nisbet
<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">bigthinker</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">see nisbet</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">lomborgian psych shuffle phobia? // gmo alarmist</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">also note lomborgian K self-contradiction: ppl won't act until scared, but don't scare them: bottom line, do nothing, biz as usual</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Matthew C. Nisbet</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Matthew C. Nisbet, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Communication Studies, Public Policy, and Urban Affairs at Northeastern University. Nisbet studies the role of communication and advocacy in policymaking and public[…]</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Go to Profile</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">SURPRISING SCIENCE</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Oil Spills Are Destructive — the Clean Up Process Shouldn’t Be</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Researchers have developed a green solution to help clean up oil spills.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">SURPRISING SCIENCE</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Is the Santa Barbara Oil Spill Any Different?</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">As authorities seek answers, cleanup crews are getting to work to rehabilitate the fragile California coastal ecosystem sullied by 20,000 gallons of crude oil.</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Greenwire on Obama’s Strategy to Morally Stigmatize Conservatives Who Dismiss Climate Change</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Last week I spoke with Elana Schor of Greenwire about the Obama White House and Organizing for America’s strategy to pre-empt efforts by conservatives to undermine support for the proposed […]</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">aug 2013</font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">last week I spoke with Elana Schor of Greenwire about the Obama White House and Organizing for America’s strategy to pre-empt efforts by conservatives to undermine support for the proposed EPA limits on greenhouse gas emissions. The strategy marks an important shift in communication focus, as Obama and allies make the moral case for action on climate change and in the process morally stigmatize their opponents.</span> For more background on this strategy, see this recently published <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/winning-the-conversation-framing-and-moral-messaging-in-environmental-campaigns/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">book chapter</a> with Ezra Markowitz and John Kotcher.</font></p><hr style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 10px 0px 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); height: 0.625rem; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; width: 0.625rem; letter-spacing: -0.2px;" /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here’s an excerpt from <a href="http://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1059986172" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">Greenwire’s reporting on the strategy</a>:</font></p><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 5rem 0px; position: relative; line-height: 1.1;"><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="">Another Republican blasting the OFA campaign is Sen. James Inhofe of Oklahoma,</b> a walking, talking symbol of fossil-fuel influence for most green activists, who began on Wednesday to investigate potential coordination between the Obama administration and the White House’s nonprofit cavalry (E&ENews PM, Aug. 14).</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“There’s no better measure of success than when you can get the chief climate denier in Congress to start throwing out conspiracy theories,” David DiMartino, a veteran Democratic aide turned strategist who worked closely on the cap-and-trade battle, said in an interview. “The reality is, he’s out of touch.”</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The urgency created by a response such as Inhofe’s probe aligns with the general mission of the OFA effort, according to American University associate professor of communication Matthew Nisbet, who studies in depth the tactics used by both sides of the debate.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“What they’re doing is socially and morally stigmatizing those political opponents who deny the science of climate change,” Nisbet said in an interview.</font></b></p><div id="div-gpt-ad-bt_content1" data-google-query-id="CKy8_6qQm_QCFWFF1QodkZ8EAg" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><div id="google_ads_iframe/1037571/bt_content1_0container" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0pt none; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); width: 620px; height: 0px;"><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“So instead of leaving the middle-ground public to be caught in these cross-pressures as the issue gains more salience for them, instead of it just being a ‘he said, she said’-type echo chamber, they’re sending a very strong message: … Just like the birther claims were wrong and morally outrageous, and ‘death panels’ were wrong and morally outrageous, so are climate [deniers wrong] when people’s health and safety are at risk.”</font></span></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The “high-end viral potential” of the <b>unicorn-trophies strategy </b>contrasts with the cap-and-trade era during Obama’s first term, when “the issue was discussed almost exclusively in technocratic terms,” Nisbet added.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He and Leiserowitz of Yale University agreed that OFA’s new approach is well-suited to engage sectors of the public previously distant from the risks of greenhouse gas emissions, even if it does not pay off at the ballot box against Republicans.</span></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Harvard Shorenstein Paper on “Nature’s Prophet: Bill McKibben as Journalist, Public Intellectual and Activist”</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In a paper released today by Harvard University, I analyze the career of writer-turned-activist Bill McKibben and his impact over the past 20 years on the climate change debate. Below is […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Hill Newspaper on Obama’s Climate Change Messaging</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">This past week at The Hill newspaper, Ben Geman analyzed President Obama’s speech on climate change, highlighting remarks from environmentalists who welcome Obama’s apparent shift in communication strategy. In the […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Comparing Atomic bombs and Climate Change? Ludicrous!!</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"> You know those national debt counters, with the numbers that rapidly get bigger and bigger? Or those global population counters that do the same thing? Well now comes a […]</font></p><p style=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;">https://bigthink.com/articles/comparing-atomic-bombs-and-climate-change-ludicrous/</span></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">you know those <a href="http://www.nationaldebtclocks.org/debtclock/unitedstates" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">national debt counters</a>, with the numbers that rapidly get bigger and bigger? Or those global <a href="http://www.census.gov/popclock/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">population counters</a> that do the same thing? Well now comes a <a href="http://4hiroshimas.com/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">climate change counter</a>, that measures the heat we’ve added to the biosphere since 1998, in terms of the heat that was released by Hiroshima atomic bombs. As this is being written, the counter says we’ve added the equivalent of 2,041,000,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs worth of heat to the climate in just the past 15 years.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">How do you react to that link, between climate change and atomic bombs? Does it seem dramatic? Does it change your thinking about climate change? That’s what it’s creators hope. Specifically it was designed…</font><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px">“…</span></p><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 5rem 0px; position: relative; line-height: 1.1;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="letter-spacing: -1.5px;">to counter a misconception that has gained in popularity over the last year – that global warming has stopped since 1998 (or sometime around then). People who deny global warming fail to take one simple fact into account – our planet continues to build up heat. In fact, the heat build-up hasn’t slowed down at all over the last few decades – it has increased. The laws of physics did not cease to operate after 1998 and the greenhouse effect continues to blaze away. Our widget demonstrates this in strong, clear, visual terms.</span></font><p style="letter-spacing: -1.5px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large" letter-spacing="letter-spacing" px="px">
</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large">Will it work? Almost certainly not. Robust research on the psychology of the way we perceive risk suggests that, almost instantaneously (and largely subconsciously) as any climate skeptic/denier read that first paragraph, they found a way to dispute the data, or deny the relevance of the comparison altogether. They did what we all do all the time on lots of issues; twist the facts around so we can see them they way we want to.</span></p></blockquote><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;" /></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;"> Research into </a><a href="http://www.culturalcogntion.net/" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">Cultural Cognition</a> by Dan Kahan and others has found that when information comes along that conflicts with a view we have on some polarized issue, we don’t consider that information with open minds. Rather, we find ways to interpret that information so we can maintain our pre-existing view. And our initial view isn’t the product of an open-minded consideration of the facts either. As we first make up our minds about an issue, Cultural Cognition research has found that we come up with views that are consistent with the beliefs in the groups with which we most closely identify. We agree with our friends. This is a powerful part of the psychology of how social animals like us perceive risk, because being a member in good standing of our group – our tribe – helps protect us. It feels safe to agree with the group, and threatening when we go against the tribe’s beliefs and risk going it alone. So as we consider the facts, the fundamental motivation for safety and survival easily overwhelms dispassionate open-minded objective reasoning and we end up with beliefs that match those of our ‘ingroups’.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">(The smarter we are, the worse this gets. Smarter brains are more proficient at seeing the facts the way we want to see them, so our views match up with our group’s beliefs. See an earlier post, <a href="http://bigthink.com/risk-reason-and-reality/the-smarter-we-are-the-dumber-about-the-facts-we-seem-to-get" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">The Smarter We Are, the Dumber About the Facts We Can Be</a>)</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> So the Hiroshima/climate change comparison is not likely to accomplish it’s goal of changing the minds of climate skeptics or deniers. It’s another instance where scientists trying to communicate risk ignore what the research on risk perception and science communication has taught us, that risk perception is emotional and subjective, not just a matter of the facts by themselves, but also how those facts feel. The would-be science communicators talk about the facts but only through the lens of their own science…in this case about the heat and physics and atmosphere chemistry…in the belief that just giving people the facts will make them see The Light. That’s arrogant behavior for scientists, because it ignores vital findings from the social sciences, like Cultural Cognition, that would help them be better communicators.</font></p><div id="div-gpt-ad-bt_content1" data-google-query-id="COrI1NOUm_QCFVzF9gIdY0IDnA" style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><div id="google_ads_iframe/1037571/bt_content1_0container" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0pt none; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); width: 620px; height: 0px;"><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> But Cultural Cognition is only one element of the psychology of risk perception. Other emotional factors also shape what feels scary and what doesn’t, and those factors influence how many people feel about climate change as much as or more than Cultural Cognition. Research by Anthony Lieserowitz and Ed Maibach and others has found that there are plenty of people, for example, who do believe that human activity is causing the climate to change in dangerous ways but who don’t seem all that worried, because climate change doesn’t feel like a serious <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">personal</em> or <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">imminent</em> threat. Those two emotional qualities – can it happen to ME, and how soon – have a lot to do with how scary any risk feels.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> Will the dramatic comparison between climate change and atomic bombs help get the people who are only somewhat concerned, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">more </em>concerned? Probably not, because, again, risk perception is subjective, not just a matter of the facts but how those facts feel. And the two risks being compared don’t feel anywhere near the same. The emotional nature of the impacts of climate change bears no resemblance to the emotional quality of the horrific fiery instant death and suffering of exploding atomic bombs. In terms of the feelings these risks engender<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">, </em>the<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">comparison is apples and sneakers. It is ridiculous.</em></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> In fact, it is so ridiculous that it just might backfire. Comparing such patently different risks could lead some people, who might have been receptive to the information about the heat we’re adding to the climate, to reject the whole comparison outright as a forced and manipulative PR exercise.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;" /></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); margin: 0px 0px 1rem; position: relative;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"> It grows more and more frustrating for the pioneers in the research of risk perception and science communication, people like Kahan and Paul Slovic and Baruch Fischhoff and Matt Nisbet (and for the proselytizers of that knowledge like me), that the wisdom of what they have taught us is ignored by the people who could use it, like climate change communicators. The danger we face is huge, and the time to act to avoid the serious harms of climate change grows ever shorter. It is long past due that the people trying to encourage the public to take the risk of climate change more seriously look to sciences beyond their own for guidance and insights about how to communicate in order to encourage the public to make more informed and intelligent choices. </font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Talk at Boston University on Dec. 6: Journalists as Public Intellectuals in the Climate Change Debate</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">For readers in the Boston area, I will be giving a talk at Boston University’s College of Communication on Thursday, December 6 The talk is a preview of the […]</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Engaging the Public On the Health Threats Posed by Climate Change in a Post Sandy World</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">If you live in an American city, chances are this past summer and fall you have experienced the health effects of climate change. As Richard Harris reported at NPR News in September, […]</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">NPR News on Framing Global Warming as a Public Health Threat</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Effectively engaging the American public on climate change—including its causes, impacts, and solutions—remains both a major research question and a communication challenge. Effective public engagement requires understanding the cognitive, affective, […]</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Video, Slides & Readings for Sackler Lecture on Media & Science Policy Debates</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On Tuesday, May 22, I delivered a lecture as part of the National Academies’ Sackler Colloquium on the “Science of Science Communication,” reviewing the role of the media in science […]</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Reading List for National Academies’ “Science of Science Communication” Lecture on the Media & Science Policy Debates</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">On Tuesday, May 22, I will be delivering a lecture as part of the National Academies’ Sackler Colloquium on the “Science of Science Communication,” reviewing the role of the media […]</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">no brulle or oreskes, see below</font></a></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></a></p><li style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><a href="http://sks.to/1998" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1; letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Boykoff, M. & Boykoff, J. (2004). <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">Balance as Bias</em>: Global Warming and the U.S. Prestige Press. G<em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">lobal Environmental Change</em> Vol. 15: No. 2 : 125-136.[</font></a><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">PDF</a>]</font></li><li style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">Boykoff</em>, M. (2007). <em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);">Flogging a Dead Norm</em>? Media Coverage of Anthropogenic Climate Change in United States and United Kingdom, 2003–2006. Ar<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">ea 39(4) [<a href="http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-2745-2007.39.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">PDF</a>].</span></font></li><li style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Nisbet, M.C. (2011). Death of a Norm? Evaluating False Balance in Media Coverage. Chapter 3 in </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Climate Shift: </span>Clear Vision for the Next Decade of Public Debate</em>. Washington, DC: American University (<a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/report/climate-shift-clear-vision-for-the-next-decade-of-public-debate/#chapter-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-color: currentcolor; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-transform: translateX(var(--tw-translate-x)) translateY(var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y)); --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-inset: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-drop-shadow: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-filter: var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow); --tw-backdrop-blur: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-brightness: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-contrast: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-grayscale: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-hue-rotate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-invert: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-opacity: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-saturate: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-sepia: var(--tw-empty, ); --tw-backdrop-filter: var(--tw-backdrop-blur) var(--tw-backdrop-brightness) var(--tw-backdrop-contrast) var(--tw-backdrop-grayscale) var(--tw-backdrop-hue-rotate) var(--tw-backdrop-invert) var(--tw-backdrop-opacity) var(--tw-backdrop-saturate) var(--tw-backdrop-sepia); text-decoration: inherit; --tw-text-opacity: 1;">HTML</a>).