pace” is an example of this technique. Neither the audience nor the analyst can know that a change of pace has taken place until various amounts of propaganda have been brought into focus. 4. Nature of the arguments used – An argument is a reason, or a series of reasons, offered as to why the audience should behave, believe, or think in a certain manner. An argument is expressed or implied. 5. Inferred intent of the originator – This technique refers to the effect the propagandist wishes to achieve on the target audience. “Divisive” and “unifying” propaganda fall within this technique. It might also be classified on the basis of the effect it has on an audience.” Dorje Carl, from “Propaganda Techniques”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The five propaganda techniques generally used in advertisements: a. Bandwagon: persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it; b. Testimonial: using the words of a famous person to persuade you; c. Transfer: using the names or pictures of famous people, but not direct quotations; d. Repetition: the product name is repeated at least four times; e. Emotional words: words that will make you feel strongly about someone or something.” Lorraine Tanaka</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Command propaganda” seeks an immediate, specific response: NOW. Most commercial advertising does this. In much political advertising, persuaders also use this same 5-part pattern of “the pitch”: Attention-getting starts with simple “name recognition”; Desire-Stimulating refers to the issues discussed (if any), the social (not individual) benefits promised; Urgency and Response focus on a simple act, “Vote for Me. Now.” Thus, election campaign rhetoric is a form of command propaganda. “Command Propaganda and Conditioning”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Conditioning propaganda” seeks a future response: LATER. Conditioning propaganda is designed to mold public opinions, basic assumptions, attitudes, beliefs, myths, and world views, on a long-term basis, as the necessary prelude, climate, or atmosphere for eventually getting a response, later. Observers disagree on terms here: Jacques Ellul, the French scholar, in the classic study, Propaganda, called this “sub-propaganda”; the Nazi leader, Goebbels, called it “basic propaganda”; the Soviet leader, Lenin, called it “political education.” Recently, the terms “consciousness raising” and “awareness building” have been used by various cause groups (anti-abortionists, feminists, environmentalists, civil rights) in the United States. And, everyone argues over the distinctions and borderlines between “conditioning propaganda” and “indoctrination” and “education.” However, some political and social command propaganda uses a related 4-part pattern (the “pep talk”) which not only calls for immediate action, but also calls for “committed, collective action”: to join a group, to fight for a cause.” “Command Propaganda and Conditioning”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Agencies and Applications</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since WWII the U.S. government’s national security campaigns have overlapped with the commercial ambitions of major advertisers and media companies and with the aspirations of an enterprising stratum of university administrators and professors. Military intelligence and propaganda agencies such a the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency helped bankroll substantially all of the post – WWII generation’s research into techniques of persuasion, opinion measurement interrogation, political and military mobilization, propagation of ideology and related questions. The persuasion studies, in particular, provided much of he scientific underpinning for modern advertising and motivational techniques.” Christopher Simpson, from: The Science of Coercion</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“What is the propaganda model and how does it work? The crucial structural factors derive from the fact that the dominant media are firmly imbedded in the market system. They are profit-seeking businesses, owned by very wealthy people (or other companies); they are funded largely by advertisers who are also profit-seeking entities, and who want their ads to appear in a supportive selling environment. The media are also dependent on government and major business firms as information sources, and both efficiency and political considerations, and frequently overlapping interests, cause a certain degree of solidarity to prevail among the government, major media, and other corporate businesses. Government and large non-media business firms are also best positioned (and sufficiently wealthy) to be able to pressure the media with threats of withdrawal of advertising or TV licenses, libel suits, and other direct and indirect modes of attack.” Edward S. Herman, from: “The propaganda model revisited” Monthly Review, July, 1996</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Nazism, the myth of Germanic racial superiority, is an interesting look at a common historical occurrence. Hitler provided the skeleton, but Goebbels and the Propaganda Ministry put flesh on the bones. Use of constant reinforcement, triggering an amazing number of cultural responses such as ‘noble sacrifice’ and ‘total commitment,’ use of the ‘elite chosen by God’ metaphor, indoctrination of the young, all were a masterful implementation by a natural talent. The meme, however, had the roots of its destruction built in, with non-tolerance, the inability to conceive of losing, and the perpetration of unspeakable acts as side effects that combined to kill off those infected. Nazism also gives an example in recent history of a successful meme actually managing to become an operational paradigm for continuing generations.” Michael Wilson, from: “Memetic Engineering PsyOps and Viruses for the Wetware”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Jacques Ellul, author of “Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes” (1965) defines psychological warfare like this — “the propagandist is dealing with an adversary whose morale he seeks to destroy by psychological means so that the opponent begins to doubt the validity of his beliefs and actions.” “The incestuous relationship of the Monopoly Media Cartel and psychological warfare has a long history. Veterans of World War II, for example, the US Army’s Psychological Warfare Division, became the Cold War’s media giants. OSS agent William S. Paley became a CBS executive. C.D. Jackson worked at Time/Life. W. Phillips Davison became a Rand Corporation think-tanker. William Casey was an executive at Capital Cities, which merged with ABC and subsequently devoured by Disney. Casey himself, of course, became Director of the CIA. In other words, when former intelligence operatives get a new job in the media, does their psychological warfare ever stop? Mind control by mass media manipulation is just another variation of the Hegelian Dialectic, the concept that “conflict creates history.” The theory is simple — if you control the conflict, you control the outcome. In other words, an existing force (the thesis) generates an opposing force (the antithesis) and the conflict between the two