brent bozell II 1926-97

oops see other nodes 7 22 this will be mainly Jr
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</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">leo Brent Bozell Jr. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/boʊˈzɛl/</a>; January 15, 1926 – April 15, 1997) was an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative activist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> writer, and former US Merchant Marine. He was a conservative Catholic, and a strong supporter of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion movement</a>. In 1966, he co-founded the Catholic magazine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_(magazine)" title="Triumph (magazine)">Triumph</a>, which ceased publication in 1976.

<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Biography">1 Biography</a>

<ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Family">1.1 Family</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Early_life">1.2 Early life</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Political_activity">1.3 Political activity</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Triumph">1.4 Triumph</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Anti-abortion_activity">1.5 Anti-abortion activity</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Illnesses_and_death">1.6 Illnesses and death</a></li></ul>

</li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Works">2 Works</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#References">3 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#Sources">4 Sources</a></li></ul>

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<h2>Biography</h2><h3>Family</h3>His parents were Lois (née Robbins) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_B.Bozell" title="Leo B. Bozell">Leo B. Bozell</a>, the co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozell" title="Bozell">Bozell Worldwide</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-1">[1]</a> His wife was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Bozell" title="Patricia Buckley Bozell">Patricia Lee Buckley</a>, sister of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F.Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</a>, and their 10 children include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a>, also a conservative activist and the founder and president of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a>, a conservative media watchdog group and publisher. Another son, Michael Bozell, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine monk</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.Peter%27s_Abbey,Solesmes" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's Abbey, Solesmes">Solesmes Abbey</a>. The Bozell family grew to 23 grandchildren and a great-grandchild by the time he died.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Edwards-2">[2]</a> His godson was novelist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Egolf" title="Tristan Egolf">Tristan Egolf</a>.[

<h3>Early life</h3>Bozell was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creighton_Preparatory_School" title="Creighton Preparatory School">Creighton Preparatory School</a>

in Omaha. Bozell was the state American Legion Oratorical Contest

Champion of Nebraska in 1943 and 1944, winning the national title in

He served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Merchant_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Merchant Marine">U.S. Merchant Marine</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">the Pacific during World War II</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Bozell resolved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">convert</a>

to Catholicism in 1946 but after his father's death that same year he

deferred his decision until 1947 so as not to upset his family.

<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bozell%26Buckley,1954.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg/220px-Bozell%26Buckley%2C1954.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="4269" width="220" height="252" /></a> </div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Bozell (left) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> promote their book McCarthy and His Enemies, 1954</div></div></div>

"A young, energetic red-haired Yalie from Omaha", as he is described in Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus, Bozell was the best friend and debating society teammate<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-5">[5]</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F.Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was President of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Political_Union" title="Yale Political Union">Yale Political Union</a> and the campus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement" title="World Federalist Movement">World Federalist Movement</a>.

<h3>Political activity</h3>Bozell was a consistent supporter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Senator Joseph McCarthy</a>, teaming up with fellow <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> associate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> in 1954 to write a ringing defense of him in McCarthy and His Enemies. Bozell and Buckley defined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>,

the political movement associated with McCarthy, as “a movement around

which men of good will and stern morality can close ranks.” Bozell

joined McCarthy's staff, shortly after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Roy Cohn</a> left, and wrote McCarthy's defense speech before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> committee that would censure him, as well as a series of policy speeches through at least 1956.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

In 1958, Bozell ran for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">Maryland House of Delegates</a> but lost.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After this defeat he proposed the formation of a new political party at one of the editors' evening meetings in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>; the idea was summarily rejected by the more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionist</a> editors Buckley and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He later worked as a speechwriter for Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, for whom he ghostwrote the 1960 book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Frohnen179-180-8">[8]</a> He was a founding member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In 1960, he took his family to Spain for the first time, making him absent from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach,Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a> decision of Buckley, Goldwater, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baroody_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Baroody Sr.">William Baroody Sr.</a> to freeze out the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> from the conservative movement. Kirk inferred that Bozell would not have had any reason to be opposed to the decision,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but, in fact, he, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Meyer(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rusher" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rusher">William Rusher</a>, protested the exclusion of the Society from the conservative movement.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-11">[11]</a> After the failed attempt to draft Goldwater at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 Republican National Convention</a>,