</font></li><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Why Scientists Become Involved in Public Outreach</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In a new co-authored study with John Besley and Sang Wa Oh at the journal Public Understanding of Science,we expand on our recent work examining how scientists as a group perceive and understand public opinion, […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Today @ 1pm: Webinar on “Framing Climate Change: Research Trends & Communication Strategies”</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">My brother Erik Nisbet, a professor of communication at The Ohio State University, will be giving a free webinar today on climate change communication, sponsored by the Changing Climate project […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Polarization Paradox: Why Hyperpartisanship Promotes Conservatism and Undermines Liberalism</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Modern campaigns have rarely focused on the issues, but in the 2012 election the level of moral outrage and anger is unprecedented. Even before the campaign, America was divided, but […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Localizing Environmental Communication</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Alyssa Martori, American University graduate student. People around the world working toward environmental preservation, conservation, and sustainability are often described as part of a global environmental movement. […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Science Journalism in an Evolving Media Ecosystem</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Josephine Chu, graduate student at American University. In the last ten years, the rise of a variety of web-based and social media platforms has dramatically changed the […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Reading List for Course on Science and Environmental Communication</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">This semester, students from a diversity of majors at American University are participating in an advanced seminar I am teaching on science and environmental communication. For the first part of the […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Increasing and Diversifying Public Demand for Action on Climate Change</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Erin Brett, American University student. Although the great majority of climate scientists believe that climate change is a serious threat, only two percent of Americans mentioned the […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">STRANGE MAPS</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Brazil Was a Fake Island Long Before it Was a Real Country</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">In Celtic legend, the island was almost perpetually shrouded in mist, and visible only for one day every seven years</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">NOAA Video Town Hall Series on the Climate Change Challenge</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">This week, NOAA’s Climate Service and Climate Watch magazine launched a video short course and lecture series featuring a diversity of world class experts explaining the major scientific, social, and […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Online News and the Demise of Political Disagreement</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">As our political and media systems rapidly evolve, social scientists are revisiting and updating existing models, theories, and methods for investigating the effects of the media on political attitudes and […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Environmental Movement at a Crossroads: Markets, Values, People</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Meredith Hollingsworth, American University student. In 2004, Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger boldly declared in a white paper the death of environmentalism. They argued that the movement […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Reasons to Doubt Claims About Anti-Science in America</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The polarized state of American politics has once again brought speculation and claims about a rising tide of anti-science in America and an attack on reason. The prominence of such […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Green Groups Rebrand Global Warming Around Public Health</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Following the demise of cap and trade legislation, green group leaders acknowledged that despite spending several hundred million dollars to pass the bill, they were unable to create public demand […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">How Media Frames Structure Our Political Perceptions</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Meng Shi, American University graduate student with contributions from Matthew Nisbet. Framing is a frequently used term that derives from several decades of research in the social […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">The Economy, Climate Change, and Our Finite Pool of Worry</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">A new Pew survey reveals that as the economy shows signs of a modest recovery, public belief in climate change may be on the rise. Understanding how climate change perceptions […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Andrew Revkin on the Super Wicked Problem of Climate Change</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">–Guest post by Amanda Frank, graduate student at American University. Contemporary debates over climate change reveal the inherent complexity of the issue, which the New York Times’ Andrew Revkin refers […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">GUEST THINKERS</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Peak Oil and Public Health: Political Common Ground?</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Wes Hickman of American University media relations put together an excellent news release on the study of America’s peak oil perceptions discussed last week. Text of the release is below. […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">GUEST THINKERS</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Carl Sagan’s Legacy: Scientists as Consultants in Hollywood, Discussion and Film Screening at American University, Washington D.C.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Readers in the Washington, DC area may be interested in this free event coming up at American University this week Thurs. Oct. 27 and sponsored by the School of Communication. […]</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Get counterintuitive, surprising, and impactful stories delivered to your inbox every Thursday.</font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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</font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">looks legit</font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b style="line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nisbet</b><span style="line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">is an associate professor of communication and director of the Climate Shift Project at American University. He has written over 50 studies, book chapters and monographs examining the communication dynamics of policymaking and public affairs, focusing on science, the environment and public health. Nisbet’s research project at the Shorenstein Center will focus on “Knowledge Journalism: Storytelling in a Risk Society.”</span></font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/voices/the-public-square/the-mckibben-doctrine</font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">I</font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style="line-height: 20.8px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">n the two decades since he first wrote about global warming, Bill McKibben has become the most visible environmental activist in the United States, pioneering new methods of social protest, and redefining the way environmental groups practice politics. Today he is at the center of the US climate movement.</font></span></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/about/" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Matthew C. Nisbet</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> is Associate Professor of Communication, Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Northeastern University. You can read about his research and various studies at the </span><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Climate Shift Project</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb"> and at </span><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xFIA6gcAAAAJ&hl=en" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Google Scholar</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">, or find out more about his </span><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/courses/" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">courses</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">, including those on </span><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/com-589-communication-culture-and-the-environment-spring-2014/" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Environmental Politics, Communication, and Advocacy</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">; and </span><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/healthcomm/" style="text-decoration: none;" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">Health, Debates, Communication, and Culture</a><span style="" times="times" new="new" roman="roman" serif="serif" font-size="font-size" px="px" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb">. Follow him </span></font></font></font></p><p style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">--</font></font></font></p><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style="">
</font></font><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" style=""><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Matthew C. Nisbet, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Communication Studies, Public Policy, and Urban Affairs at Northeastern University. Nisbet studies the role of communication and advocacy in policymaking and public affairs, focusing on debates over over climate change, energy, and sustainability. Among awards and recognition, Nisbet has been a Visiting Shorenstein Fellow on </span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Press, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School </span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">of Government, a Health Policy Investigator at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and a </span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Google Science Communication Fellow.</span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> In 2011, the editors at the journal </span><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nature</span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> recommended Nisbet's research as “essential reading for anyone with a passing interest in the climate change debate,” and the </span><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22.1000003814697px;">New Republic </span><span style=" line-height: 22.1000003814697px;">highlighted his work as a “fascinating dissection of the shortcomings of climate activism."</span></span></font></font></font></div>
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</div><div>the Breakthrough Institute</div><div>ABOUT</div><div>JOURNAL</div><div>DIALOGUE</div><div>GENERATION</div><div>ISSUES</div><div>RESEARCH</div><div>PUBLICATIONS</div><div>VOICES</div><div>
</div><div> </div><div>Climate of Extremes: Part One</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>How Polarizing Global Warming Strategies Backfire</b></div><div>
</div><div>In August 2011, writer-turned-activist <b>Bill McKibben </b>along with a few dozen other environmentalists spent several nights in a Washington, DC jail. They were the first among thousands who would be arrested in front of the White House as part of a series of intensifying protests against the Keystone XL oil pipeline. In jail, McKibben’s “mind was running fast: things I needed to tweet or blog, messages I needed to get to the media,” he would later recall. The protests organized by his advocacy group 350.org, he believed, marked “a turning point, the moment when insider, establishment environmentalism found itself a little overtaken by grassroots power.”1</div><div>
</div><div>RELATED ARTICLES</div><div>
</div><div>CLIMATE OF EXTREMES PART TWO</div><div>September 12, 2014</div><div>
</div><div>REINVENTING LIBERTARIANISM</div><div>April 22, 2014</div><div>
</div><div>A SCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS INTERVENTION</div><div>October 18, 2013</div><div>
</div><div>THE LEFT VS. THE CLIMATE</div><div>September 18, 2014</div><div>
</div><div>IN DEFENSE OF OBAMA’S COMPROMISE STRATEGY</div><div>September 05, 2012</div><div>
</div><div>THE CONSERVATIVE CASE FOR CLIMATE POLICY</div><div>May 05, 2014</div><div>
</div><div>THE GREEN NUCLEAR CONVERSION</div><div>June 05, 2013</div><div>
</div><div>A GREEN VISION OF TECHNOLOGY</div><div>July 29, 2013</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Minor players in 2010 as the major environmental groups spent hundreds of millions of dollars in a failed attempt to pass a cap-and-trade bill, McKibben and 350.org have in the years since redefined the way groups like the Sierra Club practice politics, generating levels of grassroots activism and civil disobedience not seen since the first Earth Day four decades ago.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">McKibben’s movement-building efforts are complemented by a new big money approach to election campaigns, bankrolled by billionaire activist Tom Steyer and other liberal donors. Promising to spend at least $50 million in the 2014 election cycle, Steyer’s Super Pac NextGen Climate has targeted key Republican Senate and Gubernatorial candidates who oppose action on climate change. “Once politicians start to become aware that this issue can either help them or hurt them, you begin to change the conduct and behavior of those who are in elected office,” predicts his chief advisor Chris Lehane. </span></div><div>
</div><div>In the latter years of Barack Obama’s presidency, McKibben and Steyer are the most visible leaders of a fundamental shift in climate advocacy, as many environmental groups and their allies focus on demonizing the fossil fuel industry and ridiculing Republicans as crazy extremists. Following the cap and trade fight, environmental group leaders believed that they had lacked the capacity to generate political pressure in districts and states where key Congressional votes were at stake, and that they were trumped by a conservative base who were angrier and louder than their own. In the years ahead, they are determined to avoid a similar mistake, investing instead in the type of ideological mobilization that conservatives had pioneered.</div><div>
</div><div>“The national environmental groups said, ‘We need to do more in-your-face activism,' ” Gene Karpinski, president of the League of Conservation Voters told The New York Times. “You can’t just lobby members of Congress with a poll that says people support you.” Karpinski’s group plans to spend $25 million in the 2014 election cycle, a five-fold increase over 2010, with a significant portion of the money supplied by Steyer.2</div><div>
</div><div>Yet on the road to meaningfully dealing with climate change, this new mix of moral politics, personalized attacks, and line-in-the-sand political demands are not without major trade-offs and risks. Blocking the Keystone XL oil pipeline, divesting from fossil fuel companies, and calling out “deniers” make for potent cultural symbols, but such<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> strategies can deflect attention from far more substantive goals. These include implementing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules limiting emissions from coal fired power plants, protecting communities, cities, and industries from climate risks, and financing the development of cleaner, more reliable energy technologies that can meet the demand for growth in China, India, and Africa.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Proponents of the new activist strategies argue that confrontational protests and aggressive election campaigns create the political space and incentives for the EPA rules to move forward. Yet <b>evidence </b>also suggests that the<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> campaign strategies employed by McKibben, Steyer, and their allies may risk only deepening political polarization, dividing moderates and liberals, alienating labor unions and the private sector, and contributing to public disgust with government and “Washington.”</span></div><div>
</div><div>1.</div><div>
</div><div>In 2008, McKibben and student collaborators from Middlebury College launched 350.org. The name of the organization was derived from climate scientist James Hansen’s declaration that 350 parts per million was the “safe” level for the stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, a goal he believed was required to avoid the worst effects of climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>The main strategy of 350.org was to use Internet-enabled organizing tools to increase the intensity of political activity among those members of the public already alarmed about climate change. In targeting this segment, McKibben was appealing directly to the base of readers and fans he had built up over the past 20 years as a best-selling author. Yet despite an avid interest in climate change and a shared worldview, activism among this segment of the public historically has been relatively low, as was evident in the cap and trade debate.</div><div>
</div><div>As May Boeve, Executive Director of 350.org said in an interview for a recent study: “Our most consistent audience is the community of people who care about climate change and see it as a problem and are committed to do something about it. The metaphor we like to use is, yes, there’s an issue of preaching to the choir, but imagine if you could have the choir all singing from the same song sheet.”3</div><div>
</div><div>Following the demise of the cap and trade bill, like other environmental groups, McKibben and 350.org began the search for a new political target to mobilize a movement around. In early 2011, McKibben learned of the proposed Keystone XL pipeline. To be approved, the pipeline had to be judged in the “national interest” by the Obama administration. McKibben realized that the pipeline was not only a potent symbol to rally activists against, but was also an action by which Obama could demonstrate his commitment to climate change, bypassing a gridlocked Congress. Turning again to Hansen to muster rhetorical authority, McKibben cited Hansen’s (contested) conclusion that by speeding up the development of the Oil Sands, approval of the pipeline would mean: “Essentially, it’s game over for the planet.”4</div><div>
</div><div>In August 2011, 350.org and their allies mobilized thousands to protest in front of the White House, with more than 1,200 participants arrested across several days. The staged protests, arrests, and related strategies were the first in a series that have pressured the Obama administration into delaying a decision on the Keystone pipeline until at least 2015. Major environmental groups joining with 350.org in opposing the pipeline include Natural Resources Defense Council, the League of Conservation Voters, Friends of the Earth, and the Sierra Club.</div><div>