creates the final effect (the synthesis). ” Uri Dowbenko, from “The General’s Daughter: Psyops & the Military Career Criminal”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The alchemical processing of humans is performed with the props of time and space: what happens ritually in a series of significant places can “bend” reality. That’s what “wicker” means in its most subterranean signification. Wicca (witchcraft) is just a description of the end-result of the function of bending reality. How is reality bent? By the placing of ritual props in ceremonial places. These places exist both in the mind and in physical space.” Michael A. Hoffman II, from: “Profiling the FBI’s Unabom Charade”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Messages and Targets</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The average American is exposed to at least three thousand ads every day and will spend three years of his or her life watching television commercials.” Jean Kilbourne, from: Deadly Persuasion</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dell Computer and Web PC – (ca. January, 2000) Different people speak in turn. One says, “I was born to be bombarded by information.” Another says, “I was born to turn my mind over to the web.” –Nobody was born to be bombarded by information, or to turn their mind over to anything or anyone. A truly disgusting and Big Brotherish ad.” Mark Seely, from “Propaganda Watch It’s in the commercials Second Edition”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Few Americans, however, know of a hidden government effort to shoehorn anti-drug messages into the most pervasive and powerful billboard of all — network television programming.” Daniel Forbes, from “Prime-time propaganda How the White House secretly hooked network TV on its anti-drug message”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“OnStar – (ca. January and February, 2000) A married couple talks about an incident where they were driving through the desert, got a flat tire, and the ground was crawling with rattlesnakes. They pushed the “OnStar” button on the car’s console, and “within seconds the OnStar advisor pinpointed our location and sent a tow truck… called the paramedics…” The announcer says, “The one touch connection to people who can help.” A caption on the screen reads, “Wherever you go, here we are.” –You bet they are. What they didn’t tell you was that they knew your location even before you pressed that button.This ad is rumored to be the first step in the establishment’s plan to put a tracking device in every car.” Mark Seely, from “Propaganda Watch It’s in the commercials Second Edition”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In the summer of 1959, just before McCloy took his family for an extended trip to Europe, C.D. Jackson wrote to remind McCloy that later that summer a World Youth Festival was scheduled to take place in Vienna. Jackson asked McCloy to contribute an article, perhaps on the “benign and constructive aspects” of the U.S. occupation of Germany. The piece would appear in a daily newspaper to be published in Vienna in conjunction with the festival. McCloy agreed, and the article was published (in five languages) in a newspaper distributed by a twenty-five-year-old Smith graduate named Gloria Steinen… McCloy’s connection to Steinem went beyond contributing an article to the propaganda operation of which she was an editor in Vienna. Late in 1958, he and Jackson had discussed how the United States should respond to the expected Soviet propaganda blitz in Vienna. Previous gatherings of this kind had always been held in Moscow, East Berlin, or other cities in Eastern Europe. These events were major propaganda circuses, and the CIA was determined, in the words of Cord Meyer, a career CIA officer, ‘to compete more effectively with this obviously successful Communist apparatus.” Kai Bird, from The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), pp. 483-84, 727 as quoted by Daniel Brandt&nbsp; in “Gloria Steinem and the CIA”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Lynne Cheney describes an incident at Vassar College where several male students were charged and then found innocent of date rape. Afterward, assistant dean Catherine Comins declared of the men: “They have a lot of pain, but it is not a pain I would necessarily have spared them. I think it ideally initiates a process of self-exploration. ‘How do I see women?’ ‘If I didn’t violate her, could I have?’ ‘Do I have the potential to do to her what they say I did?’” Two University of Pennsylvania instructors explicitly justify such strategies in the Journal of Social History. “We are all engaged in writing a kind of propaganda,” they insist. “Rather than believe in the absolute truth of what we are writing, we must believe in the moral or political position we are taking with it.” Karl Zinsmeister, from “Propaganda in America?”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Disinformation rules in The Siege. Here are the most obvious propaganda factoids. 1. Demonizing the Militia. Continuing the mainstream-media propaganda, Denzel Washington asks his fellow feds in the FBI office, “You think it’s militia?” “Not their style,” they answer, as if most militas were capable of “terrorism” without the active participation by undercover CIA, FBI, or BATF agent provocateurs. 2. Demonizing the Internet. “Everybody on the Internet knows explosives,” says Washington, spreading the lie about how the Internet is a tool of subversion and therefore must be controlled. Department of Justice has lobbied long and hard for anti-internet, anti-cryptography legislation. 3. Demonizing Cash. “Where does a guy like you come up with ten thousand dollars?” the FBI man berates the Arab suspect, implying that cash anywhere is immediately suspect. According to US State Propaganda, only “terrorists” or “money launderers” use cash. This reinforces the suspicion in moviegoers’ minds that only “criminals” would have any concerns about privacy.” Uri Dowbenko, from: “The Siege: PsyOps Movie Prepares U.S. for Martial Law”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PR</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Industry History and Profile</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The PR industry employs 200,000 people in the US. The PR industry in the UK employs more than 48,000 people, most of them in London. While in Australia there are 2,400 full-time members of the Public Relations Institute.” “The Rise of Corporate Propaganda”, new internationalist issue 314 – July 1999?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“…what makes advertising and PR work is that people see their own personal needs or interests being stoked, and … unless you acknowledge the appeal of this stuff — its eroticism — and the self-interest of the receiver of the message, it’s like presenting a machine without anything driving it; there’s no sense of what propels the apparatus.” Stuart Ewen</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“An estimated $1.4 trillion is spent every year marketing goods and services worldwide.” Kim Cassino, American Demographics, November 1997.