Lee, Ivy ledbetter

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</p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">RIGGED</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">START HERE: INFORMATION POLLUTION — A BRIEF HISTORY</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To understand how each spinmaster, technique, and industry contributed to the current state of disinformation in the U.S., it helps to know the history of how and why the PR industry was created.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">LATEST POST</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Get 'Em While They're Young</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">by Rigged</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">TO UNDERSTAND HOW EACH SPIN MASTER, TECHNIQUE, AND INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CURRENT STATE OF DISINFORMATION IN THE U.S., IT HELPS TO KNOW THE HISTORY OF HOW AND WHY THE PR INDUSTRY WAS CREATED.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In response to a protest, the country’s largest oil company sent in private security teams, who wound up killing several protestors, including women and children. The company’s spokesperson claimed the protestors were hired by a labor union trying to stir up trouble.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sounds like it could have been written about any of a half dozen recent pipeline protests, right? But these are the basic details of a mining strike in 1914, in <b>Ludlow, </b>Colorado. The mine was owned by Standard Oil, and the Rockefeller family had only a few years prior been raked over the coals by a messy antitrust lawsuit and a series of investigative features about their monopoly on the country’s burgeoning oil industry.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">They needed help burnishing their image, so they called on another industry that was just emerging at the time: Public relations.<b>&nbsp;Ivy Ledbetter Lee, the first modern PR guy,</b>&nbsp;came up with that idea that the protestors were hired agitators. Today we would call them “crisis actors” and it’s an accusation thrown at almost every protest, but few people know the whole thing was created by a PR guy working for an oil company back in 1914.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lee invented all sorts of other tricks of the trade too.</b> The press release, for a start. Before Lee, companies had a pretty adversarial relationship with the press and vice versa. Lee thought businesses would do better to tell journalists more of their story themselves. It was so unusual that when he first began sending press releases to The New York Times, the paper printed them verbatim. On behalf of rail, coal, oil and tobacco clients Lee also created seemingly independent information bureaus, like the Bureau of Railroad Economics, whose experts were regularly quoted criticizing railroad tax proposals. Again, this was more than 100 years ago. And Lee was followed by generation after generation of PR experts, each adding another bell or whistle to America’s disinformation machine—some on behalf of oil, others on behalf of the chemical or tobacco industries, often on behalf of all three at the same time.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">For years, the story about disinformation has been that Big Tobacco created it all and then Big Oil copied them. And there's a thread of truth there. Some of the same phony scientists who sold America on the idea that smoking was safe turned around and told them not to worry about climate change. But it’s not the whole story. To get that, we need to look at the context that enabled climate denial to flourish, an information system polluted by 100 years of propaganda. And we need to look at who was hiring those phony scientists—not companies, but PR firms. When people focus on one particular form of science denial, or on one technique that this or that industry copied from another, this is the big picture they miss: the disinformation machine driving everything from QAnon conspiracies to climate denial, vaccine hesitation to white nationalism. It’s bigger than any one industry, but it was built on behalf of all of them, and if we want to have any hope of addressing the large, intersecting, complex problems facing us today, it must be better understood. And then reconfigured, or dismantled altogether.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Just as Ivy Lee was building the modern PR industry, the U.S. government realized it needed a bit of propaganda to help sell American citizens on World War I. President Woodrow Wilson had made staying out of the war a key part of his campaign, and now he needed to convince Americans that it was a good idea to join in...without looking like a hypocrite. He tapped George <b>Creel,</b> a journalist turned political campaigner who had helped with Wilson's electoral bid, to build out what was eventually called the Committee on Public Information and generally referred to as The Creel Committee or the Creel Commission. Creel tapped some of the nation's greatest journalists (Ida Tarbell, for one!), filmmakers, artists, and publicity men to create a 360-degree assault on the American public. They made films, created compelling posters, and even launched the world's first "influencers." In cities and towns across the country, Creel and his team found influential members of society and trained them to give 4-minute pro-war speeches before screenings of silent films or big events. They were known as the "4-Minute Men".</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Several members of the Creel Committee went on to be major influences on the burgeoning PR industry. </b>One of them was a young publicity agent from the theater, Edward Bernays. Bernays had done some creative promotion of plays with particular social missions and had worked for major ballet companies as well, and his work caught the eye of Creel. It didn't hurt that Bernays's uncle was Sigmund Freud—on both sides, in a bizarre and some might say Freudian twist (Edward's mother was Freud’s sister, and Freud was also married to Bernays’ father’s sister). Bernays grew up in Vienna, hearing all about Freud’s theories on the deeply buried human impulses that drive behavior. While Ivy Lee was not part of the Creel Committee, he handled publicity for the American Red Cross during the war effort, and he and Bernays worked together often through their respective positions. Bernays became a trusted colleague of Lee's during the war, the only other PR guy that Lee thought his equal. It was after WWI that<b>&nbsp;Bernays famously said, “If propaganda could be used so effectively in war, why could we not use it in peace?”</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">At the time, democracy was still a relatively new idea, and those in power were almost universally terrified of it. Propaganda—which Bernays later renamed “public relations” because “the Germans had given it a bad name”—was created as a reaction to growing public criticism of the titans of industry who had once been hailed as heroes. But it was also created to provide those in power with the tools to manipulate the masses.