Bozell, a strong proponent of a Goldwater candidacy, was disappointed

and annoyed by the would-be candidate's firm endorsement of the moderate

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> ticket.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]

In 1964, Bozell ran for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathias" title="Charles Mathias">Charles Mathias</a>, one of the leaders of the then-influential liberal wing of the Republican Party;[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] references to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> heresy and to the "arcana of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Spanish legitimism</a>" made during his campaign speeches may have contributed to his loss.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">c</a>

<h3>Triumph</h3>In 1965, he moved his family to Spain purportedly because "you breathed the Catholic thing there"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Wilhelmsen" title="Frederick Wilhelmsen">Frederick Wilhelmsen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshner" title="William Marshner">William Marshner</a> among others, founded the Catholic magazine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph(magazine)" title="Triumph (magazine)">Triumph</a> in 1966 which Bozell intended to be a bulwark of Catholic orthodoxy and a sort of National Review for Catholics. The magazine featured contributions from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> (a Catholic convert), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Christopher Dawson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Thomas Molnar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Jeffrey Hart</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arnold_Lunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arnold Lunn">Sir Arnold Lunn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Journet" title="Charles Journet">Charles Journet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousas_John_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas John Rushdoony">Rousas John Rushdoony</a> (a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>), and initially received an enthusiastic endorsement by Buckley in the pages of National Review.

However, the relationship between Bozell and his brother-in-law

had already begun to sour; in March 1966, when Buckley wrote a column

warning that Catholics should not try to seek legislation that would

impose on others their belief that abortion is murder, Bozell wrote a

letter to the editors of National Review protesting that the column "reeks of relativism. ... Mr. Buckley writes in this instance as though he had never heard of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>." Buckley was stung by the letter and had composed a bitter reply, but decided against sending it.
In 1966, Bozell published The Warren Revolution, a scholarly critique of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> under Chief Justice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>.

Despite his relocation to Spain, Bozell remained conscious of US

politics; he opposed the Richard Nixon administration, intoning in the

pages of Triumph that by supporting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">Nixon's candidacy in 1968</a>,

the conservative movement had "ceased to be an important political

force in America." (Buckley would later change his mind and would agree

with Bozell on this subject.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-13">[13]</a>)

He later repudiated his support for the American experiment itself, as well as his own book The Warren Revolution. Buckley summarized Bozell's new position as follows: "[Bozell's] thesis now is that the republic of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a>

was doomed because of their failure to adequately enthrall the city of

man to the City of God." Bozell himself felt estranged from the United

States in general and in particular the conservative movement in which

he was once a rising star, denouncing conservatism as "an inadequate

substitute for Christian politics."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Especially following the Supreme Court's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v.Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> decision, Bozell began to see the United States as a force of evil greater in magnitude to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and denounced both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. Triumph idealized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, criticized the events leading up to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, including the US-backed assassination of the Catholic President of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, and the conduct of the conflict thereafter as irreconcilable with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">Just War Theory</a>, declared against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a> (the latter Bozell had once been a strong proponent of), and identified its economic views with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

Friends of Bozell blamed his increasing devotion to Catholicism,

his dissolving relationship with Buckley (who was reportedly traumatized

by the loss of his closest friend), and his evolving political views on

alleged mental deterioration; Neal Freeman had said "Brent simply

started to fade and you could see it happening, but you couldn't do

anything about it." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Judis" title="John Judis">John Judis</a> writes in William Buckley Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives:

"The breakup of their relationship probably could not have occurred ten

years prior or ten years hence. It was very much a product of the

tumultuous sixties, which exhilarated Buckley and which lifted him to

new heights of celebrity, but in which more troubled, less stable souls

like Bozell capsized."

After founding Triumph, Bozell also founded the Society of

the Christian Commonwealth whose educational arm, the Christian

Commonwealth Institute headed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Carroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Carroll">Warren Carroll</a>, conducted annual classes, lectures, and seminars at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> in Spain. The entirety of the original faculty of and many of the donors to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom_College" title="Christendom College">Christendom College</a> had attended the program in Spain and were subscribers to Triumph. Carroll later remarked in his obituary for Bozell, "In a very fundamental sense, Christendom College was a Triumph enterprise."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-catholicsocialscientists.org-16">[16]</a>

