risk ass bak

sadly this is what passes for systemic strategic long term thinking?!<div>
</div><div><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>This category is a bit confusing: there's legit attempt to avoid problems, eg exxon reduced worker injuries; but john graham pioneered taking cost into account when making regulations.</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>but also risk assessment weighs cost vs liabilty (eg get sued, presumably big fear is class action suit; see also tort reform)</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>after shit blows up, you need crisis managment PR spin</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">new sub-cat <b>cost benefit, pruitt</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">special risk assessment</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">  new name for private security/intel</span>
</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">bak 120</span></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>=</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>
</b></font></p><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/venue-of-last-resort/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/venue-of-last-resort/</a></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx many</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>VENUE OF LAST RESORT [pun?]</div><div>
</div><div>Wave of climate lawsuits threatens the future of Big Oil</div><div><b>Fossil-fuel interests are working to seed the courts, long viewed as apolitical</b></div><div>Illustration by Robert Fresson</div><div>by Jie Jenny Zou, Chris Young</div><div>December 12, <b>2017</b></div><div>
</div><div>In early October, 22 state and federal judges hailing from Honolulu to Albany got a crash course in scientific literacy and economics.The three-day symposium was billed as a way to help the judges better scrutinize evidence used to defend government regulations.</div><div>
</div><div>But the all-expenses-paid event hosted by George Mason University’s Law & Economics Center in Arlington, Virginia, served another purpose: It was the first of several seminars designed to promote “skepticism” of scientific evidence among likely candidates for the 140-plus federal judgeships President Trump will fill over the next four years.</div><div>
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</div><div>Louis Anthony “Tony” Cox Jr.</div><div>Robert Fresson</div><div>Read more about how air quality is the new frontier for climate-change skeptics long tied to API »</div><div>The lone science instructor was <b>Louis Anthony Cox Jr.</b>, a risk analyst with deep industry ties whose recent appointment as chair of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee drew condemnation in public-health circles.<b style="background-color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> Since 1988, Cox has consulted for the American Petroleum Institute</b>, a lobby group that spent millions to dispute the cancer-causing properties of benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, and is now working to discredit the science on smog-causing ozone. He’s also testified on behalf of the chemical industry and done research for tobacco giant Philip Morris.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">For a $4,000 honorarium, Cox delivered two closed-door lectures at George Mason: “a primer on the scientific method,” followed by a session aimed at “understanding what science can and cannot do.”  Included in his presentation were slides urging judges to be wary of EPA science on fine particles — a pollutant he has been researching for API. </span></div><div>
</div><div>The symposium included a “mandatory” dinner at Capitol Hill’s upscale Charlie Palmer Steak, whose website says it “moves the political power meetings out of the back room and into private dining spaces.” Events such as the symposium are one way Big Oil is trying to impart free-market values to judges and attorneys general as the industry gears up for legal battles on multiple fronts.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Based in George Mason’s Antonin Scalia Law School, </b>the Law & Economics Center espouses a free-market approach to policy. A 2013 investigation by the Center for Public Integrity found that the libertarian think tank hosted more judicial conferences than any other university program in the nation, fueled by conservative and big-business donors. Over the past two years, roughly $4.5 million of $18.6 million in contributions to the Law & Economics Center came from oil and gas interests, including Koch Industries, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil and <b>API,</b> which represents more than 650 corporations.</div><div>
</div><div>The center claims to have trained more than 5,000 state and federal judges, including three sitting Supreme Court justices. Almost 1,000 state attorneys general and their staff attorneys have attended its programs. Its advisory board includes three judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, widely considered the nation’s second-most powerful court and, often, the final arbiter for federal administrative law cases.  </div><div>
</div><div>In a White House riven by discord and staff departures, judicial appointments have been a bright spot.  Senate Republicans have embraced the chance to fill a glut of vacancies, helping Trump install more conservative judges and potentially transform the legal landscape for decades to come. Once confirmed, a federal judge can serve for life, presiding over an average of 500 to 600 cases a year. </div><div><b>
</b></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);"><b>A Washington trade group with 300-plus employees, API </b>has spent more than $40 million to lobby Congress since 2013</span>. But the courts have also been a focal point for API, which has spent the better part of a century helping the oil and gas industry pivot from being a prime antitrust target to being a proactive litigation force. The institute, along with other free-market trade groups, has routinely injected itself into cases in an attempt to shape policy or stall government initiatives. API officials did not grant interview requests from the Center for Public Integrity.</div><div>
</div><div>“Time is on industry’s side.”</div><div>With a new era of environmental deregulation under way, issues ranging from the Obama administration’s Clean Power Plan to offshore drilling in the Arctic are landing in the courts for final say. The stakes are enormous for the industry, which is simultaneously confronting a wave of lawsuits that seek billions of dollars in damages for climate-change impacts. Among the defendants are<b> API members such as ExxonMobil.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Unlike government and the public, industry can afford to wait. “In many of these matters, litigation goes on decades and decades,” said Michael Gerrard, director of Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. “Time is on industry’s side.”</div><div>
</div><div>American Petroleum Institute, et al.</div><div><b>Time has worked to API’s advantage</b>. The institute was founded in 1919 amid congressional demands to nationalize the oil industry during World War I, forcing competing companies to band together for survival. In the near-century since, API has helped thwart regulations by tying them up in court.</div><div>
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</div><div>An exterior shot of the Lenexa Federal Records Center, an annex of the National Archives and Records Administration.</div><div>Center for Land Use Interpretation (licensed CC NC-SA)</div><div>
</div><div>Archives at the Lenexa Federal Records Center are located 60 feet below ground in limestone caves.</div><div>NARA</div><div><b>Buried in limestone caves 60 feet below Lenexa, Kansas, is an esoteric slice of API history. Yellowing records at the National Archives annex there are all that remain of a 1940 lawsuit so expansive that three pages of the complaint simply list defendants — all 379 of them</b>.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);">United States of America v.<b> American Petroleum Institute, </b>et al</span>. alleged widescale collusion and price-fixing by 22 major oil companies and their 300-plus affiliates, which controlled a total of $9 billion in assets (the equivalent of $160 billion today). The U.S. Department of Justice charged that the industry was unlawfully consolidating — with the institute’s help — and vowed to take the antitrust case all the way to the Supreme Court. </div><div>
</div><div>“The industry is dominated and controlled by the 22 defendant majors who transact more than 85 percent of the total business of the industry,” the Justice Department wrote in its complaint. “Where normal competition once flourished, the rapid development of the completely integrated defendants has substantially destroyed competition.”</div><div>
</div><div>Read more about Big Oil's unlikely alliance with the White House ]</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>American Petroleum Institute, et al. never made it to trial. </b>The case was neutered early on by 11 oil executives working closely with the White House to ensure an Allied victory in World War II. The executives — nine of whom were affiliated with defendant companies — asked the attorney general to strike from the complaint a provision that would have forced companies to divest assets such as pipelines. This, the men warned, could hamper the war effort and “becloud relationships between the government and industry.”</div><div>
</div><div>After languishing in the courts for years, the lawsuit was dismissed in 1951 by the Justice Department, which found it to be a logistical nightmare. Gone, too, was the government’s interest in dissolving API as a monopolistic tool of industry. This year, API wriggled out of public scrutiny once more. In yet another potentially landmark case, lawyers suing the U.S. government for inaction on climate change tried to compel the institute to turn over decades of internal records. API had joined the case to help defend the government but dropped out rather than reveal what it knew about global warming, and when.</div><div>
</div><div><b>“They're a highly sophisticated, integrated political operation,” said Bob Brulle,</b> an environmental sociologist at Drexel University. API’s effectiveness, Brulle said, lies in its partnerships with like-minded groups such as the American Chemistry Council, the National Association of Manufacturers and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce — amplifying its message “in a very directed, coordinated way.” In 2016, the institute absorbed its only real competitor, America’s Natural Gas Alliance.</div><div>