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The first wave of PR strategy… is… rational reportage…laying out facts to persuade people the corporate position was in their best interest. It wasn’t particularly successful. Meanwhile, another intellectual tradition began to raise its head in the late nineteenth century. It has as its founder a French sociologist named Gustav Le Bon who wrote in 1895 a book called The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Le Bon was an anguished French middle-class academic who saw the growth of democratic politics and the old systems of hierarchy and deference breaking down. Particularly after the Paris Commune of 1871 he felt that the mob at any moment could seize society and destroy all he held sacred. Le Bon starts to examine the social psychology of the crowd. For him the crowd is not driven by rational argument, but by its spinal cord. It responds solely to emotional appeals and is incapable of thought or reason. Somebody interested in leading the crowd needs to appeal not to logic but to unconscious motivation. For Le Bon, the most effective way to do this is through the use of images. In a period of great social turmoil Le Bon’s ideas began to have a tremendous impact. The Crowd was available in 19 languages a year after publication. In the US it influenced everyone from Teddy Roosevelt to the founders of the modern PR movement. By the First World War rational journalistic PR gave way to a propaganda designed to pluck people’s heartstrings.” Stuart Ewen</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“By World War I, middle-class fears of the rising tide of immigrants and the social turbulence borne on their wake were overtaking the progressive agenda; the Enlightenment faith in a reasoning “public,” susceptible to arguments founded on fact, was giving way to a vision of the masses as an irrational, unmanageable “crowd.” Informed by social science, public relations emerged as a tool for controlling cultural chaos and maintaining the status quo.” Mark Dery, from “Hidden Persuaders”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“PR was originally a tool for damage control or crisis management. If a company committed a wrongdoing or had some other disaster on its hands, it would employ PR defensively to save face. Managing image perception (or “manufacturing consent,” to use the words of PR pioneer/pollster Walter Lippmann) soon became a much more active process. Now crisis management is but a small subset of the ever-expanding field of public relations.” Carrie McLaren</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Press releases were invented by public-relations expert Ivy Lee in the early years of the twentieth century in an effort to control media coverage of railway accidents for his client, Pennsylvania Railway. He decided that if the press was going to report the accidents it would be better to make sure they reported them from the company point of view. The strategy was so successful that by the late 1940s almost half the news was based on press releases from public-relations departments and firms.” Sharon Beder, from “The Best Coverage Money Can Buy”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The daily tonnage output of propaganda and publicity… has become an important force in American life. Nearly half of the contents of the best newspapers is derived from publicity releases; nearly all the contents of lesser papers… is directly or indirectly the product of PR departments.” Fortune magazine 1949 as cited by Sharon Beder in Global Spin</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Edward L. Bernays…became one of the most influential pioneers of American public relations…In the twenties, Bernays fathered the link between corporate sales campaigns and popular social causes, when-while working for the American Tobacco Company-he persuaded women’s rights marchers in New York City to hold up Lucky Strike cigarettes as symbolic “Torches of Freedom.” In October of 1929, Bernays also originated the now familiar “global media event,” when he dreamed up “Light’s Golden Jubilee,” a worldwide celebratory spectacle commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the electric light bulb, sponsored-behind-the-scenes-by the General Electric Corporation.” Stuart Ewen, “Visiting Edward Bernays” from PR!: A Social History of Spin</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The Torches of Freedom campaign was a classic instance of using sexual liberation as a form of control. It proposed addiction as a form of freedom. In this, it was an early version of the Virginia Slims, “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby” campaign, which made repeated reference to the suffragette movement as a way of associating cigarettes with freedom…All the gullible consumer saw was women wanting to be free, whereas in reality the women who marched in the parade smoking their Luckies were being manipulated by the Tobacco Industry into a sort of bondage that was both literal, in terms of physical addiction, and moral in the sense that it was motivated by a subliminal understanding of sexual liberation.” E. Michael Jones, Ph.D., from: “The Torches of Freedom Campaign: Behaviorism, Advertising, and the Rise of the American Empire”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Bernays regarded Uncle Sigmund as a mentor, and used Freud’s insights into the human psyche and motivation to design his PR campaigns, while also trading on his famous uncle’s name to inflate his own stature. There is, however, a striking paradox in the relationship between the two. Uncle Sigmund’s “talking cure” was designed to unearth his patients’ unconscious drives and hidden motives, in the belief that bringing them into conscious discourse would help people lead healthier lives. Bernays, by contrast, used psychological techniques to mask the motives of his clients, as part of a deliberate strategy aimed at keeping the public unconscious of the forces that were working to mold their minds.” John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton on The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of PR</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society…Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. . . . In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons . . . who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.” Edward Bernays, from: Propaganda</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Applications and Effects</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“By initiating the story, PR people are better able to shape the angle it gets told from and determine which people get interviewed. The ultimate pre-packaged news is the video news release. This is sent to TV stations and often aired with little change or indication to the audience that what they are watching is not independent reporting. Most broadcasters, whether in Europe or the US, make use of these releases in putting together the news. Sharon Beder, from “The Best Coverage Money Can Buy”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“…public relations, broadly defined, includes advertising. The difference being that, while advertising appears as an explicit commercial message, good PR is invisible. If PR is done right, you can’t tell it’s PR, it just looks like good business.” Carrie