Bozell was a staunch supporter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and strongly defended his condemnation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> in the encyclical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanae_Vitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanae Vitae">Humanae Vitae</a> but disagreed with the pope's decisions regarding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_renewal#The_Second_Vatican_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical renewal">liturgy</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-catholicsocialscientists.org-16">[16]</a> He was a founding member of and served as a special ambassador for Catholics United for the Faith.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Since its founding, Triumph

teetered on the verge of collapse and Bozell was planning on shutting

the magazine down until Patricia Bozell attended a forum at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic University of America</a> featuring radical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson" title="Ti-Grace Atkinson">Ti-Grace Atkinson</a> in March 1971. When Atkinson said the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>

was more "used" than if she had participated in a sexual conception,

Patricia attempted to slap her and her hand hit the microphone and she

was escorted out. When Bozell heard what his wife had done, he rose to

his full height (he was a tall, Lincolnesque figure) and bellowed, "To

Hell with Catholic University!"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-catholicsocialscientists.org-16">[16]</a> The positive reader feedback convinced him to keep the magazine alive. In 1976, after the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and the beginning of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>, Triumph ceased publication.

In 1985, Bozell founded Misión Guadalupe, a program devoted to the assistance and evangelization of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> immigrants.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

Bozell faithfully visited the inmates of Washington's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorton_Correctional_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorton Correctional Complex">Lorton Correctional Complex</a> in Northern Virginia every week for years until his death.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Edwards-2">[2]</a>

<h3>Anti-abortion activity</h3>In June 1970, three years before the Roe v. Wade

decision and when abortion was illegal in most of United States outside

California, Washington, D.C., and New York, Brent and Patricia Bozell

led the first "Operation Rescue" mission to try by direct action to

negotiate with administrators at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington University Medical School">George Washington University Hospital</a> Clinic in D.C., where abortion was permitted for the mental well-being of the mother.

Bozell had asked clinic administrators to stop the abortions and,

if they would not do so, to appoint a Catholic nurse to administer

Baptism and prepare the remains for Catholic burial after each abortion.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Triumph_magazine-19">[19]</a> Bozell and about 230 others met at a local church for a "Funeral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">the Holy Innocents</a>" celebrated by four priests. The rally afterwards included a Pro Life student group from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dallas" title="University of Dallas">University of Dallas</a>, Los Hijos de la Tormenta ("The Sons of Thunder"), who were dressed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_beret#Carlists" title="Red beret">red berets</a> (red berets being worn by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>, whom Bozell admired),<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a> wore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary beads">rosaries</a>, and carried <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal flag">papal flags</a>. One speaker declared: "America

... you are daggering to death your unborn of tomorrow. The very

cleanliness of your sterilized murder gives off the stench of death."

After the rally Bozell, donning a red beret himself, approached the clinic with seven others.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a>

They were spotted by a security guard who locked the door to prevent

their entry. One of the "Sons of Thunder" raced to one of the buildings

unlocked side-doors and was able to jam it open with a crucifix.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a>

By means of the jammed door, Bozell and the rest of the group entered

the building and began shattering windows while shouting "Viva Cristo

Rey!" (a Catholic battle cry used during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a> The Washington police were called and had to use billy clubs to subdue Bozell's group and arrest them.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a> Appearing in court in October, 1970 Bozell declared "America is going to have to reckon with its Christians, like it or not."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Davis-20">[20]</a> Bozell and the other members of his group received suspended sentences.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-Triumph_magazine-19">[19]</a>

Bozell said later, "If disorder is necessary to stop this murdering of babies, I'm in favor of disorder."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

Buckley denounced Bozell's actions, declaring in National Review that "the Sons of Thunder have moved precious few of the unconvinced over to their side." Though <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph(magazine)" title="Triumph (magazine)">Triumph</a> closed two years later, its staff and Bozell remained active, including the organization of the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Life(Washington,_D.C.)" title="March for Life (Washington, D.C.)">March for Life</a>.

The cover of Triumph's January 1973 issue (after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v.Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> decision) was solid black except for a small logo, a white cross, and the words "For the children".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-catholicsocialscientists.org-16">[16]</a>

<h3>Illnesses and death</h3>Bozell suffered from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, writing publicly about his experiences, suffering, and recovery in the introduction to Mustard Seeds, a collection mostly of his post-National Review writings (including many from Triumph) published in 1986. The book included "Poland's Cross—And America's," Bozell's first National Review essay in almost two decades. It also included the National Review

essay, for which he may be remembered best, "Freedom or Virtue," which

touched off a robust debate between himself and Meyer, mostly around

whether freedom or virtue should be the paramount consideration for

American conservatives.