</div><div>With ample resources at their disposal, groups such as API — which employs a full-time legal staff and can also tap into the legal teams of its member companies — can quickly blunt federal regulatory efforts or simply wait for the political winds to change.</div><div>
</div><div>On November 30, 1999, for example, representatives of more than 20 lobby groups met at the institute’s Washington, D.C., headquarters to muster opposition to an EPA plan to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. Leading the meeting was<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);"> <b>API lobbyist Phil Cooney.</b> </span>In a memo, the institute offered to coordinate on the alliance’s behalf, pushing out the message to politicians and the news media. But by 2001, the political climate had changed. Cooney had become head of environmental policy for George W. Bush’s White House, where he altered federal reports to sow doubt on climate change. Under Bush, the EPA retreated from its earlier position, claiming it didn’t have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases after all. Cooney could not be located for comment.</div><div>
</div><div>The issue came to a head in 2003 when 12 states sued the EPA to force its hand. Coming to the agency’s defense was the CO2 Litigation Group, a newly formed coalition of 14 trade associations — including API.  The coalition represented a spectrum of fossil-fuel companies, which argued that the EPA had “oversimplified” and overstated the certainty of climate change’s effects.</div><div>
</div><div><b>The case, Massachusetts v. EPA</b>, was decided in the states’ favor by the Supreme Court in 2007. But the matter continued to be tied up in the courts and the EPA bureaucracy, and it wasn’t until 2011 that the agency finally began regulating greenhouse gases. This gave rise to Obama’s 2015 Clean Power Plan, which targeted carbon dioxide emissions and became mired in litigation before the Trump administration marked it for extinction.</div><div>
</div><div>‘Irreparably harmed’</div><div>The back-and-forth of politics can be dispiriting. For that reason, James Hansen has staked his family's future — and the planet’s — on the courts. His granddaughter, Sophie Kivlehan, is one of 21 child and teenage plaintiffs in Juliana v. United States, a 2015 lawsuit that faults the government for failing to address climate change over half a century.</div><div>
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</div><div>Dr. James Hansen, Columbia University</div><div>YouTube</div><div>
</div><div>Sophie Kivlehan, granddaughter of James Hansen</div><div>YouTube</div><div>“What we want is a plan — just for the government to have a plan,” said Hansen, a former NASA scientist who now directs the Earth Institute at Columbia University and is acting as a scientific expert in the case. Last year, industry groups including API became parties to the case.</div><div>
</div><div>It was Hansen’s congressional testimony as director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in the sweltering summer of 1988 that elevated global warming from simmering concern to boiling reality. With “99-percent” certainty, Hansen explained that the trend was a side effect of fossil-fuel combustion that would worsen without swift action. Months later, a group that would come to include 170 scientists from 25 countries united to confront what it called “the greatest global environmental challenge facing mankind.”</div><div>
</div><div>When Hansen returned to Capitol Hill in 1989, he found his testimony heavily edited by the White House Office of Management and Budget under President George H.W. Bush. The office softened his conclusions, tacked on a paragraph qualifying his findings and otherwise stirred uncertainty about man-made causes of climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>While many have focused on what, and when, companies such as ExxonMobil knew about climate change<b>, Julia Olson — a lawyer with Our Children’s Trust,</b> a legal aid group representing the Juliana plaintiffs — is making a case for government complicity.</div><div>
</div><div>After years of litigating environmental cases, Olson realized she was dealing with symptoms of a disease,  not the disease itself. “We were just playing a game of Whac-a-mole. One new part of our fossil fuel energy system would pop up, and we’d challenge it, and then it’d pop up somewhere else.”</div><div>
</div><div>She turned her attention to the government, which “chooses the winners and losers” and has long abetted fossil fuels, she said, allowing the industry to drill, mine and build. “Everyone wants Exxon to be the enemy,” Olson said, but, “every administration has made that decision to perpetuate fossil fuels.”</div><div>
</div><div>After digging through presidential archives, her researchers found what they believe is the earliest White House reference to climate change: a 1961 letter from Sen. Clinton Anderson of New Mexico to President John F. Kennedy, recounting a meeting a day earlier at which they discussed a Fortune article warning of sea-level rise from a warming climate.</div><div>
</div><div>Lyndon B. Johnson was the first president to publicly acknowledge such warming. In a speech in January 1965, he described how “a steady increase in carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels” was permanently altering the planet. By year’s end, his science advisory board had delivered a detailed report on the “invisible pollutant” capable of melting ice caps and raising sea levels.</div><div>
</div><div>Despite these early warnings, little has been done, Olson said. Since Hansen’s 1988 testimony, there have been more excessively hot years than at any other time on record. Two international accords tackling climate change have been brokered, with the United States conspicuously absent on both.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Though not named in Juliana, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">API , the National Association of Manufacturers and the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers quickly intervened in the lawsuit,</span> </b>asserting their right to protect their members’ economic interests. The move awkwardly put the fossil-fuel groups on the same side as the Obama administration.</div><div>
</div><div>Their involvement in Juliana was short-lived. In late February, plaintiffs filed a detailed 21-page discovery request for API alone, seeking decades of internal communications, policies and reports related to climate change. By late June, all three trade groups had exited a case they had voluntarily joined. A judge allowed them to drop out after they were unable to agree on the causes and effects of greenhouse gases. Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., suspects the groups “fled to avoid having to make the disclosures.” A vocal supporter of the Juliana action, Whitehouse believes the courts will hold industry accountable. “You have a judge and you have sanctions for not telling the truth, and that is a combination that for decades the fossil fuel industry has sought to avoid like Kryptonite."</div><div>
</div><div>Other climate-related lawsuits have followed Juliana, which is set for trial in 2018. Last summer, three California coastal communities filed suit against 37 fossil-fuel companies, blaming their greenhouse-gas emissions for rising sea levels. In September, San Francisco and Oakland became the first major U.S. cities to sue oil companies to cover past and future flood damage. In November, a Pennsylvania lawsuit alleged that the Trump administration is using “junk science” to roll back climate policies. A lawsuit pitting Portuguese schoolchildren against 47 European nations for failing to act on climate is in the works.</div><div>
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</div><div>George Mason University’s Law & Economics Center is located in this Arlington, Va., building.</div><div>Ron Cogswell (licensed CC BY)</div><div>‘Unwarranted and exaggerated’</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">When<b> Gregory Conko </b>began organizing the October judges’ symposium at George Mason University, he wanted to ensure that participants left knowing science’s limitations. “Even good science cannot always answer the questions regulatory agencies ask,” he wrote to Louis “Tony” Cox, the risk analyst,</span> in a May email obtained by the Center for Public Integrity through a records request. “Even the best science is not capable of yielding normative judgments about whether something is necessarily good or bad, safe or dangerous, etc."</div><div>
</div><div>Conko headed the Competitive Enterprise Institute — a libertarian think tank known for fostering climate-change denial — before joining Mason’s Law & Economics Center last winter. Before Conko settled on Cox to lead the seminar, Nancy Beck, a former policy director for the American Chemistry Council who is now the EPA’s top official on toxic chemicals, was a candidate, emails show<b>. So was Michael Gough, a toxicologist </b>with ties to the tobacco industry and oil-backed climate-change denial groups. Conko declined requests for an interview.</div><div>
</div><div>“Even good science cannot always answer the questions regulatory agencies ask.”</div><div>Like <b>Beck</b> and Gough, Cox has championed narratives amenable to industry’s bottom line but not supported by mainstream science. In 2015, Cox said that “no detectable public health benefits” would result from a stricter EPA ozone limit. His testimony was cited in an op-ed by API President Jack Gerard, who ended the column with a warning: “Economic recovery is far from complete, and saddling the nation’s job creators with burdensome new restrictions threatens to deal another blow to the middle-class economy.”</div><div>
</div><div><b>What Gerard didn’t mention was Cox’s history with the institute<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, </span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">which spans decades. At the time the column was published, Cox was receiving funding from both the institute and the <b>American Chemistry Council, </b>which also represents petrochemical companies.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In an interview, Cox denied that industry funding influences his findings. He criticized EPA science as flawed, saying it assumes links that haven’t been proven.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“I see a tremendous lack of clarity when agencies say there’s reason to believe X causes Y,” Cox said. “The proposition that the science is settled — ‘We don’t need to look at this’ — it’s a bad proposition.”</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>Cox holds a doctorate in electrical engineering and computer science and a master’s degree in operations research, which focuses on decision-making — both from MIT.</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>Asked about his involvement in the George Mason symposium, Cox said that “judges in particular should have a healthy skepticism, especially about claims of causality.”</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>Fellow risk analyst and friend Adam Finkel counts Cox among an elite few who have the credentials for risk analysis</b>, an amalgam of health sciences, economics, policy-making and statistics. But their views on what should or shouldn’t be regulated couldn’t be further apart.</div><div>