McLaren</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The vast increase in corporate and government PR worldwide means that those with power are falling over themselves to let us in on the good things they are doing for us… It’s an enterprise whose collective purpose is to ‘administer’ democracy, eliminating risks for clients. The key ‘project’ is not to reform reality, but to manage our perceptions of it.” Richard Swift, from “Mindgames It’s just a short step from political propaganda to corporate public relations”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The powerful techniques of coercion — from Carnegie’s classic How to Win Friends and Influence People to Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) to the diabolical CIA Interrogation Manual — have poisoned our lives. All personal interactions, from our daily workday encounters to our most intimate relationships, have been tagged, even perverted, by the meta-language of “sales.” Uri Dowbenko, from “Media, Manipulation and the Cult of Consumerism An Interview with Douglas Rushkoff”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">.”The logic is clear — propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state and that’s wise and good because again the common interests elude the bewildered herd, they cant figure them out. The public relations industry not only took this ideology on very explicitly but also acted on it, that’s a huge industry, spending hundreds of..by now probably on the order of a billion dollars a year on it or something and its commitment all along was to controlling the public mind. “Chomsky on Propaganda”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Using the latest communications technologies and polling techniques, as well as an array of high-level political connections, PR flacks routinely “manage” issues for government and corporate clients and “package” them for public consumption. The result is a “democracy” in which citizens are turned into passive receptacles of “disinfotainment” and “advertorials” and in which critics of the status quo are defined as ignorant meddlers and/or dangerous outsiders.” Carmelo Ruiz, from Burson-Marsteller: PR For the New World Order”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Founded in 1923, Hill & Knowlton (H&K) are an international public relations company…H&K… fabricated the story that Iraqi soldiers had removed 312 babies from their incubators and left them to die on the cold hospital floor of Kuwait City’… The story was first reported to the London Daily Telegraph (September 5th, 1990) by exiled Kuwaiti housing minister and member of CFK Yahya al-Sumait. Because of the high emotional content of the story, it was repeated globally by much of the media, none of whom adequately checked the source… the senior account people on the Kuwaiti account included Craig Fuller, Bush’s former chief of staff when Bush was Vice President’. Using this connection, H&K set up a hearing with the Congressional Human Rights caucus on October 10th 1990 where they produced Nayirah’, a 15-year Kuwaiti who gave the following statement: ‘I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where 15 babies were in incubators. They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the cold floor to die.’..According to MacArthur (1993), H&K ‘made a brilliant little video news release out of it, which they beamed all over the world. It was on NBC Nightly News and millions and millions of people saw this’. This story was then presented to the United Nations Security Council during an audio-visual presentation on the 27th November 1990. In addition to Nayirah’, seven other witnesses were produced, five of whom ‘coached by Hill & Knowlton – had used false names without saying they were doing so’ …Nayirah was, in fact, ‘the daughter of the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the United States’ (1), and had been coached by Lauri Fitz-Pegado to deliver the testimony which (according to Strauber & Rampton) ‘even the Kuwaitis’ own investigators later confirmed was false’. Not only had she never seen the atrocity she had alleged to, but had never been to the hospital, much less worked there.” Darl Turner, from “Hill & Knowlton: Exporting Propaganda Engineering Warfare through Public Relations”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Advertising at its best is making people feel that without their product, you’re a loser,” explained Nancy Shalek, president of the Shalek Agency.” Gary Ruskin, from: “Why They Whine: How Corporations Prey on Our Children”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">More than anything, they want your children’s minds. “Kids marketing in general is becoming more sophisticated,” says Julie Halpin, CEO of Gepetto Group, which specializes in marketing to kids. It is a competition for what she calls “share of mind.” Gary Ruskin, from: “Why They Whine: How Corporations Prey on Our Children”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">‘‘Persuasion, by its definition, is subtle. The best PR ends up looking like news. You never know when a PR agency is being effective; you’ll just find your views slowly shifting.” A PR executive</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“You have pollsters and demographers going around asking people questions, usually more about what they feel than what they think. From that fairly fragmentary data they put together an agglomeration called ‘public opinion’.” Stuart Ewen</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“It was in the post-War period that the PR industry, the advertising industry, the press agent industry, what the psychologist Robert Shalldini calls ‘the compliance industries’, really took off. These things grew exponentially in the 1920s in the US and provide the world with a model – and the world of course includes Germany. Goebbels himself was a reader of the work of Edward Bernays. Bernays was Freud’s nephew on both sides of his family. Here is a guy for whom the idea of the unconscious was his mother’s milk. What makes Bernays important is that he is the first PR guy to apply social psychology strategically and use theories of the unconscious in propaganda technique. Bernays is no mere theorist. He put his ideas to work for a number of corporations as well as for government.” Stuart Ewen</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“:… to make the transition from effective policy interlocutor to effective public communicator, it is essential to shift from issues-based communications to stories-based communications. There are no issues-oriented media with any broad appeal, and the selling of complex issues coverage is a difficult task in any event because it contains little or no news value. Good stories, on the other hand, go around the world in minutes. That’s the way adversaries play. That’s the way industry must play.” Leaked Document on Europabio PR Strategy”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The 1930s and then the 1960s were periods in which the challenge to the business system became widespread. If you want to see the flowering of corporate public relations strategies look at the decade following those periods. After World War Two a kind of gung-ho corporate public-relations