baliunas bak

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2 22 tag s&BSsee mainAPI doh mofo, evil pending 820, poster boy 9/20 on 1968 SRI, 1998 smoking gun , soon and baliunas paper jrnl 2003 --> 3rd fork B2 180
<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">mashey says hub</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">=</div>bak 920reasserts nyt html=mass v epa endangerment:<div> <a name="src2" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Amici Curiae Brief on CO2 case
Amici Curiae Brief of Climatologists and Scientists Sallie Baliunas, John R. Christy, Chris De Freitas, David Legates, Anthony Lupo, Patrick Michaels, Joel Schwartz, and Roy W. Spencer in Support of Respondents. by CEI Staff October 24, 2006
</a><a href="http://www.cei.org/gencon/030,05572.cfm" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none">http://www.cei.org/gencon/030,05572.cfm</a> <a name="src3" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Amicus brief written by Competitive Enterprise Institute
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, et al., Petitioners, v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, et al., Respondents. On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit AMICI CURIAE BRIEF OF CLIMATOLOGISTS AND SCIENTISTS SALLIE BALIUNAS, JOHN R. CHRISTY, CHRIS DE FREITAS, DAVID LEGATES, ANTHONY LUPO, PATRICK MICHAELS, JOEL SCHWARTZ, AND ROY W. SPENCER IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS SAM KAZMAN* HANS BADER CHRISTOPHER C. HORNER COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE 1001 Connecticut Ave., NW, #1250 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 331-2265 Counsel of Record
</a><a href="http://www.cei.org/pdf/5572.pdf" style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none">http://www.cei.org/pdf/5572.pdf</a></div>==<a href="https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Pal-review-by-John-Mashey.pdf">https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/files/Pal-review-by-John-Mashey.pdf</a>no lnxChris de Freitas, Pat Michaels and their palsJohn R. Mashey,JohnMasheyAT yahoo DOT com, 11/29/11Table of Contents1 Introduction 12 Active editors, tenure by received dates 33 People X Articles & Activities, Chronological 44 People X Organizations 55 Social Network of the pals, a few hints 66 Conclusion 7A.1 – Papers from Climate Research 8A.2 –Chris de Freitas, Papers and Other Activities 15A.3 –Pat Michaels - Publications 181 IntroductionGood peer review is crucial, but not sufficient for credible scientificpublishing. It is merely an early hurdle. Even in carefully-run journals,mistakes occur, to be found later by the broader reviews followingpublication of anything interesting. In most fields, real junk is ignored. Inclimate, such junk gets widely endlessly publicized, forcing debunking.For a few years, Climate Research, a generally-credible journal, publishedsome weak or even awful articles. The journal had no Editor-in-Chief, soauthors sent manuscripts to an Associate Editor of their choice. Eachselected reviewers, handled the whole process and accepted papers with nofurther oversight. From 1990 to 1996, CR published zero papers fromany of the following, called pals hereafter: Sallie Baliunas, RobertBalling, John Christy, Robert Davis, (Chris de Freitas), David Douglass,Vincent Gray, Sherwood Idso, PJ Knappenberger, Ross McKitrick, PatMichaels, Eric Posmentier, Arthur Robinson, Willie Soon, and GerdRainer Weber.2 Chris de Freitas became an editor and then accepted 14papers from the pals 1997-2003....[much more]11/30/11Von Storch seemed the obvious choice to become Editor-in-Chief, givenhis handling of 110 papers. The identities of the reviewers used by deFreitas are (properly) unknown, but one might wonder: Did dubious papers often get reviewed by pals (or their friends)? Were there negative reviews by others and how much did they count?The table on next page shows the authors, their papers and other activities,chronologically. The varied year-widths here align this table with the next.The pals arrived with de Freitas, sent him most of their papers andessentially departed after the von Storch resignation.The papers are listed in Appendix A.1 and then briefly analyzed....People X Articles & Activities, ChronologicalThe following lists pal authors, plus Fred Singer and the George MarshallInstitute (GMI) as key connectors. Most are extracted from MAS2010pp.97-102. Activities are listed in the Index and described there in moredetail. Higher numbers show stronger involvement. Pals’ CR articles areshown in red, with relevant climate anti-science activities in black, roughlychronologically, although some activities continued over years, so thatparticipation does not imply a specific year. Singer was a close ally of theGMI founders, of whom two were on his SEPP board (Naomi Oreskes &Erik Conway, Merchants of Doubt, 2010.)Editorial tenures, by visible received dates, are shown in gray.Most are noted in www.desmogblog.com/global-warming-denier-database...4 sallie is hub?!balling. michaels4 People X OrganizationsThis lists the 15 pals plus Fred Singer, a connection for many, and MadhavKhandekar. Most are extracted from MAS2010 pp.96-102. A few werenot involved enough in the MAS2010 story to be listed there, but werefound in a more inclusive 600-person table. Higher numbers implystronger involvement, described p.96. Organizations are described in moredetail and listed in the MAS2010 Index, p.4. Some people have publishedreal science (a necessity to build any credibility and access to the researchcommunity), but all have shown persistent involvement with organizationsthat do climate anti-science, most of which also have tobacco connections.Almost everyone has been involved with CATO, (GMI) or Heartland,usually more than one. Baliunas, Balling, Michaels, Soon and Singer eachare listed 9+ times. Knappenberger seems the least involved, but wasMichaels‘ student and has worked for him for decades.Khandekar arrived at the end of the de Freitas era, so was not included inthe pals group, although he surely knew them well. He did not stay long.Most pals have been involved in many organizations that do climateanti-science. The same people appear again and again....6 ConclusionWhen de Freitas became editor, CR was ―open for business‖ and it arrivedquickly from the pals, a group of people who have accumulated a longhistory of climate anti-science activities, papers and involvement withorganizations that promote anti-science, not just for climate, but often forother areas.17Some papers seemed fine, if not necessarily very important, but some verydubious papers were accepted. Michaels‘ 7 papers accounted for half ofhis entire peer-reviewed production during the period.When de Freitas left, the flow of papers from pals effectively dried up.One need know nothing about climate science to see the patterns here.It is a fine example of lax processes allowing a ―rogue editor‖ to subvertthe normal peer review process. The scientists were not only right to beworried about CR, but may well have underestimated the extent of theproblem.AcknowledgementsThanks to various reviewers and help from DeSmogBlog.Thanks to CR for giving open access to its older papers.Most all of all, I thank the legions of scientists who tirelessly do the oftenthankless task of peer review and do it well. Most of the articles in CRseemed reasonable, meaning that editors and reviewers did much work onother people‘s publications. This case seems a real outlier.==https://yyy.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/mar/02/fossil-fuel-industry-caught-taking-a-page-out-of-the-tobacco-playbook
Fossil fuel industry caught taking a page out of the tobacco playbookFossil fuel funded Willie Soon is just a pawn in the game of delaying climate action
Camel cigarette ad manufacturing doubt about the health effects of smoking.Dana NuccitelliMon 2 Mar 2015 Last week, Willie Soon was caught failing to disclose conflicts of interest in his climate research and congressional testimony after having received over $1.2 million in funding from fossil fuel companies. This revelation raised alarms in Congress, with Rep. Grijalva sending letters to the universities of seven other scientists who have provided climate-related testimony, and Senators Markey, Boxer, and Whitehouse sending inquiries to 100 fossil fuel companies, trade groups, and NGOs. Senator Markey wrote,For years we’ve known that fossil fuel interests have sought to block action on climate change and have denied the science. This investigation will help to determine who is funding these denial-for-hire operations and whether those who are funded by these fossil fuel interests are keeping their funders’ identities secret from the public and legislatorsSoon’s funding and failure to disclose conflicts of interest raises red flags, and upon further investigation, the underlying problem is clear. Willie Soon does really bad science, and yet is treated as a climate expert and used by members of Congress to justify opposition to climate policies.In a paper published last year with our colleagues, John Abraham and I discussed the disproportionate attention that poor-quality climate contrarian papers have received. And as I detailed in my just-published book, climate contrarians like Soon simply aren’t held accountable for their bad science and failed climate predictions. This lack of accountability and disproportionate attention are serious problems.The reason Soon can be treated as an expert is that he’s been able to publish climate-related research in peer-reviewed journals. To get bad science published in peer-reviewed journals, Soon has followed the same strategies as other climate contrarians with flawed research. He has submitted papers to relatively obscure, non-climate science journals, and he’s exploited “pal review” with friendly journal editors.Ways in which contrarians get shoddy science published graf]Ways in which contrarians get shoddy science published.For example, Climate Research editor Chris de Freitas published 14 separate papers from a group of climate contrarians that included Willie Soon during 1997–2003. The practice finally ended in 2003 after the journal published a particularly bad paper by Soon and his colleague Sallie Baliunas.That paper concluded that current global temperatures are not anomalous compared the past 1,000 years. However, it contained numerous major fundamental flaws, such as equating dryness with hotness, and was subsequently refuted by an article in the American Geophysical Union journal Eos written by a number of prominent climate scientists [in mann?]. The publication of this badly flawed paper, and Climate Research’s refusal to revise or retract it, led to the resignation of five of the journal’s editors. Michael Mann documents the episode in detail in The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars.After publishing this paper, Soon was invited by Senator James Inhofe to testify before US Congress, and the Soon and Baliunas paper was used by Congressional Republicans to justify opposition to climate legislation. During that testimony, Soon claimed not to have knowingly received funding from organizations that oppose climate legislation. In reality, he had received such funding. Twelve years later, US Congress still has yet to pass climate legislation.Make no mistake, Soon and other contrarian scientists are simply used as pawns – excuses for members of Congress to oppose climate legislation. However, most Americans, including a majority of Republicans, support taking action to slow global warming. So why do most Republican policymakers oppose such steps, and how have they been able to oppose the will of a majority of Americans on this issue while recently gaining seats in Congress?The answer lies with the Merchants of Doubt. As documented in the so-named book and new documentary film, the fossil fuel industry has used the same tactics as the tobacco industry, which successfully prevented Congress from regulating its dangerous and harmful product for many decades.
Merchants of Doubt: What Climate Deniers Learned from Big Tobacco. By Peter Sinclair.In essence, both industries funded their own scientists, like Willie Soon, who would produce research to cast doubt on the prevailing scientific consensus. Members of Congress then cite this shoddy research to claim the science isn’t settled, and to justify delaying legislative action. Industry-funded scientists like Willie Soon, and science in general, are just pawns in this effort, as Senator James Inhofe made clear with his absurd snowball stunt on the Senate floor last week.Increasingly, that funding has been channeled through secretive organizations like Donors Trust. As Robert Brulle found in a 2013 study, Donors Trust “now accounts for 25 percent of all traceable foundation funding used by organizations promoting the systematic denial of climate change … In all, 140 foundations funneled $558 million to almost 100 climate denial organizations from 2003 to 2010.” In 2010, Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund alone channeled nearly $30 million to conservative organizations opposing climate action or science. That accounted for 46% of all their grants to conservative causes.The oil and gas industry has easily topped the campaign contributions the aforementioned Senator Inhofe has received over the past 25 years, with Koch Industries and Murray Energy being his top contributors. Meanwhile, the Koch brothers’ political network plans to spend $889 million on the 2016 US presidential election.Willie Soon’s shoddy research and fossil fuel funding are just a symptom of the underlying problem: the high level of fossil fuel industry influence in the US government. Soon and his cohorts are merely tools used by members of Congress to manufacture doubt, thereby justifying inaction on climate change, and creating enough confusion that the public doesn’t consider the issue a high priority.It’s the exact same strategy that the tobacco industry successfully implemented to their success, and to the detriment of public health and well-being. Thanks to the efforts of Greenpeace and the Climate Investigations Center to reveal Soon’s fossil fuel funding and conflicts of interest, perhaps this time the scandalous industry misinformation efforts will be brought to an end before it’s too late to avoid serious harm to public health.TopicsClimate changeClimate Consensus - the 97%Climate science denialFossil fuelsblogposts=harv alum<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); margin-bottom: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><tbody style="border-top: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202);"><td style="padding: 0.6em; vertical-align: top; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202);">Baliunas, Sallie</td><td style="padding: 0.6em; vertical-align: top; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202);">1980</td><td style="padding: 0.6em; vertical-align: top; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202);">Andrea Dupree</td><td style="padding: 0.6em; vertical-align: top; border-color: rgb(202, 202, 202);">Astrophysicist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (Retired)</td></tr></tbody></table>=
looks at b&s BS 2003 jrnl artl<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars</a>The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines is a 2012 book about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">climate change</a> by the American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatologist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">climatologist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">geophysicist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E.Mann" title="Michael E. Mann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Michael E. Mann</a>. In the book Mann describes how he became a researcher investigating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_record_of_the_past_1000_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature record of the past 1000 years" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">temperature record of the past 1000 years</a> and was lead author, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_S.Bradley" title="Raymond S. Bradley" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Raymond S. Bradley</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_K.Hughes" title="Malcolm K. Hughes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Malcolm K. Hughes</a>, on the 1999 reconstruction that was the first to be dubbed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph" title="Hockey stick graph" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">hockey stick graph</a>. He concisely explains the basics of climate science including statistical methodology dealing with paleoclimate proxy data, and examines the tactics which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">opponents of action on climate change</a> use to distort the science and attack the reputations of climate scientists. The book describes both this controversy and the broader context of skepticism in science and contrarians rejecting evidence of human influence on climate.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-Baum-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a><div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="mw-parser-output">The book was picked by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Physics Today</a> books editor Jermey Matthews as one of the five top books of the 49 they had reviewed in 2012.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-www.physicstoday.org-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Reviews[</h2><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Publishers Weekly</a> described the book as a "meticulous and engaging brief on climate change research and the political backlash to legitimate scientific work", with a tendency to over-technical language offset by "charming personal anecdotes from his life and work".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kirkus Reviews</a> called it "an important and disturbing account" of attempts to spread doubt about climate science, and said "This blistering indictment of corporate-funded chicanery demands a wide audience."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a>For Simon Lewis, reviewing the book for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nature</a>, the book became "riveting" when it came to the research which produced the "hockey stick" graphs, following which "Mann's shocking first-hand testimony of the repeated attempts to discredit him and his work gives his book power." While basically agreeing with Mann, Lewis was uncomfortable with seeing the dispute as a binary "climate war", preferring the less polarised metaphor of a "street fight".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a> In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscientist(magazine)" title="Geoscientist (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geoscientist</a> magazine of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geological Society of London</a>, Colin Summerhayes described Mann as "a pioneer in analysing proxy records of climate change covering the past 1,000 years" whose early work had attracted vituperative attacks but had been supported by subsequent studies, and would "heartily recommend this book for an unusually clear view of the action on the front line of climate science".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[6]</a>Rudy M. Baum in the magazine of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Chemical Society</a> said it was "one of the most useful books yet in explaining climate science", particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">paleoclimatology</a>, as well as examining "the tactics used by climate-change deniers to distort the science of climate change and smear the reputations of climate scientists." Helpful explanations of concepts were backed by extensive citations and notes, and while casual readers would not turn to these pages, the notes included some important insights.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-Baum-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a> Michael Marshall, environment reporter for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New Scientist</a>, commented that although other studies showed the "hockey stick" graph was essentially correct, it came under persistent attack over statistical issues that the book explains in detail, difficult reading material which "will be invaluable for anyone confused by the many claims and counterclaims found online." It was "an admirable attempt to tell the behind-the-scenes story of one of today's most vicious scientific battles."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-www.newscientist.com-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a>Anne Jolis of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The Wall Street Journal</a> said that for what she called "anti-carbon crusaders" the "hockey stick" graph demonstrates the danger "that man poses to the planet", but for "global-warming skeptics, though, the graph and the name are prime examples of the overblown claims and sloppy science behind much of climatology." She said the book was largely "score-settling with anyone who has ever doubted his integrity or work: free-market think tanks, industrialists, 'scientists for hire,' 'the corruptive influence of industry,' the 'uninformed' media and public. So, a long list", and describes Mann as a "scientist-turned-climate-warrior."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">References[</h2><div class="reflist" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-Baum-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-Baum_1-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:a</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-Baum_1-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaum2012" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baum, Rudy M. (10 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i50/Michael-Manns-Hockey-Stick.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Michael Mann's Hockey Stick"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Chemical & Engineering News</a>. 90 (50): 52–53. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-09050-books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1021/cen-09050-books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Michael+Mann%27s+Hockey+Stick&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=52-53&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-09050-books&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Rudy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F90%2Fi50%2FMichael-Manns-Hockey-Stick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-www.physicstoday.org-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-www.physicstoday.org_2-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFMatthews2012" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Matthews, Jermey (5 December 2012). "The year in reviews: Five books that stood out in 2012". Bookends. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Physics Today</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.4.0495" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1063/PT.4.0495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bookends&rft.atitle=The+year+in+reviews%3A+Five+books+that+stood+out+in+2012&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.4.0495&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Jermey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation magazine cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-231-15254-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Nonfiction Book Review: The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines by Michael E. Mann"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Publishers Weekly</a>. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nonfiction+Book+Review%3A+The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Front+Lines+by+Michael+E.+Mann&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-231-15254-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation magazine cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-e-mann/hockey-stick-climate-wars/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars by Michael E. Mann"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Kirkus Reviews</a>. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars+by+Michael+E.+Mann&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fmichael-e-mann%2Fhockey-stick-climate-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lewis, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F483402a" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Climate science: At the storm front"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature(journal)" title="Nature (journal)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nature</a>. 483 (7390): 402–403. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.483..402L" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2012Natur.483..402L</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F483402a" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" lock-green.svg="Lock-green.svg" right="right" em="em" center="center" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right">10.1038/483402a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Climate+science%3A+At+the+storm+front&rft.volume=483&rft.issue=7390&rft.pages=402-403&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F483402a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.483..402L&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F483402a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite id="CITEREFSummerhayes2012" class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Summerhayes, Colin (June 2012). "Book review: Michael E. Mann, The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscientist(magazine)" title="Geoscientist (magazine)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Geoscientist</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+review%3A+Michael+E.+Mann%2C+The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars&rft.pub=Geoscientist&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Summerhayes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988"> Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 2px; padding: inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">help</a>)</li><li id="cite_note-www.newscientist.com-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-www.newscientist.com_7-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2012/03/the-man-behind-the-hockey-stick-graph.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"CultureLab: The man behind the hockey stick graph"</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CultureLab%3A+The+man+behind+the+hockey+stick+graph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fblogs%2Fculturelab%2F2012%2F03%2Fthe-man-behind-the-hockey-stick-graph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hockey_Stick_and_the_Climate_Wars#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a> }<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304450004577279163950476028" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Book review, "The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars"</a> by Anne Jolis, WSJ, Updated March 15, 2012</li></ol></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFOreskes2012" class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Oreskes, N.</a> (2012). "The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines". Physics Today. 65 (6): 54. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65f..54O" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">2012PhT....65f..54O</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1607" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">10.1063/PT.3.1607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Front+Lines&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.1607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhT....65f..54O&rft.aulast=Oreskes&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFMann2012" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mann, Michael E. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HK0CN6FVtfgC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15254-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-231-15254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Front+Lines&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012-03&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15254-9&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHK0CN6FVtfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988"> — Preview at Google books</li></ul><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">External links[</h2><ul style="list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Book review, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2012/03/michael-manns-hockey-stick-dispatches/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Michael Mann’s ‘Hockey Stick’ Dispatches'</a>, The Yale Forum on Climate Change & The Media</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite id="CITEREFEilperin2012" class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Eilperin, Juliet (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-review-michael-manns-the-hockey-stick-and-the-climate-wars/2012/05/25/gJQAIYzQqU_story.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Book review: Michael Mann's 'The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars'"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Michael+Mann%27s+%27The+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars%27&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Eilperin&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fbook-review-michael-manns-the-hockey-stick-and-the-climate-wars%2F2012%2F05%2F25%2FgJQAIYzQqU_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hockey+Stick+and+the+Climate+Wars" class="Z3988" /></li></ul></div></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Categories</a>: <ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2012_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2012 non-fiction books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2012 non-fiction books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2012_in_the_environment" title="Category:2012 in the environment" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2012 in the environment</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_change_books" title="Category:Climate change books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change books</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_Press_books" title="Category:Columbia University Press books" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Columbia University Press books</a></li></ul></div></div>=<a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/06/10/willie-soon-and-friends-early-days">https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/06/10/willie-soon-and-friends-early-days</a>willie Soon is gathering with his Heartland Institute friends this week in Washington, DC for their latest Denial-a-Palooza stunt designed to mimic a science conference.
As anyone who followed the story of <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a>'s <a href="http://www.climateinvestigations.org/willie-soon-harvard-smithsonian-documents-reveal-southern-company-scandal" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">failures to disclose conflicts of interest</a> knows, nobody came to his defense more rabidly than the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/heartland-institute" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a>. Heartland President  <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/joseph-bast" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Joe Bast</a>, Communications Director Jim Lakely and others used familiar tobacco industry tactics of intimidation of journalists and misdirection to try to limit the fallout.