</div><div>In delaying a decision, Obama and advisors have feared that rejecting the pipeline might hurt the 2014 electoral chances of Democrats in swing states and districts; giving Republicans a ready-made issue to intensify support and turn out among their own grassroots base. Alternatively, if Obama were to approve the pipeline, the decision would risk provoking a rebellion among a network of major liberal donors and/or depress electoral support among progressive activists and voters.5</div><div>
</div><div>At his influential Dot Earth blog at The New York Times, Andrew Revkin has been critical of McKibben’s effort at the Keystone XL pipeline, arguing that the controversy was a “distraction from core issues and opportunities on energy and largely insignificant if your concern is averting a disruptive buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.”6 The Editorial Board at The Washington Post7 and the editors of the journal Nature have offered similar lines of criticism. As the Nature editors wrote “the pipeline is not going to determine whether the Canadian tar sands are developed or not. Only a broader — and much more important — shift in energy policy will do that.” A more comprehensive action, according to the Nature editors, would be the implementation of pending EPA regulations for power plants that would “send a message to the coal industry: clean up or fade away.”8</div><div>
</div><div>Not only does the Keystone pipeline divide commentators and analysts, but the issue also re-activates longstanding fault lines between environmentalists and labor groups. During the cap-and-trade battle, environmentalists had forged important alliances with organized labor to lobby for the bill. But in the case of the Keystone XL pipeline debate, several labor groups representing construction workers have broken ranks, criticizing environmentalists for distorting the significance of the pipeline to the livelihoods of their members.9</div><div>
</div><div>In terms of broader public opinion, even after three years of campaigning against the pipeline, by 2014 polls showed that though the efforts had predictably triggered opposition among liberal Democrats, majorities of moderate Democrats and Independents favored construction of the project. In other words, instead of building a new coalition, the anti-pipeline campaign had instead served to divide the opinions of liberals and moderates.10 This division is even more strongly reflected in Congress, where moderate Democrats from fossil fuel producing states have been outspoken in their support for the pipeline and harshly critical of environmentalists.11</div><div>
</div><div>2.</div><div>
</div><div><b>In 2012, McKibben and 350.org also turned their focus to pressuring universities and other institutions to <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">divest</span></b> their financial holdings from fossil fuel companies, a campaign that draws direct parallels to the 1980s anti-apartheid movement. In this case again, McKibben used his influence as a writer and storyteller to catalyze a new campaign aimed directly at recruiting college students, contributing a 6,000-word article to the August 2012 issue of Rolling Stone magazine that warned of “Global Warming’s Terrible New Math.”12</div><div>
</div><div>The divestment movement’s controversial goal – as McKibben outlined in his article – is to morally stigmatize the fossil fuel industry; much like the anti-apartheid movement helped frame in stark moral terms the policies of the white supremacist South African government. The fossil fuel industry has “become a rogue industry, reckless like no other force on Earth,” wrote McKibben at Rolling Stone. “It is Public Enemy Number One to the survival of our planetary civilization.”13</div><div>
</div><div>The call is for universities and other institutions to “immediately freeze any new investment in fossil fuel companies, and divest from direct ownership and any commingled funds that include fossil fuel public equities and corporate bonds within 5 years.” The pressuring of university board of trustees – many of whom are affiliated with major corporations and investment banks – is also intended to force these individuals to “to choose which side of the issue they are on.”14</div><div>
</div><div>As of 2014, according to 350.org, students at more than 200 campuses across the country had pressured their institutions to divest from fossil fuel industries, with the most intense efforts occurring at smaller Northeastern colleges. In response, 10 small liberal arts colleges had taken action to divest all or part of their endowments. Most notably, Stanford University announced it would divest its holdings from approximately 100 coal companies and Yale University has directed its money managers to examine how its investments affect climate change. Several cities and college towns with a strong base of liberal voters had also taken divestment actions including Seattle, San Francisco, Cambridge, Berkeley, Ithaca, Ann Arbor, and Boulder.15</div><div>
</div><div>The divestment movement has provided students and their allies a personally relevant focus on their local institutions, and the hope that their actions can make at least a limited political difference. On some campuses, the campaign has also created important opportunities for students to learn about coalition building, negotiation and compromise, with campus forums and events sparking critical self-reflection on what climate change means for society and institutions and how everyday citizens, especially young people, can become involved.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yet critics of the divestment movement argue correctly that there are only a few socially responsible mutual funds fully divested from fossil fuel companies. Moreover, these fossil fuel free funds offer lower returns on investments than traditional investment options. Such funds might become more competitive if governments started to take action to regulate emissions from fossil fuel sources, but until then, universities and municipalities would have to accept greater risks and lower returns.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Critics also argue that the focus on campus divestment might have little impact on the behavior of oil companies – much less oil producing countries – since most of the stock in companies are controlled by pension and hedge funds and large net worth individuals. Previous research evaluating the impact of the anti-apartheid movement, for example, concludes that divestment strategies had no discernible financial affect on the South African economy, or its companies, currency, or major industries. 16,17</div><div>
</div><div><b>Unlike apartheid, fossil fuel divestment from a moral standpoint is far more difficult to choose which side you stand on</b>, given what is for all of us a heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Reliable energy alternatives like hydropower or nuclear energy each also have their own moral tradeoffs and risks. A more effective strategy might be for universities to buy up, rather than divest, their shares in energy companies, thereby gaining more influence on industry practices. A similar strategy would be to maximize university finances to leverage research and deployment of cleaner energy technologies.18</div><div>
</div><div>This is the first of two articles on climate activism and political polarization, the second of which can be found here. The articles are adapted from the following forthcoming paper:</div><div>
</div><div>Nisbet, M.C. (in press). <b>Environmental Advocacy in the Obama Years:</b> Assessing New Strategies for Political Change. In N. Vig & M. Kraft (Eds), Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century, 9th Edition. Washington, DC: <b>Congressional Quarterly Press.</b></div><div>
</div><div>1. Bill McKibben, Oil and Honey: The Education of an Unlikely Activist. (New York: Times Books, 2013).</div><div>
</div><div>2. Juliet Eilperin, “Environmentalists Spending on Midterms to See Huge Jump this Year,” The Washington Post, 2014 September 5.</div><div>
</div><div>3. Luis Hestres, “Preaching to the Choir: Internet-mediated Advocacy, Issue Public Mobilization, and Climate change,” New Media & Society, 16(2), 323-339, 2014.</div><div>
</div><div>4. Hestres, “Preaching to the Choir: Internet-mediated Advocacy, Issue Public Mobilization, and Climate Change,” New Media & Society.</div><div>
</div><div>5. Andrew Restuccia and Darren Goode, “Keystone Decision Delayed Yet Again,” Politico, 2014, April 14.</div><div>
</div><div>6<b>. Andrew Revkin</b>, “Can Obama Escape the Alberta Tar Pit?” The New York Times.com, 2011, September 5.</div><div>
</div><div>7. Anon, “K<b>eystone XL is Coming Back,”The Washington Pos</b>t, 2013 January 23.</div><div>
</div><div>8. Anon, “Change for Good: The US Must Boost Its Spending on Clean Energy to Make its Mark on the Climate Debate,” Nature, 2013 January 29.</div><div>
</div><div>9. Darren Goode, “Keystone Pipeline Sparks Labor Civil War,” Politico, 2012 January 20.</div><div>
</div><div>10. Bruce Drake, “Democrats Find Themselves Divided on the Keystone Pipeline,” (Washington, DC: The Pew Research Center 2014 May 6). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/06/democrats-find-themselves-divided-on-keystone-pipeline/</div><div>
</div><div>11. Andrew Restuccia and Darren Goode, “Keystone Decision Delayed Yet Again,” Politico, 2014, April 14.</div><div>
</div><div>12. Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, 2012, July 19.</div><div>
</div><div>13. McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone.</div><div>
</div><div>14. Anon., “FAQ: Fossil Free Campaign,” FossilFree.org. http://gofossilfree.org/faq/</div><div>
</div><div>15. Anon., “Divestment Commitments,” GoFossilFree.org. http://gofossilfree.org/commitments/</div><div>
</div><div>16. Cary Krosinsky, “Why the Do the Math Tour Doesn’t Add Up," GreenBiz.com, 2012 November 27. http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2012/11/19/do-math-tour-doesnt-add-up</div><div>
</div><div>17. Ivo Welch, “Why Divestment Fails,” The New York Times, 2014 May 9.</div><div>
</div><div>18. Welch, “Why Divestment Fails,” The New York Times.</div></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4" /><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Crashing the Party</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>Human Rights Activists Shake Up UN Climate Talks</div><div>
</div><div>Senior officials representing nearly 200 countries gather in Lima, Peru this week for the final stages of United Nations-led climate change talks. The meetings, which began December 1, are intended to lay the final groundwork for a major international agreement to be reached a year from now in Paris, France.</div><div>
</div><div>Key issues, however, continue to divide countries.</div><div>
</div><div>The US prefers that nations make non-binding commitments to lowering greenhouse gas emissions, whereas the European Union urges legally enforceable pledges. New tensions have also surfaced over funding for climate adaptation efforts – protection measures to help poorer nations cope with the impacts of climate change.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>The Age of Us</div><div>Can People Power Drive Action on Climate Change?</div><div>
</div><div>In a new "Age of Us" column launching this week at The Conversation, I will be writing about research, ideas, and trends that shed light on why we disagree so strongly about climate change and other environmental problems. A major focus will be on the strategies that can promote political cooperation on our tough, new planet. You will encounter not only my thoughts and ideas but also the voices and arguments of leaders in the fields of communication, journalism, political science, sociology, and the policy world. </div><div>
</div><div>Just as importantly, as readers and commenters, you will be sharing your own thoughts and conclusions, often challenging my ideas and those of others. At The Public Square, in combination with regular original essays, I will be expanding on columns at Age of Us as they are debated and discussed.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Climate of Extremes Part Two</div><div>Dialogue – Not Diatribes – Needed for Bipartisan Action</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>This is the second of two articles on climate activism and political polarization. The first can be viewed here.</div><div>
</div><div>1.</div><div>
</div><div>As Bill McKibben has focused on building a new progressive grassroots movement, Tom Steyer and his political advisors have sought to spend his vast wealth to influence key U.S. Senate and Governoratorial races. This strategy is intended to lay the groundwork for climate change to be a dominant issue during the 2016 presidential election, while positioning Steyer as a candidate for future electoral office.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Climate of Extremes: Part One</div><div>How Polarizing Global Warming Strategies Backfire</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>This is first of two articles on climate activism and political polarization, the second of which can be found here.</div><div>
</div><div>In August 2011, writer-turned-activist Bill McKibben along with a few dozen other environmentalists spent several nights in a Washington, DC jail. They were the first among thousands who would be arrested in front of the White House as part of a series of intensifying protests against the Keystone XL oil pipeline. In jail, McKibben’s “mind was running fast: things I needed to tweet or blog, messages I needed to get to the media,” he would later recall. The protests organized by his advocacy group 350.org, he believed, marked “a turning point, the moment when insider, establishment environmentalism found itself a little overtaken by grassroots power.”1</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>The Polarization Trap</div><div>A Disappearing Center is Bad News for Liberals</div><div>
</div><div>With the GOP threatening in November to gain seats in both the House and the Senate, many liberal activists and commentators are likely to continue to point to changing demographic trends as a sign that the electoral setback is a temporary blip, reflective of the predictable electoral swing against an incumbent President's party during his second term and a particularly unfavorable mix of world events and domestic conditions.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Many will also continue to blame a perceived political spending advantage on the part of conservatives including the growing network of groups funded by the billionaire Koch brothers.</b></div><div>
</div><div>For these liberal activists, donors, and fundraisers, November's electoral defeats will just be another point of evidence that they need to dedicate themselves to raising ever greater sums of money and invest in even more aggressive forms of "in your face" activism on issues ranging from climate change to social inequality.</div><div>
</div><div>Among the perceived encouraging trends that liberals are likely to point to are survey findings this past summer from the Pew Research Center showing that over the past twenty years the number of Americans who can be rated as "consistently liberal" in their worldviews has increased four fold, from 3 percent in 1994 to 12 percent today.</div><div>
</div><div>In<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> a country considered center-right, 34 percent of Americans today score as consistently/mostly liberal in their outlook compared to 27 percent as consistently/mostly conservative, a reversal from 20 years ago.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Moreover, those in the middle (e.g. who can't be classified in either ideological camp,) have declined over the past decade by 10 points to 39 percent.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">It's not only that Americans have grown more divided in their worldviews, but the constant demonization and outrage expressed at liberal and conservative media outlets, blogs, and by political leaders and commentators has cultivated deeply unfavorable views of the "other," to the point that according to Pew, a third of Democrats and Republicans believe that the other side is a "threat to the future of the country."</span></div><div>
</div><div>For liberals, who have purposively invested over the past 15 years in an ideological message machine of closely aligned media organizations, think tanks, bloggers, donor networks, and activist groups to rival that of the Right, the Pew poll findings are likely to be perceived as demonstrating the effectiveness of such echo chamber efforts.</div><div>
</div><div>To be sure, demographic changes and geographic sorting/mobility play a role, but for many liberal strategists and activists the intense polarization and antipathy for the "other side" reflected in the Pew findings will likely be cited as an example of successful movement building.</div><div>
</div><div>But such an attribution overlooks how the liberal and conservative movements fundamentally differ. For liberals, the more polarized the country becomes, the more difficult it will be to enact major policy changes or to hold together a successful electoral coalition.</div><div>
</div><div>For conservatives, on the other hand, increasing polarization favors their goals of downsizing government, blocking policy reforms, and limiting political participation among young people and minorities.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Making Social Science Relevant Again</div><div>Engaging Students Via Politicized Social Problems</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>Over the past decade, among the most frequently voiced criticisms of higher education is that universities are not adequately preparing students to be successful professionals, engaged citizens, and/or informed consumers of information. The social sciences and the humanities are among the most vulnerable to these charges; as fields like communication, sociology, and political science are charged with lacking rigor and or relevance.</div><div>
</div><div>In these fields students are inundated with intensive-reading about jargon-heavy theories or statistically driven bodies of research related to, for example, the psychology of media effects or public opinion formation. The dynamics of political controversies such as those over climate change, childhood vaccination, or obesity are reduced to convenient opportunities to run ever more advanced experiments or survey analyses that test or replicate a theory, rather than analyzed as significant social problems worthy of study in their own right.</div><div>
</div><div>As a consequence, students learn (often reluctantly) about a multitude of theories or research methods, but are left unable to critically apply this knowledge to their lives as professionals, advocates, or consumers. There is also a cost for communication scholars, sociologists, and political scientists as the design of these courses reflects the approach to their own research, an approach that is increasingly viewed as politically tangential, intellectually obscure, and unworthy of funding by policymakers, philanthropists, journalists, and the public more broadly.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Dot Earth, Vox and The Upshot?</div><div>Why We Need Knowledge-Based Journalism</div><div>
</div><div>Over the past several decades, a growing body of research has informed our understanding of why political leaders, activists, and the expert community disagree so strongly about climate change and other environmental controversies, providing insight on strategies that might broker greater political cooperation. </div><div>