Bozell died of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in a nursing home in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda,Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, on April 15, 1997, at the age of 71 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-22">[22]</a> after years of numerous and crippling health problems. His son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a>, spoke of those struggles when eulogizing him:

<blockquote class="templatequote">Dozens of times over ... 25 years

the attacks would come, and with each bout, yet another blow, yet

another public humiliation. There were arrests and forced

hospitalizations, escapes and re-arrests and recommitments. There was

the never-ending parade of lawyers, police, doctors, and, yes, from time

to time the State Department was on the line to brief us on yet another

prospective international upheaval caused by this very unpredictable

man.

Manic depression by itself is enough to break the spirit of any man, but

Pop was no ordinary man. He suffered from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disc_disease" title="Degenerative disc disease">degenerative disc disease</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a>.

One by one they came, and when it seemed that no part of his body had

been left untouched yet a new illness was diagnosed. We wondered how he

could endure so much, accept this torture with such nobility, with never

one word of complaint.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr.#cite_note-23">[23]</a></blockquote>

<h2>Works</h2><ul><li>(contributor) The Best of Triumph. Lawrence, E. Michael, ed. Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931888-72-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-931888-72-7">0-931888-72-7</a>.</li><li>McCarthy and His Enemies (with Buckley, William F. Jr.) Chicago: Regnery, 1954. Reissued as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-472-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-472-2">0-89526-472-2</a>.</li><li>The Warren Revolution. (New York: Arlington House, 1966.)</li><li>Mustard Seeds: A Conservative Becomes a Catholic. Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931888-73-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-931888-73-5">0-931888-73-5</a>.</li></ul>

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</li><li id="cite_note-5"> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.yale.edu/madid/oneItem.aspx?id=1809005&q=osterweis&q1=&q2=&qc1=&qc2=&qf1=&qf2=&qn=&qo=&qm=15&qs=1&sid=0&qx=">"The Manuscripts and Archives Digital Images Database (MADID)"</a>. images.library.yale.edu. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.library.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Manuscripts+and+Archives+Digital+Images+Database+%28MADID%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.yale.edu%2Fmadid%2FoneItem.aspx%3Fid%3D1809005%26q%3Dosterweis%26q1%3D%26q2%3D%26qc1%3D%26qc2%3D%26qf1%3D%26qf2%3D%26qn%3D%26qo%3D%26qm%3D15%26qs%3D1%26sid%3D0%26qx%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li><li id="cite_note-Frohnen179-180-8"> <cite id="CITEREFFrohnen2006" class="citation book cs1">Frohnen, Bruce (2006). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. pp. 179–180. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932236-43-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-932236-43-0"><bdi>1-932236-43-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Wilmington&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-932236-43-0&rft.aulast=Frohnen&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li><li id="cite_note-9"> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?p=14638">"Young Americans for Fascism ... err Freedom and William F. Buckley, Jr"</a>. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Americans+for+Fascism+...+err+Freedom+and+William+F.+Buckley%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deeppoliticsforum.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Fp%3D14638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li><li id="cite_note-10"> <cite class="citation web cs1">www.commentarymagazine.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518073746/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/Goldwater%E2%80%94the-John-Birch-Society%E2%80%94and-Me-11248">https://web.archive.org/web/20080518073746/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/Goldwater%E2%80%94the-John-Birch-Society%E2%80%94and-Me-11248</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/goldwater—the-john-birch-society—and-me-11248">the original</a> on May 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.commentarymagazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Fviewarticle.cfm%2Fgoldwater%E2%80%94the-john-birch-society%E2%80%94and-me-11248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" /> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)