They even <a href="https://twitter.com/JohnMashey/status/575825632833110016" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">bought AdWords</a>, “In Defense of Willie Soon - The Merchants of Smear Attack Heroic Scientist.”

So it's no wonder that Soon is now feted as a hero among the denialist crowd.But people might wonder: where did Soon come from before climate anti-science? What are his credentials? And who were some of his early allies?

A brief history follows:Willie Soon has talked on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhY662JrW7M" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">mercury</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmoKRz5VcbI" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">polar bears</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Xx2Jo12q0Q" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">ocean acidification</a>, the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtlgQ2anREw" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">View From Galileo's Window</a> and other topics. However, he has mostly pushed “Warming: Not CO2, It's The Sun!” akin to saying “Cancer: not cigarettes, just natural,” but funded via fossil fuel energy interests, not tobacco.  He has been wrong again and again.

But how did Soon become a cog in the machinery of climate anti-science? An old video and older papers help reconstruct the history, back to his years with advisor Joseph Kunc at University of Southern California (USC) and Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). These also shed light on the long history of climate anti-science in the Wall Street Journal.Doctors for Disaster Preparedness (DDP) <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/02/23/anti-science-associations-rand-paul-jane-orient-art-robinson-willie-soon-and-friends" style="text-decoration-line: none;">is run by</a> Jane Orient of Association of American Physicians and Surgeons (AAPS) and <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/art-robinson" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Art Robinson</a> of Oregon Instute of Science and Medicine (OISM), <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/02/23/anti-science-associations-rand-paul-jane-orient-art-robinson-willie-soon-and-friends" style="text-decoration-line: none;">well-interconnected</a>.  DDP invited Willie Soon to <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/02/27/was-willie-soon-paid-science-or-anti-science" style="text-decoration-line: none;">speak every year 2000-2014</a>. His talks seemed <a href="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Gish_Gallop" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Gish Gallops</a>, but obviously well-received by the non-expert audiences. In 2000, DDP Vice-President Art Robinson took 2 minutes to introduce Soon in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=txokYTAxFfM" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">The Sun Also Warms: The Sun-Climate Link</a>, saying:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">00:37 “A couple years ago, during the Kyoto meeting, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_Gilder" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">George Gilder</a> suggested to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Boot" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Max Boot</a> at the Wall Street Journal that we could write an editorial that might be good on global warming, and I got this phone call from Max Boot asking for it and of course I said <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980220215609/http://www.junkscience.com/news/robinson.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">it would be on your desk tomorrow morning</a>.  So we had to work all night, but that's an even greater motivation, because if  we made a mistake there it would be extremely embarrassing.  So I called <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Sallie Baliunas</a>, and she made sure  we didn't make any mistakes.1
When we decided later to do that [OREGON] <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/oregon-petition" style="text-decoration-line: none;">petition project</a> of scientists on global warming, I asked Sallie again, and she said 'Well, if you're going to write a review article and send it to tens of thousands of scientists, you need to know my colleague Willie Soon. He'll keep you out of trouble.'  And so, for the month we were working on that, we had the advantage of Willie Soon, who kept us completely out of trouble, and made sure we knew where all the data was, and got it right, and when we made mistakes, he fixed them.  And  of course, when that paper ultimately <a href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/13/c013p149.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">appeared in the scientific literature</a>,2 Willie Soon was the principal author.  Three years now, he's been a voice on the  phone that I can depend on for being absolutely perfect in everything and telling us where all the literature was.  He also does a lot of original research on the Sun and the temperature of the planet. It's very fine to have him today as a to tell us about it.”
02:05 Soon: “I'm very happy and very honored to be here.  I really first wanted to thank Fred Singer for giving such a fine and excellent introduction …”</blockquote>Wall Street Journal (WSJ) OpEds, Ideology Trumps ScienceThe WSJ published the OpEd <a href="http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/RobinsonAndRobinson.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Science Has Spoken: Global Warming Is a Myth</a> on December 4, 1997, saying “Arthur Robinson and Zachary Robinson are chemists at the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine.”  Arthur is a biochemist, Zachary got his PhD in veterinary medicine.  Chemist Noah Robinson starred for George Gilder in 2007's<a href="http://www.discovery.org/v/30" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> The Global Warming Myth</a> (watch first few minutes).On June 12, 1996, the WSJ had published Frederick Seitz's attack on Ben Santer, but the responsible editor is unknown.The connections go further back.  <a href="http://astronautics.usc.edu/kunc" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Joseph Kunc</a> was Soon's Phd Advisor at the University of Southern California, and they <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author%3Awh+author%3Asoon+author%3Aja+author%3Akunc&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=1986&as_yhi=1995" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">coauthored 10+ papers 1988-1992</a>.  Around 1991-1992, Kunc was temporarily affiliated with “Harvard University and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,” and Soon was at CfA, as seen i<a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992ApJ...396..364K" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">n this paper</a>.  By 1993 Soon was <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author%3Asl+author%3Abaliunas+author%3Awh+author%3Asoon&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=1992&as_yhi=1995" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">publishing with Sallie Baliunas</a>, who had been publishing with George Marshall Institute Founder  and famed astrophysicist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jastrow" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Robert Jastrow</a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=r+jastrow+s+baliunas&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">from 1990 onward</a>.  This <a href="http://se-server.ethz.ch/staff/af/Fi159/R/Ro220.pdf" target="blank" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102); text-decoration-line: none;">1990 exchange of letters in Science</a> is an early hint of discussions to come.Meanwhile, Kunc signed <a href="http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p345.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">the Oregon Petition (likely by 2000),</a> the Heartland Institute-organized <a href="http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2008/10/09/declaration-signatories-include-impressive-list-scientists" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2008 Manhattan Declaration</a> and the <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/another-silly-climate-petition-exposed" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2009 Petition to the American Physical Society</a> to weaken its climate statement.  Coincidentally, in 2011 he got involved with Edward Wegman via Donald Rapp, see p.15 of <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sites/beta.desmogblog.com/files/strange%20inquiries%20v2%200_0.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Strange  Inquiries at  George  Mason  University …and even stranger comments</a>.  Soon also gave a <a href="http://astronautics.usc.edu/news/announcements/announcement_20080226137448.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2007 talk at USC</a>, perhaps at Kunc's invitation:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“The Secondary Role of CO2 and CH4 Forcing in Climate Change.” The Astronautics and Space Technology Division and Physics Department lecture by Dr. Willie Soon of Harvard Univeristy (sic)
November 26, 2007”  Note the incorrect Harvard affiliation.   CfA is not Harvard.</blockquote>A <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924094019/http://icecap.us/images/uploads/Soon09-June4-PGEO_30n02_144-184-Soon.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2009 paper by Soon</a> illustrated his good connections, p.161:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“I also thank all colleagues whose works are cited here, and especially those who have allowed access to their hard-earned data series: <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/nicola-scafetta" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Nicola Scafetta</a>, Karin Boessenkool, Igor Yashayaev, Igor Polyakov, Mihai Dima, Lars Smedsrud, Jeff Knight, Rob Allan, Daniel Hodson, David Holland, Mads Ribergaard, Frank Kauker, and John Fasullo. I thank <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/scott-armstrong" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Scott Armstron</a>g, Gene Avrett, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a>, Dan Botkin, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/rm-bob-carter" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Bob Carter</a>, Shaun Cheok, Susan Crockford, Bob Ferguson, Dave Fettig, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/kesten-green" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Kesten Green</a>, Joe Kunc, Keith Lockitch, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/christopher-monckton" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Christopher Monckton</a>, Lubos Motl, Jane Orient, Eric Posmentier, <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/art-robinson" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Art Robinson</a>, Mitch Taylor, Bin Wang, and the late Robert Jastrow for their encouragement, and Gene Avrett and Steve Cranmer3 for their editorial help. I further thank Than, Lien and Julia Pham, Chiew-See Chua, as well as Benjamin and Franklin Soon for motivation.  This new synthesis was based on a presentation at the 33rd International Geological Congress held in Oslo, Norway, August 6–14, 2008, as well as by another presentation at the International Symposium on Climate and Weather of the Sun–Earth System held at Jakarta, Indonesia, November 24-26, 2008. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author and are independent of sources providing support.”</blockquote>From quite early onward, Willie Soon was well-positioned to become a cog in the machinery of climate anti-science.1The <a href="http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36.htm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">original 1998 version</a> was by ARTHUR B. ROBINSON, SALLIE L. BALIUNAS, WILLIE SOON, AND ZACHARY W. ROBINSON. Baliunas and Soon gave a George Marshall Institute (GMI) affiliation.  DDP mentioned GMI and Gregory Canavan (long-time GMI Director) in a July 1991 newsletter, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324065904/http://www.ddponline.org/ddpnews/ddpjul91.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">“HOMELAND DEFENSE IN THE AGE OF SCUDS.”  </a>As per the spreadsheet attached to <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2015/02/27/was-willie-soon-paid-science-or-anti-science" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Was Willie Soon Paid For Science…Or Anti-Science?</a> GMI (or close, such as Singer) people spoke for DDP:
1994  Fred Singer
1995  Sallie Baliunas
1996  Singer, Baliunas and Robert Jastrow
DDP got 501(c)(3) status in 1984, and it seems quite plausible that they intersected with GMI then.  In any case, Art Robinson  and GMI were well-connected years before the Oregon Petition, whose funding remains unclear.
 2<a href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/13/c013p149.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">That paper </a>by Willie Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas,  Arthur B. Robinson,  Zachary W. Robinson was part of  the  <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/skeptics-prefer-pal-review-over-peer-review-chris-de-freitas-pat-michaels-and-their-pals-1997-2003" style="text-decoration-line: none;">“Pal Review” of Chris de Freitas.</a>
Soon and Baliunas used their CfA affiliation and wrote: “Acknowledgements  We are grateful to Sherwood Idso for his illuminating advice and comments on this paper. This work  was supported by the Massachusetts Space Grant Consortium (MIT grant 16717049) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant One more<a href="http://www.jpands.org/vol12no3/robinson.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> versIon appeared in 2007</a>, in AAPS' journal, edited by Jane Orient. No affiliations or acknowledgements were given, except: “Arthur B. Robinson„ Ph.D. Noah E. Robinson, Ph.D, Willie Soon, Ph.D  Contact Arthur Robinson at the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine.”
(From other data, about this time Soon stopped using his CfA affiliation for such  things. It would be interesting to know if this was ever included on a not-yet-seen funder's  report.) 3 A<strike>long with CfA's Baliunas, Soon</strike> and Martin Zombeck, CfA astrophysicist and Lecturer at Harvard Steven Cranmer also <a href="https://www.desmogblog.com/another-silly-climate-petition-exposed" style="text-decoration-line: none;">signed the 2009 APS Petition</a>.  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081125070548/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/_scranmer/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">His Home Page</a> said during much of 2008-2010:<blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 30px;">“I'm also a member of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730092026/http://www.aps.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">American Physical Society</a> (APS) and the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730092026/http://www.agu.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">American Geophysical Union</a> (AGU), and I'm serving as an Associate Editor for the AGU <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730092026/http://www.agu.org/journals/ja/" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics.</a> My membership in these societies does not imply that I endorse any of their occasionally <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730092026/http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/07_1.cfm" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">misguided</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730092026/http://www.agu.org/outreach/science_policy/positions/climate_change2008.shtml" target="blank" style="text-decoration-line: none;">erroneous</a> position statements.”</blockquote>The “misguided” links to the APS statement on climate and “erroneous” to that of the AGU.=521<div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAF6BAgCEAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/sallie-baliunas" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjABegQIAhAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/sallie-baliunas&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjABegQIAhAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/sallie-baliunas" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjABegQIAhAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/sallie-baliunas&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjABegQIAhAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Who We Are - Sallie Baliunas | Heartland Institute</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.heartland.org › about-us › sallie-baliunas</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAF6BAgCEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. is astrophysicist and senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ...</div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CAMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QtgIoADACegQIAxAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/sallie-baliunas/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QtwIwAnoECAMQAw" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.desmog.com/sallie-baliunas/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QtwIwAnoECAMQAw" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://www.desmog.com/sallie-baliunas/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QtwIwAnoECAMQAw" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.desmog.com/sallie-baliunas/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QtwIwAnoECAMQAw" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Sallie Baliunas - DeSmog</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.desmog.com › Database Entries</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAJ6BAgDEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Sallie Baliunas is an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in the Solar, Stellar, and ...