</div><div>As I detailed in a recent series of essays, this research on what the U.S. National Academies calls the “science of science communication,” has focused on topics including the communication strategies of the expert community; the impact of worldviews on acceptance of expert advice; and the relevance of the media to public opinion.</div><div>
</div><div>Yet largely overlooked by this growing body of research are the specific journalistic practices and media structures that might enable<b> more constructive public debate</b> relative to climate change and other issues.</div><div>
</div><div>In a co-authored paper that will appear in a forthcoming special issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, my colleague Declan Fahy and I detail the role that journalists and their news organization can play as influential knowledge professionals in the climate change debate and other environmental controversies.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Pathways to Progress on Climate Change, pt 4</div><div>Diversifying Policy Options and Promoting Public Debate</div><div>
</div><div>This week's release of the U.S. National Climate Assessment report has sparked headlines at news outlets across the country. Much of that coverage has highlighted what specific states, cities and communities can do to defend against climate change-related risks and impacts.</div><div>
</div><div>This past month has also brought increased attention to nuclear energy, natural gas fracking, and carbon capture and storage as important technological options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, points strongly emphasized in the latest UN IPCC report.</div><div>
</div><div>Yet in contrast to the recent focus, these two policy paths -- investing in climate adaptation and promoting innovation in "hard" energy technologies -- were virtually ignored as part of national debate during the period 2007 to 2010.</div><div>
</div><div>Instead, environmentalists and their allies pushed to pass cap and trade legislation and a binding international treaty; strategies designed to put a price on carbon and promote solar, wind, and energy efficiency as solutions.</div><div>
</div><div>The recent shift to include a broader menu of policy actions and technologies is representative of the necessary role that the expert community must play in balancing the well intentioned efforts of environmentalists, who historically as advocates have restricted debate on climate change to just a few politically favored policy actions and technologies.</div><div>
</div><div><b>As Roger Pielke Jr. argues in his 2007 book </b>The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Politics and Policy, in the face of intense lobbying and political mobilization on climate change, experts and their organizations can act independently as “honest brokers” to expand the range of policy options and technological choices under consideration by elected officials and the public.</div><div>
</div><div>As I review in this essay, we will also need experts and their organizations to take the lead in convening debate about the actions best suited to protecting local communities against climate impacts and the technologies that can enable a cleaner, more abundant energy future for specific regions of the country.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Pathways to Progress on Climate Change, pt 3</div><div>Telling Stores about Human Security and Ingenuity</div><div>
</div><div>Frustrated by the political paralysis on climate change, in recent years, many environmentalists have focused their efforts on building a more powerful movement in support of action. Among the most notable efforts, in a 2012 cover article at Rolling Stone magazine, writer and 350.org activist Bill McKibben called for a new sense of moral outrage directed at the fossil fuel industry, a plea that helped launch the divestment movement on college campuses.</div><div>
</div><div>Given the urgency of climate change, “we need to view the fossil-fuel industry in a new light,” he argued. “It has become a rogue industry, reckless like no other force on Earth. It is Public Enemy Number One to the survival of our planetary civilization."</div><div>
</div><div>A year earlier, in a cover article at <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The Nation magazine, fellow 350.org activist Naomi Klein urged progressives to copy the strategies of the U.S. conservative movement: “Just as climate denialism has become a core identity issue on the right, utterly entwined with defending current systems of power and wealth, the scientific reality of climate change must, for progressives, occupy a central place in a coherent narrative about the perils of unrestrained greed and the need for real alternatives.”</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>Though in the short term, these calls to action from voices admired by progressives might bring much needed pressure to bear on targeted decision-makers and elected officials, in the long term such strategies if not also balanced by alternative investments in civic engagement by the expert community may only intensify polarization and gridlock</b>.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Pathways to Progress on Climate Change, pt 2</div><div>Wicked Psychology and Ideological Message Machines</div><div>
</div><div>Few issues in the United States reflect as deeply polarized divisions as climate change. Most explanations for the intense political conflict tend to blame the conservative movement. These arguments are understandable given the longstanding efforts by many conservative groups and leaders to dispute the urgency of climate change, to attack and ridicule advocates for action on the issue, and to even outrageously assert that climate change is a "hoax."</div><div>
</div><div>Yet, as I review in a series of essays this week, for scientists and the expert community to successfully navigate this polarization requires a broader understanding of the factors that have seeded political dysfunction and the strategies available for restoring cooperation in support of effective policy actions.</div><div>
</div><div>Today, I examine the special attributes of climate change that make the issue so politically divisive and analyze how early definitions of the problem may have helped inadvertently set in motion the polarization that exists today.</div><div>
</div><div>I also take a look at the psychological roots of our disagreement on the issue and the many ways in which our contemporary media system feeds on and amplifies our diverging opinions.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Pathways to Progress on Climate Change, pt 1</div><div>Research on the Politics of Technical Decisions</div><div>
</div><div>In recent years, advocates arguing for action on climate change have invested in ever more aggressive confrontation of their longstanding opponents among conservatives and the fossil fuel industry. These activists argue that such strategies are the only way to achieve progress in the face of dire stakes and some have called on the expert community to join them in the fight.</div><div>
</div><div>Recently, Bill McKibben even went so far as to argue that scientists should “go on strike,” no longer talking about the science as reviewed and synthesized in the IPCC reports. “At this point the white lab coats would be better used drawing attention to sit-ins and protests than drawing yet another set of ignored conclusions,” he wrote.</div><div>
</div><div>Yet even though such efforts may be an essential feature of social change, for scientists and their organizations, other strategies are needed if some semblance of political cooperation is to be achieved.</div><div>
</div><div>In this regard, for experts to successfully navigate the terrain of the political debate over climate change requires a careful understanding of the factors that seed polarization; and the strategies available for restoring cooperation, for decreasing the perception of entrenched group differences, and for building support for a portfolio of policies and energy technologies.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Shifting the Health Care Debate</div><div>Insights from Science Policy Controversies to Inform Public Engagement</div><div>
</div><div>Along with climate change and social inequality, the struggle in the United States to contain rising health care costs stands out as among our most "wicked" and polarized problems. Not surprisingly then, many experts and organizations working within the health care services field are currently searching for new strategies that engage the public and policymakes in a manner that helps diffuse, rather than strengthen political disagreement.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Fossil Free Movement as Learning Process</div><div>Respectful Dialogue and Negotiation at American University Sparks Opportunities for Constructive Debate</div><div>
</div><div>To mark Earth Day and pegged to a meeting of the Board of Trustees at American University, students involved in the Fossil Free AU movement are sponsoring today (April 22) a class walk out and rally on the campus quad. Several students involved in the movement have been active participants in my course this semester on "Communication, Culture and the Environment." As my class has debated and discussed paths forward on climate change, their perspective has been a very important one for others in the course to consider (the professor included).</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Mixing Diet Advice and Climate Advocacy?</div><div>Projecting Personal Values Can Backfire</div><div>
</div><div>I very much enjoyed the first episode of the new Showtime series Years of Living Dangerously and I have been rooting for the series' success. In part, the cable network production directly speaks to my own outlook as someone who is deeply concerned by climate change and who leans more liberal than centrist. But as a social scientist studying the climate debate for the past decade, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">I also believe that Ted Nordhaus' and Michael Shellenberger's recent New York Times op-ed and subsequent essays have raised a number of questions that are well worth considering, </span>especially by fans of the series.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>What Role for Experts in the Climate Debate?</div><div>Balancing Trust, Advocacy, and Social Change</div><div>
</div><div>--Guest post by Greg Alvarez</div><div>
</div><div>The release this week of the latest United Nations report on climate change has generated renewed debate over the role that scientists should play in mobilizing support for policy action. Some scientists are hesitant to enter this arena, fearing that such advocacy has the potential to undermine their credibility and objectivity, while eroding the public’s confidence in their work.</div><div>
</div><div>Others believe that the scope and immediacy of the climate crisis compels them to become advocates for political action, and that if done appropriately, such a role does not conflict with their work as scientists. Bill McKibben even went so far as to argue this week that scientists should “go on strike,” no longer talking about their science. “At this point the white lab coats would be better used drawing attention to sit-ins and protests than drawing yet another set of ignored conclusions,” he wrote. </div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Our Biopolitics Future</div><div>Public Debates Will Blur Left/Right Differences</div><div>
</div><div>If you follow the rapid pace of advances in biomedicine and the life sciences, you may have wondered why more politically liberal countries like Germany and Canada have stronger restrictions on embryonic stem cell research than the more politically conservative United States. To be sure, history and happenstance play a role, but these differences also reflect public concerns that blur traditional left/right distinctions, suggesting the need for experts and their institutions to invest in a new type of public and media conversation about what scientific innovations mean for society.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div><b>Food Biotech Gridlock</b></div><div><b>Why Allowing Labeling May Assuage Public Skepticism</b></div><div>
</div><div>--Todd Newman and Matthew Nisbet</div><div>
</div><div>In November, Washington state voters rejected Initiative 522 that would have required foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMO) to be labeled. If the vote passed, Washington would have been the first state in the nation to require such labeling. With roughly $30 million in total spending, the ballot fight was the most expensive in the state’s history, making Washington the latest public stage for the ongoing conflict over GMOs that pits industry and many scientists against an increasingly well-funded coalition of media-savvy advocates. </div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Barriers to Climate Legislation Following the 2016 Election</div><div>Political Dysfunction Requires a New Paradigm for Climate Advocacy</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>Political forecasts are always difficult to make. But given the dysfunction in Washington and the fall out from Obamacare, as I write in a column at Ensia magazine this week, environmentalists would be wise to reflect on what are quickly appearing to be tough barriers to passing a major climate bill following the 2016 election. Even assuming that an experienced leader like Hillary Clinton is elected president, let’s take a moment to consider how these barriers are likely to shape up.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Our Super Zip State of Mind</div><div>Engaging with Life in Communities Not Like Our Own</div><div>
</div><div>Chances are if you are reading this blog, you live and work in a “Super Zip,” one of America’s most affluent neighborhoods and zip codes. Super Zips rank in the top 5 percent nationally in education and earnings, according to the <b>American Enterprise Institute's Charles Murray</b> who coined the term. On average, households in Super Zips earn $120,000 annually with 70 percent of adults holding college degrees.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>The McKibben Doctrine</div><div>How Deep Green Politics Undermine Climate Action</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>In the two decades since he first wrote about global warming, Bill McKibben has become the most visible environmental activist in the United States, pioneering new methods of social protest, and redefining the way environmental groups practice politics. Today he is at the center of the US climate movement.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">Greenpeace Inc.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">The $336 Million-a-Year Multinational Organization Turns its Focus to the US and Global South</span></div><div>
</div><div>A March 9 profile on The Observer spotlights writer and activist <b>Mark Lynas,</b> who has gained notable attention for arguing that environmentalists need to reconsider their longstanding opposition to nuclear energy and genetic engineering. As Lynas told The Observer, during his days as an activist, he had viewed the Green movement as a brave, scrappy underdog – a little David battling the Goliaths of industry, government, and conservatives. </div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Partisans, the Weather, or the Economy?</div><div>The Dynamics of Public Opinion about Climate Change</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>In a report released today, the Pew Center for People and the Press details the issues that Americans view as the "top priority for the President and Congress," with the economy and jobs dominating the list for the fourth straight year (the national debt is a close third). <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><b>Out of 21 possible priorities, protecting the environment ranks #12 </b>and dealing with global warming -- for the fourth straight year -- ranks last.</span> </div><div>
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</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>America’s Honest Brokers</div><div>How Scientists Can Effectively Engage Society</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>In 2009, I contributed a chapter to an edited volume that was a first attempt on my part to dig deeper into the the normative and ethical dimensions of science communication, particularly many of the questions that had been raised by the growing attention to communication research over the decade and the correlated attention to the role of scientists in high-profile political debates over stem cell research, climate change, evolution and other policy controversies. In doing so, I drew on on my experience in discussing and giving talks specific to the role of framing in science policy-debates. I also drew on the contributions of <b>science policy scholars, most notably Roger Pielke Jr.'s and Daniel Sarewitz's </b>work on "politicization" and the different roles that scientists and their organizations can play in managing policy conflict.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Diversifying the Climate Movement</div><div>New Narratives and Investments Needed to Engage Minority Communities</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>At Politico today, there is an important article focusing on the inability of the environmental movement -- for the most part -- to move beyond a primarily white, liberal base and to engage minority communities. As Politico's Talia Buford reports, many greens blame the failure of the cap and trade campaign to engage minority communities on opponents who warned of the damaging economic costs to low income communities. Yet this rationale overlooks the differential costs that cap and trade would have placed on minority communities -- one reason why some greens were pushing for a cap and dividend program. The explanation also overlooks the failure of greens for the most part to make an issue like climate change relevant to minority communities, or to even devote significant resources and staff to engagement.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>The Signal and the Noise</div><div>In Obsessing Over Polls and Models, We All Lose</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>If you are a Democrat, you were likely feeling good on Election Day about President Obama’s chances. Many pollsters and forecasters predicted an Obama victory, with The New York Times’ Nate Silver pegging his chances at 90.9%. Not surprisingly, conservatives voiced skepticism about Silver’s prediction, making the science and art of modeling the subject of considerable attention at cable news and blogs.</div><div>
</div><div>Silver provides a useful and powerful new resource for understanding the cascade of polls that have come to dominate discussion of elections. Yet it’s the news media’s very obsession with polls and models that hinders our ability to talk about substantive issues. When advocates, for example, deservedly complained that we had gone months without talking about climate change only to be woken from our slumber by a tragic storm, we can thank in part the media’s infatuation with polls and modeling.</div><div>
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</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Our Unproductive Climate Debate</div><div>Broadening and Diversifying Public Concern</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>Public opinion about climate change, observes the New York Times' Andrew Revkin, can be compared to “waves in a shallow pan,” easily tipped with “a lot of sloshing but not a lot of depth.” In a chapter published last year at the Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society, I review research that provides several explanations for the complex nature of U.S. public opinion. Environmental, political and media conditions will change over time, but the basic processes by which individuals and social groups interpret climate change will remain generally the same, and it is these processes that I highlight in the chapter.</div><div>