</div><div>A former director of health standards programs at the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Finkel has spent his career trying to strengthen worker protections against toxic substances. “It’s disappointing to me that someone as smart as he is can make such a stupid mistake,” Finkel, a senior fellow at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and a professor of environmental health sciences at the University of Michigan, said of Cox. “I don’t ascribe evil intent to him; he’s just lost his way.”</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The weight of evidence, Finkel said, isn’t on Cox’s side. “He’s not just saying, ‘We should wait for the right answer.’ He’s saying, ‘We should be more protective of the economy than of human health.’”</span></div></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">this is REAL legit risk assessment, not BS bizzoroworld inversion BS</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hypocrisy: capitalism/invis hand free mkt sez we need info to make rational decisions</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-climate-risk-reporting-2647698323.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-climate-risk-reporting-2647698323.html</a></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>New Zealand could be the first country in the world to require its major financial institutions to report on the risks posed by the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/" target="self" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">climate crisis</a>.</b></font></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div class="rebellt-item col1" id="rebelltitem1" data-id="1" data-reload-ads="false" data-is-image="False" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-climate-risk-reporting-2647698323.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1" data-basename="particle-1" data-post-id="2647698323" data-published-at="1600359809" data-use-pagination="False" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">This means that about 200 of the country's biggest companies and banks would have to report on the impact that <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/extreme-weather" target="self" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">extreme weather</a> events or climate polices will have on their business, <a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/300107158/election-2020-financial-sector-will-have-to-report-on-climate-change-risk-in-worldfirst-move" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Stuff explained</a>.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Today is another step on the journey this Government is taking towards a low carbon future for <b>Aotearoa New Zealand </b>and a cleaner, safer planet for future generations," said<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> Minister for Climate Change</span> James Shaw Tuesday, <a href="https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA2009/S00127/new-zealand-first-in-the-world-to-require-climate-risk-reporting.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Scoop reported</a>.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">The move builds on New Zealand's emerging legacy of climate action, such as its historic <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-zero-emissions-2641247378.html" target="self" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Zero Carbon Bill</a> that committed the country to honoring the goals of the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/paris-agreement" target="self" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Paris agreement</a> and achieving zero carbon emissions by 2050.</font></p></div><div class="rebellt-item col1" id="rebelltitem2" data-id="2" data-reload-ads="false" data-is-image="False" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-climate-risk-reporting-2647698323.html?rebelltitem=2#rebelltitem2" data-basename="particle-2" data-post-id="2647698323" data-published-at="1600359809" data-use-pagination="False" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, New Zealand's parliament is currently dissolved ahead of the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-ardern-renewable-energy-2647595133.html" target="self" style="text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70); font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Oct. 17 election</a>, <span style="text-decoration-color: rgb(82, 149, 70);">The Guardian reported</span>. <b>In order for it to enter into force, Shaw's party, the Green Party, would have to enter a coalition government after the election and the proposal would then have to pass parliament.</b></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">If it passes, every New Zealand bank, building society, credit union, insurer or Crown Financial Institution with more than $1 billion in assets will have to report annually on the risk climate change poses to its business or explain why it cannot</span>, according to Stuff. That report would include what the risks are, how the institution is managing them and how it is working to address the impacts of climate change.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Many large businesses in New Zealand do not currently have a good understanding of how climate change will impact on what they do," Shaw said. "The changes I am announcing today will bring climate risks and resilience into the heart of financial and business decision making. It will ensure the disclosure of climate risk is clear, comprehensive and mainstream."</font></p></div><div class="rebellt-item col1" id="rebelltitem3" data-id="3" data-reload-ads="true" data-is-image="False" data-href="https://www.ecowatch.com/new-zealand-climate-risk-reporting-2647698323.html?rebelltitem=3#rebelltitem3" data-basename="particle-3" data-post-id="2647698323" data-published-at="1600359809" data-use-pagination="False" style="font-size: small;"><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Shaw said that Australia, Canada, UK, France, Japan and the European Union were developing some form of climate risk reporting, but New Zealand's plan was more ambitious because it included the whole financial system, according to Scoop. The institutions covered by the policy account for 90 percent of the assets controlled in New Zealand, Stuff reported.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If the proposal passes parliament, the climate reporting would begin in 2023.</font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Nobel Laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz praised the proposed plan, according to The Guardian.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"Once again, New Zealand is leading the world… It led the world in showing how democratic countries could manage the risks of Covid-19," he said. "And now, New Zealand is leading the way in showing how we can help manage the risk of climate change."</b></font></p></div><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>=</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>new</b></font></p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"><span style="font-weight: 700;">17. Louis Anthony Cox </span>is a well-published <a href="http://cox-associates.com/index_htm_files/Coxbio.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">statistician/risk expert</a>, but with a long history of corporate “product defense.” Unlike some of the others, he displays technical competence, but employed in the service of doubt.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">David Michaels in <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Triumph-Doubt-Money-Science-Deception/dp/0190922664" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Triumph of Doubt</a> </em>(2020) (<a href="https://twitter.com/JohnMashey/status/1219139520399994881" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">review</a>) discusses <span style="font-weight: 700;">Cox</span> with whom he often had direct interactions, p.133-134 (silica), 224-225, and 270. For example, on p. 224-225 he writes:</p><blockquote style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" margin="margin" em="em" px="px"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;">“The Trump Administration's choice to chair the Clean air Scientific Advisory committee was Louis Anttony (Tony) Cox, a long-time industry consultant who clings to uncommon opinions, like lowering ozone and the belief that <span class="caps">PM2</span>.5 exposures would not improve public health. Cox was well-known at the Labor Department for his testiomony on behalf of the National Mining Association, predictably claiming that the government's risk assesment on respirable coal dust was flawed.”</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Jie Jenny Zou and Chris Young wrote, “<a href="https://apps.publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/venue-of-last-resort/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Wave of climate lawsuits threatens the future of Big Oil</a>” in 2017:</p><blockquote style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" margin="margin" em="em" px="px"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;">“But the all-expenses-paid event hosted by <a href="https://www.law.gmu.edu/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">George Mason University’s Law <span class="amp">&</span> Economics Center</a> in Arlington, Virginia, served another purpose: It was the first of several seminars designed to promote 'skepticism' of scientific evidence among likely candidates for the 140-plus federal judgeships President Trump will fill over the next four years.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;">The lone science instructor was <a href="http://www.cox-associates.com/Coxbio.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">Louis Anthony Cox Jr.</a>, a risk analyst with deep industry ties whose <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-31/epa-shakes-up-scientific-panels-by-adding-more-industry-voices" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">recent appointment as chair</a> of the <span class="caps">U.S.