Oligarchy

Oligarchy (from <a title="Greek language" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language">Greek</a> <a class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀλιγαρχία" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1">ὀλιγαρχία</a> (oligarkhía); from <a class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀλίγο&sigmaf;" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82">ὀλίγο&sigmaf;</a> (olígos), meaning 'few', and <a class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄρχω" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CF%87%CF%89">ἄρχω</a> (arkho), meaning 'to rule or to command')<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a form of <a title="Power structure" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_structure">power structure</a> in which <a title="Power (social and political)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)">power</a> rests with a small number of people. These people may be distinguished by <a title="Nobility" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility">nobility</a>, <a title="Wealth" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth">wealth</a>, <a title="Education" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education">education</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate">corporate</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Religious" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious">religious</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Political" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political">political</a>, or <a title="Military" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military">military</a> control. Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one <a title="Generation" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation">generation</a> to the next, but <a title="Inheritance" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance">inheritance</a> is not a necessary condition for the application of this term.

Throughout history, oligarchies have often been <a title="Tyrant" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant">tyrannical</a>, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. <a title="Aristotle" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle</a> pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-4">[4]</a> for which another term commonly used today is <a title="Plutocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>. In the early 20th century <a title="Robert Michels" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Michels">Robert Michels</a>developed the theory that democracies, as all large organizations, have a tendency to turn into oligarchies. In his "<a title="Iron law of oligarchy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_law_of_oligarchy">Iron law of oligarchy</a>" he suggests that the necessary division of labor in large organizations leads to the establishment of a ruling class mostly concerned with protecting their own power.

This was already recognized by the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian">Athenians</a> in the fourth century <a class="mw-redirect" title="BCE" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE">BCE</a>: After the restoration of <a title="Democracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy">democracy</a> from oligarchical coups, they used the <a title="Sortition" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortition">drawing of lots</a> for selecting government officers to counteract that tendency toward oligarchy in government.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-5">[5]</a>[<a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources">page needed</a>] They drew lots from large groups of adult volunteers to pick civil servants performing judicial, executive, and administrative functions (archai, boulē, and hēliastai).<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Manin-6">[6]</a> They even used lots for posts, such as judges and jurors in the political courts (nomothetai), which had the power to overrule the <a title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)">Assembly</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<h2>Contents</h2>

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<h2 class="section-heading collapsible-heading open-block" tabindex="0">Minority rule<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Minority rule" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=1" data-section="1">Edit</a></h2>

The exclusive consolidation of power by a <a title="Dominant minority" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_minority">dominant religious or ethnic minority</a> has also been described as a form of oligarchy.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Minority1-8">[8]</a> Examples of this system include South Africa under <a title="Apartheid" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid">apartheid</a>, <a title="Liberia" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia">Liberia</a> under <a title="Americo-Liberians" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americo-Liberians">Americo-Liberians</a>, the <a title="Sultanate of Zanzibar" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>, and <a title="Rhodesia" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, where the installation of oligarchic rule by the descendants of foreign settlers was primarily regarded as a legacy of various forms of <a title="Colonialism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism">colonialism</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Minority1-8">[8]</a>

The modern United States has also been described as an oligarchy,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-9">[9]</a> with its <a title="Republican Party (United States)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party(United_States)">Republican Party</a> representing a minority of the population but securing control of the Senate, the Presidency, and the Supreme Court, while the <a title="Democratic Party (United States)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party(United_States)">Democratic Party</a> has control of the House. Migration to cities will likely see the Republican Party's hold over the Senate strengthen in subsequent elections,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-10">[10]</a> despite an expected demographic shift to a majority-minority population by 2045.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Lifetime appointments of Supreme Court justices could also make that body's conservative majority a likelihood for at least eight years.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

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<h2 class="section-heading collapsible-heading open-block" tabindex="0">Putative oligarchies<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Putative oligarchies" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=2" data-section="2">Edit</a></h2>

A business group might be defined as an oligarch if it satisfies the following conditions:

(1) owners are the largest private owners in the country

(2) it possesses sufficient political power to promote its own interests

(3) owners control multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Chern2018-13">[13]</a>

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<h3 class="in-block">Russian Federation<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Russian Federation" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=3" data-section="3">Edit</a></h3>

<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a title="Russian oligarch" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_oligarch">Russian oligarch</a></div>