</div><div>I discuss studies identifying an "issue public" of Americans supporting political action and a similarly sized segment of Americans opposing action. Between these tail-end segments, more than 2/3 of Americans still remain relatively ambivalent about the importance and urgency of climate change. I also discuss how research is being used to identify and develop communication initiatives that empower and enable these publics to reach decisions and to participate in societal debates. Scholars are examining how values, social identity, mental models, social ties, and information sources combine to shape judgments and decisions.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Winning the Future</div><div>How Obama Can Defy Critics and Shift Momentum</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>As President Obama prepares for tomorrow’s night Presidential debate, he faces the most important public appearance of his political career.<b> Obama’s poor performance in the first debate, combined with Romney’s successful appeal, has contributed to a tightening of the national and battleground polls, and a sizable enthusiasm differential that favors Republicans. </b> In the second debate, delivering at least a draw might help Obama stem the momentum gap with Romney, and the erosion of support among likely women voters. </div><div>
</div><div>To do so, many commentators have argued that the President has to be more confrontational, going on the attack against Romney, calling him out on what they perceive to be the major “lies” of his campaign. MSNBC’s Chris Matthews in the moments after the first debate went so far as to argue that the President needs to watch more of his program and network: "We have our knives out…We go after the people and the facts. What was he doing tonight? He went in there disarmed."</div><div>
</div><div>Yet a lack of confrontation is not what has hurt Obama. To the contrary, it is the Obama campaign’s one-dimensional negativity that has helped Romney close the gap in the polls and that has elevated the success of his first debate performance. In the second debate tuesday night, defying the expectations of pundits and his base, Obama can reverse momentum by returning to the style and narratives that not so long ago made him a transformational political leader.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Questioning the Wisdom of Denier Discourse</div><div>Labels as a Barrier to Action on Climate Change</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div><b>It's difficult to imagine today, but only four years ago, we were debating the wisdom of calling those who oppose action on climate change "deniers." In a 2008 interview with PRI The World, I suggested that the term "denier" was counter-productive. </b>Resorting to extreme language and name calling in the climate debate not only inflames tensions among opponents, but for a wider spectator public struggling to come to terms with climate change as a societal priority, resorting to "denier" rhetoric misses the opportunity to more persuasively connect the issue to commonly shared values, or to fashion compromise around policy approaches.</div><div>
</div><div>As we look past the election to what might be possible on climate and energy policy during the next Administration, we would be well served to reflect carefully on the labels and rhetoric we all-too-easily come to adopt in reference to opponents and allies alike.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Diffusing Public Anger Over Climate Change</div><div>Study tests emotional reactions to different frames</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">If you live in an American city, chances are this summer you have experienced the health effects of climate change. As Richard Harris reported at NPR News earlier this month, people who live in cities -- where there are far fewer trees and lots of pavement -- are more vulnerable to the effects of extreme heat. Rising temperatures associated with climate change not only put people at risk directly, but can also lead to more severe asthma and allergies</span>.</div><div>
</div><div>Focusing on the human health effects of climate change -- and the benefits to health if we take action -- opens the door to an important new way of communicating about climate change, a strategy that can inspire hope among those disengaged on the issue, while diffusing anger among those otherwise opposed to action. As Richard Harris reported in a follow-up story at NPR News, research that I have been conducting with Edward Maibach and colleagues shows that people across the political spectrum respond more favorably to warnings about climate change when the issue is framed as a public health problem rather than as an environmental threat. </div><div>
</div><div>As I told Harris about the strategy: "Not only does it lead to emotionally engaging responses among a broad cross section of Americans, it also helps to localize the issue for people and to view the issue as more personally relevant." The research offers evidence of a frame of reference that could help define common ground on the issue: "The idea of protecting people, the innocent especially, from harm, and caring for the innocent, is a value that's widely held across the political spectrum,"</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>Reflections on Mann and Ornstein’s Quest for Democratic Accountability</div><div>Liberals Should Lead on Rebuilding Our Civic Culture</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>Earlier this year, Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein published It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. As they detail, to the extent that both parties have become more ideologically consistent in their makeup, hyperpartisanship in Congress has collided with a Constitutional system that depends on compromise and collaboration to get things done. But as they also argue, things are made much worse by an asymmetry in American politics, as the Republican party has veered far to the right relative to a Democratic party that has moved more modestly to the left.</div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div> </div><div>In Defense of Obama’s Compromise Strategy</div><div>The Burden of Proof Rests with Liberal Critics</div><div>
</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In a speech Tuesday night at the Democratic National Convention, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick admonished viewers across the country that “it’s time for Democrats to stiffen our backbone and stand up for what we believe.” His remarks were aimed at mobilizing Democrats to rally in defense of President Obama’s achievements, particularly passage of health care reform. </span></div><div>
</div><div>READ MORE</div><div>Rebuilding America’s Public Square</div><div>Matthew Nisbet</div><div>With three months to go, the 2012 election campaign, as FactCheck.org recently editorialized, can best be summed up “by the cavalier disregard for facts on both sides,” and by a “bitter and trivial” focus that fails to “engage the public in a fact-based discussion of the hard choices” that face the country.</div><div>Sadly, things are only likely to get worse.</div><div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At The Tyee this week, a terrific non-profit online magazine covering news, culture and solutions as they relate to British Columbia and beyond, Geoff Dembicki profiles Bill McKibben and his work as a co-founder...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Why Google's Support for James Inhofe Is Not Only Morally Wrong, But Bad for Business</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2011, as a Google Science Communication fellow, I spent several days with other scientists and academics at the company’s headquarters learning about new tools and strategies for engaging the public on climate...</font></div>
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<h1 class="text-center" style=" text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1rem 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Why Google's Support for James Inhofe Is Not Only Morally Wrong, But Bad for Business</font></h1>
<p class="text-center byline" style=" text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.7; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by <span class="author" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="http://bigthink.com/users/matthewnisbet" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">MATTHEW C. NISBET</a></span></font></p><ul class="side-info" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem 1.1rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.54; list-style: none; position: absolute; left: 677px; top: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="social-sharing vertical" style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.54; list-style: none;">
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<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.7; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2011, as a <a href="http://www.google.com/edu/science/fellows.html" target="_blank" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">Google Science Communication fellow</a>, I spent several days with other scientists and academics at the company’s headquarters learning about new tools and strategies for engaging the public on climate change.</font></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">That’s why so many of us were deeply troubled to learn about Google’s July 11, 2013 fundraiser supporting Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe’s 2014 re-election campaign.</font></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a <a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2013/08/01/open-letter-from-google-science-communication-fellows/" target="_blank" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">letter released today</a> signed by 17 distinguished Google fellows, we ask chairman Eric Schmidt and CEO Larry Page to reconsider their political support for Inhofe. </font></span>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;">In a related </span><a href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/google-science-fellows-challenge-companys-support-for-inhof/" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">commentary</a><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"> at the <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">New York Times'</span> Dot Earth blog, four of us explain why supporting Inhofe puts at risk the company’s reputation and long term business success.</span></font>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Here's a key excerpt:</font></span></p>
<blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px -114px 20px; padding: 0.5625rem 1.25rem 0px 1.1875rem; border-left-style: none; line-height: 1.54; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style=" text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Not only does supporting Senator Inhofe go against Google’s core principles, the company also risks its reputation. Increasingly, consumers expect their most admired companies to “walk the walk” on climate issues. According to a <a href="http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/Behavior-April-2013.pdf" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">recent survey</a>, about a quarter of Americans say that they have used their purchasing power to either reward or punish companies for their climate change track record. An equivalent number say they have discussed what they see as a company’s irresponsible environmental behavior with friends or family.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Google’s support for Senator Inhofe has already <a href="http://blogs.kqed.org/newsfix/2013/07/24/google-james-inhofe-climate-change-fundraiser" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">angered consumers</a> and looks especially bad in comparison to the recent actions of a major competitor. In 2009, Apple quit the U.S. Chamber of Commerce over the group’s opposition to limits on greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. “We would prefer that the Chamber take a more progressive stance on this critical issue and play a constructive role in addressing the climate crisis,” the company <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/20647361/Apple-Chamber-1" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">wrote in a letter</a> announcing its resignation.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Earlier this year, Apple hired former Environmental Protection Administrator Lisa Jackson to expand the company’s environmental and energy initiatives. As Apple CEO Tim Cook <a href="file:///C:/Users/Jeff%20Nesbit/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/465ANGO8/Jackson%20can%20make%20Apple%20the%20top%20environmental%20leader%20in%20the%20tech%20sector%20by%20helping%20the%20company%20use%20its%20influence%20to%20push%20electric%20utilities%20and%20governments%20to%20provide%20the%20clean%20energy%20that%20both%20Apple%20and%20America%20need%20right%20now.%22" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">declared in a statement</a>, Jackson would make Apple the “top environmental leader in the tech sector,” using its influence to “push electric utilities and governments to provide the clean energy that both Apple and America need right now.”</font></p>
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<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.7; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We also explain why as a global company, delay in acting on climate change threatens the health of world economies and thereby the future of Google:</font></p>
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<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Apart from the</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> possible damage to its reputation, Google’s support for Senator Inhofe matters in other ways as well. To power its operations, <a href="http://www.google.com/green/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;">Google has invested</a> heavily in energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy projects. These investments are predicated on the idea that climate change creates business risks, and among the best actions for managing those risks is to reduce emissions.</span></font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Yet absent the proposed climate policies that Senator Inhofe and his allies have so effectively blocked, these technologies will remain more costly than they otherwise would be, limiting Google’s return on investment. Political paralysis also muddles the ability of Google and other companies to engage in long-term planning, creating further financial risk.</font>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The lack of international cooperation on meaningful actions to address climate change poses an even greater threat to global companies like Google, since their profits are closely tied to the performance of the world economy. Each year we delay acting, the more vulnerable our economies become to potentially catastrophic climate change impacts and the more costly it becomes to transform our global energy system.</font></p>
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<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.7; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As we conclude, Google's mistake also offers an enduring lesson for what's needed if we are going to create the conditions for progress on climate change.</font></p>
<blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px -114px 20px; padding: 0.5625rem 1.25rem 0px 1.1875rem; border-left-style: none; line-height: 1.54; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
<p style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.5; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">By speaking out when our admired companies and political leaders let us down, we are the only ones who can create the conditions where the morally right thing to do is also good for politics and business.</font></span></p>
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<p style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.7; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">See Also:</font></strong>
<a href="http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2013/08/01/open-letter-from-google-science-communication-fellows/" style=" box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit;"><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"><font color="#000000" size="4" face="Times New Roman">Open Letter Executive Chairman and CEO of Google from Google Science Communication Fellows</font></strong></a>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ALMOST 2 YEARS AGO 5 SHARES 1 4 </font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Hill Newspaper on Obama's Climate Change Messaging</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This past week at The Hill newspaper, Ben Geman analyzed President Obama's speech on climate change, highlighting remarks from environmentalists who welcome Obama's apparent shift in communication strategy. In...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ABOUT 2 YEARS AGO 1 SHARE 1 </font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Debating Bioethics Openly: Taking Advantage of Major Events to Engage the Public</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the July issue of The Scientist magazine, my colleague Declan Fahy and I contributed a commentary discussing the need for scientists and ethicists to engage the public on major trends and innovations taking...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ABOUT 2 YEARS AGO 2 SHARES 2 </font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Opponent: How Bill McKibben Changed Environmental Politics and Took on the Oil Patch</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For the May/June issue of Canada’s Policy Options magazine, I contributed an article adapted from my Spring 2013 Shorenstein Center paper examining the career of environmental writer and activist Bill McKibben....</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ABOUT 2 YEARS AGO 4 SHARES 1 1 1</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At New Scientist Magazine, Assessing the UK Government's Goal of Changing the Conversation About Food Biotechnology</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the New Scientist magazine last week, I was asked to provide an analysis of UK environment minister Owen Paterson’s announcement that his government would seek to change the conversation about food biotech in...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ABOUT 2 YEARS AGO 2 SHARES 1 </font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Harvard Shorenstein Paper on "Nature's Prophet: Bill McKibben as Journalist, Public Intellectual and Activist"</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a paper released today by Harvard University, I analyze the career of writer-turned-activist Bill McKibben and his impact over the past 20 years on the climate change debate. Below is a description of the...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BMC Medical Ethics Study Evaluates the Media Impact of Rebecca Skloot's Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a new study at the journal BMC Medical Ethics, my colleague Declan Fahy and I analyze the journalistic and critical reception of Rebecca Skloot's 2010 best-selling book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>A Reply to Time Magazine's Michael Grunwald: Why Analysis and Critical Reflection on the XL Tar Sands Pipeline Is Needed</b></font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In a column this week at Time magazine, Michael Grunwald says he's on the side of activists who oppose the XL Tar Sands pipeline and chides the "respectable centrist pundits" who have raised questions about the...</font></div>
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<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">OVER 2 YEARS AGO 3 SHARES 2 1 </font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Beyond-coal-calcutta</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Diversifying the Climate Movement</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by MATTHEW C. NISBET</font></div>