<div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="line-height: 1.58;">Dec 25, 2008 · Uploaded by JohnJ2427</div></div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CBUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAN6BAgVEAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=3" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjADegQIFRAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php%3Fid%3D3&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjADegQIFRAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=3" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjADegQIFRAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php%3Fid%3D3&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjADegQIFRAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Sallie Baliunas - ExxonSecrets Factsheet</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://exxonsecrets.org › html › personfactsheet</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAN6BAgVEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">A darling of the anti-climate movement, Baliunas has been a central scientist in the fight against action on climate change. She is used by virtually all of the Exxon- ...</div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CBQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAR6BAgUEAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://cei.org/experts/sallie-baliunas-ph-d/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAEegQIFBAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://cei.org/experts/sallie-baliunas-ph-d/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAEegQIFBAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://cei.org/experts/sallie-baliunas-ph-d/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAEegQIFBAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://cei.org/experts/sallie-baliunas-ph-d/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAEegQIFBAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. - Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://cei.org › experts › sallie-baliunas-ph-d</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAR6BAgUEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Sallie Baliunas, Ph.D. served as part Deputy Director of Mount Wilson Observatory and as Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute in Washington, DC, ...</div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAV6BAgIEAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/peerreviewedskeptics.php?s=13" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAFegQICBAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://skepticalscience.com/peerreviewedskeptics.php%3Fs%3D13&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAFegQICBAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/peerreviewedskeptics.php?s=13" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAFegQICBAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://skepticalscience.com/peerreviewedskeptics.php%3Fs%3D13&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAFegQICBAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Global warming skeptic: Sallie Baliunas - Skeptical Science</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://skepticalscience.com › peerreviewedskeptics</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAV6BAgIEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Peer-reviewed skeptic papers by Sallie Baliunas. This page lists any peer-reviewed papers by Sallie Baliunas that take a negative or explicitly doubtful position on ...</div></div></div></div><div class="g" style="line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CAYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAZ6BAgGEAA" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/tag/sallie-baliunas/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAGegQIBhAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/tag/sallie-baliunas/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAGegQIBhAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/tag/sallie-baliunas/" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAGegQIBhAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/tag/sallie-baliunas/&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAGegQIBhAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Sallie Baliunas – Harvard Gazette</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://news.harvard.edu › gazette › tag › sallie-baliunas</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAZ6BAgGEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Sallie Baliunas. Page 1 of 1. Solar evidence points to human causes of climate change. Pace of climate change doesn't appear natural. Science|. Date February ...</div></div></div></div><div class="hlcw0c" style="margin-bottom: 40px;"><div class="g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;"><div data-hveid="CBMQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFSgAMAd6BAgTEAA"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="line-height: 1.58;"><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?salliebaliunas" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAHegQIExAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.c-span.org/person/%3Fsalliebaliunas&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAHegQIExAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">
</a><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3;"><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?salliebaliunas" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAHegQIExAD" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.c-span.org/person/%3Fsalliebaliunas&ved=2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4QFjAHegQIExAD" style="text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);">Sallie Baliunas | C-SPAN.org</a></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.c-span.org › person › salliebaliunas</cite></div><div class="B6fmyf" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; height: 0px; visibility: hidden; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; text-size-adjust: none;"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 2px; visibility: visible;"><div class="csDOgf" style="display: inline; visibility: visible; position: absolute;"><div jscontroller="dsu0Sc" jsaction="KyPa0e:WZTn;wjOG7e:edHC5b;" data-ved="2ahUKEwis6prV7L_wAhUyc98KHbKyAY4Q2esEMAd6BAgTEAY"><g-popup jsname="Y3ZMZd" jsshadow="" jscontroller="NZI0Db" jsaction="A05xBd:IYtByb;" jsdata="mVjAjf;;BTasX0"><div jsname="oYxtQd"><div jsslot=""><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="Ndrj7;keydown:tXc2mb" jsname="I3kE2c" class="iTPLzd TqCBb" aria-label="About this Result" style="cursor: pointer; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1; padding-bottom: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" /><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" /></div></div></div></g-popup></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="max-width: 48em; line-height: 1.58;">Sallie Baliunas. On the C-SPAN Networks: Sallie Baliunas is a Professor for Astrophysics in the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics with one video in ...</div></div></div></div></div>=HEARTLAND short bio but she is listed as current affil of GMI which is defunct?...in this paper published in Climate Research in 2001, Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, Sherwood Idso, Kirill Kondratyev, and Eric Posmentier review the common deficiencies in general circulation model (GCM) calculations of atmospheric temperature, surface
polar ice caps pix]In this paper published in Climate Research in 2001, Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, Sherwood Idso, Kirill Kondratyev, and Eric Posmentier review the common deficiencies in general circulation model (GCM) calculations of atmospheric temperature, surface temperature, and precipitation and their spatial and temporal variability. These deficiencies arise from complex problems associated with parameterization of multiply interacting climate components, forcings, and feedbacks, involving especially clouds and oceans.
NOVEMBER 2, 2001Modeling Climatic Effects of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Unknowns and UncertaintiesBy Willie Soon, Sallie BaliunasIn this paper published in Climate Research in 2001, Willie Soon, Sallie Baliunas, Sherwood Idso, Kirill Kondratyev, and Eric Posmentier review the common deficiencies in general circulation model (GCM) calculations of atmospheric temperature, surfaceTagsClimate ChangeEnvironmentpolar ice capsFEBRUARY 24, 2000Climate Hypersensitivity to Solar Forcing?By Willie Soon, Sallie BaliunasAbstract: We compare the equilibrium climate responses of a quasi-dynamical energy balance model to radiative forcing by equivalent changes in CO2, solar total irradiance (Stot) and solar UV (SUV).==InsideClimate Newswillie Soon: 'Too Much Ice Is Really Bad for Polar Bears'In return for undisclosed funding from a coal utility, the scientist delivered contrarian talks and papers on Arctic melting.BY SABRINA SHANKMAN, INSIDECLIMATE NEWSFEB 24, 2015"Too much ice is really bad for polar bears," climate skeptic Willie Soon said in a 2008 speech titled, "Endangering the Polar Bear: How Environmentalists Kill."
Soon later cited the talk as a "deliverable" in return for a research grant from Southern Company Services, one of the largest U.S. coal companies. Under the same grant the contrarian scientist also published two papers questioning whether climate change was dangerous for polar bears and whether the Arctic was warming, without disclosing the fossil fuel companies that funded his work.
The polar bear theories advanced by Soon in these and other works have been discredited by scientists worldwide. Even so, the ideas have sowed confusion about the fate of an iconic species that biologists expect to experience widespread devastation as climate change worsens.
"It plants doubt in the minds of people because of the complex nature of the science," said Juscelino Colares, a professor of law and associate director of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center at the Case Western Reserve University School of Law in Cleveland. "That's all the industry needs is doubt to delay action."
Soon works at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. The center houses the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which employs Soon. The polar bear papers were among 11 he published in research journals that failed to disclose Southern Co.'s funding, according to documents made public Saturday. All the papers question the extent, severity, cause or existence of man-made climate change.
Read: A Guide To Willie Soon's Climate Research Funded by Fossil Fuel Companies
The information comes from a trove of public emails and documents obtained by Greenpeace through Freedom of Information Act requests. They were released by the Climate Investigations Center, a watchdog group that tracks the activities of companies and organizations that fight climate action.
Click to view image
Between 2001 and 2012, Soon received $838,717 from the American Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil and the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation for his research, the documents show. Since 2006, he has received an additional $409,754 from Southern Co. Soon relies on grants from outside funders for his research and salary.
On Monday, the Smithsonian Institution said in a statement that it was "greatly concerned" about the allegations of Soon's failure to disclose his funding sources. The U.S. government-backed museum and research organization said it would initiate a full review of the organization's ethics and disclosure policies.
Soon did not respond to multiple requests for comment and Southern Co. did not respond to a request for an interview. In an emailed response, the company said, "Southern Company funds a broad range of research on a number of topics that have potentially significant public policy implications for our business."
Soon's polar bear research has focused on various issues, from the population ecology of polar bears to the accuracy of models that predict how sea ice loss will affect the bears. The state of Alaska used his polar bear work in a failed attempt to block the listing of polar bears as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
2007 Polar Bear Paper
Since 1979, almost 700,000 square miles of sea ice have vanished in the Arctic as global warming caused temperatures to rise. That's roughly the area covered by California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Utah and most of Idaho. Biologists have predicted for decades that as the ice disappears, polar bear populations will decline because they rely on the ice as a hunting platform.
By 2050, two-thirds of the world's polar bears could be gone, with extinction a real possibility by the end of the century, according to biologist Steven Amstrup, a leading polar bear biologist who spent 30 years with the U.S. Geological Survey. He is now chief scientist for Polar Bears International, a conservation and advocacy group.
Scientists are seeing evidence of this decline, especially in Canada's western Hudson Bay, one of the world's most studied polar bear regions. Research there has shown a direct link between the loss of sea ice and the health of polar bears, including a connection between an earlier spring melting of sea ice and lower survival rates for cubs.
One of Soon's polar bear papers, published in 2007 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Ecological Complexity, focused on this population. The paper questioned whether climate change was dangerous for polar bears and whether the region was warming at all, even as NASA reported that the 2007 minimum sea ice levels were at an all-time low, falling to nearly 40 percent below the 1979-2000 average. (A new historical low-point was reached in 2012.)
The paper suggested alternative theories for population declines, such as stress from interactions with tourists, and predicted that the carnivores would find new sources of food such as berries and vegetation to supplement their diet of seals and other marine mammals.
The lead author was Markus Dyck, a polar bear biologist for the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Among the six other authors were a number of known climate deniers, including Sallie Baliunas, who co-authored a 2003 study with Soon that challenged climate scientist Michael Mann's "hockey stick theory" of global warming.
The authors stated that they began without funding but that "W. Soon's effort for the completion of this paper was partially supported by grants from the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, American Petroleum Institute, and Exxon-Mobil Corporation." No additional funders were listed.
Read: Documents Reveal Fossil Fuel Fingerprints on Contrarian Climate Research
The paper challenged the work of two longtime, respected polar bear biologists—Ian Stirling and Andrew Derocher. In 2003, Derocher had seen a version of the paper that was submitted to the journal Ecography. Derocher was one of two people asked to peer-review it. Both reviewers recommended against publication, and it was rejected.
"I thought it was heavily flawed," Derocher said in an interview. Derocher decided to sign his review, though typically reviews are anonymous. Derocher said he thought it would be helpful if the authors knew who had written it.
When the paper was published in 2007, Derocher was surprised to see his review referenced—without mention of what he had said.
"We are grateful for the constructive comments on earlier versions of the manuscript from S. Polischuk, S.-L. Han, and A. Derocher, which were critical for the improvement of the final version," the study said.
"It was turned around to be used as an endorsement," Derocher said. "That was not my intent."
'Endangering the Polar Bear'
Almost a year after that paper's publication, a group of polar bear biologists including Stirling and Derocher published a response in Ecological Complexity. They wrote that Dyck, Soon and their collaborators ignored data from the previous decade that showed that as the climate warmed, the sea ice is melting earlier each spring, sending polar bears ashore for longer periods of time in progressively poorer condition.  
Dyck and Soon struck back with a reply in Ecological Complexity that July, accusing the biologists of using "uni-dimensional, or reductionist thinking, which is not useful when assessing effects of climate change on complex ecosystems."
In a progress report to Southern Co., Soon reported his reply paper as one of seven "deliverables" in return for a grant of $120,000 grant from the coal utility, the documents released by the Climate Investigations Center show. Neither Southern nor any other funding source is disclosed in Ecological Complexity.
The documents show that Soon and Harvard-Smithsonian granted Southern the right to comment and provide input before the "deliverables" were published. The contract also stated that Soon could not name or identify Southern in a publication without "express written consent of SCS" (Southern Company Services).
In the report to Southern on how he fulfilled his grant, he also lists a number of speaking events, at least two of which dealt with polar bears.