Since <a title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">the collapse of the Soviet Union</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation">privatisation</a> of the economy in December 1991, privately owned Russia-based multinational corporations, including producers of petroleum, natural gas, and metal have, in the view of many analysts, led to the rise of <a title="Russian oligarch" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_oligarch">Russian oligarchs</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<h3 class="in-block">Ukraine<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Ukraine" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=4" data-section="4">Edit</a></h3>

<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a title="Ukrainian oligarchs" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs">Ukrainian oligarchs</a></div>

The Ukrainian oligarchs are a group of <a title="Business oligarch" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_oligarch">business oligarchs</a> that quickly appeared on the economic and political scene of <a title="Ukraine" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine">Ukraine</a> after its independence in 1991. Overall there are 35 oligarchic groups <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Chern2018-13">[13]</a>

<h3 class="in-block">Zimbabwe<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=5" data-section="5">Edit</a></h3>

The Zimbabwean oligarchs are a group of <a class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2017-12-14-war-veterans-remain-a-potent-political-force-in-zimbabwe-and-sa" rel="nofollow">liberation war veterans</a>; who form the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union-Patriotic_Front">Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front</a>, a colonial liberation party. The philosophy of the Zimbabwean government is that Zimbabwe can only be governed by a leader who took part in the pre-independence war. ZANU-PF has a theme motto in Shona "Zimbabwe yakauya neropa" meaning Zimbabwe was born from the blood of the sons and daughters who died fighting for its independence. The born free generation (born since independence in 1980) has no birthright to rule Zimbabwe.

<h3 class="in-block">United States<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: United States" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=6" data-section="6">Edit</a></h3>

<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a title="Wealth inequality in the United States" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a> and <a title="Income inequality in the United States" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States#Impact_on_democracy_and_society">Income inequality in the United States § Impact on democracy and society</a></div>

Some contemporary authors have <a title="Politics of the United States" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States#Concerns_about_oligarchy_and_a_diminishing_democracy">characterized current conditions in the United States as oligarchic in nature</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Kroll_2010-12-02-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a title="Simon Johnson (economist)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Johnson(economist)">Simon Johnson</a> wrote that "the reemergence of an American financial oligarchy is quite recent", a structure which he delineated as being the "most advanced" in the world.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-TA_Johnson_2009-05-17">[17]</a> <a title="Jeffrey A. Winters" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A.Winters">Jeffrey A. Winters</a> wrote that "oligarchy and democracy operate within a single system, and American politics is a daily display of their interplay."<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-TAI_11-12/2011-18">[18]</a> The top 1% of the U.S. population by wealth in 2007 had a larger share of total income than at any time since 1928.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-CBPP-20140524-19">[19]</a>In 2011, according to <a title="PolitiFact" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> and others, the top 400 wealthiest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined."<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-PF-20110311-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-HP-20110306-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-MM-20110307-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-CNN-20100922-23">[23]</a>

In 1998, <a title="Bob Herbert" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Herbert">Bob Herbert</a> of <a title="The New York Times" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a> referred to modern American plutocrats as "The Donor Class"<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-NYT-19980719-24">[24]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-NYT-20151010-25">[25]</a> (list of top donors)<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-NYT-20151010-el-26">[26]</a> and defined the class, for the first time,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-CS-20141226-27">[27]</a> as "a tiny group—just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population—and it is not representative of the rest of the nation. But its money buys plenty of access."<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-NYT-19980719-24">[24]</a>

French economist <a title="Thomas Piketty" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> states in his 2013 book, <a title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a>, that "the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

A study conducted by political scientists Martin Gilens of <a title="Princeton University" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University">Princeton University</a> and <a title="Benjamin Page" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Page">Benjamin Page</a> of <a title="Northwestern University" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University">Northwestern University</a> was released in April 2014,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-Gilens-29">[29]</a> which stated that their "analyses suggest that majorities of the American public actually have little influence over the policies our government adopts." The study analyzed nearly 1,800 policies enacted by the US government between 1981 and 2002 and compared them to the expressed preferences of the American public as opposed to wealthy Americans and large special interest groups.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It found that wealthy individuals and organizations representing business interests have substantial political influence, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little to none. The study did concede that "Americans do enjoy many features central to democratic governance, such as regular elections, freedom of speech and association, and a widespread (<a title="Voter suppression in the United States" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States">if still contested</a>) <a title="Suffrage" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage">franchise</a>." Gilens and Page do not characterize the US as an "oligarchy" per se; however, they do apply the concept of "civil oligarchy" as used by <a title="Jeffrey A. Winters" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Winters">Jeffrey Winters</a> with respect to the US. Winters has posited a comparative theory of "oligarchy" in which the wealthiest citizens – even in a "civil oligarchy" like the United States – dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth- and income-protection.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Gilens says that average citizens only get what they want if wealthy Americans and business-oriented interest groups also want it; and that when a policy favored by the majority of the American public is implemented, it is usually because the economic elites did not oppose it.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-32">[32]</a>Other studies have questioned the Page and Gilens study.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