<div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Over at The Breakthrough, I have a Public Square post up discussing the need for the environmental movement to broaden and diversify their public outreach, connecting in particular with minority communities....</font></div>
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<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Bombshell exclusive: Leading expert withdraws name from Climate Shift report,</b> explains how key conclusion that environmentalists weren’t outspent by opponents of climate bill “is contradicted by Nisbet’s own data”</font></font></div>
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<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">BY JOE ROMM APR 18, 2011 8:03PM</font></div>
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<h3 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; border: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet’s data actually shows enviros were far outspent, especially where it mattered most: Lobbying, advertising, and election spending</font></h3>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Brulle’s letter of withdrawal </span>is reposted with permission at the end.</font></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-weight: inherit;">UPDATE: </span><span style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The Nieman Foundation for Journalism at </span><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Harvard </b></span><span style="font-weight: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">just reposted my entire piece with this headline and lede:</span></font></span></p>
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<h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=background.view&backgroundid=00525" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Killing a false narrative before it takes hold</font></span></a></h3>
<p style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">COMMENTARY</strong> | April 18, 2011</span> <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Busting an embargo, ClimateProgress.com’s Joe Romm blisteringly dismantles an upcoming academic report on climate change advocacy in hopes no reporters will be taken in.</span></font>
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<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Prof. Matthew Nisbet of American University has written an error-riddled, self-contradictory, demonstrable false report, <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Climate Shift: Clear Vision for the Next Decade of Public Debate </span>[<a href="http://climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ClimateShift_Report_AmericanUniversity-UPDATED.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">big PDF here</a>]. The 99-page report’s two central, but ridiculous, claims are:</font></span></span></span></span>
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<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The environmental movement outspent opponents during the climate bill debate.</font></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Media coverage of climate change has become balanced and was not a factor in the defeat of the cap-and-trade bill.</font></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report makes these untenable claims in order to shift the blame for the bill’s failure to climate scientists, environmentalists, foundations, and most especially Al Gore.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">None of the report’s major conclusions can stand the light of day, particularly those two. <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Climate Shift</span> is not a revisionist history. It is a counterfactual history.</font></span></span></span>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Now I don’t think progressives have tried hard enough to explain why the climate bill failed — including what we and our allies did wrong — leaving the door open for bogus analysis. So in a series of posts, I will not merely refute every aspect of Nisbet’s paper, I will try to explain what in fact did go wrong (and right) — and why<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">. </strong>This post will serve as an overview of the paper’s myriad flaws.<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">
</strong></span></span></span> </font>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">The bombshell is that </span><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="http://www.pages.drexel.edu/brullerj/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Dr. Robert J. Brulle</a> of Drexel University had his name pulled off the report’s list of expert paid reviewers late last week when he finally saw the whole finished report — and he returned Nisbet’s check.</span> </strong>In an exclusive series of interviews, Brulle, whom the <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">NYT </span><a href="http://climateprogress.org/2009/05/03/messaging-ecoamerica-global-warming-pollution/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">called</a> “an expert on environmental communications, explained to me that “<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">I think it is really bad and I don’t want to be associated with it</strong>.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brulle told me the study has “many flaws,” and “selectively used the literature.” Indeed, Brulle, who is <a href="http://www.asanet.org/sections/environment.cfm" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">past chair</a> of the Environment and Technology section of the American Sociological Association, says “I gave him refereed articles that countered his thesis and he ignored them.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">UPDATE: Nisbet has replied to this post and Brulle responds at the end.</font></span></span></span></span></p>
<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.15em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NISBET’S FINANCIAL MISANALYSIS</font></span></span></span></h4>
<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: outside;">
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet in the <a href="http://climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ClimateShift-Exec_Summary_FINAL.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Executive Summary</a>: “The national environmental groups working on climate change have closed the financial gap with their longstanding opponents among conservative think tanks, groups and industry associations.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brulle: <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“I say ‘no’ and Nisbet’s own data contradicts that statement.”</strong></font></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Brulle took me through Nisbet’s financial analysis — the report’s big ‘news hook’ — to explain how Nisbet’s own data proves the exact opposite of his main conclusion. Nisbet’s own data proves <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">environmentalists were outspent </strong><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">at least 4-to-1 on advertising and beaten</strong><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> 10-to-1 on election spending.
</strong></span></span></span> </font>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brulle pointed out one “extremely dubious assumption” that will make your head explode. Nisbet counted <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">the entire lobbying budget <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">on all issues </span>from major corporations like BP, Bank of America, GE, and ConocoPhillips</strong>, in the total of what was “representative of the capacity for power and influence” that the environmentalists supposedly had to bring to bear on the climate bill debate. Lobbying experts I spoke to said it was a “complete joke” to think companies like BP spent any signficant amount of its lobbying budget pushing for the climate bill.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Even with this assumption, Nisbet’s numbers show that opponents held a spending edge in lobbying. But absent this absurd assumption, Nisbet’s own numbers would suggest<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">opponents of the bill had more than 10 times the lobbying muscle of environmentalists</strong>.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet asserts, “The analysis of lobbying expenditures is based on data compiled by the Center for Responsive Politics.” Yet, last August, Open Secrets blog, which investigates money in politics, published “<a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2010/08/pro-environment-groups-were-outmatc.html" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Pro-Environment Groups Outmatched, Outspent in Battle Over Climate Change Legislation</a>,” which concluded, “the <a href="http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indusclient.php?year=2009&lname=E01&id=" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">oil and gas industry</a> unleashed a fury of lobbying expenditures in 2009, spending $175 million — easily an industry record — and <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">outpacing the pro-environmental groups by nearly eight-fold, according to a Center for Responsive Politics analysis.</strong>”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since that eight-fold ratio is not inconsistent with Nisbet’s (corrected) numbers, it stands as the most plausible estimate until something far more thorough is published in the peer-reviewed literature.</font></span></span></span>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Brulle said that after his detailed review of the financial data, “<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">My overall analysis is that the rest of the report eviscerates the executive summary.</strong>“</span> On Tuesday, I’ll publish a detailed debunking and reanalysis of the financial data<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">.
</strong></span></span></span> </font></p>
<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.15em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NISBET’s MEDIA MISANALYSIS</font></span></span></span></h4>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I interviewed a number of experts about this report, including Max Boykoff, one of the country’s leading authorities on the media coverage of climate. Boykoff was also a paid expert reviewer, and, like Brulle, he also didn’t see the finished report or Executive Summary until it was also distributed to the press late last week.</font></span></span></span></p>
<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: outside;">
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet in Exec Sum: “The era of false balance in news coverage of climate science has come to an end. In comparison to other factors, the impact of conservative media and commentators on wider public opinion remains limited.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Max Boykoff: <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“This particular conclusion reaches beyond the findings in the study.”</strong></font></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Brulle</span><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">: “I think this conclusion is bogus.”</span>
</strong></font></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So the second, shaky pillar of Nisbet’s analysis is built on quicksand.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">What’s unfortunate is that, according to Boykoff, Nisbet did an interesting, but narrow piece of research that “just looked at media coverage surrounding the human contribution to climate change” and the reality of climate change in a few print and online news sources, <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">but not television</strong>. That said, Boykoff explained to me that he stands behind his 2010 analysis that “exaggeration of outlier voices [“denialism”] continues within the U.S. media” (see <a title="Permanent Link to Must-read (again) study: How the press bungles its coverage of climate economics " the="" media="media" s="" decision="" to="" play="" stenographer="" role="" helped="" opponents="" of="" climate="" action="" stifle="" progress="progress" rel="bookmark" href="http://climateprogress.org/2009/05/07/media-coverage-climate-economics-pooley/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Boykoff on “Exaggerating Denialism</a>). Both he and Brulle believe the impact of the disinformation campaign and media miscoverage can’t be dismissed. Many other experts ignored by Nisbet agree.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Amazingly, Nisbet, who doesn’t do any analysis of his own on the impact of Fox News, repeatedly asserts that watching Fox News has no net impact on viewers since but merely reinforces the views of those who choose to watch </span>it (p. 66):</font></span></span></span></p>
<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none;">
<p style=" margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">… the use of conservative media outlets such as Fox News and focusing events such as Climategate tend to reinforce existing views about climate change rather than altering them.</font></span></span></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The problem for Nisbet is that both of the major papers he cites on the subject come to a different conclusion. In particular, he cites a study led by Jon Krosnick of Stanford, “<a href="http://woods.stanford.edu/docs/surveys/Global-Warming-Fox-News.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Frequent Viewers of Fox News Are Less Likely to Accept Scientists’ Views of Global Warming</a>.” Nisbet claims this is an accurate reading of the paper (p. 67):</font></span></span></span></p>
<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none;">
<p style=" margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Krosnick attributes the findings to motivated reasoning. Conservative-leaning individuals who already hold stronger doubts about climate change are more likely to view Fox News, and this viewing reinforces these doubts.</font></span></span></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">But that isn’t what Krosnick concludes</strong>, as anyone can see. Krosnick notes that his “Figure 1 shows how more exposure to Fox News was associated with less endorsement of the views of mainstream scientists about global warming,” and says while he can’t know for sure whether people were persuaded by Fox or selectively chose Fox:</font></span></span></span></p>
<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none;">
<p style=" margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We therefore suspect that the relations documented in Figure 1 are likely to result from <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">a combination of persuasion by Fox News coverage </strong>and of selective exposure by Republicans and conservative viewers to Fox News.</font></span></span></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet himself correctly notes that the second study he cites, <a title="ica10_proceeding_405225.pdf" href="http://www.allacademic.com/one/www/www/index.php?cmd=Download+Document&key=unpublished_manuscript&file_index=1&pop_up=true&no_click_key=true&attachment_style=attachment&PHPSESSID=9de21c4498803a334c8949164ef5dad7" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“Climate on Cable: The Effects of Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC on Global Warming Beliefs and Perceptions,”</a> led by Feldman found that “the views of Republicans on climate change may be less solidified than Democrats, thereby making them more easily influenced by the content of cable news,” specifically Fox News. In fact, Feldman’s study itself explicitly says its findings are “<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">suggestive of direct persuasion</strong>, whereby the views of conservative-Republicans are reflective of the cable news outlet they watch.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">So the two key papers Nisbet cites find that the viewers of Fox News’ biased climate coverage are less likely to accept scientists’ views of global warming — and that direct persuasion appears to have played a role in shifting their views. So much for his Exec Sum assertion <span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">“The era of false balance in news coverage of climate science has come to an end.” </span>For more background on why Nisbet’s claim is absurd, see “<a href="http://climateprogress.org/2010/12/15/leaked-email-fox-news-sammon-cast-doubt-on-climate-science/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Foxgate: Leaked email reveals Fox News boss Bill Sammon ordered staff to cast doubt on climate science</a>.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Also, you have to wait until page 57 for Nisbet to briefly mention journalists Eric Pooley’s devastating analysis of how the U.S media miscovered the economic debate over climate change in 2007 and 2008. Nisbet notes, “Pooley strongly criticized his colleagues for balancing the assessment provided by academic economists and nonpartisan agencies with the exaggerated economic impacts claimed by many conservative organizations and Republican leaders.” Indeed, as I reported, Pooley concluded, <a href="http://climateprogress.org/2009/05/07/media-coverage-climate-economics-pooley/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The media’s decision to play the stenographer role helped opponents of climate action stifle progress.</strong>“</a> He found, “The press misrepresented the economic debate over cap and trade” and “The press allowed opponents of climate action to replicate the false debate over climate science in the realm of climate economics.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">There are many other biases in coverage that Nisbet’s 99-page report ignores entirely, which I’ll cover in a separate post. One of the most obvious is simply the overall collapse in coverage of the story of the century (see, for instance, the work of both Brulle and Boykoff cited in <a title="Permanent Link to Silence of the Lambs: Media herd's coverage of climate change " fell="" off="" the="" map="map" in="" rel="bookmark" href="http://climateprogress.org/2011/01/03/media-coverage-fell-off-the-map-in-2010/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> Media herd’s coverage of climate change “fell off the map” in 2010</a>).</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">UPDATE: MediaMatters further debunks Nisbet’s media analysis here: “<a href="http://mediamatters.org/blog/201104180022" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Report Glosses Over Media Failures In Climate Coverage</a>.”</font></span></span></span></span></p>
<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.15em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">NISBET GOES AFTER GORE</font></span></span></span></h4>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet writes head-exploding stuff about Al Gore:</font></span></span></span></p>
<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: outside;">
