Speth, Gus
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</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neweconomicsinstitute.org/content/gus-speth" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">Gus Speth</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, elder environmental statesman, author of the acclaimed books </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Red-Sky-Morning-America-Environment/dp/0300102321#reader_0300102321" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">Red Sky at Morning</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2003) and </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/Bridge-Edge-World-Environment-Sustainability/dp/0300151152/ref=la_B001IGHN1Y_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1353777559&sr=1-2#reader_0300151152" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">The Bridge at the Edge of the World</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (2008), has grown ever more convinced that our politics and our economy are so corrupted, and the environmental movement so inadequate, that we can no longer hope to address the climate crisis, or our deep social ills, by working strictly within the system. The only remaining option, he argues in his forceful new book, </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americathepossiblethebook.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">America the Possible</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">: Manifesto for a New Economy </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neweconomicsinstitute.org/publications/lectures/speth/gus/a-new-american-environmentalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">overview</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grist.org/climate-energy/gus-speth-ultimate-insider-goes-radical/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">(interview)</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 4/12 </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WE6NkzVnI2A" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">video</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/6681/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">Article overview</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldaffairs.org/audio-video/2012/renewing-america.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">11/12 Bay Area talk</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (video). See also </span><a href="https://rachelcarson-wiki.lt.ucsc.edu/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none rgb(255, 255, 255);">Economics</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Page. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He spent the night in prison will Bill McKibben,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> where many great people have strategized.</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/environment/how-lawyer-jim-crow-south-shaped-fight-against-climate-change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E") rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-right: 13px;">5/15 update</a></font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</div><div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://time.com/5894179/jimmy-carter-climate-change/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none;">https://time.com/5894179/jimmy-carter-climate-change/</a></font></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><div class="author scale-12 padded margin-24-tb clearfix" style="font-size: small; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 24px auto; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding-left: 56px; padding-right: 56px; max-width: none; min-width: 651px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="author-text" data-tracking-zone="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-transform: uppercase; max-width: 640px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; line-height: 1.85;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div class="padding-8-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-right: 8px; display: inline-block;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BY <a class="bold author-name" href="https://time.com/author/jonathan-alter/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent;">JONATHAN ALTER</a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div> <div class="timestamp published-date padding-12-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; display: inline-block;">SEPTEMBER 29, 2020 </div></div></div><div id="article-body" class="article content body clearfix" data-tracking-zone="body" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 12px; max-width: 1120px;"><div class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 56px; padding-right: 56px; max-width: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; min-width: 651px;"><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This year’s <a href="https://time.com/5890215/wildfires-displaced-voting/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">wildfires</a> and <a href="https://time.com/5874807/hurricanes-history/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">hurricanes</a> leave no doubt that climate change is a key issue in November’s election, but 2020 is hardly the first time the environment has been on the ballot. In fact, the future of the planet was at stake in the presidential contest as early as 40 years ago—but no one knew it at the time.</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>In 1980, President Jimmy Carter was running for reelection against former California Governor Ronald Reagan</b>.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The environment was a campaign issue, in part because Reagan had been quoted saying that more than 80% of nitrogen oxide air pollution is “caused by trees and vegetation.” (Reagan, the Sierra Club responded, was <a href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/09/The-Sierra-Club-says-Ronald-Reagan-is-wrong-when/5945339912000/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">“just plain wrong.”</a>)</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);"> Carter, meanwhile, had <b>signed 14 major pieces of environmental legislation, including the first funding of alternative energy, the first federal toxic waste cleanup (the Super Fund), the first fuel economy standards and important new laws to fight air, water and other forms of pollution</b>. He also protected California’s redwood forest and 100 million acres in the Alaska Lands bill, which doubled the size of the National Park Service.