strategy tries to present the private business system as the quintessence of the American Way – a kind of commercialistic rendition of democracy. This became almost a national ideology used to roll back policies and ideas that came out of the 1930s New Deal – for example, the very idea that government might compete with business by providing public housing. In the 1960s people began to wonder if democracy was being violated by a destabilized business system. In the 1970s and 1980s, with the triumph of Reagan and Thatcherism, there comes to fruition a set of national public relations strategies catalyzed by the political issues of the Sixties.” Stuart Ewen</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Perhaps the biggest – and certainly the most expensive – PR effort on a Southern issue was the campaign undertaken by the Wexler Group for the ratificaction of the Northern American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Mexico in 1993. Wexler worked for a coalition of Fortune 500 companies to reassure a worried US public about job losses and environmental deterioration. NAFTA’s broken promises were so under-reported that Project Censored named them ‘one of the top-ten censored stories of the year’, just one year after Wexler’s successful sales job.Richard Swift, from “Mindgames It’s just a short&nbsp; step from political propaganda to corporate public relations”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Subliminals and Technology</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“High-tech mass persuasion has achieved levels of sophistication far beyond what most individuals imagine. Most still desperately cling to the delusion that they think for themselves, determine their own destinies, exercise both individual and collective free will (the great myth that underlies democratic ideology); that advertising works in the interest of the consumer; and perhaps the greatest self-deception of all — that they can easily discriminate between fantasy and reality.” Wilson Bryan Key</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“With the onset of the machine technology known by the interesting sobriquet, “Virtual Reality,” the immersion of mankind into the counterfeit, computer-generated cryptosphere, intensifies, and the march of induced hallucination, digital money, junk from Wal-Mart and miracles by priests in lab coats, accelerates, commensurate with the spiritual and mental deaths of animated corpses of the walking dead in America.” Michael A. Hoffman II, from: Secret Societies and Psychological Warfare</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Subliminal visuals surround us as well. They’re airbrushed into print ads and billboards, they flicker past during commercials at a hardly noticeable, barely legal rate. To heighten the hypnotic effects of moving video, producers need only place one blank, black frame for every 32 frames of film. Every hour that you spend watching tv, your right-brained, endorphin-numbed, glassy-ass trance state is deepened. So don’t be too hard on yourself for accidentally “staying tuned” all the way through 7th Heaven—you were literally held against your will.” Sven Golly, from “Learn the Deadly Secrets of Mind Control”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Wayne Chilicki, a General Mills executive, agrees: “When it comes to targeting kid consumers, we at General Mills follow the Proctor & Gamble model of ‘cradle to grave,’” he says. “We believe in getting them early and having them for life.”" Gary Ruskin, from: “Why They Whine: How Corporations Prey on Our Children”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Advertising targeted at elementary school children,” Professor McNeal says, “on programs just for them works very effectively in the sense of implanting brand names in their minds and creating desires for the products.” Gary Ruskin, from: “Why They Whine: How Corporations Prey on Our Children”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“”I was working with one firm that was doing focus groups with cult members about how they got pulled into their cult and what the cult did… They interviewed some people from Scientology. Some of them were still in. And [they interviewed] those who were in cult-like organizations like Amway or Hells Angels…They were looking for ways to apply the techniques of cult indoctrination to ‘cult brands.’ They’re called ‘cult brands.’ In other words — how to take a brand and have an off-the-shelf set of rules that they can apply. If a client comes in and says ‘We want our brand to be a cult brand,’ they say, ‘Well, this is how to do it.’” Douglas Rushkoff</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Advertising is everywhere, and people everywhere are united by it. Perhaps for the first time, young people of all ethnic and geographic origins share images and experiences, thanks in large measure to mass media and mass advertising. Advertising offers youth entertainment, diversion, a way to manage their mood states, and information on how to satisfy personal needs. Its first-class graphics, music, and humour give advertising the potential to teach children language, cognitive, social, and artistic skills… What youngsters get are ideas for satisfying their needs for identity, belonging, and independence. They use information in commercials, and the commercials themselves, to help them achieve their personal goals. ” Jeffrey Goldstein, Ph.D., Department of Mass Communications, University of Utrecht, from: “Children and advertising – the research”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Recent tests by researcher Herbert Krugman showed that, while viewers were watching TV, right-brain activity outnumbered left-brain activity by a ratio of two to one. Put more simply, the viewers were in an altered state, in trance, more often than not. They were getting their Beta-endorphin “Fix.” To measure attention spans, psycho – physiologist Thomas Mulholland of the Veterans Hospital in Bedford, Massachusetts, attached young viewers to an EEG machine that was wired to shut the TV set off whenever the children’s brains produced a majority of alpha waves. Although the children were told to concentrate, only a few could keep the set on for more than 30 seconds! Most viewers are already hypnotized. To deepen the trance is easy. One simple way is to place a blank, black frame every 32 frames in the film that is being projected. This creates a 45 beat ñ per – minute pulsation perceived only by the subconscious mind, the ideal pace to generate deep hypnosis. The commercials or suggestions presented following this alpha-inducing broadcast are much more likely to be accepted by the viewer. The high percentage of the viewing audience that has somnambulistic-depth ability could very well accept the suggestions as commands, as long as those commands did not ask the viewer to do something contrary to his morals, religion, or self-preservation.” “Battle for Your Mind: Subliminal Programming”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“McDonald’s spends $1.8 billion a year on various PR.” Joel Kovel, Z magazine, September 1997.