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet in Exec Sum: “Gore has consistently sought to mobilize progressives politically, pairing his messages about climate science with attacks on Republicans.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Boykoff: <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“I don’t agree with that statement.”</strong></font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Brulle: <span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">“His claim about the role of Vice President Gore has no valid empirical data behind it.”</strong></span></font></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another counterfactual. Gore reached out to Republicans in his famous WE campaign — remember Gingrich and Pelosi on the couch. Many major Republicans, <a href="http://climateprogress.org/2010/10/24/gop-cap-and-trade-flip-flop/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">including Gingrich in 2007</a>, supported cap-and-trade before flip-flopping in 2009, suggesting it was something other than Gore’s advocacy to blaim (see <a title="Permanent Link to Tim Pawlenty: " every="" of="" us="us" running="" for="" president="" has="" flip-flopped="" climate="" change="change" rel="bookmark" href="http://climateprogress.org/2011/03/29/tim-pawlenty-president-flip-flopped-on-climate-change/" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tim Pawlenty: “Every one of us” running for president has flip-flopped on climate change</a>).</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">The discussion of Al Gore ignores basic scholarship on the climate denial efforts, and supports an ideological position that is not grounded in an empirical analysis</strong>,” as Brulle put it to me. In a later post on Gore, I’ll show how Nisbet ignores facts and mis-cites scholarship on this subject to make his case. Nisebet’s counterfactual report should be retitled <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Blame Shift</span>.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the report, Nisbet actually calls the Nobel-Prize winning former VP ‘the Goracle’ — “the media widely speculated as to whether the Goracle would run for president” (p. 65) — which Brulle considers “<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">totally unprofessional</strong>.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Later Nisbet writes of “Gore’s divorce and news stories alleging sexual misconduct” and how it “contributed to a 14 percent drop in his favorability (see Figure 4.2)”! Seriously. For the record, Gore is separated, one of countless small, but telling mistakes that accompanying the large blunders in Nisbet’s report.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The ideology Nisbet is pushing is The Breakthrough Institute’s, as we’ll see in a later post. And like TBI, we have someone who seems to be an environmentalist launching a trumped up attack on the role of environmentalists and Gore in the climate bill — with a report and major media briefing right before Earth Day to maximize media coverage and media sensationalism.</font></span></span></span></p>
<h4 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.15em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">WHAT THE STUDY’S PRESS ADVISORY TELLS US</font></span></span></span></h4>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Consider what happened when Nisbet sent out the embargoed report to the media (not CP, though) along with a press advisory. <span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">NY Times</span> opinion blogger Andy Revkin immediately ran the press advisory on his <a href="http://revkin.tumblr.com/post/4592239565/greens-far-outspent-fossil-fans-in-cap-trade-fight" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tumblr page</a> (his headline):</font></span></span></span></p>
<blockquote style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 3em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; quotes: none;">
<p style=" margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">13th April 2011</font></span></span></span></p>
<h4 style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.15em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://revkin.tumblr.com/post/4592239565/greens-far-outspent-fossil-fans-in-cap-trade-fight" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Greens Far Outspent Fossil Fans in Cap-Trade Fight</font></a></span></span></span></h4>
<p style=" margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Most intriguing press advisory of the day (same was true with California climate-bill ballot initiative):</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For Immediate Release
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">In Cap and Trade Fight, Environmentalists Held Spending Edge Over Opponents, New Report Finds</span></font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">American University Study is First to Compare Funding, Media Coverage and Strategy of Green Groups and Industry-Linked Organizations</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Web Media Briefing April 19, 2011, 2:00pm ET”¦.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Washington, D.C. – New research counters the commonly-held view that cap and trade legislation failed because of the spending advantages of opponents and false balance in news coverage.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The report, Climate Shift: Clear Vision for the Next Decade of Public Debate, will be released April 19 by American University Professor Matthew Nisbet, Ph.D.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet will host a web-based media briefing on Tuesday, April 19, 2011 at 2:00 p.m.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The study is the first to systematically analyze the financial resources, strategies, communication activities and impacts of those advocating for action on climate change and to draw comparisons to those opposing action among conservative groups and industry”¦.</font></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">As you can see, <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">the claim in the release — “New research counters the commonly-held view that cap and trade legislation failed because of the spending advantages of opponents and false balance in news coverage” — is disputed by two of the five original reviewers, is eviscerated by the data in the report, and is inconsistent with a number of studies that Nisbet cites (and miscites).
</strong></span></span></span> </font>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The headlines of the press advisory and of Revkin’s reposting tell you what the news hook for this study is — the financial (mis)analysis.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And these quotes on the shifting characterizations of the funding “gap’ between environmental groups and the opposition tell you all you need to know about how this study is being over spun to the media and how it might be wildly overspun by the media:</font></span></span></span></p>
<ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 24px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: outside;">
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Full Report (p. 1): “As the analysis indicates, the environmental movement <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">has made sizable gains in closing the spending gap</strong> with their conservative and industry opponents.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exec Sum (p. 2): “The national environmental groups working on climate change<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">have closed the financial gap</strong> with their longstanding opponents among conservative think tanks, groups and industry associations.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Press Release headline: “In Cap and Trade Fight, <strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Environmentalists Held Spending Edge</strong> over Opponents, New Report Finds.”</font></span></span></span></li>
<li style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Revkin’s headline for Tumblr: “<strong style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Greens Far Outspent Fossil Fans in Cap-Trade Fight</strong>.”</font></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Yet Revkin routinely accuses others of exaggerating the findings of reports or being too quick to jump on one single new study without checking it with independent experts or other studies!</font></span></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Updated Final Note: In the original embargoed report [<a href="http://climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ClimateShift_report_FINAL.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">big PDF here</a>], on the very first page, we can see <span style=" background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Nisbet trying to give his treatise the veneer of scholarship by assembling an expert panel of paid “formal reviewers,” </span>which he states was done “to make sure that the report meets the highest standards for rigor, evidence and accuracy.” Brulle withdrew his name in part because he does not believe the report meets any of those standards. Nisbet later revised this section, but the veneer remains. I was sent the (slightly) revised report [<a href="http://climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ClimateShift_Report_AmericanUniversity-UPDATED.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">big PDF here</a>].</font></span></span></span>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">As an important aside, normally I would not break be the first to break an embargo, even for a report that was sent to me by a third-party. But<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> once it became clear how the analysis was being misrepresented to the media, and how the media itself might further misrepresent the supposed findings — as Revkin’s Tumblr posting makes clear — I realized that if I waited until the report was released, there was a good chance that extremely erroneous stories would be written. Since I had no idea who the report and press material were sent to, the only way to be sure it was widely seen was to do this post.
</span></span></span></span> </font>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I have no doubt the right wing media, whose impact Nisbet discounts, will take up his misinformation unquestioningly. I hope the traditional media dig harder based at least in part on the reporting and sources in this post.</font></span></span></span>
<font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">UPDATE: Nisbet has posted a reply to this post at climateshiftproject.org. He doesn’t rebut the central critique, and I’ll respond to it tomorrow. Brulle has emailed me a reply and his original email asking to have his name removed.
</span></span></span></span> </font></p>
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<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.4em 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.6em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Joe:</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">I would like to make a couple of points regarding this [Nisbet] commentary for the record.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1. Dr. Nisbet does not respond to the evidence presented that the data in Chapter One of his own report contradicts the conclusions and executive summary regarding the financial differences between supporters and opponents of cap and trade.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2. The conclusions in Chapter 1 were added after I had reviewed the document. Specifically, I never saw the material contained in the third and fourth paragraphs on page 1 (continuing on to page 2), and the conclusion to Chapter 1 that starts on page 23.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">3. I never saw or reviewed the Executive Summary. In fact, Dr. Nisbet never has provided me a copy of this document, and I only learned of what was written here from a third party providing me with this document.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">4. I requested to be removed from the report because I felt that my role was being used to create a veneer of academic legitimacy that I do not believe the report merits. The specifics of my rationale for resignation are detailed below in the email I sent to Dr. Nisbet.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Best
Bob Brulle</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From: Robert Brulle
Sent: Thursday, April 14, 2011 1:03 AM
To: ‘Matthew C. Nisbet’
Subject: Climateshift Report</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Dear Dr. Nisbet:</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Now that I have seen the entire report, I have major disagreements with some of your conclusions, and your characterization of my role in this process. Your description of my role in this effort is misleading at best (and which I had never reviewed or approved). I believe that this report is using my participation in the review process to legitimate its contents, and to try to create the impression that this report meets the criteria of a refereed publication. In my opinion, it does not. I don’t believe that the report as written meets what you call the “highest standards for rigor, evidence and accuracy.”</font></span></span></span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Accordingly, I am returning the honorarium check and formally request that you remove my name from the report.</font></span></span></span>
<span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sincerely,</font></span></span></span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="">Dr. Brulle</font></span></span></span></p>
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<div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">=</font></span></span></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">u maine</font></span></span></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">
</font></span></span></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /></span></span><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><a href="http://www.northeastern.edu/camd/commstudies/people/matthew-nisbet/" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Matthew C. Nisbet, Ph.D.</a> is Associate Professor of <a href="http://www.northeastern.edu/camd/commstudies/people/matthew-nisbet/" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Communication Studies</a> and Affiliate Associate Professor of <a href="http://www.northeastern.edu/policyschool/" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Public Policy and Urban Affairs</a> at Northeastern University. He is a Senior Editor at Oxford University Press’ <a href="http://climatescience.oxfordre.com/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Research Encyclopedia Climate Science</a> and “<a href="https://theconversation.com/columns/matthew-nisbet-114648" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">The Age of Us</a>” columnist at The Conversation. He has served previously on the faculty at American University and The Ohio State University.</font></span></span></font></font></font></font></font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet<strong> </strong>studies the role of communication, media, and public opinion in debates over science, technology, and the environment. The author of more than <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/studies/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">70 peer-reviewed studies, scholarly book chapters, and reports</a>, at Northeastern University he teaches courses in <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/com-589-communication-culture-and-the-environment-spring-2014/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Environmental and Risk Communication</a> and <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/healthcomm/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Health Communication</a>. Nisbet holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Communication from Cornell University and a BA in Government from Dartmouth College.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Among awards and recognition, he has been a <a href="http://shorensteincenter.org/fellowships/fall-2012/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Visiting Shorenstein Fellow </a>at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, a <a href="http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2012/08/scholars--research-offers-insight-into-future-debate-over-climat.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Health Policy Investigator at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a>, a <a href="http://blog.google.org/2011/02/making-sense-of-science-introducing.html" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Google Science Communication Fellow</a>, and is currently a member of the <a href="http://nas-sites.org/publicinterfaces/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">National Academies Roundtable Committee on Public Interfaces in the Life Sciences</a>. He serves on the editorial boards for <em>Public Understanding of Science</em> and the <em>International Journal of Press/Politics; </em>and he is an affiliated researcher with the Climate Change Institute at the University of Maine and the Center for Climate Change Communication at George Mason University.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 2011, the editors at the journal <em>Nature</em> recommended Nisbet’s research as “<a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NatureEditorial_HomeTruths_ClimateShiftReport.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">essential reading for anyone with a passing interest in the climate change debate,</a>” and the <em>New Republic </em>highlighted his work as a “<a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Plumer_Blame-Game_NewRepublic.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">fascinating dissection of the shortcomings of climate activism</a>.” According to Reuters Web of Knowledge, Nisbet’s research has been cited in the peer-reviewed literature more than 1400 times (H-Index = 21), and according to <a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xFIA6gcAAAAJ&hl=en" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Google Scholar</a> more than 4200 times (H-Index = 29). In terms of scholarly impact, these metrics rank him among the top 1 percent of communication researchers worldwide.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet’s research has been funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, and Nathan Cummings Foundation. His consulting experience includes analysis on behalf of the National Academies, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Centers for Disease Control, and other public and private sector clients. A frequently invited speaker, he has given lectures on more than four dozen university and college campuses worldwide and at many other scholarly and professional meetings.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You can read more about his work, professional activities, and teaching at his <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">research web site</a>, <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MatthewCNisbet_CV_Oct2014_NortheasternUniversity.pdf" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">download his C.V.</a>, or <a href="https://twitter.com/MCNisbet" target="blank" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">follow updates via Twitter</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/matthew.c.nisbet?ref=hl" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Facebook</a>.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><strong><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MatthewCNisbet_CV_Oct2014_NortheasternUniversity.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">DOWNLOAD C.V.</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xFIA6gcAAAAJ&hl=en" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">GOOGLE SCHOLAR PAGE</a> | <strong><a href="https://twitter.com/MCNisbet" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">@MCNISBET</a> <strong><strong>| <a href="https://www.facebook.com/matthew.c.nisbet" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">FACEBOOK</a> <strong><strong><strong><strong>| <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKdn5LpJk0EbShFQyUVDyhg" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">YOUTUBE</a> <strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>|</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong> </strong></strong></strong></strong><a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+MatthewNisbet/posts" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">GOOGLE PLUS</a></strong></strong></strong></strong></font></font></p><h3 style="font-style: normal; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Research interests</font></font></h3><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A substantial portion of my research has focused on the communication processes surrounding science-related political controversies that shape risk perceptions, policy preferences, and forms of political behavior. Employing a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods — including surveys, experiments, and in depth interviews –- I have examined how various <a href="http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/March-April%202009/Nisbet-full.html" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">frames of reference</a> , <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/wcc.317" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">policy discourses</a>, and media portrayals not only influence the perceptions of the public, but also the judgments of experts, journalists, and advocates.