</span> Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee drew condemnation in public-health circles. Since 1988, Cox has consulted for the <a href="http://www.api.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">American Petroleum Institute</a>, a lobby group that <a href="https://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/12/04/16320/benzene-and-worker-cancers-american-tragedy" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">spent millions to dispute</a> the cancer-causing properties of benzene, an ingredient in gasoline, and is now working to discredit the science on smog-causing ozone. He’s also testified on behalf of the chemical industry and done research for tobacco giant Philip Morris.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px;">For a $4,000 honorarium, Cox delivered two closed-door lectures at George Mason: “a primer on the scientific method,” followed by a session aimed at “understanding what science can and cannot do.” Included in his presentation were slides urging judges to be wary of <span class="caps">EPA</span> science on fine particles — a pollutant he has been researching for <span class="caps">API</span>. “</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">See also “<a href="https://www.revealnews.org/article/epa-swaps-top-science-advisers-with-industry-allies/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><span class="caps">EPA</span> swaps top science advisers with industry allies</a>” (2017), for more information on <span style="font-weight: 700;">Cox</span>.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Harvard School of Public Health published: “<a href="http://epa%20may%20limit%20review%20of%20evidence%20on%20air%20pollution%20and%20health%20risks/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;"><span class="caps">EPA</span> may limit review of evidence on air pollution and health risks</a>”:</p><blockquote style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" margin="margin" em="em" px="px"><p style="margin: 1em 0px;">“The paper, published on March 21, 2019, noted that the <span class="caps">EPA</span>’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (<span class="caps">CASAC</span>) has recently recommended that the <span class="caps">EPA</span> limit the types of epidemiological studies used to assess the health risks of air pollution … <span class="caps">CASAC</span> is currently headed by <span style="font-weight: 700;">Louis Anthony Cox Jr</span>., a Denver-based risk assessment consultant <span style="font-weight: 700;">who has worked for the oil, chemical, and healthcare industries.</span> Cox said in December that his panel wasn’t convinced by the <span class="caps">EPA</span>’s 1,800-page assessment of small particle air pollution, which cited more than 2,800 research papers on the subject and was authored by more than 50 of the world’s leading experts on air pollution — and reviewed by dozens more, according to a March 21, 2019 Los Angeles Times article. That assessment concluded that even low levels of exposure to particulate matter can lead to illness and death. Cox accused the authors of that assessment of being subjective in their conclusions and using bad science, according to the Times.” [emphasis added]</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">An Industry Documents Library <a href="https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/results/#q=%22louis%20anthony%20cox%22&h=%7B%22hideDuplicates%22%3Atrue%2C%22hideFolders%22%3Atrue%7D&cache=true&count=57" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">search</a> finds 57 documents, including <a href="https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/#id=tfpg0225" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">interactions with Shell Oi</a>l and <a href="https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/#id=mzpl0191" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">expert-witnessing for Philip Morris</a>.</p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">18. Mark Regnerus's work and criticisms of his methods are not ones I've studied, although it is not clear what expertise he really brings to improving science. Dorothy Bishop wrote:</p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>120 new node climate risk (legit?)</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</font></p><p><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-ceos-experts-and-philosophers-see-the-worlds-biggest-risks-differently-128382"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://theconversation.com/how-ceos-experts-and-philosophers-see-the-worlds-biggest-risks-differently-128382</font></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We live in a world threatened by numerous existential risks that no country or organization can resolve alone, such as <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/climate-change-27" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">climate change</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/extreme-weather-3799" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">extreme weather</a> and the <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/topics/coronavirus-5830" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">coronavirus</a>.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But in order to adequately address them, we need agreement on which are priorities – and which aren’t.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As it happens, the policymakers and business leaders who largely determine which risks become global priorities <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/01/24/797182641/is-davos-as-bad-as-critics-say-global-leaders-weigh-in" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">spent a week in January mingling</a> in the mountainous resort of Davos for an annual meeting of the world’s elite.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I participated in a global risk assessment survey that informed those at the Davos summit on what they should be paying the most attention to. The results, drawn from experts in a broad range of disciplines including business, happen to be very different from what company CEOs specifically see as the biggest threats they face.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As a <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-9wM__kAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">philosopher</a>, I found the differences curious. They highlight two contrasting ways of seeing the world – with significant consequences for our ability to address societal risks.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Two perspectives on the biggest risks</font></h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The World Economic Forum’s <a href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Global Risk Report</a> consolidates the perceptions of about 800 experts in business, government and civil society to rank “the world’s most pressing challenges” for the coming year by likelihood and impact.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2020, extreme weather, a failure to act on climate change and natural disasters topped the list of risks in terms of likelihood of occurrence. In terms of impact, the top three were climate action failure, weapons of mass destruction and a loss of biodiversity.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The specific perspective of corporate leaders, however, is captured in another survey that highlights what they perceive as the biggest risks to their own businesses’ growth prospects. <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/2020.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Conducted by consultancy PwC</a> since 1998, it also holds sway in Davos. I’ve been involved in that report as well when I used to work for the organization.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In sharp contrast to the World Economic Forum’s risk report, the CEO survey found that the top three risks to business this year are overregulation, trade conflicts and uncertain economic growth.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Economic or ethical</font></h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What explains such a big difference in how these groups see the greatest threats?</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I wanted to look at this question more deeply, beyond one year’s assessment, so I did a simple analysis of 14 years of data generated by the two reports. My findings are only inferences from publicly available data, and it should be noted that the two surveys have different methodologies and ask different questions that may shape respondents’ answers.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A key difference I observed is that business leaders tend to think in economic terms first and ethical terms second. That is, businesses, as you’d expect, tend to focus on their short-term economic situation, while civil society and other experts in the Global Risk Report focus on longer-term social and environmental consequences.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For example, year after year, CEOs have named a comparatively stable set of narrow concerns. Overregulation is among the main three threats in all but one of the years – and is frequently at the top of the list. Availability of talent, government fiscal concerns and the economy were also frequently mentioned over the past 14 years.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In contrast, the Global Risk Report tends to reflect a greater evolution in the types of risks the world faces, with concerns about the environment and existential threats growing increasingly prominent over the past five years, while economic and geopolitical risks have faded after dominating in the late 2000s.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A philosophical perspective</font></h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Risk surveys are useful tools for understanding what matters to CEOs and civil society. Philosophy is useful for considering why their priorities differ, and whose are likelier to be right.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fundamentally, risks are about interests. Businesses want a minimum of regulations so they can make more money today. Experts representing constituencies beyond just business place a greater emphasis on the common good, now and in the future.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">When interests are in tension, philosophy can help us sort between them. And while I’m sympathetic to CEOs’ desire to run their businesses without regulatory interference, I’m concerned that these short-term economic considerations often impede long-term ethical goals, such as looking after the well-being of the environment.