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The biotech industry has chosen a slam dunk strategy to gain public acceptance for its products: Slip unlabeled genetically engineered food into the food supply and hope too many people don’t notice or object. Deal with those who do notice and object with an army of “experts” that stand ready to refute any criticisms or critics of the technology….If plans run awry for some reason, mount a full public relations offensive…” Karen Charman, from: “Force Feeding Genetically Engineered Foods”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Europe’s most powerful biotechnology industry has contracted the government and public affairs PR agency, Burson Marsteller, to manage the crisis that the biotech market is facing as a result of the widespread resistance to genetic engineering and its products in this part of the world. “Leaked Document on Europabio PR Strategy”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Subliminal perception occurs whenever stimuli presented below the threshold or limen for awareness are found to influence thoughts, feelings, or actions. The term subliminal perception was originally used to describe situations in which weak stimuli were perceived without awareness. In recent years, the term has been applied more generally to describe any situation in which unnoticed stimuli are perceived.” Philip M. Merikle, from “Subliminal Perception”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Mental illness, the Twentieth Century Plague, may be related to subliminal stimuli. What is vaguely called schizophrenia, for example, could be involved with an individual’s perception of subliminal stimuli.” Wilson Bryan Key, from: Subliminal Seduction</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“According to research by the Roper Organization in 1992, fifty-seven percent of American consumers still believe that subliminal advertising is practiced on a regular basis, and only one in twelve think it “almost never” happens. To protect themselves from the techniques they believe are being used against them, the advertising audience has adopted a stance of cynical suspician.” Douglas Rushkoff, from Coercion: Why We Listen to What “They” Say</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Kilbourne, Painton and Ridley created a test of subliminals using an original Chivas Regal ad with a subliminal nude and an additional picture retouched to take out the nude. They reported their results in Psychology Today. The picture with the subliminal nude was preferred over the picture without the subliminal nude (Natale, 1988; Kilbourne et. al., 1984). They point out that part of the problem with Key’s reports is his ambiguous use of the word subliminal. Key makes no distinction between innuendo, metaphor, embeds and subliminals. The phenomenon that Key is most concerned with are actually visual embeds, also known as hidden pictures.” B. Diane Miller Blackwood, from: Sex and the Single Sociologist: An Essay on Subliminal Advertising”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In March of 1994, someone discovered that Jessica Rabbit had no underwear for a very short time during the animated movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (Globe & Mail, March 17, 1994). In this example, there were at least three offending frames-unnoticeable unless the tape is advanced frame by frame. Were they deliberately planted there for some nefarious reason, or were the artists just saving some ink or playing a practical joke? It’s hard to know, but the physical presence of an uncovered Jessica tells us nothing about the perceptual or psychological consequences of her undressed state. It is probable that under normal viewing conditions the contents of the frames are completely and thoroughly masked by the subsequent material. In the absence of the appropriate tests, however, one cannot simply assert that stimuli are (or are not) subliminal. In none of these examples is it possible to know definitively if the signal or image was subliminal, nor if it was deliberately planted.” Timothy E. Moore, from: “Scientific Consensus and Expert Testimony: Lessons from the Judas Priest Trial”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Certain studies seem to show that subliminal visual or aural conditioning in movie theaters can increase sales of refreshments. However, the results are not significant enough to be regarded as evidence of a real effect. Additionally, experiments have shown that any changes in behavior occur only immediately after the subliminal message is given and they disappear just as quickly. It is only a temporary modification of the subject’s reactions, and not a durable conditioning.” Jean-Marie Abgrall, from Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In fact, the man who claims to have developed subliminal persuasion, James Vicary, admitted to Advertising Age in 1984 that he had fabricated his evidence that the technique worked in order to drum up business for his failing research company.” Douglas Rushkoff, from Coercion: Why We Listen to What “They” Say</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Gore staffers alerted at least one news organization and were contacting others about an RNC ad in which the word “RATS” appears briefly on screen in an ad that criticizes Gore’s prescription drug plan. A Bush spokesman brushed aside suggestions of subliminal advertising as “bizarre, ridiculous and absurd.” The RNC had no immediate comment.” Candy Crowley, from “Gore campaign smells ‘rats’ in RNC ad”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“…on a slow news day in a laggardly news week, the Gore campaign called Berke with its “scoop.” It said a clever viewer in Seattle had noticed the “r” word in a Republican ad, insinuating that the rodentine reference constituted dirty, lowdown, filthy politics at its worst. Berke snapped at the bait. He wrote a piece, which the Times splashed across its front page. It alleged deep and troubling ugliness in the heart of the Republican camp — all because of four letters only a highly vigilant viewer would notice. The story fingered Alex Castellanos, a GOP ad man, and fulsomely quoted some of Castellanos’ most ardent enemies. It gave him a sentence or two for rebuttal. The original item carried no mention of Fox News, meaning Berke had no idea he had been fooled into touting a stale story about an ad scheduled to go off the air the day his piece appeared. Gore operatives thus transformed the Times into a purveyor of all the news that’s fit to reprint.” Tony Snow, from “Rodentine Reference”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Kathleen Hall Jamieson, dean of the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Pennsylvania and author of several books on political ads, told MSNBC.com that the technique used in the GOP spot is known in psychological literature as “priming” — a word or image is flashed at the viewer to predispose him to view a subject negatively.” Tom Curry, ‘Rats’ joins famous ad gallery”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“As the presidential campaign gives every sign that it can’t wait to be upstaged by the Olympics, we are suddenly thrust back into the 1950s with the hyped-up fear that subliminal advertising is tampering with our brains. A Republican commercial deriding Al Gore’s prescription-drug plan flashes the