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But there was one big environmental issue he didn’t have time to confront—a challenge that was unknown then <a href="https://time.com/4122485/climate-change-history/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">outside the scientific community</a> but would eventually become of critical importance around the world.</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Carter had been a nuclear engineer in the Navy and—while other politicians played golf—he <b>spent his spare time reading scientific publications</b>.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In 1972, when he was governor of Georgia, he underlined path-breaking articles in the journal <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature</em> about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>When he became President, Carter was the first global leader to recognize the problem of climate change.</b> In 1977, scratching his itch as a planner and steward of the earth,<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> he commissioned the Global 2000 Report to the President, an ambitious effort to explore environmental challenges and the prospects of “sustainable development” (a new phrase) over the next 20 years</span>. As part of that process, the <b>White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) issued three reports contending with global warming</b>, the <b>last of which—</b><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">issued the week before Carter left office</span>—was devoted entirely to the long-term threat of what a handful of scientists then called “carbon dioxide pollution.”</b></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>The report, written by Gus Speth,</b> Carter’s top aide on the environment, urged “immediate action” and included calculations on CO2 emissions in the next decades that <b>proved surprisingly accurate.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The large-scale burning of oil, coal and other fossil fuels could lead to “widespread and pervasive changes in global climatic, economic, social, and agricultural patterns,” the CEQ report concluded with great prescience.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">One recommendation—covered in the very last paragraph of a New York <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Times</em> story that ran on page A13—encouraged industrialized nations to reach agreement on the safe maximum level of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.</span> The CEQ report suggested <b>trying to limit global average temperature to 2°C above preindustrial levels—precisely the standard agreed to by the nations of the world 35 years later in the Paris Climate Agreement that has now been abandoned by President Trump</b>.</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">With these facts in hand, Reagan’s landslide victory over Carter in the 1980 election takes on a tragic dimension: Carter had acted on every other CEQ report issued in the previous four years with aggressive legislation and executive orders</span>. <b>He almost certainly would have done so on this one, too, had he been reelected</b>. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Gains made under Carter’s presidential leadership in the early 1980<b>s might have bought the planet precious time</b>. Instead, for the next 12 years, under Reagan and George H.W. Bush, the U.S. government would view global warming as largely unworthy of study, much less action. Then came 25 years of stop-and-start efforts under administrations of both parties, followed by a return to denial under Trump.</span></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are lessons here for the present. Carter was a political failure—confronted with a bad economy, the Iran hostage crisis, a divided Democratic Party and a talented challenger in Reagan—but he was a substantive and visionary success.</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It took a while for public opinion to catch up to him. After being <a href="https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/media_detail/475/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">burned in effigy in Alaska</a>, he received only 26% of the statewide vote in the 1980 presidential election. But by 2000, a billion-dollar tourism industry had blossomed there, and polls showed residents <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/25/us/alaska-changes-view-on-carter-after-20-years.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">favored</a> Carter’s landmark achievement.</span> When he visited that year, his speech was interrupted five times for standing ovations.</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1979, Carter placed <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/carter-white-house-solar-panel-array/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">solar panels</a> on the roof of the West Wing of the White House. After Reagan came to office, he cut funding for green energy and his chief of staff, Donald T. Regan, describing the panels as “<b>just a joke,” took them down. It wasn’t until 2010 that President Obama put up a new generation of solar units. Now, solar is the fastest-growing source of electricity in the United States.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Joe Biden was the first senator to endorse Carter for president in 1976, when Carter ran a campaign based on “healing” after the Watergate scandal and promised not to lie</b>. Biden is running on similar themes and has introduced an ambitious program to combat climate change and create millions of green jobs. Trump, on the other hand, has <a href="https://time.com/5622374/donald-trump-climate-change-hoax-event/" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; padding: 1px 0px; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">described</a> climate change as a “hoax.”</font></p><p style="margin: 28px 0px 28px auto; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; max-width: 640px; width: 543px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Jimmy Carter’s example suggests that looking over the horizon might light our path to a better future—but also that, without political victory, the chance to realize that future can easily slip away.</font></p></div></div><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></p></div></div>