</font></p><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">An uncertain world</font></h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Experts agree on at least one thing: The world faces dire risks.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This year’s <a href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Global Risk Report</a>, titled, “An Unsettled World,” depicts on its cover a vulnerable earth in the shadow of a gigantic whirlpool.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The cover photograph of the <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-agenda/ceosurvey/2020.html" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Global CEO Survey</a>, which reported the lowest CEO confidence in economic growth since the Great Recession, shows an incoming tide beneath looming dark clouds, with the words: “Navigating the Rising Tide of Uncertainty.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Between the covers, however, the reports demonstrate a wide gap between two influential groups that need to be on the same page if we hope to resolve the world’s biggest threats.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Last century, in the same year that World War II drew to a close, Bertrand Russell proclaimed that the <a href="https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfWesternPhilosophy/page/n9/mode/2up" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: break-word;">purpose of philosophy</a> was to teach us “how to live without certainty, and yet without being paralyzed by hesitation.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the 21st century, philosophy can remind us of our unfortunate tendency to let economic priorities paralyze action on more pressing concerns.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2020/01/heres-why-climate-change-has-become-a-lightning-rod-for-business-and-finance-leaders-report/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://www.alternet.org/2020/01/heres-why-climate-change-has-become-a-lightning-rod-for-business-and-finance-leaders-report/</font></a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Here’s why climate change has become a ‘lightning rod for business and finance leaders’: report</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Written by Alex Henderson January 24, 2020</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Countless articles have focused on the environmental and safety aspects of climate change, especially in liberal and progressive publications. But Dino Rabouin and Amy Harder, in an article published by Axios on January 24, discuss and analyze climate change from a business standpoint — explaining that climate change has “suddenly become a lightning rod for business and finance leaders around the world.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Drawing on data Axios received from the High Lantern Group, Rabouin and Harder report that climate change “generated the highest degree of public pressure on corporations by activists, policymakers and journalists” in 2019 — which was a 77% increase from 2018.</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">High Lantern’s data, according to Rabouin and Harder, “includes analysis of more than 6 million tweets.” Rob Gluck, managing partner for High Lantern, notes that “the vast majority of relevant public actors” are “using (Twitter) to communicate.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>“In recent months,” Rabouin and Harder observe, “the world’s foremost economic institutions have advocated for policies cutting greenhouse gas emissions. This trend is driven by a confluence of factors, including more extreme weather and greater public pressure.”</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Institutions that have been discussing climate change, Rabouin and Harder point out, include <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">“major central banks” as well as the<b> International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).</b> </span>In a research paper released on January 20, BIS warned that climate change could cause “potentially extremely financially disruptive events that could be behind the next systemic financial crisis.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>According to BIS, “This complex collective action problem requires coordinating actions among many players, including governments, the private sector, civil society and the international community.”</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">IMF head Kristalina Georgieva, in a speech last week, asserted that the IMF “ought to begin to build standards for disclosure of climate risks” — and that includes “mandatory disclosure standards.”</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Journalist Josh Holland addressed climate change’s financial costs in a September 2019 article for The Nation, stressing that a Green New Deal wouldn’t be nearly as costly as the effects of climate change. Holland noted that in a 2015 report, the Economist Intelligence Unit warned that “the asset management industry — and thus the wider community of investors of all sizes — is facing the prospect of significant losses from the effects of climate change.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Rabouin and Harder also note that “<b>BlackRock, the world’s largest asset manager, says it’s making climate change a pillar of its investment strategy, and even Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase</b> are calling for a price on carbon emissions.”</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The Axios reporters emphasize, however, that “all this rhetoric should be scrutinized carefully and often” because “talking about supporting policies addressing climate change is quite different from actually doing something about it.”</b></font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></div><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>ggl doc</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>12/15 rough</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FUGW3lZhNsCiFLCCVE6MXwCGLgNLvKN7znOkfYp4PmI/edit"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FUGW3lZhNsCiFLCCVE6MXwCGLgNLvKN7znOkfYp4PmI/edit</font></a></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>risk assess ggl srch 819 red'd</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://ets-riskmanagement.com/about/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://ets-riskmanagement.com/about/</font></a></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ETS</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To provide clients a perfect blend of physical and technical security expertise complemented by robust intelligence capability</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To enable client operations and build resilience worldwide</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To provide world-class consultancy services to Corporates and Organizations, always delivered by subject matter experts from exceptional backgrounds </font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mark Deane is a former British intelligence Officer who leverages years of Government counter-terrorism, counter-espionage and covert operational experience to provide a comprehensive range of risk management services.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">During his career in an elite covert operational unit of the British Government Mark was lucky enough to be involved in some of the largest counter terrorist and espionage operations of the past 20 years. On leaving his career to relocate to the USA, he identified a requirement for high-level risk management solutions delivered in a tailored, bespoke manner. He founded ETS Risk Management and has since grown it into one of the world’s leading providers of protective security solutions for corporates and HNWI’s.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mark’s focus on providing a boutique, customer-focused risk management service, supported by an impressive global network of former colleagues and associates from the global security community has grown ETS a loyal, yet broad customer base. ETS, via the guidance of its Board of Directors strives to remain an innovative risk management company, pushing simplification and customer relationship management at every juncture.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As Co-Founder and CEO of ETS-Risk Management Inc. Mark has planned, managed and delivered numerous security and risk management operations at both a government and corporate level. Within the field of risk management and security his clients in the corporate world include Fortune 10, 100 and 500, Ultra High Net Worth’s, energy companies, and multinational organizations. Coupled with the design and delivery of a large number of training courses for foreign allied special forces and specialist government units.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">---</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">accomplished European law enforcement professional with over 30 years of international public and private security experience, Mirko is a pragmatic and results oriented leader. Mirko transitioned to the private security sector following an early career within an elite police unit investigating high-risk weapons, drug trafficking, organized crime, and international terrorism.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since joining the private sector 20 years ago, Mirko designed and implemented protective security services and executive protection teams across the globe. Afluent Spanish and Italian speaker, Mirko spent years operating and living throughout Latin America. He is a recognized subject matter expert in security and executive protection in hotspots throughout the Americas.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mirko also spent years living in the USA (California) coordinating numerous operations in corporate security, executive protection and surveillance detection for Fortune 500, pharmaceutical and Silicon Valley technology industries. In the past ten years, Mirko also worked with HR and Legal departments to create</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Workplace Violence prevention programs and training, security counter-measures protocols, security policies and audits, penetration testing, and social-media, intelligence and travel monitoring.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Mirko was recently embedded within a Fortune 100 corporation as a security consultant to oversee a complex, multi-level risk management project in Europe, coordinating security teams to provide protective intelligence, physical protection, security consulting and intelligence.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the ETS Protective Services Director, Mirko fuses his extensive international experience, language capabilities, and expertise in risk management, executive protection, corporate security, and intelligence to deliver the perfect blend of global and risk-driven security services.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>new version: big data, online privacy</b></font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>they can do red-lining for HMO?!  </b>screen out indiv ppl?</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://www.alternet.org/health-insurers-are-vacuuming-details-about-you-and-it-could-raise-your-rates</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx pro publ</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>