In a 2015 interview, former President <a title="Jimmy Carter" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> stated that the United States is now "an oligarchy with unlimited political bribery" due to the <a title="Citizens United v. FEC" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC">Citizens United</a> ruling which effectively removed limits on donations to political candidates.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

</div>

<ul>

<li><a title="Aristocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Dictatorship" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a title="Inverted totalitarianism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a title="Iron law of oligarchy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_law_of_oligarchy">Iron law of oligarchy</a></li>

<li><a title="Kleptocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Meritocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Military dictatorship" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a title="Minoritarianism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritarianism">Minoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a title="Nepotism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>

<li><a title="Netocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netocracy">Netocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Oligopoly" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li>

<li><a title="The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Oligarchical_Collectivism">Oligarchical Collectivism</a></li>

<li><a title="Parasitism (social offense)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)">Parasitism</a></li>

<li><a title="Plutocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Political family" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_family">Political family</a></li>

<li><a title="Power behind the throne" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne">Power behind the throne</a></li>

<li><a title="Stratocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Synarchism" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li>

<li><a title="Theocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li>

<li><a title="Timocracy" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocracy">Timocracy</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2 class="section-heading collapsible-heading open-block" tabindex="0">References<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: References" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=8" data-section="8">Edit</a></h2>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-1">^{</a> }<a class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29li%2Fgos" rel="nofollow">"ὀλίγο&sigmaf;"</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-2">^{</a> }<a class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Frxw" rel="nofollow">"ἄρχω"</a>, Liddell/Scott.</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-3">^{</a> }<a class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29ligarxi%2Fa" rel="nofollow">"ὀλιγαρχία"</a>. Liddell/Scott.</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-4">^{</a> }Winters (2011) p. 26-28. "Aristotle writes that 'oligarchy is when men of property have the government in their hands... wherever men rule by reason of their wealth, whether they be few or many, that is an oligarchy, and where the poor rule, that is a democracy'."</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-5">^{</a> }Hansen, Mogens Herman (1991). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Oxford: Blackwell. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0631180173" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631180173">978-0631180173</a>. <a title="OCLC" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22809482" rel="nofollow">22809482</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-Manin-6"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Manin_6-0">^{</a> }Bernard Manin. Principles of Representative Government. pp. 11–24 (1997).</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-7">^{</a> }Manin (1997), pp. 19–23.</li>