At a July 2008 event in Mesa, Arizona, Soon presented his "Endangering the Polar Bear" talk to the nonprofit Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, which distributes "scientific and defense related information on public health, safety and security issues," according to publicly available financial reports. The group regularly includes climate skeptics in its conferences.
"I really don't think that you can find or argue convincingly that there are any significant worries about the sea ice condition in the Arctic," Soon told the group. "I would suggest that the current condition today is nowhere near optimal for the polar bear, which means it can grow a little bit warmer."
Opposing Protection for Bears
Not long after publication of the first Ecological Complexity paper, Alaska hired Soon for another polar bear-related job. He was to assess the U.S. Geological Survey's forecasting models. These had been used to predict how climate change would affect polar bears, according to Doug Vincent-Lang, who was then the state's Endangered Species Act (ESA) coordinator. Alaska was opposing the federal government's proposed listing of polar bears as threatened under the ESA.
Soon and his colleagues concluded that USGS scientists relied on faulty models in predicting that by mid-century two-thirds of the world's polar bears could be gone.
The state used Soon's work to argue against the ESA listing for polar bears. Designating the animals as threatened would mean increased protections of their habitat, and raised concerns that listing a species based on predictions of future population loss could be a slippery slope, with other ice-dependent species not far behind. Alaska lost the argument. When Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne announced on May 14, 2008, that the bears would be listed as threatened, he said it was based on the science of the USGS and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
"My hope is that the projections from these models are wrong, and that sea ice does not further recede," Kempthorne said in his announcement. "But the best science available to me currently says that is not likely to happen in the next 45 years."
Steven Amstrup, the biologist who led the USGS team, said Secretary Kempthorne held a conference call with all of the scientists involved in the forecasting reports that Soon challenged.
"He very candidly indicated that our science was so compelling he could see he had no other choice than to recognize it and proceed accordingly," Armstrup said.
A few months later, Soon and his collaborators published a paper based on their Alaska research in the September/October edition of Interfaces, a journal that focuses on the science of business and management. The paper acknowledged funding from Alaska—but not from Southern Co. The authors wrote that they had begun the work that led to the paper as consultants for Alaska, for which they were paid $9,998.
"We were impressed by the importance of the issue," they wrote. "Therefore, after providing our assessment, we decided to continue work on it and to prepare a paper for publication. These latter efforts have not been funded."
However, in reporting on his "deliverables" to Southern Co., Soon listed this paper first.
Interfaces does not have a conflict of interest policy unless questions are raised during the peer review process "with respect to suspicion of duplicate publication, fabrication of data or plagiarism," according to Miranda Walker, director of publications at the professional society that publishes the journal.
InsideClimate News reporters David Hasemyer and Lisa Song contributed to this report.
=920 news
The Shepherd of the Hills GazetteLocal weather Wars: Attempt Eradicating the Phrase “Denier ...Willie Soon pointed out on the social media site Parler that it is impossible to remove the term “Denier” from the Wikipedia entry for Sallie Baliunas ...1 month ago
WGN-TVIs there a correlation between solar activity and temperatures on Earth?There may be a link, according to research by retired Harvard-Smithsonian astrophysicist Dr. Sallie Baliunas. A few decades of NASA satellite ...Jan 29, 2020
Red, Green, and BlueWar on science, climate change denial, and (of course ...Because, apparently, a Wikipedia entry referred to climate denier Sallie Baliunas as a denier. Worral edited the entry, because “people who ...1 month ago
De Smog BlogAnti-Environmental Archives Launched on Earth DayIn this case from Sallie Baliunas, well known to regular DeSmog readers: History is important. From it we hopefully learn from mistakes and take ...Apr 22, 2015
Complete ColoradoRosen: Climate Armageddon out of the mouths of babes... Hugh Ellsasser, Lowell Wood, William Happer, Henry Miller and Sallie Baliunas. I suspect the activist children of the Climate Strike have little ...Sep 30, 2019
De Smog BlogWillie Soon And Friends In The Early Days Before Climate ...So I called Sallie Baliunas, and she made sure we didn't make any mistakes.1. When we decided later to do that petition project of scientists on ...Jun 10, 2015
MinnPostThe funding of a climate contrarian: the murky case of Willie ...... Sallie Baliunas co-authored a “meta-analysis” of 240 climate studies ... Soon and Baliunas had plucked weather data from various regions in ...Feb 24, 2015
University of FloridaExploring Strange New Worlds: “Star Trek” Planet Vulcan Found... in the periodical “Sky and Telescope” in July 1991, Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, along with Sallie Baliunas, Robert Donahue, ...Sep 18, 2018
ScienceBlogsScience Denialists Have Delayed Action On Climate Change ...Both Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon were at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Soon being a protege of Baliunas'. She had ...Mar 2, 2015
Seeking AlphaMicrosoft launching $1B climate fundSallie Baliunas, John Christy, Syun-Ichi Akasofu, Robert Balling, Judith Curry, Stanley Goldenberg, Steve Goreham, Craig Idso, Sherwood B.Jan 16, 2020Stay up to date on results for sallie baliunas. =
<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">no lnx grfx/text]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style=""><a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24022015/willie-soon-too-much-ice-really-bad-polar-bears" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24022015/willie-soon-too-much-ice-really-bad-polar-bears</a>
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</div><div style=""><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">willie Soon: 'Too Much Ice Is Really Bad for Polar Bears'</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In return for undisclosed funding from a coal utility, the scientist delivered contrarian talks and papers on Arctic melting.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">BY SABRINA SHANKMAN, INSIDECLIMATE NEWS</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">FEB 24, 2015</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Too much ice is really bad for polar bears," climate skeptic Willie Soon said in a 2008 speech titled, "Endangering the Polar Bear: How Environmentalists Kill."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon later cited the talk as a "deliverable" in return for a research grant from Southern Company Services, one of the largest U.S. coal companies. Under the same grant the contrarian scientist also published two papers questioning whether climate change was dangerous for polar bears and whether the Arctic was warming, without disclosing the fossil fuel companies that funded his work.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The polar bear theories advanced by Soon in these and other works have been discredited by scientists worldwide. Even so, the ideas have sowed confusion about the fate of an iconic species that biologists expect to experience widespread devastation as climate change worsens.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"It plants doubt in the minds of people because of the complex nature of the science," said Juscelino Colares, a professor of law and associate director of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center at the Case Western Reserve University School of Law in Cleveland. "That's all the industry needs is doubt to delay action."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon works at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. The center houses the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which employs Soon. The polar bear papers were among 11 he published in research journals that failed to disclose Southern Co.'s funding, according to documents made public Saturday. All the papers question the extent, severity, cause or existence of man-made climate change.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Read: A Guide To Willie Soon's Climate Research Funded by Fossil Fuel Companies</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The information comes from a trove of public emails and documents obtained by Greenpeace through Freedom of Information Act requests. They were released by the Climate Investigations Center, a watchdog group that tracks the activities of companies and organizations that fight climate action.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Click to view image] txt "" BS]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="">Between 2001 and 2012, Soon received $838,717 from the American Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil and the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation for his research, the documents show. Since 2006, he has received an additional $409,754 from Southern Co. Soon relies on grants from outside funders for his research and salary.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On Monday, the Smithsonian Institution said in a statement that it was "greatly concerned" about the allegations of Soon's failure to disclose his funding sources. The U.S. government-backed museum and research organization said it would initiate a full review of the organization's ethics and disclosure policies.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon did not respond to multiple requests for comment and Southern Co. did not respond to a request for an interview. In an emailed response, the company said, "Southern Company funds a broad range of research on a number of topics that have potentially significant public policy implications for our business."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon's polar bear research has focused on various issues, from the population ecology of polar bears to the accuracy of models that predict how sea ice loss will affect the bears. The state of Alaska used his polar bear work in a failed attempt to block the listing of polar bears as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2007 Polar Bear Paper</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Since 1979, almost 700,000 square miles of sea ice have vanished in the Arctic as global warming caused temperatures to rise. That's roughly the area covered by California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Utah and most of Idaho. Biologists have predicted for decades that as the ice disappears, polar bear populations will decline because they rely on the ice as a hunting platform.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">By 2050, two-thirds of the world's polar bears could be gone, with extinction a real possibility by the end of the century, according to biologist Steven Amstrup, a leading polar bear biologist who spent 30 years with the U.S. Geological Survey. He is now chief scientist for Polar Bears International, a conservation and advocacy group.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Scientists are seeing evidence of this decline, especially in Canada's western Hudson Bay, one of the world's most studied polar bear regions. Research there has shown a direct link between the loss of sea ice and the health of polar bears, including a connection between an earlier spring melting of sea ice and lower survival rates for cubs.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">One of Soon's polar bear papers, published in 2007 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Ecological Complexity, focused on this population. The paper questioned whether climate change was dangerous for polar bears and whether the region was warming at all, even as NASA reported that the 2007 minimum sea ice levels were at an all-time low, falling to nearly 40 percent below the 1979-2000 average. (A new historical low-point was reached in 2012.)</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The paper suggested alternative theories for population declines, such as stress from interactions with tourists, and predicted that the carnivores would find new sources of food such as berries and vegetation to supplement their diet of seals and other marine mammals.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The lead author was Markus Dyck, a polar bear biologist for the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Among the six other authors were a number of known climate deniers, including Sallie Baliunas, who co-authored a 2003 study with Soon that challenged climate scientist Michael Mann's "hockey stick theory" of global warming.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The authors stated that they began without funding but that "W. Soon's effort for the completion of this paper was partially supported by grants from the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, American Petroleum Institute, and Exxon-Mobil Corporation." No additional funders were listed.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Read: Documents Reveal Fossil Fuel Fingerprints on Contrarian Climate Research]</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The paper challenged the work of two longtime, respected polar bear biologists—Ian Stirling and Andrew Derocher. In 2003, Derocher had seen a version of the paper that was submitted to the journal Ecography. Derocher was one of two people asked to peer-review it. Both reviewers recommended against publication, and it was rejected.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I thought it was heavily flawed," Derocher said in an interview. Derocher decided to sign his review, though typically reviews are anonymous. Derocher said he thought it would be helpful if the authors knew who had written it.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When the paper was published in 2007, Derocher was surprised to see his review referenced—without mention of what he had said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We are grateful for the constructive comments on earlier versions of the manuscript from S. Polischuk, S.-L. Han, and A. Derocher, which were critical for the improvement of the final version," the study said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"It was turned around to be used as an endorsement," Derocher said. "That was not my intent."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'Endangering the Polar Bear'</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Almost a year after that paper's publication, a group of polar bear biologists including Stirling and Derocher published a response in Ecological Complexity. [2008]They wrote that Dyck, Soon and their collaborators ignored data from the previous decade that showed that as the climate warmed, the sea ice is melting earlier each spring, sending polar bears ashore for longer periods of time in progressively poorer condition.  </div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dyck and Soon struck back with a reply in Ecological Complexity that July[2008?], accusing the biologists of using "uni-dimensional, or reductionist thinking, which is not useful when assessing effects of climate change on complex ecosystems."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In a progress report to Southern Co., Soon reported his reply paper as one of seven "deliverables" in return for a grant of $120,000 grant from the coal utility, the documents released by the Climate Investigations Center show. Neither Southern nor any other funding source is disclosed in Ecological Complexity.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The documents show that Soon and Harvard-Smithsonian granted Southern the right to comment and provide input before the "deliverables" were published. The contract also stated that Soon could not name or identify Southern in a publication without "express written consent of SCS" (Southern Company Services).</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In the report to Southern on how he fulfilled his grant, he also lists a number of speaking events, at least two of which dealt with polar bears.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">At a July 2008 event in Mesa, Arizona, Soon presented his "Endangering the Polar Bear" talk to the nonprofit Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, which distributes "scientific and defense related information on public health, safety and security issues," according to publicly available financial reports. The group regularly includes climate skeptics in its conferences.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"I really don't think that you can find or argue convincingly that there are any significant worries about the sea ice condition in the Arctic," Soon told the group. "I would suggest that the current condition today is nowhere near optimal for the polar bear, which means it can grow a little bit warmer."