word “RATS” on the screen for one-thirtieth of a second, right after the phrase “Bureaucrats Decide.” Detected by Fox News two weeks ago, then given front-page treatment by The New York Times Tuesday, this ad flap suggests a 3-D movie about a mad social scientist. The whole thing makes about as much sense as the widespread 1950s belief that crouching under a schoolroom desk would protect children against a Russian atomic attack. The only coherent explanation was belatedly provided by Alex Castellanos, who made the 30-second spot for the Republican National Committee (RNC). He claimed that the rodent language was coincidental and that the oversize letters were designed to create visual interest. “People get bored watching TV,” Castellanos told the Associated Press. “You’re trying to get them interested and involved.” Walter Shapiro, from “Fear of subliminal advertising is irrational”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“A research project by Jacob Jacoby, a Purdue University psychologist, found that of 2,700 people tested, 90 percent misunderstood even such simple viewing fare as commercials and “Barnaby Jones.” Only minutes after watching, the typical viewer missed 23 to 36 percent of the questions about what he or she had seen. Of course they did, they were going in and out of trance! If you go into a deep trance, you must be instructed to remember, otherwise you automatically forget.” “Battle for Your Mind: Subliminal Programming”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PsyOps</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Definitions</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: (DOD) Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign government, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator’s objectives. Also called PSYOP. See also perception management.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: (NATO) Planned psychological activities in peace and war directed to enemy, friendly, and neutral audiences in order to influence attitudes and behavior affecting the achievement of political and military objectives. They include strategic psychological activities, consolidation psychological operations and battlefield psychological activities.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS: (IADB) These operations include psychological warfare and, in addition, encompass those political, military, economic, and ideological actions planned and conducted to create in neutral or friendly foreign groups the emotions, attitudes, or behavior to support the achievement of national objectives.” Propaganda And Psychological Warfare Studies: Glossary Department of Defense Military and Associated Terms”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The PSYOPS “process”… is divided into six parts: intelligence gathering, target audience analysis, product development, media selection, media production, and dissemination.” Benjamin Richardson, from: “The Use of the Psyops Against High School Terrorism”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brains and Targets</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Once you have a brain harnessed to imitation, you can transmit behavior non-genetically, thus giving rise to “culture” or “memes.” Richard van Ort, on “Mirror Neurons”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Santa Claus is a meme that parents deliberately infect their children with; the purpose for it is quite unfathomable, and seems to run along two paths–it didn’t seem to hurt the parent when they had it, and it helps to explain the odd behavior that people go through once a year. The Claus meme in a child helps the way cowpox helped with smallpox; part of growing up is the ‘trauma’ of learning, once old enough, that Santa is a myth, and that people, including one’s own parents, have systematically lied to you. This may seem a callous way to view it, but from the viewpoint of building cognitive mechanisms, this is one of the earliest we gain that fosters the ability of disbelief.” Michael Wilson, from: “Memetic Engineering PsyOps and Viruses for the Wetware”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“…the astonishing truth is that any given mirror neuron will also fire when the monkey in question observes another monkey (or experimenter performing the same action), e.g., tasting a peanut!” Arleen Raymond, on “Mirror Neurons 2?</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In the study of mind control and psychological warfare, it is not enough to simply review the latest technology of coercion, the most recent gadgetry and techno-junk littering the hardware and supply depots of governments and cults. Far more dangerous PSYOPS “use specially constructed communications to manipulate the actions of target groups without the use of physical force. PSYOPS, in one form or another has been used against the enemies of the United States for hundreds of years. Most people think of PSYOPS as something directed at the nation’s foreign enemies. Today, however, there are new, domestic threats to United States’ security that may also pose legitimate targets for such operations. The sudden surge in high school terrorism in the last five years has created a conundrum for the nation. The youths that commit such violence are American citizens. They are teens that, on the surface, differ very little from the millions of other high school students in the United States. The federal government cannot simply order anti-terrorist units like Delta Force to hunt them down. The public would find such tactics too drastic. These are, after all , just kids. Thus, the need for less severe countermeasures makes PSYOPS very attractive. These techniques are well grounded in research and have been copied by others like advertisers and marketers. If properly implemented, the legitimate use of PSYOPS to reduce future high school terrorism would be both appropriate and effective.” Benjamin Richardson, from: “The Use of the Psyops Against High School Terrorism”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Naval Reserve United States Atlantic Command Psychological Operations Unit is a special purpose radio/television production unit whose dedicated mission is to train audiovisual personnel for mobilization and to produce audiovisual products in response to CINCUSACOM Special Operation Requirements.” Mission Statement</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In 1950 the CIA’s budget for “psychological warfare was $34 million; over the next two years that figure quadrupled.” Laura Brahm, from “The Culture Vultures,” In These Times, May 15, 2000</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Applications, High Technology, Memes and the Religious Impulse</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Religious strivings…often originate in the desires of the body, in the pursuit of meanings beyond the range of our intellectual capacity, and in the longing that values be conserved. Do we not then merely “rationalize” our yearnings with manufactured beliefs that are egomorphic, fashoioned to satisfy private desire or inner compulsion? Does not the very prominance of the fear motive indicate that we have invented a God to protect us against anxiety? And if life or society demands