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</li><li id="cite_note-11"> <cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/05/standing-athwart-history-the-political-thought-of-william-f-buckley-jr">"Standing Athwart History: The Political Thought of William F. Buckley Jr"</a>. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Standing+Athwart+History%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2010%2F05%2Fstanding-athwart-history-the-political-thought-of-william-f-buckley-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li><li id="cite_note-13"> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/220920/romneys-moral-thought/william-f-buckley-jr">"William F. Buckley Jr. (1925-2008) - National Review"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. February 27, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+%281925-2008%29+-+National+Review&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticles%2F220920%2Fromneys-moral-thought%2Fwilliam-f-buckley-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li><li id="cite_note-15"> <cite id="CITEREFLoraLongton1999" class="citation book cs1">Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry (April 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioakmq8yxA4C&q=triumph+bozell&pg=PA207">The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313213908" title="Special:BookSources/9780313213908"><bdi>9780313213908</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Press+in+Twentieth-century+America&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999-04-27&rft.isbn=9780313213908&rft.aulast=Lora&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Longton%2C+William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoakmq8yxA4C%26q%3Dtriumph%2Bbozell%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-17">
</li><li id="cite_note-17"> <cite id="CITEREFWeaverAppleby1995" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Mary Jo; Appleby, R. Scott (April 27, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUqp1_31B-MC&q=l.+brent+bozell+jr.+catholic&pg=PA135">Being Right: Conservative Catholics in America</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253329221" title="Special:BookSources/0253329221"><bdi>0253329221</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Right%3A+Conservative+Catholics+in+America&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995-04-27&rft.isbn=0253329221&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft.au=Appleby%2C+R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUqp1_31B-MC%26q%3Dl.%2Bbrent%2Bbozell%2Bjr.%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18">
</li><li id="cite_note-18"> <cite id="CITEREFBozell1991" class="citation book cs1">Bozell, Brent L. (June 12, 1991). Mustard Seeds. University Press Of America. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0937495069" title="Special:BookSources/0937495069"><bdi>0937495069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustard+Seeds&rft.pub=University+Press+Of+America&rft.date=1991-06-12&rft.isbn=0937495069&rft.aulast=Bozell&rft.aufirst=Brent+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Triumph_magazine-19">
</li><li id="cite_note-Triumph_magazine-19"> <cite id="CITEREFL._Brent_Bozell_Jr." class="citation book cs1">L. Brent Bozell Jr. The Confessional Tribe. Donald McClane, Triumph magazine July Issue 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confessional+Tribe&rft.pub=Donald+McClane%2C+Triumph+magazine+July+Issue+1970&rft.au=L.+Brent+Bozell+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Davis-20">
</li><li id="cite_note-Davis-20"> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_Warren_Davis2018" class="citation news cs1">Michael Warren Davis (January 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-march-for-life-is-what-a-major-political-force-looks/">"The March for Life is what a major political force looks like"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+March+for+Life+is+what+a+major+political+force+looks+like&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.au=Michael+Warren+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fthe-march-for-life-is-what-a-major-political-force-looks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21">
</li><li id="cite_note-21"> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19701212&id=j2YQAAAAIBAJ&pg=2583,2435556">"The Free Lance-Star - Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Free+Lance-Star+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1298%26dat%3D19701212%26id%3Dj2YQAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2583%2C2435556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22">
</li><li id="cite_note-22"> <cite id="CITEREFKestenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Kestenbaum, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/boyles-bradburn.html">"The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Boyles to Bradburn"</a>. politicalgraveyard.com. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politicalgraveyard.com&rft.atitle=The+Political+Graveyard%3A+Index+to+Politicians%3A+Boyles+to+Bradburn&rft.aulast=Kestenbaum&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fboyles-bradburn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23">
</li><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-23" value="23"> <cite id="CITEREFHenry2008" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Lawrence (March 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044553/http://spectator.org/archives/2008/03/14/the-fountain-of-youth">"The Fountain of Youth"</a>. The American Spectator. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.org/archives/2008/03/14/the-fountain-of-youth">the original</a> on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+Fountain+of+Youth&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2Farchives%2F2008%2F03%2F14%2Fthe-fountain-of-youth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL.+Brent+Bozell+Jr." class="Z3988" />

</li></ol></div></div>

<h2>Sources</h2><ul><li>Bridges, Linda; Coyne, John R. Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471758175">Strictly Right: William F. Buckley Jr. and the American Conservative Movement</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley, William F. Jr.</a></li><li>Buckley, William F. Jr., 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n9_v49/ai_19421985/?tag=content;col1">"L. Brent Bozell, RIP,"</a> National Review, May 19.</li><li>Critchlow, Donald T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674026209">The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History</a></li><li>Critchlow, Donald T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195046579">Intended Consequences: Birth Control, Abortion, and the Federal Government in Modern America</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Deal Hudson">Hudson, Deal</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1416524428">Onward, Christian Soldiers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/p/perlstein-storm.html">Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus</a></li><li>Stout, David, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E1DD1F3FF93AA25757C0A961958260">L. Brent Bozell, 71, a Champion of Conservatism</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>: April 19.</li></ul>