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Opposing Protection for Bears</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Not long after publication of the first Ecological Complexity paper, [2007 Palin?] Alaska hired Soon for another polar bear-related job. He was to assess the U.S. Geological Survey's forecasting models. These had been used to predict how climate change would affect polar bears, according to Doug Vincent-Lang, who was then the state's Endangered Species Act (ESA) coordinator. Alaska was opposing the federal government's proposed listing of polar bears as threatened under the ESA.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Soon and his colleagues concluded that USGS scientists relied on faulty models in predicting that by mid-century two-thirds of the world's polar bears could be gone.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The state used Soon's work to argue against the ESA listing for polar bears. Designating the animals as threatened would mean increased protections of their habitat, and raised concerns that listing a species based on predictions of future population loss could be a slippery slope, with other ice-dependent species not far behind. Alaska lost the argument. When Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne announced on May 14, 2008, that the bears would be listed as threatened, he said it was based on the science of the USGS and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"My hope is that the projections from these models are wrong, and that sea ice does not further recede," Kempthorne said in his announcement. "But the best science available to me currently says that is not likely to happen in the next 45 years."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Steven Amstrup, the biologist who led the USGS team, said Secretary Kempthorne held a conference call with all of the scientists involved in the forecasting reports that Soon challenged.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"He very candidly indicated that our science was so compelling he could see he had no other choice than to recognize it and proceed accordingly," Armstrup said.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A few months later, Soon and his collaborators published a paper based on their Alaska research in the September/October edition of Interfaces, a journal that focuses on the science of business and management. The paper acknowledged funding from Alaska—but not from Southern Co. The authors wrote that they had begun the work that led to the paper as consultants for Alaska, for which they were paid $9,998.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"We were impressed by the importance of the issue," they wrote. "Therefore, after providing our assessment, we decided to continue work on it and to prepare a paper for publication. These latter efforts have not been funded."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">However, in reporting on his "deliverables" to Southern Co., Soon listed this paper first.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Interfaces does not have a conflict of interest policy unless questions are raised during the peer review process "with respect to suspicion of duplicate publication, fabrication of data or plagiarism," according to Miranda Walker, director of publications at the professional society that publishes the journal.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">InsideClimate News reporters David Hasemyer and Lisa Song contributed to this report.</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div></div>=2002?[9] See, Testimony of Dr. Sallie Baliunas to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, at http://www.techcentralstation.com/1051/envirowrapper.jsp?PID=1051-450&CID=1051-031302C 404http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728/http://www.techcentralstation.com/031302C.htmleditor's Note: What follows is testimony provided to the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, chaired by Sen. James M. Jeffords.  Fossil fuels currently provide around 84% of energy consumed in the United States, and roughly 80% of the energy produced worldwide. Those energy resources are key to improving the human condition and the environment.  Human use of fossil fuels has increased the amount of greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is essential to life on earth. Moreover, the greenhouse effect is important to life on earth in that the greenhouse gases help retain energy near the surface that would otherwise escape to space. Based on ideas about how climate works, the small additional energy resulting from the air's increased carbon dioxide content should warm the planet.  Projections of future energy use, applied to the scientifically most sophisticated computer simulations of climate, have yielded wide-ranging forecasts of future temperature increases from a continued increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. These have been compiled by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The middle range forecast of their estimates of future warming, based on expected growth in fossil fuel use without any curbs, is for a 1 degree Celsius increase between now and 2050. A simulation counting in the effect of the as yet unimplemented Kyoto Protocol, negotiated in 1997 and calling for a worldwide 5% cut in carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 levels, would reduce that increase to 0.94 C - an insignificant 0.06 C cut (Figure 1). That means if increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are a major problem, then much steeper cuts than those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol are warranted.  <img src="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728im/http://www.techcentralstation.com/images/20020313-figure1.gif" border="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  Figure 1 -- Forecast of year-to-year temperature rise from years 2000 to 2050 C.E. (thin line) assuming an increase in the air's greenhouse gas concentration from human activities, based on the Hadley Center's model (UKMO HADCM3 IS92A version). The upper line (labeled "Without Kyoto") is the linear trend fit to the model's forecast temperature rise, without implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The lower line is the estimate of the impact on temperature with the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. By the year 2050, around 0.06 C global warming is averted by the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.  One key scientific question is: What has been the response of the climate thus far to the small amount of energy added by humans from increased greenhouse gases in the air? To prove the reliability of their future forecasts, computer simulations need verification by testing past, well-documented temperature fluctuations. New federal investment in technology, especially that of space-based instrumentation, has helped address the issue of observed response of the climate to the air's increased greenhouse gas concentration. Two capitol tests of the reliability of the computer simulations are the past decades of surface temperature and lower troposphere change.  Record of surface temperature  In the 20th Century the global average surface temperature (Figure 2) rose about 0.5 C, after a five hundred year cool period called the Little Ice Age. The uncharacteristic cold had followed a widespread warm interval, called the Medieval Warm Period (ca. 800 - 1200 C.E.). The 20th Century warming trend may have a human component attributable to fossil fuel use, which increased sharply in the 20th Century. But a closer look at the 20th century temperature shows three distinct trends:  <img src="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728im/http://www.techcentralstation.com/images/20020313-figure2.gif" border="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  Figure 2 -- Surface temperature changes sampled worldwide and analyzed by Cambridge Research Unit (CRU) and NASA-Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS). The pattern of 20th century temperature change has three distinct phases: an early 20th-century warming, a mid-century cooling, and a late 20th-century warming.  First, a strong warming trend of about 0.5 C began in the late 19th century and peaked around 1940. Next, the temperature decreased from 1940 until the late 1970s. Recently, a third trend has emerged -- a modest warming from the late 1970s to the present.  Because about 80% of the carbon dioxide from human activities was added to the air after 1940, the early 20th Century warming trend had to be largely natural. Human effects from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases amount to at most 0.1 C per decade - the maximum amount of the surface warming trend seen since the late 1970s. This surface warming would suggest a temperature trend of about 1 C per century, which is less than that predicted by the computer simulations of the air's increased human-made greenhouse gas content. Accumulated over a century, civilization will readily adapt to such a modest warming trend. However, the recent trend in surface warming may not be primarily attributable to human-made greenhouse gases.  Record of lower troposphere temperature  Computer simulations of climate in which the air's greenhouse gas concentrations increase owing to human activities predict detectable warming not only near the surface but also in the layer of air above the surface, the lower troposphere, which rises in altitude from roughly two to eight kilometers. Records from NASA's Microwave Sounder Units aboard satellites extend back 21 years and cover most of the globe (Figure 3). The satellite-derived record is validated independently by measurements from NOAA balloon radiosonde instruments, and those records extend back over 40 years (Figure 4). Those records show that the temperature of the lower troposphere does vary, e.g., the strong El Niño warming pulse of 1997-98 is obvious. However, no meaningful human warming trend, as forecast by the computer simulations, can be found.  <img src="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728im/http://www.techcentralstation.com/images/20020313-figure4.gif" border="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  Figure 3 -- Monthly averaged temperatures sampled nearly globally for the lower troposophere (roughly 5,000 to 28,000 feet altitude) from Microwave Sounder Unit (MSU) instruments onboard NASA satellites. The large spike of warmth resulted from the temporary natural warming of the Pacific Ocean by the 1997 - 1998 El Niño event. The linear trend is +0.04 C per decade (data are from <a target="blank" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728/http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/temperature/" style="cursor: pointer;">http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/temperature/</a>)  <img src="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728im/http://www.techcentralstation.com/images/20020313-figure3.gif" border="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  Figure 4 -- The seasonal average temperature anomaly sampled worldwide for the lower troposphere as measured by radiosonde instruments carried aboard balloons. Although a linear trend of +0.09C per decade is present if fitted across the entire period of the record, that trend is affected by the presence of the abrupt warming that occurred in 1976-1977, owing to the action of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The trends before and after the 1976-1977 Great Pacific Climate Shift indicate no evidence of a significant human-made warming trend (source of data <a target="blank" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728/http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/temp/angell/glob.dat" style="cursor: pointer;">http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/temp/angell/glob.dat</a>)  The radiosonde record from balloons confirms the results of the satellites. Although the radiosonde record lacks the dense spatial coverage from satellites, the radiosonde record extends back to 1957, a period that includes the recent rapid rise in the air's carbon dioxide concentration. The balloon record shows no warming trend in global average temperature prior to the dramatic shift in 1976-77. That warming, known as the Great Pacific Climate Shift of 1976 - 1977, is not attributable to human causes but is a natural, shift in the Pacific that occurs every 20 to 30 years, and can affect global average temperatures.  When compared to the observed response of the climate system, the computer simulations all have forecast warming trends much steeper over the last several decades than measured. The forecasts exaggerate to some degree the warming at the surface, and profoundly in the lower troposphere.  The complexity of the computer simulations of climate is one reason the forecasts are unreliable. The simulations must track over 5 million parameters. To simulate climate change for a period of several decades is a computational task that requires 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 degrees of freedom. To improve the forecasts, much better information is required, including accurate understanding of the two major, natural greenhouse gas effects - water vapor and clouds.  Natural climate variability: The sun's influence  Given the lack of an observed warming trend in the lower troposphere, the result is that most of the surface warming in recent decades cannot owe to a human-caused enhanced greenhouse effect. What might cause the surface warming, especially in the early 20th century when greenhouse gases from human activities had not significantly increased in concentration in the atmosphere? The 20th Century temperature pattern shows a strong correlation to energy output of the sun (Figure 5). Although the causes of the changing sun's particle, magnetic and energy outputs are uncertain, as are the responses of the climate to the Sun's various changes, the correlation is pronounced. It explains especially well the early 20th Century warming trend, which cannot have much human contribution.  <img src="http://web.archive.org/web/20051114072728im/http://www.techcentralstation.com/images/20020313-figure5.gif" border="0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" />  Figure 5 -- Changes in the sun's magnetism (as evidenced by the changing length of the 22-year, or Hale Polarity Cycle, dotted line) and changes in Northern Hemisphere land temperature (solid line) are closely correlated. The sun's shorter magnetic cycles are more intense, suggesting periods of a brighter sun, then a fainter sun during longer cycles. Lags or leads between the two curves that are shorter than twenty years are not significant, owing to the 22-year time frame of the proxy for brightness change. The record of reconstructed Northern Hemisphere land temperature substitutes for global temperature, which is unavailable back to 1700 (S. Baliunas and W. Soon, 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 450, 896).  Based on the key temperature measurements of the last several decades, the actual response of the climate to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other human-made greenhouse gases content in the air has shown no significant man-made global warming trend. The magnitude of expected human change is especially constrained by the observed temperature trends of the lower troposphere.  This means that the human global warming effect, if present, is small and slow to develop. That creates a window of time and opportunity to continue and improve observations and computer simulations of climate to better define the magnitude of human-made warming. Proposals like the Kyoto agreement to sharply cut greenhouse gas emissions are estimated in most economic studies to have enormous economic, social and environmental costs. The cost estimates for the U.S. alone amount to $100 billion to $400 billion per year. Those costs would fall disproportionately on America's and the world's elderly and poor.  Dr. Baliunas is Deputy Director at Mount Wilson Observatory, co-host of TechCentralStation.com, Senior Scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute and astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. The remarks herein are personal views and imply no institutional endorsement by any of her affiliations.somewhat surreal: Finally today, we've got a pair of cool pictures for you from a special event held by Paramount last Thursday night at the California Science Center. The event was to honor the U.S. space program and the folks at NASA, and to help launch Star Trek: Voyager on DVD. The top picture features Voyager stars Ethan Phillips, Tim Russ, Garrett Wang and Robert Picardo with shuttle astronaut Dr. Janice Voss, while the second is astrophysicist Dr. Sallie Baliunas, Voss and Majel Roddenberry (nurse chapel and voice of computer; husb ashes in space w/__Leary?]]. You can read more about the event at the<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/everydaylife/star_trek.html" target="window">NASA website</a> and <a href="http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/article/4654.html" target="window">Star Trek.com</a>.srchwatch<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); direction: ltr; line-height: 19.2px;">Sallie Louise Baliunas received her M.A. (1975) and Ph.D. (1980) degrees in Astrophysics from Harvard University.