<li id="cite_note-Minority1-8">^ <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Minority1_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Minority1_8-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Coleman, James; Rosberg, Carl (1966). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Los Angeles: <a title="University of California Press" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 681–683. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0520002531" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520002531"><bdi>978-0520002531</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-9">^{</a> }Gilens, M., & Page, B. (2014). Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(3), 564-581. doi:10.1017/S1537592714001595</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-10">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/07/12/in-about-20-years-half-the-population-will-live-in-eight-states/" rel="nofollow">"In about 20 years, half the population will live in eight states"</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-11">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects/" rel="nofollow">"The US will become 'minority white' in 2045, Census projects"</a>. 14 March 2018.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-12">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-will-the-supreme-courts-conservative-bloc-survive/" rel="nofollow">"How Long Will the Supreme Court's Conservative Bloc Survive?"</a>. 19 July 2018.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-Chern2018-13">^ <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Chern2018_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Chern2018_13-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chernenko, Demid (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83641/1/MPRA_paper_83641.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Capital structure and oligarch ownership"</a> (PDF). Economic Change and Restructuring: 1–29. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS10644-018-9226-9" rel="nofollow">10.1007/S10644-018-9226-9</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-14">^{</a> }<cite class="citation book"><a title="Walter Scheidel" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. <a title="Princeton University Press" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZpDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow">51</a> & <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZpDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA222#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow">222–223</a>. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0691165028" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691165028"><bdi>978-0691165028</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-Kroll_2010-12-02-15"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Kroll_2010-12-02_15-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">Kroll, Andy (2 December 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032008/http://archive.truthout.org/andy-kroll-the-new-american-oligarchy65597" rel="nofollow">"The New American Oligarchy"</a>. TomDispatch. <a title="Truthout" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthout">Truthout</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://archive.truthout.org/andy-kroll-the-new-american-oligarchy65597" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-16">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/magazine/books-and-arts/106430/money-politics-inequality-power-one-percent-move-on-effect" rel="nofollow">"America on the Brink of Oligarchy"</a>. The New Republic. 24 August 2012.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-TA_Johnson_2009-05-17"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-TA_Johnson_2009-05_17-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal"><a title="Simon Johnson (economist)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)">Johnson, Simon</a> (May 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/05/the-quiet-coup/307364/?single_page=true" rel="nofollow">"The Quiet Coup"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-TAI_11-12/2011-18"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-TAI_11-12/2011_18-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal">Winters, Jeffrey A. (November–December 2011) [28 September 2011]. <a class="external text" href="http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2011/09/28/oligarchy-and-democracy/" rel="nofollow">"Oligarchy and Democracy"</a>. <a title="The American Interest" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Interest">The American Interest</a>. 7 (2). Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-CBPP-20140524-19"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-CBPP-20140524_19-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3309" rel="nofollow">"Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out"</a>. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-PF-20110311-20"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-PF-20110311_20-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">Kertscher, Tom; Borowski, Greg (10 March 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2011/mar/10/michael-moore/michael-moore-says-400-americans-have-more-wealth-/" rel="nofollow">"The Truth-O-Meter Says: True – Michael Moore says 400 Americans have more wealth than half of all Americans combined"</a>. <a title="PolitiFact" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-HP-20110306-21"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-HP-20110306_21-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news"><a title="Michael Moore" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore">Moore, Michael</a> (6 March 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-moore/america-is-not-broke_b_832006.html" rel="nofollow">"America Is Not Broke"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post">Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-MM-20110307-22"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-MM-20110307_22-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web"><a title="Michael Moore" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore">Moore, Michael</a> (7 March 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309211959/http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/must-read/forbes-400-vs-everybody-else" rel="nofollow">"The Forbes 400 vs. Everybody Else"</a>. michaelmoore.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/must-read/forbes-400-vs-everybody-else" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-CNN-20100922-23"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-CNN-20100922_23-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">Pepitone, Julianne (22 September 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/09/22/news/companies/forbes_400/index.htm" rel="nofollow">"Forbes 400: The super-rich get richer"</a>. <a title="CNN" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-19980719-24">^ <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-NYT-19980719_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-NYT-19980719_24-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news"><a title="Bob Herbert" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Herbert">Herbert, Bob</a> (19 July 1998). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/opinion/in-america-the-donor-class.html" rel="nofollow">"The Donor Class"</a>. <a title="The New York Times" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-20151010-25"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-NYT-20151010_25-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">Confessore, Nicholas; Cohen, Sarah; Yourish, Karen (10 October 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html" rel="nofollow">"The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election"</a>. <a title="The New York Times" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-20151010-el-26"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-NYT-20151010-el_26-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">Lichtblau, Eric; Confessore, Nicholas (10 October 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/wealthy-families-presidential-candidates.html#donors-list" rel="nofollow">"From Fracking to Finance, a Torrent of Campaign Cash – Top Donors List"</a>. <a title="The New York Times" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-CS-20141226-27"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-CS-20141226_27-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation news">McCutcheon, Chuck (26 December 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/1226/Why-the-donor-class-matters-especially-in-the-GOP-presidential-scrum" rel="nofollow">"Why the 'donor class' matters, especially in the GOP presidential scrum"</a>. "<a title="The Christian Science Monitor" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-28">^{</a> }<a title="Thomas Piketty" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty">Piketty, Thomas</a> (2014). <a title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a>.<a class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belknap_Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/067443000X" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/067443000X">067443000X</a> p. 514</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gilens-29"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-Gilens_29-0">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal">Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page (2014). <a class="external text" href="http://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"</a> (PDF). <a title="Perspectives on Politics" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_Politics">Perspectives on Politics</a>. 12 (3): 564–581. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592714001595" rel="nofollow">10.1017/S1537592714001595</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-30">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/major-study-finds-that-the-us-is-an-oligarchy-2014-4" rel="nofollow">"Major Study Finds The US Is An Oligarchy"</a>. businessinsider.com.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-31">^{</a> }Gilens & Page (2014) p. 6</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-32">^{</a> }Prokop, A. (18 April 2014) <a class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/4/18/5624310/martin-gilens-testing-theories-of-american-politics-explained" rel="nofollow">"The new study about oligarchy that's blowing up the Internet, explained"</a> Vox</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-33">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal">Bashir, Omar S. (1 October 2015). "Testing Inferences about American Politics: A Review of the "Oligarchy" Result". Research & Politics. 2 (4): 2053168015608896. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2053168015608896" rel="nofollow">10.1177/2053168015608896</a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2053-1680" rel="nofollow">2053-1680</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-34">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal">Enns, Peter K. (1 December 2015). "Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation". Perspectives on Politics. 13(4): 1053–1064. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592715002315" rel="nofollow">10.1017/S1537592715002315</a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-0986" rel="nofollow">1541-0986</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-35">^{</a> }<cite class="citation journal">Enns, Peter K. (1 December 2015). "Reconsidering the Middle: A Reply to Martin Gilens". Perspectives on Politics. 13(4): 1072–1074. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592715002339" rel="nofollow">10.1017/S1537592715002339</a>. <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-0986" rel="nofollow">1541-0986</a>.</cite></li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy#cite_ref-36">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web">Kreps, Daniel (31 July 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/videos/jimmy-carter-u-s-is-an-oligarchy-with-unlimited-political-bribery-20150731" rel="nofollow">"Jimmy Carter: U.S. Is an 'Oligarchy With Unlimited Political Bribery'"</a>. Rolling Stone.</cite></li>