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<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1926_births" title="Category:1926 births">1926 births</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1997_deaths" title="Category:1997 deaths">1997 deaths</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_Spain" title="Category:American expatriates in Spain">American expatriates in Spain</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_anti-abortion_activists" title="Category:American anti-abortion activists">American anti-abortion activists</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_Roman_Catholic_religious_writers" title="Category:American Roman Catholic religious writers">American Roman Catholic religious writers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buckley_family" title="Category:Buckley family">Buckley family</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christendom_College" title="Category:Christendom College">Christendom College</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Roman_Catholicism" title="Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism">Converts to Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Maryland_Republicans" title="Category:Maryland Republicans">Maryland Republicans</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Review_people" title="Category:National Review people">National Review people</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_with_bipolar_disorder" title="Category:People with bipolar disorder">People with bipolar disorder</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_activists" title="Category:Roman Catholic activists">Roman Catholic activists</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Yale_University_alumni" title="Category:Yale University alumni">Yale University alumni</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_writers" title="Category:20th-century American writers">20th-century American writers</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Distributism" title="Category:Distributism">Distributism</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Merchant_Mariners_of_World_War_II" title="Category:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II">United States Merchant Mariners of World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/how-a-joseph-mccarthy-speechwriter-and-franco-fanboy-became-the-supreme-courts-inspiration-author/">https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/how-a-joseph-mccarthy-speechwriter-and-franco-fanboy-became-the-supreme-courts-inspiration-author/</a>
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Back in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the late Republican L. Brent

Bozell Jr. was controversial even on the right. Many conservatives and

libertarians denounced him as <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/161431/brent-bozell-trump-capitol-riot" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="rm-stats-tracked">a crackpot and an extremist</a>,

and with good reason. Bozell was a proud member of Sen. Joseph

McCarthy’s staff, considered Richard Nixon much too liberal, slammed the

Supreme Court’s Brown v. the Board of Education ruling of 1954

as an assault on states’ rights, and was an apologist for Spain’s

fascist dictator Francisco Franco, a.k.a. El Generalísimo. When

Bozell temporarily moved to Spain in 1965, he loved the fact that Franco

favored a very strict version of Catholicism; Bozell opposed not only

abortion, but also, contraception. And even though Bozell was married to

National Review founder William F. Buckley’s sister, Buckley eventually

distanced himself from Bozell’s politics.Bozell was 71 when he died on 1997. Journalist/author Jacob Heilbrunn, in an <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/07/07/leo-brent-bozell-abortion-game-00044246" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="rm-stats-tracked">essay published by Politico</a>

on July 7, argues that Bozell’s far-right ideas are much more

influential now than they were when he was alive — ideas that, according

to Heilbrunn, are a blueprint for the radicalized U.S. Supreme Court

and former President Donald Trump’s MAGA movement.[READ MORE: <a href="https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/dan-patrick-invaded-pearl-harbor/" target="_self" class="rm-stats-tracked">Texas GOP Lieutenant Governor: 'We are being invaded' by immigrants 'just like Pearl Harbor'</a>“Ever

since Donald Trump’s ascension in the GOP,” Heilbrunn writes, “a kind

of intellectual treasure hunt has taken place to try and identify the

true source of the political right’s embrace of radicalism…. With the

Supreme Court’s dismantling of Roe v. Wade and its decision to examine the <a href="https://www.vox.com/23161254/supreme-court-threat-democracy-january-6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" class="rm-stats-tracked">‘independent state legislature’ theory</a>

this fall, it’s time to nominate a fresh candidate: Buckley’s

brother-in-law, L. Brent Bozell, Jr. Often dismissed as a kook during

his lifetime, ‘Hell Bent’ Bozell did more than perhaps anyone to create

the blueprint for the militant conservatism now triumphant at the High

Court and the grassroots.”Heilbrunn describes Bozell as the Republican Party’s “first theocon,” noting that after the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its Roe v. Wade