<div id="toc" class="toc" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 7px; display: table; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border: none; display: inline; background: none;">Contents</h2>  [<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">hide</a>] </div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#Global_Warming_Skeptic" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">1 Global Warming Skeptic</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#Affiliations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">2 Affiliations</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#Articles_and_Resources" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3 Articles and Resources</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#Related_SourceWatch_Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.1 Related SourceWatch Articles</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.2 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#External_Articles" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">3.3 External Articles</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Global Warming Skeptic</h2>Between December 1998<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[1]</a> and September 2001<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[2]</a> she was listed as a "Scientific Adviser" to the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Greening_Earth_Society" title="Greening Earth Society" style="background: none;">Greening Earth Society</a>, a group that was funded and controlled by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Western_Fuels_Association" title="Western Fuels Association" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Western Fuels Association</a> (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1997, according to an archived version of it website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use."<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[3]</a>She is Enviro-Sci Host for <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/James_K.Glassman" title="James K. Glassman" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">James K. Glassman</a>'s <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tech_Central_Station" title="Tech Central Station" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Tech Central Station</a>, and a astrophysicist at the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>. Baliunas received in 1997 the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Petr_Beckmann#Petr_Beckmann_Award" title="Petr Beckmann" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Petr Beckmann Award</a> for her "devastating critique of the global warming hoax." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oism.org/ddp/ddpnews/ddpjul97.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a>Until January 1, 2003, she served as Deputy Director of the Mount Wilson Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mwoa.org/Apr-2003.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">[2]</a><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Affiliations</h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Advisory Board, <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow" title="Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a> <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap; background: none;">[4]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Between 1998-2001<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Greening_Earth_Society" title="Greening Earth Society" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Greening Earth Society</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Scientific_Alliance" title="Scientific Alliance" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Scientific Alliance</a>  UK</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Statistical_Assessment_Service" title="Statistical Assessment Service" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Statistical Assessment Service</a> GMU</li></ul><h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: none;">Articles and Resources</h2><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background: none;">Related SourceWatch Articles</h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Climate_change_sceptics" title="Climate change sceptics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change sceptics</a></li></ul><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background: none;">References</h3><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Scientific Advisers"</a>, Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> Greening Earth Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Scientific Advisers"</a>, Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">"Join GES"</a>, Greening Earth Society website, archived from March 2005.</li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfact.org/site/advisors.asp" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Advisory Board</a>, Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, accessed September 19, 2008.</li></ol><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-style: none; background: none;">External Articles</h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaauaaaanaqmaaabb8jblaaaablbmvex="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANAQMAAABb8jbLAAAABlBMVEX" auow5qsojaaaaaxrstlmaqobyzgaaabnjrefucb1jyeabbqw="AUow5QSOjAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABNJREFUCB1jYEABBQw" wlcagqeagpidyt0ivcsaaaaasuvork5cyii=");" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jeff Nesmith, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/124642_warming02.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Foes of Global Warming Theory Have Energy Ties</a>," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 2, 2003.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000416151701/www.greeningearthsociety.org/advisors.htm#Sallie" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Scientific advisors</a>," Greening Earth Society</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie_Baliunas" class="extiw" title="w:Sallie Baliunas" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a>," Wikipedia</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Willy Soon and Sallie Baliunas, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/136.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcaqaaaanowc2aaaatkleqvr4xmxkqqqamawf0x="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAQAAAAnOwc2AAAATklEQVR4XmXKQQqAMAwF0X" xssz9cskiyiifrfcjmmihmigbb5fqdcaqj4j46pzyluwe="XsSz9CSKiyIIFRFcjMmihmiGbB5fqDCaQJ4j46pzYLUWe" cxz6ovbhts0sry2njp="cXZ6OVBhTS0srY2Njp" xxxxzolu6euwaopx1vnwtbe6qqaaaaaelftksuqmcc="XxXXZOLu6EUWAOPX1vnwTBe6qQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Lessons & Limits of Climate History:Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual?</a>," <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_C.Marshall_Institute" title="George C. Marshall Institute" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a>, 2003. (Pdf file).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sallie Baliunas, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/HL758.cfm" style="text-decoration-line: none; padding-right: 13px; background: url(" data:image="data:image" png="png" base64="base64" ivborw0kggoaaaansuheugaaaaoaaaakcayaaacnms="iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs" aaaaveleqvr42n3pgqkaiaheuxdqj3dqj3e6iotpusqcgj4eq5iluile0jil3pecxhchgbhz8kg4hwxau3mzecgeyfnaxp4hqnqpnt7ql0nadpd6whcclvnakksq8iiaaaaaaelftksuqmcc="AAAAVElEQVR42n3PgQkAIAhEUXdqJ3dqJ3e6IoTPUSQcgj4EQ5IlUiLE0Jil3PECXhcHGBhZ8kg4hwxAu3MZeCGeyFnAXp4hqNQPnt7QL0nADpD6wHccLvnAKksq8iiaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" no-repeat="no-repeat" xmlns:data="data">Warming Up to the Truth: The Real Story About Climate Change</a>," Heritage Lecture #758, August 22, 2002.</li></ul></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; line-height: 19.2px;"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Category</a>: <ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; display: inline;"><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left-style: none; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Climate change</a></li></ul></div></div>
desmog:
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.39px; line-height: 19.5px;"><div class="field-items" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Sallie Baliunas</h1><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Credentials  </h2><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ph.D. in Astrophysics, Harvard University (1980).</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">M.A. in Astrophysics, Harvard University (1975).</li></ul>Source: <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;"> Background</h2>Sallie Baliunas is an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in the Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences Division and formerly Deputy Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory.She is an Adjunct Professor at Tennessee State University and past contributing editor to the World Climate Report.Baliunas is associated with many groups skeptical of climate change including the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C.Marshall_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a> where she is Senior Scientist and chair of their “Science Advisory Board.”She has been a “Scientific Adviser” to the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Greening_Earth_Society" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Greening Earth Society</a>, a now-defunct group originally controlled by the Western Fuels Association (<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Western_Fuels_Association" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">WFA</a>) and <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">described</a> “as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use.”<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a>Baliunas has co-published numerous scientific papers with fellow climate change skeptic<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/willie-soon" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a> including a controversial paper in 2003 that suggested the climate hasn't changed in the last 2000 years. Several members of the Climate Research journal resigned in protest to the flawed peer-review process allowing Baliunas's paper to be published. She was the Enviro-Sci Host for <a href="http://sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tech_Central_Station" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Tech Central Station</a>. In 1997 Baliunas <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070309022408/http://www.oism.org/ddp/ddpnews/ddpjul97.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">received the Petr Beckmann Award </a>for her “devastating critique of the global warming hoax.” <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s3" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Stance on Climate Change</h2>“But is it possible that the particular temperature increase observed in the last 100 years is the result of carbon dioxide produced by human activities? The scientific evidence clearly indicates that this is not the case … measurements of atmospheric temperatures made by instruments lofted in satellites and balloons show that no warming has occurred in the atmosphere in the last 50 years. This is just the period in which humanmade carbon dioxide has been pouring into the atmosphere and according to the climate studies, the resultant atmospheric warming should be clearly evident.” <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Key Quotes</h2><blockquote style="margin: 15px 30px; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">“The science does not suggest dangerous global warming. If there is any trace at all of a greenhouse warming, it is too small to be seen in the climate record. That means that future warming due to human activities will be quite small –well under one degree C.” <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></blockquote><blockquote style="margin: 15px 30px; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">“Fear often dominates discussion about the earth's climate. Many people have been led to believe that drastic measures are necessary to prevent the risk of negative future outcomes, such as global warming. As such, we now face a situation where politicians are misallocating resources because they are responding to manufactured problems, which are based on public anxiety rather than sound scientific evidence. Ineffective measures like the Kyoto Protocol, built on fear rather than science, will not reduce the future burden of greenhouse gases and will cause many more problems than they solve.” <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></blockquote><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Key Deeds</h2>May 9, 2003Spoke at the “<a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000006DD9B.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Panic Attack Risk conference</a>” organized by Spiked and the Royal Institution, produced in association with Tech Central Station Europe. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a>January 31, 2003In 2003, Baliunas co-authored a <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#Soon_Paper" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">highly controversial paper</a> with Willie Soon that reviewed previous scientific papers and came to the conclusion that the climate hasn't changed in the last 2000 years.Thirteen of the authors Baliunas and Soon cited in the paper refuted her interpretation of their work, and several editors of Climate Research resigned in protest at a flawed peer review process that allowed the publication. According to the acknowledgments listed in the paper, it was partially funded by the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=API" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">American Petroleum Institute.</a>Among the sharp criticisms of the Climate Research paper was one from Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Penn State University.When von Storch, the journal’s editor at the time, read Mann’s critique, he said he realized that his journal should never have accepted the study: “If it would have been properly reviewed, it would have been rejected on the basis of methodological flaws.” Shortly after, Von Storch and two other members of the Climate Research editorial board<a href="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=4361&method=full" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">resigned in protest</a>. “[T]hey submitted flawed research,” Von Stroch stated at the time.<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a>After the controversy, a more extensive version of the research was published in Energy and Environment.According to a search of <a href="http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/default.htm" title="WorldCat" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">WorldCat</a>, a database of libraries, Energy and Environment is found in only 25 libraries worldwide. The journal is not included in <a href="http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/scientific/Journal_Citation_Reports" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Journal Citation Reports</a>, which lists the impact factors for the top 6000 peer-reviewed journals. The editor of Energy and Environment, <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sonja-boehmer-christiansen" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen</a> has stated that “it’s only we climate skeptics who have to look for little journals and little publishers like mine to even get published.”November 13, 2001<a href="http://lawsuitindustry.org/html/past_events_2001.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Spoke</a> at a Manhattan Institute Forum on “Global Warming and Climate Change.” <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a>July, 1998<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aubZlRnIxI" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Spoke</a> on climate change at the 16th Annual Meeting of the <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Doctors_for_Disaster_Preparedness" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Doctors for Disaster Preparedness</a> held in Scottsdale, Arizona. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s10" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a>September 20, 1995Testified before the House Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment in an apparent attempt to weaken support for ozone protection laws. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s11" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;">Affiliations  </h2><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=13" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Annapolis Center for Science Based Public Policy</a> — Member, Science and Economic Advisory Council.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Committee_for_a_Constructive_Tomorrow" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow</a> — Member, Academic and Scientific Advisory Board.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a> — Report Author.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_C.Marshall_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">George C. Marshall Institute</a> — Senior Scientist and Chair of Science Advisory Board. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s12" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Global_Climate_Coalition" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Global Climate Coalition</a> — Featured Scientist.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heartland_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a> — Writer/contributor.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Heritage_Foundation" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Heritage Foundation</a> — Writer/contributor.