</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Without any public scrutiny, insurers and data brokers are predicting your health costs based on data about things like race, marital status, how much TV you watch, whether you pay your bills on time or even buy plus-size clothing.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By Marshall Allen / ProPublica July 18, 2018, 4:03 AM GMT</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To an outsider, the fancy booths at last month’s health insurance industry gathering in San Diego aren’t very compelling. A handful of companies pitching “lifestyle” data and salespeople touting jargony phrases like “social determinants of health.”</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But dig deeper and the implications of what they’re selling might give many patients pause: A future in which everything you do — the things you buy, the food you eat, the time you spend watching TV — may help determine how much you pay for health insurance.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">With little public scrutiny, the health insurance industry has joined forces with data brokers to vacuum up personal details about hundreds of millions of Americans, including, odds are, many readers of this story. The companies are tracking your race, education level, TV habits, marital status, net worth. They’re collecting what you post on social media, whether you’re behind on your bills, what you order online. Then they feed this information into complicated computer algorithms that spit out predictions about how much your health care could cost them.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Are you a woman who recently changed your name? You could be newly married and have a pricey pregnancy pending. Or maybe you’re stressed and anxious from a recent divorce. That, too, the computer models predict, may run up your medical bills.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Are you a woman who’s purchased plus-size clothing? You’re considered at risk of depression. Mental health care can be expensive.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Low-income and a minority? That means, the data brokers say, you are more likely to live in a dilapidated and dangerous neighborhood, increasing your health risks.</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“We sit on oceans of data,” said Eric McCulley, director of strategic solutions for LexisNexis Risk Solutions, during a conversation at the data firm’s booth. And he isn’t apologetic about using it. “The fact is, our data is in the public domain,” he said. “We didn’t put it out there.”</font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>PRUITT TRUMP</b></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/scott-pruitt-burying-his-radical-pro-polluter-agenda-under-oceans-boring-legalese">https://www.alternet.org/scott-pruitt-burying-his-radical-pro-polluter-agenda-under-oceans-boring-legalese</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</font></div><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Despite being weighed down by increasingly ridiculous corruption scandals, EPA head Scott Pruitt has never slowed down in his efforts to cripple the actual work of the agency Donald Trump handed over to him to destroy. Last week, as most of the media focused on admittedly hilarious scandals regarding Pruitt using government resources to <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/04/politics/trump-hotel-mattress-scott-pruitt/index.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">get nice mattresses</a>, <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2018/06/scott-pruitt-moisturizer-lotion-ritz-carlton.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">fancy lotions</a> and <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/06/pruitt-white-house-lunch-603350" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">gourmet meals</a>, Pruitt quietly moved to start <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-proposes-cost-benefit-analysis-reform" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">redefining how the EPA handles the cost-benefit calculations</a> the agency uses to determine what kinds of regulations it imposes on polluting industries.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"Many have complained that the previous administration inflated the benefits and underestimated the costs of its regulations through questionable cost-benefit analysis," <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-pruitt-proposes-cost-benefit-analysis-reform" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Pruitt said in a press release</a>. This failed to note that Pruitt himself was one of the main complainers, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/trumps-epa-pick-is-skeptical-of-more-than-just-climate-change/509960/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">during his repeated efforts to sue the EPA</a> while serving as Oklahoma's attorney general.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The agency announced an <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-06/documents/cost_and_benefit_consideration_anprm_pre-pub.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">advance notice of proposed rule-making on Thursday</a>, which is the first step towards rewriting standards the agency has used to determine the value of new regulations for years. The advance notice is written in dry legalese,</b> the sort of thing that doesn't play as well as a story about moisturizer-hunting. But hidden inside all that dense language is the prospect of seriously gutting the EPA's ability to do the work necessary to protect public health</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"It’s clearly a precursor to scaling back the way EPA quantifies and monetizes the benefits of its rules and safeguards," John Walke, director of federal clean air, climate, and energy programs at the <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> told Salon. </span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>"How EPA weighs and calculates the costs and benefits of any particular action has significant regulatory implications</b>," explained Melanie Benesh, the legislative attorney for <a href="https://www.ewg.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Environmental Working Group</a>. “To the extent that you’re changing that the way the agency has to do that, and if you’re increasing the burden on the agency to justify actions they’re taking to protect the environment and public health, that’s potentially very significant.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">While the concept of <b>"cost-benefit"</b> can be complex in its details, the general concept is simple enough: EPA weighs the costs of a regulation to the industry versus the health and environmental protective benefits to the public. The latter is generally measured in lives saved and reductions in negative effects from pollution, including emergency-room visits, missed work days and other such costs.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>As such, the calculus really should be understood more as a question of <em>industry costs vs. public costs</em>, </b>and Pruitt's evident interest in moving as much cost as possible from industry to the shoulders of the taxpayers. </font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">"Those costs are going to occur one way or another," Walke said. "Either industry is going to get away with not cleaning up its own pollution and forcing those costs upon the public in the most  hazardous and dangerous ways possible to human health, or the costs are going to be internalized by the company.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>As Oklahoma attorney general, <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2016/12/7/13873894/scott-pruitt-trump-epa" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Pruitt sued to block the mercury rule</a>, arguing, in part, that these kinds of ancillary benefits should not count towards the benefit bottom line. He lost that challenge,</b> as he typically did with these actions against the Obama-era EPA. Now he's trying to get his bogus legal challenge turned into an EPA regulation of its own.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Currently, the EPA's definition of "benefits" includes not just the most direct benefits of a regulation, but also what are considered indirect or ancillary benefits. For instance, one recent regulation, which the advance notice directly cites, directly addressed measures to </span><a href="https://www.edf.org/mercury-and-air-toxics-standards" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-line: none;">reduce mercury emissions from power plants</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Since the devices that plants must install to reduce mercury emissions also reduce other forms of pollution that cause health problems and deaths, the EPA included those reductions in the benefits column as well when calculating the worth of the regulation.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Walke suspects Pruitt might have even grander plans for reducing what the EPA is allowed to consider a public health benefit, by making it difficult for EPA officials to include. what's called the "social cost of carbon" — i.e., the damage done by global warming to human health and wellbeing.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“Carbon pollution is a different sort of beast," Walke explained. "It’s not like particulate matter is causing direct lung harm when CO2 is emitted.”</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Instead, EPA officials currently measure the benefits of carbon reduction through indirect methods.