many renunciations from us, are we not prone to invent an after-life that will compensate us for present deprivation? Gordon W. Allport, from The Individual and His Religion</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Back in the 1950s, during the rebellion in the Philippines, U.S. Air Force General Edward Lansdale, then head of CIA PsyOps in the islands, used the legend of Philippine vampires to chase the Huk rebels from their various areas of operation. The asuag, or Philippine vampire, struck terror in the hearts of the superstitious population, a fact exploited by the CIA. When a Huk patrol would pass by, the last member of the patrol was silently captured, and then killed. Two holes were punctured in the Huk’s neck, and he was hung upside down to drain the blood from his body. The corpse would then be left where it would be found by his comrades – a victim of the vampire.” W. Adam Mandelbaum, from: The Psychic Battlefield</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“In occult crimes the objective is not linear, that is to say, is not solely bound to the achievement of the immediate effects of the attack on the victim, but may in fact be a part of a larger, symbolic ritual magnified by the power of the electronic media, for the purpose of the alchemical processing of the subconscious Group Mind of the masses. If we are observing a ritual working, we should be looking for relevant synchronicities (coincidences that have meaning) in the days following ‘Unabom’s’ explosive attacks, which would form a pattern, on the hypothesis that his bombing is the Introit to a kind of public, subliminal Black Mass that plays for days. Consciously we don’t apprehend the connection, but our subconscious may and it is the subconscious that is being addressed in occult ritual, in a process CIA behavioral scientist Dr. Ewan Cameron termed, “psychic driving.” Like other Group Mind imprinting, such as the Son of Sam series, the ‘Unabomber’ has a high media profile as a communicator, as someone having a message for the masses.” Michael A. Hoffman II, from: “Profiling the FBI’s Unabom Charade”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“PSYOP has a vital role to play in the effective use of military force. This is especially so as the world becomes increasingly urban and interconnected through the internet and satellite television, media which decrease the likelihood that US forces can use force against an adversary indiscriminately. PSYOP’s role is also magnified as the US military finds itself more involved in protracted struggles at the lower end of the spectrum of conflict. As a US Army study once noted, “Low-intensity conflict is basically a struggle for people’s minds . . . . And in such a battle, psychological operations are more important than fire power.” Steven Collins, from: “Army PSYOP in Bosnia: Capabilities and Constraints”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Historically in Haiti, any change of power was a very bloody deal. This was accomplished with minimal bloodshed,” Crawmer said. “…I personally feel that because of [the psyop soldiers'] ability to influence the media environment in Haiti, the effect was to soothe the Haitians and get their cooperation.” Katherine McIntire Peters, from Haitian Mission Is Smoothed By Psyops Getting Out The Word”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Military personnel from the Fourth Psychological Operations Group based at Fort Bragg, in North Carolina, have until recently been working in CNN’s hq in Atlanta. CNN is up in arms about our report in the last issue of CounterPunch concerning the findings of the Dutch journalist, Abe de Vries about the presence of US Army personnel at CNN, owned by Time-Warner. We cited an article by de Vries which appeared on February 21 in the reputable Dutch daily newspaper Trouw, originally translated into English and placed on the web by Emperor’s Clothes. De Vries reported that a handful of military personnel from the Third Psychological Operations Battalion, part of the airmobile Fourth Psychological Operations Group based at Fort Bragg, in North Carolina, had worked in CNN’s hq in Atlanta.” Alexander Cockburn, from “CNN AND PSYOPS”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Think of this new domain as ‘applied sociology’ or ‘cultural engineering.’ Neither name is sufficient description to a field that encompasses information theory, general semantics, semiotics, cybernetics, neurolinguistics, statistical theory, advertising/propaganda, conditioning, epistemology, epidemiology, game theory, cognitive psychology, sociology, and evolutionary biology. If your eyes have glazed over, or you have already decided that you shouldn’t be reading such ‘trash’ as this, then resign yourself to being one of the sheep. Careful study of Nazism (and Goebbels), Marxism, or Scientology (and Hubbard) give clear indications that the concepts work; from there, it is simply a matter of analysis of the phenomenon to build a new form of engineering, which in deference to its roots, can be referred to as memetic engineering.” Michael Wilson, from: “Memetic Engineering PsyOps and Viruses for the Wetware”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“A meeting sponsored by Defense & Foreign Affairs and the International Strategic Studies Association was held in Washington DC in 1983. High-level officials from many countries met for this conference. They discussed psychological strategies related to government and policymaking. A summary of the agenda reads: “The group will be discussing the essence of future policymaking, for it must be increasingly clear to all that the most effec- tive tool of government and strategy is the mind… If it’s any consolation to the weapons-oriented among defense policymakers, the new technologies of communications — satellites, television, radio, and mind-control beams — are ‘systems’ which are more tangible than the more philosophically based psychological strategies and operations.” Judy Wall, from “Aerial Mind-Control: The Threat to Civil Liberties”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Those are things ranging from using low-frequency [electromagnetic] waves in battlefield situations to intimidate your enemy to using smells. There’s a lot of&nbsp; scents now that chemo-reception scientists have figured out make people upset and make people intimidated…And those are real, and more than enough to talk about. I’ve seen them being [used in field test situations] or read research reports about them being used. I’ve interviewed people in the military who have used them. I’ve read the public relations materials — bill collection agencies that use pheromones in the ink in collection letters.” Douglas Rushkoff</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“The March 23, 1991 newsbrief, “High-Tech Psychological Warfare Arrives in the Middle East”, describes a US Psychological Operations (PsyOps) tactic directed against Iraqi troops in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm. The manoeuvre consisted of a system in which subliminal mind-altering technology was carried on standard radiofrequency broadcasts. The March 26, 1991 newsbrief states th</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Logged</font></div>