decision in 1973, Bozell angrily railed against the “tide of death set

loose by the contraceptionalists, the population planners, the war

planners, the pornography legitimizers, the sex educationists, the

women’s and gay liberators, the genetic manipulators, and of course, by

the abortionists’ own massive successes in the great population

centers.”Heilbrunn interviewed Niskanen Center historian Geoffrey Kabaservice, who discussed Bozell’s influence.Kabaservice

told Heilbrunn, “Bozell valorized the theocratic authoritarianism of

Spain under Francisco Franco. The radical conservatives on today’s

Supreme Court, wittingly or not, have channeled Bozell’s vision and are

in the process of overthrowing the rights-based liberal vision of

equality that in many ways began with the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision.” [READ MORE: <a href="https://www.alternet.org/2022/07/trump-loyalists-move-ahead-with-sham-election-project-designed-for-voter-intimidation-report/" target="_self" class="rm-stats-tracked">Trump loyalists move ahead with 'sham' election project designed for voter intimidation: report </a>McCarthy,

Heilbrunn notes, thought enough of Bozell to hire him as a speechwriter

and an adviser during the 1950s. And in the early 1960s, according to

Heilbrunn, Bozell “became a fan boy of Franco whose strict adherence to

the Catholic creed and readiness to crush dissent struck a chord with

him.”Heilbrunn also points out that Bozell had a falling out with

Buckley when his brother-in-law decided to “excommunicate the John

Birch Society from the conservative movement.” And like the MAGA

movement, Heilbrunn observes, Bozell was willing to resort to violence.