</b> For instance, reducing carbon emissions by a certain amount is assumed to slow global warming, leading to fewer floods, droughts and other catastrophic weather events related to climate change. But industry apologists and conservative pundits <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/cost-benefit-reform-at-the-epa-1528326402" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">have insisted that this sort of broad assessment</a> of the damage of pollution is cheating and want the EPA to be stingier in what it considers a benefit, even if the so-called secondary effects of pollution and environmental degradation cause real damage to real people.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">As <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/12/21/trump-says-energy-regulations-are-hurting-economic-growth-the-evidence-says-otherwise/?utm_term=.b34e91db13cd" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Vivek Wadhwa and Mark Muro argued in the Washington Post</a> in December 2016, "Far from being a prohibitive drag on economic growth, decarbonization, or making the way that we get energy less dependent on burning fossil fuels that release carbon emissions, has gone hand-in-hand with output growth in most of the United States, according to <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/growth-carbon-and-trump-state-progress-and-drift-on-economic-growth-and-emissions-decoupling/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">research</a> by the Brookings Institution."What makes this entire situation even more distressing is that many experts believe the current cost-benefit analysis of the EPA, even under Obama, was <em>already</em> exaggerating the economic costs of regulation.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Other expert analyses show similar results. While there are <a href="https://www.aaas.org/news/how-do-environmental-regulations-affect-economy-experts-describe-nuanced-picture" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">certainly industry costs</a> to environmental regulation, they are not merely <a href="https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1545-why-environmental-regulation-is-good-for-the" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">offset by public health benefits</a>. Its even true that regulation often leads to job creation and economic innovation that helps stimulate the economy.</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By putting even more emphasis on direct industry costs and minimizing the agency's ability to look at the big picture, Benesh said, Pruitt is "taking an existing problem and making it worse."</font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 22px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px !important;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"We hear a lot about the everyday things, like there’s a new scandal, but those will go away," she added. But these kinds of "fundamental shifts" in how the EPA does its work "could take years to undo, if they’re undone at all</font></p></div><div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p></div><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Singer Starr pioneers GMI:</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">SEPP, founded in 1990, has generally been composed of Singer and wife (1990-1999, separated, then
divorced) Crandall, with a little help from others. Seitz was Chairman, and [<b>Chauncey fr of risk assessment</b>] Starr and Nierenberg were
Science Advisors. Oddly, as of 10/21/09, although deceased, all 3 were still listed:</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chauncey_Starr">http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Chauncey_Starr</a></span></font></p><p style="line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
SEPP has long been close ally of GMI, except with more funding flexibility. It seems like a way to do any
sort of consulting with lower taxes, no accountability, and an impressive name.
See [HOG2009] Chapter eight, --Denial by the pound? regarding --petition science? as such petitions are
hardly new. Singer has been involved in creating such petitions since 1992, often with others listed here.
Singer has strong ties to similar organizations in Europe, especially in The Netherlands and Sweden.
Crescendo to ClimateGate Cacophony V1.0 03/15/10</span>
---</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chauncey Starr</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> was born on April 14, 1912 in Newark (NJ).</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kingkong.demon.co.uk/ngcoba/st.htm" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://phe.rockefeller.edu/Chaunceytributefinal.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and died April 17 2007</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. He is recognised as the 'father' of Risk Analysis/Assessment, and as an important figure in the promotion of </b><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">nuclear power</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">He received an electrical engineering degree in 1932 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1935 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, and then became a research fellow in physics at Harvard University. Later he worked with Oppenheimer on the Manhattan project (atomic bomb development) and after the war he designed nuclear reactors, including the first reactor in space.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Starr was Vice President of Rockwell International and President of its Atomic International Division</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. In 1967 he became the</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Dean of the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science. </b><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Two years later he published an article in Science magazine </b><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">which promoted the concept of risk-benefit analysis in the regulation of dangerous products -- a concept which became popular with economists and with large corporations and trade groups having poisoning and polluting problems. This article played a </b><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">foundation role in the creation of the Society of Risk Analysis</b><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/omg22d00/pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[3]</a> and led to consulting roles for industry groups <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pox84e00/pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/efv97e00/pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[5]</a>.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In 1972 he was recruited to establish the </span><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Electric Power Research Institute' (EPR</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">I)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> which conducts research of different kinds (particulaly nuclear energy), while also becoming the electrical power industry's main lobby group. He was the EPRI's first president, and he coined the term "nuclear hypochondriacs" to describe those opposed to the use of nuclear technology. The announcement of his appointment said:</span></font></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-right: 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"Dean Chauncey Starr announces in late 1972 that he will accept a position as president of the Electric Power Research Institute effective Jan. 1, 1973. The Institute is a non-profit organization financed by all segments of the electric power utility industry to undertake technical research end development in the energy field and to help establish long range national plans on power technology." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/history/seventies.html" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" xmlns:data="data">[6]</a></font></dd></dl><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">After Floyd L. Culler took over the helm, Starr became President Emeritus of EPRI; a position he held until his death.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 19.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chauncey Starr was a member of the Board of Directors at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">George C. Marshall Institute</a> </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">which is largely funded by the nuclear power and space-weapons development industries. <b>Along with his old associate Frederick Seitz </b>and many others at this Institute, he was a prominent climate-change denier</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. He was also a member of the Board of Science Advisors of <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/S._Fred_Singer" title="S. Fred Singer" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">S. Fred <b>Singer</b></a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Science_and_Environmental_Policy_Project" title="Science and Environmental Policy Project" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Science and Environmental Policy Project</a> (SEPP</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">) and, like most other members of that board, he signed the </span><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Leipzig_Declaration_on_Global_Climate_Change" title="Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 102);">Leipzig </a><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Leipzig_Declaration_on_Global_Climate_Change" title="Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Declaration on Global Climate Change</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Since both SEPP and the EPRI receive extensive funding form the oil industry, it is strange that he signed a declaration starting with "</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">As independent scientists concerned with atmospheric and climate problems ...</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"</span></font></p><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 19.2px; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Related Links</font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Jesse H. Ausubel</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, "</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phe.rockefeller.edu/Chaunceytributefinal.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" background-attachment="background-attachment" initial="initial" background-color="background-color" background-size="background-size" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip" background-position="background-position" background-repeat="background-repeat" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" xmlns:data="data">A 90th Birthday Tribute to Chauncey Starr</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">," </span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rockefeller University</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, April 19, 2002</span></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eed.llnl.gov/ncm/bios/Starr_Chauncey.pdf" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(">Biographical Information for Chauncey Starr</a>," <i>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</i></font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hofest.org/inductee.asp?id=19" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(">Chauncey Starr</a>," <i>Hall of Fame for Engineering, Science and Technology</i></font></li></ul><p style="line-height: 22.4px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>=</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">Poisoned for Pennies: The Economics of Toxics and Precaution (Google eBook)</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">Frank Ackerman</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Island Press</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, May 23, 2008 - Law - 352 pages</span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">0 Reviews</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">