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=43" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace</a> — Fellow, Robert Wesson Endowment Fund. </li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tech_Central_Station" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Tech Central Station</a> — Member, Science Round Table. Previous “Co-host.”</li></ul>Source:<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s13" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"> [13]</a><h3 style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em;">Other Affiliations</h3><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Natural_Resources_Stewardship_Project" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Natural Resources Stewardship Project (NRSP)</a> — Past member, “Scientific Advisory Committee.” The NRSP has been defunct since 2008. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s14" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Greening_Earth_Society" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Greening Earth Society</a> — Past “Scientific Advisor.” Both Baliunas and <a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Willie_Soon" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Willie Soon</a> were “Scientific Advisors” from December, 1998, to September, 2001. The group has been defunct since 2005. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s15" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=World_Climate_Report" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">World Climate Report </a>— <a href="http://www.worldclimatereport.com/archive/editors/editors.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Past contributor</a>. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s16" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=84#src0" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Statistical Assessment Service (STATS)</a> — Member of<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040506183808/www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=26" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"> Advisory Board</a> until 2008.<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s17" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Council_on_Science_and_Health" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">American Council on Science and Health (ACSH)</a> — Sallie Baliunas and Fred Singer reviewed an ACSH report titled ”<a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/american-council-on-science-an/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Global Climate Change and Human Health</a>” that claimed cutting carbon emissions could be more harmful to human health than global warming. <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s18" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=European_Science_and_Environment_Forum" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF)</a> — “Academic Member” (1998).<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s19" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Manhattan_Institute" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research </a>— “<a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/bjorn-lomborg-and-the-anti-climate-crowd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Spokesperson</a>” (2004).</li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hoover_Institution_on_War,Revolution_and_Peace" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Hoover Institution</a> — Previous Robert Wesson Endowment Fund Fellow (1993–1994). <a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/sallie-baliunas#s20" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</li></ul><h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;"> Publications</h2><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="Soon_Paper" id="Soon_Paper" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas. “Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years” (</a><a href="http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/23/c023p089.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDF</a>), Climate Research, Vol. 23 (January 31, 2003), page 89-110. </li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon. “<a href="http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=9750" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Trouble with Ozone</a>,” The Heartlander, June 1, 2000.</li></ul><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Ozone and Global Warming: Are the Problems Real?” (<a href="http://johnquiggin.com/files/2006/01/baliunas_report2.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDF</a>), George C. Marshall Institute, December 13, 1994.</li></ul>See a <a href="http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=38" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">full list of Sallie Baliunas's publications at the Marshall Institute</a>.<h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.3em; font-weight: 300;"> Resources</h2><ol style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s1" id="s1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040610020627/http://www.cfactcampus.org/site/printspeaker.asp?idspeaker=3" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">CFACT Speaker's Bureau: Dr. Sallie Baliunas</a>,” CFACT, Archived June 10, 2004.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s2" id="s2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Join GES</a>,” Greening Earth Soceity. Archived March 8, 2005.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070309022408/http://www.oism.org/ddp/ddpnews/ddpjul97.html" name="s3" id="s3" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">DOCTORS FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS NEWSLETTER</a>, Vol. XIV, No. 4 (July, 1997). Archived March 9, 2007.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s4" id="s4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Washington Roundtable on Science and Public Policy: Climate History and the Sun” (</a><a href="http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/90.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDF</a>), George C. Marshall Institute, June 5, 2001.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s5" id="s5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=2609" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Human Activity Is Not Cause of Global Warming</a>” (Media Release), the George C. Marshall Institute, April 10, 1996. Accessed November 14, 2011.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s6" id="s6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=102114" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Leading scientist speaks out against UK climate change policy</a>”, (Media Release)PRNewswire, May 9, 2003.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s7" id="s7" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Helene Guldberg. “</a><a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/articles/00000006DD9B.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Panic Attack</a>,” Spiked Online, May 14, 2003.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s8" id="s8" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jeff Nesmith. “</a><a href="http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=4361&method=full" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Three Journal Editors Resign Over Paper by Skeptics</a>,” Cox News Service, July 29, 2003. Republished by The Heat is Online. <a href="http://www.webcitation.org/65oyKGfj8" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived February 29, 2012</a>, with WebCite.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s9" id="s9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://lawsuitindustry.org/html/past_events_2001.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Manhattan Institute Events</a>,” Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Accessed February 29, 2012.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s10" id="s10" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aubZlRnIxI" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Global Warming: The Latest on False and Scary Greenhouse Gas Theory | Sallie Baliunas</a>,” YouTube video. Uploaded by LibertyInOurTime, May 31, 2010.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s11" id="s11" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/scientificintegr00unit/scientificintegr00unit_djvu.txt" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates: Case Study 1 - Stratospheric Ozone: Myths and Realities</a>,” Testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science,U.S. House of Representatives, September 20, 1995. Text saved at the Internet Archive.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=38" name="s12" id="s12" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">“Dr. Sallie Baliunas</a>,” The Marshall Institute.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s13" id="s13" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science” (</a><a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDF</a>), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s14" id="s14" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070702113225/http://www.nrsp.com/people.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">NRSP People</a>,” Natural Resources Stewardship Project. Archived July 2, 2007.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s15" id="s15" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19990220084713/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/advisors.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Scientific Advisors,</a>” The Greening Earth Society. Archived Feb 20, 1999.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s16" id="s16" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.worldclimatereport.com/archive/editors/editors.htm" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Contributors/Editors</a>,” World Climate Report.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s17" id="s17" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040506183808/www.stats.org/record.jsp?type=page&ID=26" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">About</a>,” STATS at George Mason University. Archived May 6, 2004.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s18" id="s18" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/american-council-on-science-an/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) - Koch Industries Climate Denial Front Group</a>,” Greenpeace. Accessed February, 2012.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s19" id="s19" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Facts versus Factions: the use and abuse of subjectivity in scientific research” (</a><a href="http://files.wordpress.com/2010/10/matthews.pdf" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDF</a>),ESEF working paper, February 1998. hivskeptic. Retrieved February, 2012, from hivskeptic.wordpress.com.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a name="s20" id="s20" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“</a><a href="http://www.allvoices.com/people/Sallie_Baliunas" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a>,” Biography at Allvoices.com. Accessed February 29, 2012.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“Scientists' Report Documents ExxonMobil’s Tobacco-like Disinformation Campaign on Global Warming Science” (<a href="http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/ExxonMobil-GlobalWarming-tobacco.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Press Release</a>) Union of Concerned Scientists, January 3, 2007.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/koch-industries/american-council-on-science-an/" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) - Koch Industries Climate Denial Front Group</a>,” Greenpeace.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070309022408/http://www.oism.org/ddp/ddpnews/ddpjul97.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">DOCTORS FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS NEWSLETTER</a>,” July 1997, Vol. XIV, No. 4. Archived March 9, 2007.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=3#src" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">ExxonSecrets Factsheet: Sallie Baliunas</a>.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie_Baliunas#cite_note-12" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a>,” Wikipedia.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sallie_L.Baliunas" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie L. Baliunas</a>,” Sourcewatch Profile.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=browse&cat=700" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Greenpeace Investigations on Salllie Baliunas</a>.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=download&d=3117" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">OZONE ACTION REPORT: Ties That Blind 11: Parading Opinion as Scientific Truth</a>,” Greenpeace report.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Foes-of-global-warming-theory-have-energy-ties-1116097.php" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Foes of global warming theory have energy ties</a>,” Seattlepi, June 1, 2003.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.ewire.com/w/Tech_Central_Station_s_Jim_Glassman_and_Sallie_Baliunas_Cover_the_UN_Climate_Conference_785.html" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Tech Central Station's Jim Glassman and Sallie Baliunas Cover the UN Climate Conference</a>” (Media Advisory), E-wire. October 25, 2001.</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.marshall.org/experts.php?id=38" target="blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Dr. Sallie Baliunas</a>,” Profile at the Marshall Institute. Includes a list of publications. </li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Andrew Revkin. “<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/05/science/politics-reasserts-itself-in-the-debate-over-climate-change-and-its-hazards.html?src=pm" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards</a>,” The New York Times, August 05, 2003. See page 3.</li></ol></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-13 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.39px; line-height: 19.5px;"><div class="field-label" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Organizations: </div><div class="field-items" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/taxonomy/term/1628" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Exxonmobil</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/taxonomy/term/1634" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/taxonomy/term/1636" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/taxonomy/term/1660" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">George C Marshall Institute</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-14 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.39px; line-height: 19.5px;"><div class="field-label" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">Tags: </div><div class="field-items" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/tags/george-c-marshall-institute" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">george c marshall institute</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/tags/competitive-enterprise-institute" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">competitive enterprise institute</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/598" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">tech central station</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/657" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">ExxonMobil</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/821" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Heartland Institute</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/913" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">global warming</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/939" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">climate change</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/2540" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">desmogblog</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/2560" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">global warming blog</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/2654" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">denial industry</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/3068" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">climate change denier</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4046" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">global warming research</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4047" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">climate misinformation</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/5721" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">smogger</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/6886" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">climate change skeptic</a></div><div class="field-item odd" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/7705" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">climate denialism</a></div><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/7706" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">denial database</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.39px; line-height: 19.5px;"><div class="field-label" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">People: </div><div class="field-items" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.desmogblog.com/people/sallie-baliunas" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Sallie Baliunas</a></div></div></div>RS on DC:  ---oreskes:

In 2003, Soon and Baliunas published an article, partly funded by the American Petroleum Institute, in a small journal called Climate Research. Presenting a review of existing literature rather than new research, the two concluded “the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium.” They had, in effect, challenged both Mann and the IPCC, and in so doing presented global warming skeptics with a cause to rally around. Another version of the paper was quickly published with three additional authors: David Legates of the University of Delaware, and longtime skeptics Craig and Sherwood Idso of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change in Tempe, Arizona. All have ExxonMobil connections: the Idsos received $40,000 from ExxonMobil for their center in the year the study was published, while Legates is an adjunct scholar at the Dallas-based National Center for Policy Analysis (which got $205,000 between 2000 and 2003).Calling the paper “a powerful new work of science” that would “shiver the timbers of the adrift Chicken Little crowd,” Senator Inhofe devoted half of a Senate hearing to it, bringing in both Soon and Legates to testify against Mann. The day before, Hans Von Storch, the editor-in-chief of Climate Research—where the Soon and Baliunas paper originally appeared—resigned to protest deficiencies in the review process that led to its publication; two editors soon joined him. Von Storch later told the Chronicle of Higher Education that climate science skeptics “had identified Climate Research as a journal where some editors were not as rigorous in the review process as is otherwise common.” Meanwhile, Mann and 12 other leading climate scientists wrote a blistering critique of Soon and Baliunas’ paper in the American Geophysical Union publication Eos, noting, among other flaws, that they’d used historic precipitation records to reconstruct past temperatures—an approach Mann told Congress was “fundamentally unsound.”----
<pre style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The most egregious example of cooked intelligence was a study

underwritten in part by the API, Cooney's former employer. The study,

which purported to show that the twentieth century was not unusually

warm, was authored by two astrophysicists, both of whom were on the

payroll of the George C. Marshall Institute, a climate-denial group

funded by ExxonMobil and now headed by Bill O'Keefe, Cooney's former

boss. The paper's publication in a minor German journal in January

2003 quickly created a scandal, with the editor in chief and three

other editors resigning in shame after acknowledging that the paper

was fundamentally flawed and should never have been published.

</pre><pre style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The most egregious example of cooked intelligence was a study