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For example, with several colleagues, in research funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, I have evaluated how the <a href="http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2012/08/scholars--research-offers-insight-into-future-debate-over-climat.html" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">public understands the health risks of climate change</a> and the related <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/2011/08/08/peak-oil-perceptions-how-americans-view-the-risks-of-a-major-spike-in-oil-prices/" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">risks posed by volatility in energy prices</a>. In each case, we have tested different communication approaches for building support for actions that protect and benefit public health and that make people and places more resilient.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In other research, I have investigated how the public forms judgments and makes decisions about food biotechnology and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0088473" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">emerging areas of biomedicine</a> including <a href="http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/4/1003.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey=3MjSnOLnt3X8XrW" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">stem cell research</a> and genomics. In these studies, we have examined public perceptions of the <a href="http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/tissa/files/2010/02/Knowledge,Reservations,_or_Promise.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">promise of science and technology</a>, <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Nisbet2005_IJPOR.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">reservations about the moral implications of research</a>, and the tendency of the general public to<a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/brossard.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);"> strongly defer to expert authority</a> in forming opinions.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">We find that deeper beliefs about science and society are stronger influences on opinion than either ideology or political partisanship, suggesting that we <a href="https://theconversation.com/opinions-about-scientific-advances-blur-party-political-lines-23214" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">need to look beyond left/right differences</a> in order to effectively engage the public on the social implications of science and technology.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Effective societal engagement, however, is a two-way challenge; requiring research that focuses not only on the public but that also examines the communication assumptions and practices of experts, advocates and their organizations. On this topic, in a <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/BesleyNisbet_HowScientistsViewPublicMediaPoliticalProcess_PublicUnderstandingScience.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">series of </a><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/NisbetMarkowitz_ScientistsPoliticalAwarenessCommunicationBehavior_ANNALS.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">studies</a>, I have examined how members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the UK Royal Society view the public, the media, and politics and the impact of these views on their communication-related activities.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Serving as a central intermediary between experts, advocates and the public are journalists and their media organizations. In this area, I have conducted a number of studies evaluating coverage of climate change, <a href="http://cstpr.colorado.edu/students/envs_5720/nisbet_2006.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">food biotechnology</a>, <a href="http://web.asc.upenn.edu/usr/ogandy/C45405%20resources/Nisbet%20framing%20science.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">biomedical research</a> and other science-related policy debates. Using content analysis and in depth interviews, I have analyzed the factors that <a href="http://www.kaubic.in/downloads/The%20media,%20the%20public%20and%20agricultural%20biotechnology.pdf#page=217" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">shape patterns of news attention</a>, and how journalists frame or define these issues.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Drawing on this research, I have additionally examined the professional <a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/NisbetFahy_KnowledgeBasedJournalismScienceDebates_ANNALS.pdf" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">roles that journalists can play in politicized science debates</a>, emphasizing the implications for media innovation and journalism education. In Fall 2012, while on sabbatical as a Shorenstein Fellow at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, I began a <a href="http://shorensteincenter.org/natures-prophet-bill-mckibben-as-journalist-public-intellectual-and-activist/" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">series of studies</a> and related book project that investigates the role of <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/wcc.317" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">public intellectuals</a> in complex science-, technology- and environment-related debates. The book is co-authored with American University’s Declan Fahy.</font></font></p><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><h3 style="font-style: normal; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Publications</font></font></h3><p style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><div class="publications-list" style="font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Markowitz, E. (2015). Expertise in an Age of Polarization: Evaluating Scientists’ Political Awareness and Communication Behaviors. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658, 136-154.</font></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>For more information: </em><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/NisbetMarkowitz_ExpertiseAgePolarization_ANNALS.pdf" title="Read abstract of this publication" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Read abstract</a></font></font></p></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Fahy, D. (2015). Why We Need Knowledge-based Journalism in Politicized Science Debates. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658, 223-234.</font></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>For more information: </em><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/NisbetFahy_KnowledgeJournalism_ANNALS.pdf" title="Read abstract of this publication" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Read abstract</a></font></font></p></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Fahy, D. (2013). Bioethics in Popular Science: Evaluating the Impact of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. BMC Medical Ethics, 14: 10.</font></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>For more information: </em><a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/14/10" title="Read abstract of this publication" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Read abstract</a> or <a href="http://cci.siteturbine.com/facultystorm/profile/research/publication.php?publicationId=12117" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Download file (PDF)</a></font></font></p></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2013). Foreward. In M. Hulme, Exploring Climate Change through Science and in Society: An Anthology of Mike Hulme’s Essays, Interviews Speeches. London: Routledge Earth Scan.</font></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>For more information: </em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Exploring-Climate-through-Science-Society/dp/0415811635/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1366984817&sr=1-2" title="Read abstract of this publication" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Read abstract</a></font></font></p></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2013). Nature’s Prophet: Bill McKibben as Journalist, Public Intellectual, and Activist. Joan Shorenstein Center for Press, Politics, and Public Policy. Discussion Paper Series, D-78 March. Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Besley, J. & Nisbet, M.C. (2013). How Scientists View the Media, the Public, and the Political Process. Public Understanding of Science, 22: 644-659.</font></font><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em>For more information: </em><a href="http://climateshiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/BesleyNisbet_HowScientistsViewPublicMediaPoliticalProcess_PublicUnderstandingScience.pdf" title="Read abstract of this publication" style="text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">Read abstract</a></font></font></p></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C., Markowitz, E.M., & Kotcher, J. (2012). Winning the Conversation: Framing and Moral Messaging in Environmental Campaigns. In L. Ahern & D. Bortree, (Eds.). Talking green: Exploring current issues in environmental communication. New York: Peter Lang.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Myers, T., Nisbet, M.C., Maibach, E.W., & Leiserowitz, A. (2012). A Public Health Frame Arouses Hopeful Emotions about Climate Change. Climatic Change, 1105-1121.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scheufele, D.A. & Nisbet, M.C. (2012). Online News and the Demise of Political Disagreement. In Salmon, C. (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 36. New York: Routledge.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2011). Public Opinion and Political Participation. In D. Schlosberg, J. Dryzek, & R. Norgaard (Eds.).Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. London, UK: Oxford University Press.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C., Maibach, E. & Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Framing Peak Petroleum as a Public Health Problem: Audience Research and Participatory Engagement. American Journal of Public Health, 101: 1620-1626.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maibach, E.W., Nisbet, M.C., & Weather, M. (2011). Conveying the Human Health Implications of Climate Change: A Climate Change Communication Primer for Public Health Professionals. Washington, DC: George Mason University, Center for Climate Change Communication.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Feldman, L. (2011). The Social Psychology of Political Communication. In D. Hook, B. Franks and M. Bauer (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Communication. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2011). Reconsidering the Function and Image of Science in Film and Television. In S. Caulfield, C. Gillespie, & T. Caulfield (Eds.), Perceptions of Promise: Biotechnology, Society, and Art. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Fahy, D. & Nisbet, M.C. (2011). The Science Journalist Online: Shifting Roles and Emerging Practices. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 12: 778-793.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Dudo, A. (2011, January). Science, Entertainment, and Education: Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review. Commissioned report in support of the National Academies Science & Entertainment Exchange.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Zarzeczny, A., Rachul, C., Nisbet, M.C., & Caulfield, T. (2010). Stem Cell Clinics in the News. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 12, 1243-46.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C., Hixon, M., Moore, K.D., & Nelson, M. (2010). The Four Cultures: New Synergies for Engaging Society on Climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 329-331.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Groffman, P. Stylinski, C., Nisbet, M.C. et al. (2010). Restarting the Conversation: Challenges at the Interface of Science and Society. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 284-291.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Maibach, E., Nisbet, M.C. et al. (2010). Reframing Climate Change as a Public Health Issue: An Exploratory Study of Public Reactions. BMC Public Health 10: 299.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Feldman, L., Nisbet, M.C., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2010, March). The Climate Change Generation? Survey Analysis of the Perceptions and Beliefs of Young Americans. Joint Report of American University’s School of Communication, The Yale Project on Climate Change, and George Mason University’s Center for Climate Change Communication.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bubela, T., Nisbet, M.C. et al. (2009). Science Communication Re-Considered. Nature Biotechnology, 27, 514-518.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2009). Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter to Public Engagement. Environment, 51 (2), 514-518.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Kotcher, J. (2009). A Two Step Flow of Influence? Opinion-Leader Campaigns on Climate Change. Science Communication, 30, 328-358.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Scheufele, D.A. (2009). What’s Next for Science Communication? Promising Directions and Lingering Distractions. American Journal of Botany, 96(10), 1767–1778.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2009). Knowledge into Action: Framing the Debates Over Climate Change and Poverty. In P. D’Angelo and J. Kuypers, Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical, Theoretical, and Normative Perspectives. New York: Routledge.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2009). Framing Science: A New Paradigm in Public Engagement. In L. Kahlor and P. Stout (Eds.), Communicating Science: New Agendas in Communication (pp 40-67). New York: Routledge.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2009). The Ethics of Framing Science. In B. Nerlich, B. Larson, & R. Elliott (Eds.). Communicating Biological Sciences: Ethical and Metaphorical Dimensions (pp 51-74). London: Ashgate.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Roser-Renouf, C. & Nisbet, M.C. (2008). The Measure of Key Behavioral Science Constructs in Climate Change Research. International Journal of Sustainability Communication, 3, 37-95.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2008). Communicating Climate Change: Real People, Urban Places. In R. Plunz & M.P. Sutto (Eds.), Urban Climate Change Crossroads (pp 93-110). New York: Urban Design Lab, Columbia University.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Myers, T. (2007). Twenty-Years of Public Opinion about Global Warming. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 3, 444-470.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Huge, M. (2007). Where Do Science Policy Debates Come From? In D. Brossard, J. Shanahan, & C. Nesbitt (Eds.) The Public, the Media, and Agricultural Biotechnology (pp 193-230). New York: CABI/Oxford University Press.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Goidel, R.K. (2007). Understanding Citizen Perceptions of Science Controversy: Bridging the Ethnographic-Survey Research Divide. Public Understanding of Science, 16, 4, 421-440.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Mooney, C. (2007). Policy Forum: Framing Science. Science, 316, 5821, 56.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. & Huge, M. (2006). Attention Cycles and Frames in the Plant Biotechnology Debate: Managing Power and Participation Through the Press/Policy Connection. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11, 2, 3-40.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Goidel, K. & Nisbet, M.C. (2006). Exploring the Roots of Public Participation in the Controversy over Stem Cell Research and Cloning. Political Behavior, 28 (2), 175-192.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2005). The Competition for Worldviews: Values, Information, and Public Support for Stem Cell Research. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17, 1, 90-112.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C. (2004). The Polls: Public Opinion about Stem Cell Research and Human Cloning. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68 (1), 132-155.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet M.C. & Scheufele, D.A. (2004). Political Talk as a Catalyst for Online Citizenship. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 4, 877-896.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C., Brossard, D., & Kroepsch, A. (2003). Framing Science: The Stem Cell Controversy in an Age of Press/Politics. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics,8 (2), 36-70.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nisbet, M.C., Scheufele, D.A., Shanahan, J.E., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B.V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise? A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29 (5), 584-608.</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scheufele, D.A. & Nisbet, M.C. (2002). Being a Citizen On-line: New Opportunities and Dead Ends. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7 (3), 53-73.</font></font></li></ul></div><h3 style="font-style: normal; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Grants</font></font></h3><div class="grants-list" style="font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2009 to 2012 — $334,978.00 — Engaging the Public On Climate Stabilization & Adaptation Policies from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2010 to 2011 — $100,000.00 — What’s Next After Cap and Trade? Evaluating Resources, Strategies, and Best Practices in Climate Change Communication from Nathan Cummings Foundation</font></font></li><li style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 18px; background: url(" images="images" graphics="graphics" styled-bullet.gif="styled-bullet.gif" left="left" px="px" no-repeat="no-repeat"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2012 to 2012 — $22,885.00 — Comparative Analysis of Advocacy and Social Media Campaigns to Inform Climate Change Communication from MacArthur Foundation by way of sub-contract from ecoAmerica</font></font></li></ul></div><h3 style="font-style: normal; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Education</font></font></h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="font-style: italic;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-style: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ph.D. Cornell University 2003</span></font></font></div><div style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; font-style: italic;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><em style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style=" box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></em></em></font></font></div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="letter-spacing: -0.2px; font-style: italic;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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