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<h2 class="section-heading collapsible-heading open-block" tabindex="0">Further reading<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=9" data-section="9">Edit</a></h2>

<ul>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAslund2005" class="citation">Aslund, Anders (2005), "Comparative Oligarchy: Russia, Ukraine and the United States", <a class="external text" href="http://www.case-research.eu/upload/publikacja_plik/4931074_SA%20296last.pdf" rel="nofollow">CASE Network Studies and Analyses No. 296</a> (PDF), <a title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1441910" rel="nofollow">10.2139/ssrn.1441910</a></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal">Gordon, Daniel (2010). "Hiring Law Professors: Breaking the Back of an American Plutocratic Oligarchy". Widener Law Journal. 19: 1–29. <a title="Social Science Research Network" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network">SSRN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1412783" rel="nofollow">1412783</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book">Hollingsworth, Mark; Lansley, Stewart (12 August 2010). Londongrad: From Russia with Cash: The Inside Story of the Oligarchs. Fourth Estate. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0007356379" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007356379"><bdi>978-0007356379</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book">J. M. Moore, ed. (1986). Aristotle and Xenophon on democracy and oligarchy. <a title="University of California Press" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press">University of California Press</a>. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02909-5" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02909-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02909-5</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li>Ostwald, M. Oligarchia: The Development of a Constitutional Form in Ancient Greece (Historia Einzelschirften; 144). Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000 (<a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07680-8" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07680-8">3-515-07680-8</a>).</li>

<li><cite class="citation book">Ramseyer, J. Mark; Rosenbluth, Frances McCall (28 March 1998). The Politics of Oligarchy: Institutional Choice in Imperial Japan. Cambridge University Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-0521636490" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521636490"><bdi>978-0521636490</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book">Tabachnick, David; Koivukoski, Toivu (20 January 2012). On Oligarchy: Ancient Lessons for Global Politics. <a title="University of Toronto Press" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-1442661165" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442661165"><bdi>978-1442661165</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book">Whibley, Leonard (1896). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028258204" rel="nofollow">Greek oligarchies, their character and organisations</a>. G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book"><a title="Jeffrey A. Winters" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Winters">Winters, Jeffrey A.</a> (2011). Oligarchy. Northwestern University, Illinois: Cambridge University Press. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/978-1107005280" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107005280"><bdi>978-1107005280</bdi></a>.</cite></li>

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<h2 class="section-heading collapsible-heading open-block" tabindex="0">External links<a class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right" title="Edit section: External links" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligarchy&action=edit&section=10" data-section="10">Edit</a></h2>

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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:oligarchy" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oligarchy">oligarchy</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>

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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <a class="extiw" title="q:Oligarchy" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></td>

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<div class="content last-modified-barcontent"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Oligarchy">Last edited 22 hours ago</a> by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pkbwcgs">Pkbwcgs</a></div>

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Oligarchy

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