“In June 1970, Bozell organized the first violent anti-abortion

protest, leading a Spanish Carlist faction calling itself the Sons of

Thunder to a George Washington University Student Clinic,” Heilbrunn

recalls. “Bozell was later convicted on several counts, including

assaulting a police officer with a 5-foot wooden cross.”</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">wiki 2 22</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center</a></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Media Research Center (MRC), formerly known as Culture and Media Institute (CMI), is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">content analysis</a> group based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston,Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Reston, Virginia</a>, founded in 1987 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">L. Brent Bozell III</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-ForAmerica:The_Right_Wing's_F...-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[2]</a> It characterizes itself as a media watchdog.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-ForAmerica:The_Right_Wing's_F...-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[2]</a>The CMI promoted its mission through editorials and research reports. Among its viewpoints include opposition to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Fairness Doctrine</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[3]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[4]</a> In March 2007, the CMI published a "National Cultural Values Survey" and concluded from its results that most Americans perceived a decline in moral values.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[5]</a> One study released by the organization in June 2007 claimed that television viewing time correlated directly with one's liberal attitude, even possibly degrading to moral attitudes.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[6]</a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">nonprofit</a> MRC has received financial support primarily from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Robert Mercer</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-Robert_Mercer:the_big_data_bi...-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[7]</a> but with several other conservative-leaning sources, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Bradley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Scaife_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Scaife</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M.Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Olin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock_Foundation" title="Castle Rock Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Castle Rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Carthage</a> and JM foundations, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">ExxonMobil</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-funding1-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-funding2-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-MotherJonesExxon-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[10]</a> It has been described as "one of the most active and best-funded, and yet least known" arms of the modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative movement in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">conservative movement in the United States</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-ALBERTA-26-4-2018-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[11]</a> The organization rejects the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">scientific consensus on climate change</a>, and criticizes media coverage that reflects the scientific consensus.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-funding2-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-:1-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[12]</a><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; display: table;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer;" /></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Foundation_and_funding" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">1Foundation and funding</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Projects" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2Projects</a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Reports_on_the_media" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.1Reports on the media</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#MRC_Business" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.2MRC Business</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#CNSNews.com" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.3CNSNews.com</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#NewsBusters" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.4NewsBusters</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#MRC_Culture" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.5MRC Culture</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#MRCTV" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.6MRCTV</a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#CBS_crime_drama_Cold_Case" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">2.7CBS crime drama Cold Case</a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Viewpoints" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">3Viewpoints</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Criticism" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">4Criticism</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#See_also" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">5See also</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#References" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">6References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#Further_reading" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">7Further reading</a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#External_links" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">8External links</a></li></ul></div><h2 linux="Linux" libertine="Libertine" georgia="Georgia" times="Times" serif="serif" line-height="line-height" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal;">Foundation and funding</h2></div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">bozell and a group of other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatives" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">American conservatives</a> founded the MRC on October 1, 1987. Their initial budget was at US$339,000.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-MRC_About-13" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[13]</a> Prior to founding the MRC, Bozell was the chairman of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">National Conservative Political Action Committee</a>; he resigned from that position a month before establishing MRC.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[14]</a> A wealthy donor whose name has been kept anonymous helped set up the MRC.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-:0-15" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[15]</a> The MRC has received financial support from several foundations, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Bradley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Scaife_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Scaife</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M.Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Olin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock_Foundation" title="Castle Rock Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Castle Rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage Foundation" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Carthage</a> and JM foundations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-funding1-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[8]</a> It also receives funding from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">ExxonMobil</a>. The organization rejects the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">scientific consensus on climate change</a>, and criticizes media coverage that reflects the scientific consensus.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-funding2-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[9]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-MotherJonesExxon-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-:1-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[12]</a> The MRC received over $10 million from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Robert Mercer</a>, its largest single donor.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-Robert_Mercer:the_big_data_bi...-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[7]</a></div>As of its 2015 reporting to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">IRS</a>, the organization had revenue approaching $15 million and expenses in excess of $15 million. Bozell's salary during this year was reported as close to $345,000, with nearly $122,000 in additional compensation from the organization and related organizations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[16]</a>...
crit:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra!" title="Extra!" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Extra!</a>, the magazine of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States#Contemporary_progressivism" title="Progressivism in the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">progressive</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_watch_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Media watch group" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">media watch group</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">FAIR</a>, criticized the MRC in 1998 for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking(fallacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picking (fallacy)" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">selective use of evidence</a>. MRC had said that there was more coverage of government <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">death squads</a> in right-wing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">El Salvador</a> than in left-wing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Nicaragua</a> in the 1980s, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Amnesty International</a> stated El Salvador was worse than Nicaragua when it came to extrajudicial killings. Extra! also likened a defunct MRC newsletter, TV etc., which tracked the off-screen political comments of actors, to "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Channels" title="Red Channels" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Red Channels</a>, the McCarthy Era blacklisting journal."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-Meet_the_Myth-Makers-57" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[57]</a>Journalist Brian Montopoli of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Columbia Journalism Review</a> in 2005 labeled MRC "just one part of a wider movement by the far right to demonize corporate media", rather than "make the media better."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-CJR_2005-58" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[58]</a>On December 22, 2011, Media Research Center president Bozell appeared on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Fox News</a> and suggested U.S. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Barack Obama</a> looks like a "skinny ghetto crackhead".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-Reuters122011-59" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[59]</a>The Media Research Center has also faced scrutiny over the group's $350,000 purchase in 2012 of a Pennsylvania house that a top executive had been trying to sell for several years.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[60]</a>In 2013, Media Research Center president Bozell appeared on Fox News to defend a Fox interview in which Fox journalists conducted almost no research into the background of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Reza Aslan</a> to prepare for its interview with him, and its putative biases.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-61" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[61]</a>Progressive media watchdog group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America" title="Media Matters for America" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Media Matters for America</a> has repeatedly criticized the MRC, charging they view the media "through a funhouse mirror that renders everything--even the facts themselves--as manifestations of insidious bias".<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-Scrutiny-62" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[62]</a>When the Media Research Center bestowed an award named for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F.Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">William F. Buckley</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Sean Hannity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">neoconservative</a> columnist for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The New York Times</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Stephens" title="Bret Stephens" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Bret Stephens</a>, wrote an editorial in which he lamented, "And so we reach the Idiot stage of the conservative cycle, in which a Buckley Award for Sean Hannity suggests nothing ironic, much less <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Orwellian</a>, to those bestowing it, applauding it, or even shrugging it off. The award itself is trivial, but it's a fresh reminder of who now holds the commanding heights of conservative life, and what it is that they think."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Research_Center#cite_note-63" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">[63]</a><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">See also[</h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright" style="font-size: small; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; line-height: 13.09px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; display: table-row;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" height="28" /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism" style="text-decoration-line: none; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Journalism portal</a></li></ul></div><ul w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding" background-color="background-color" rgb="rgb" style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url("><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Accuracy in Media</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America" title="Media Matters for America" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Media Matters for America</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="PR Watch" style="text-decoration-line: none; font-weight: bold; outline: currentcolor none medium; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">PR Watch</a></li></ul><h2 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">References</h2><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">...</div><div style="font-size: small; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">===</div></div>