</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>“Cost-benefit analysis”</b> is a term that is used so frequently we rarely stop to think about it. But relying on it can lead to some dubious conclusions, as Frank Ackerman points out in this eye-opening book</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">. For example, some economists have argued that states should encourage—and even subsidize—cigarette smoking by citizens because smoking will shorten life spans and therefore reduce the need and expense of caring for the elderly</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. How did the economists reach that conclusion? The answer is cost-benefit analysis, Ackerman explains.</span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">
</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Then in clear, understandable language, he describes an </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>alternative, precautionary approach</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> to making decisions under uncertainty. Once a mere theory, the precautionary principle has now been applied in practice through the European Union’s REACH protocol. Citing major studies, many of which he has directed</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">, he shows that the precautionary approach has not only worked, but has been relatively cheap.</span></span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">
</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;">Poisoned for Pennies shows how the misuse of cost-benefit analysis is impeding efforts to clean up and protect our environment, especially in the case of toxic chemicals. According to Ackerman, conservatives—in elected office, in state and federal regulatory agencies, and in businesses of every size—have been able to successfully argue that environmental clean-up and protection are simply too expensive. But he proves, that is untrue in case after case. Ackerman is already well known for his carefully reasoned attacks on the conventional wisdom about the costs of environmental regulation. This new book, which finds Ackerman ranging from psychological research to risk analysis to the benefits of aggressive pesticide regulation, and from mad cow disease to lead paint, will further his reputation as a thought leader in environmental protection. We can’t afford not to listen to him.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 19.5px;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PYgmcdklVVUC&dq=Trichopoulos+atrazine&source=gbs_navlinks_s">http://books.google.com/books?id=PYgmcdklVVUC&dq=Trichopoulos+atrazine&source=gbs_navlinks_s</a></span></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>=</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>R Street</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>
</b></font></p><div style="line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">David C. Marlett is an affliated senior scholar with the Gulf Coast Recovery Project at the <b>Mercatus Center </b>at George Mason University. He is the Director of the Brantley Center and Assistant Professor at Appalachian State University. His primary research interests include insurance principles, property and liability, and risk management.</font></div><div style="line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr. Marlett received his</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Bachelor of Science in Risk Management and Insurance </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">from</span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Florida State University </b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">in 1990. He returned to Florida State University in 1993 to enter the doctoral program. His major area of study was risk management and insurance, with a support area in finance.</span></font></div><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>=</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>milloy:  </b></font></p><ul http="http" www.debunkosaurus.com="www.debunkosaurus.com" debunkosaurus="debunkosaurus" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" bullet.gif="bullet.gif" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url("><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Science-Without-Sense-Steven-Milloy/dp/1882577345" class="external text" title="http://www.amazon.com/Science-Without-Sense-Steven-Milloy/dp/1882577345" rel="nofollow" http="http" www.debunkosaurus.com="www.debunkosaurus.com" debunkosaurus="debunkosaurus" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip">Science Without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research</a>, Cato Institute, 1995;</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Science-Based-Risk-Assessment-Superfund-Puzzle/dp/0964746301" class="external text" title="http://www.amazon.com/Science-Based-Risk-Assessment-Superfund-Puzzle/dp/0964746301" rel="nofollow" http="http" www.debunkosaurus.com="www.debunkosaurus.com" debunkosaurus="debunkosaurus" skins="skins" monobook="monobook" external.png="external.png" no-repeat="no-repeat" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none; padding-right: 13px; background-image: url(" background-position="background-position" initial="initial" background-size="background-size" background-repeat="background-repeat" background-attachment="background-attachment" background-origin="background-origin" background-clip="background-clip">Science-Based Risk Assessment: A Piece of the Superfund Puzzle</a>, National Environmental Policy Institute, 1995;</font></li></ul><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b></b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>
</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>wiki:</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Risk and strategic consulting</b> refers to the provision of information, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">analysis</a> and associated services in the field of international <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">politics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">economics</a>, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the risks and opportunities facing businesses, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">governments</a> and other groups.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In contrast to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">management consulting</a>, which primarily concerns internal organization and performance, risk and strategic consulting aims to provide clients with an improved understanding of the political and economic climate in which they operate. Most such consultancy is focused on those developing countries and emerging markets in which political and business risks may be greater, harder to manage, or harder to assess. Risk and strategic consulting is sometimes carried out alongside other activities such as corporate investigation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">forensic accounting</a>, employee screening or vetting, and the provision of security systems, training or procedures. Some of the largest groups in the<b> industry include </b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll_Inc." title="Kroll Inc." style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;"><b>Kroll </b>Inc.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Risks_Group" title="Control Risks Group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">Control Risks Group</a>, though the size and range of consultancies varies widely.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Risk and strategic consultancy does not generally involve the operational 'risk assessment' carried out by many companies and consultancies. Risk assessment in this sense covers the identification and management of commercial, operational and technical risks within existing operations or known markets.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Risk and strategic consultancy also concerns countries and concerns similar to those of interest to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_companies" title="Private military companies" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">private military companies</a>, though the two industries are distinct. Risk and strategy consultancies <b>should not be confused with international lobbying or advocacy groups, though there are occasional overlaps.</b></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Clients of risk and strategic consulting firms include companies, governments and government agencies, charities and non-government organizations, academic institutions and individuals.</span></font></p><h2 style="line-height: 19.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">See also</font></h2><ul data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii="); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_interest_group" title="Foreign policy interest group" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">Foreign policy interest group</a></font></li></ul><h2 style="line-height: 19.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risk_and_strategic_consulting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist" style="line-height: 19.2px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-image: none;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risk_and_strategic_consulting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none;">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></font></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; 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