&nbsp;<b>Bernays, Lee, and a client they both shared—Adolf Hitler—were all close readers of French philosopher Gustav Le Bon</b>, who posited that the public, or as Le Bon put it “the crowd,” could only be both satisfied and safe when it was controlled. Like Le Bon, Bernays had a real disdain for the public, writing in his seminal book Propaganda:</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Those who manipulate the unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government, which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested largely by men we have never heard of. In almost every act of our lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by a relatively small number of persons who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires that control the public mind.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To be clear, Bernays saw himself as part of that “ruling power,” and he relished the role of manipulator.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Ivy Lee died fairly young, in his 50s, and when he did Edward Bernays inherited many of his clients, including both The American Tobacco Company and The American Petroleum Institute,</span> the fossil fuel industry trade group that Lee had helped Standard Oil create as World War I was ending</b>. While Ivy Lee largely focused on shaping and controlling the way the media got information as a way to mold public opinion, Bernays tried to manipulate the masses more directly. His best known trick was obliterating the taboo against women smoking in about six months, a feat he pulled off for American Tobacco.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>They tasked Bernays with increasing sales, and he actually went to a psychoanalyst to talk about what cigarettes signified. </b>You guessed it, phalluses. This got Bernays thinking about the “penis envy” women supposedly feel and an emergent push for women’s rights, and boom he had it: he would make smoking a women’s empowerment issue. He convinced a few young women he knew to stage a smoking “protest” in New York, calling cigarettes “freedom torches,” then alerted the press to the protest. It made headlines across the country and within a few months women all over the country were smoking and American Tobacco’s sales were soaring.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 102);"><b>So, to recap, PR emerged as a way for industry to deal with a three-pronged threat: t</b>he rise of investigative journalism and activism shining a light on the misdeeds of industry, the emergence of regulation (which previously left industry to its own devices), and the expansion of the vote to members of society that had little in common with captains of industry. It was wildly successful. The first wave of PR effectively put a stop to the muckrakers’ early calls for corporate accountability.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Then the Depression hit and once again America’s bosses were the bad guys. Publicists lik<b>e John W. Hill </b>helped companies like American Steel paint labor unions, social security, and the New Deal as socialist. Hill paid commentators like George Sokolsky to write op-eds in newspapers and magazines, or join panel discussions on the radio, ginning up fear about these ideas. (At one point, Hill’s firm Hill & Knowlton was paying Sokolsky $40,000 a year to write pieces criticizing Social Security and the New Deal—that's a high six-figure salary in today's dollars). Hill would go on to mastermind the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), a hub of science denial around smoking...that sounds an awful lot like the research bureaus Ivy Lee had set up some 40 years before. Not a huge shock given that Hill idolized Lee.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hill’s client roster also included the American Petroleum Institute, Texaco, and Monsanto during those years, so it's no surprise that you see the same tactics deployed by TIRC then used by oil companies to combat rising concern over "the greenhouse effect" or by agribusiness to combat rising concern over GMOs. In fact Hill would have folks from the tobacco companies and chemical companies join the API, because he spotted ways for all three industries to work together—to lobby together for or against regulation, to trade strategies and ideas, even to create new products together. Without PR firms bringing them together, these industries and companies may have tended to stay in their own worlds, but the type of cross-pollination Hill enabled was hugely influential.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In fact it’s how the cigarette filter came about.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Cigarette filters are one of the reasons oil and gas companies were named defendants in the tobacco litigation of the 1990s. “When tobacco companies needed to assess the toxics in their cigarettes and in cigarette smoke, the people they turned to to do it were the oil companies,” says Carroll Muffett, President and CEO of the Center for International Environmental Law. Oil companies had been testing exhaust and refinery smoke for years because of the Clean Air Act, so they were the ones that had the sophisticated equipment and the knowledge to test for toxins in cigarette smoke.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">“And when the oil companies reported back to the tobacco companies on the toxins they were in fact finding in that smoke, you know, what did they do with the information?" Muffett said. "Did they go public and say there's a massive risk here? No. They entered into joint enterprises, joint ventures with the tobacco companies to produce cigarette filters.”</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Since the inception of the PR industry, its most expert practitioners have deployed a handful of techniques on behalf of multiple industries and really in service of all industry: to paint business as a good faith member of the community, to sway public opinion, to avoid what infamous PR guy Rick Berman calls "public judgement," and to create political will in their favor. But they weren't operating in a vacuum. In deploying these techniques on behalf of industry, they fundamentally shifted the information ecosystem in America.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today, it's not just industries that want to avoid regulation or deal with a crisis who use PR techniques, it's everyone from your local county government to your favorite musician to the most earnest nonprofit. It's the filter through which all information flows to the public. Which doesn't have to be a bad thing, but it has certainly led to the information pollution we have in the U.S. today, where trust in journalists and experts is at an all-time low, the public is tremendously confused, people can (and do) just consume "news" that tracks with their opinions, and so on. To clean up that pollution, it helps to know how to spot these techniques. Our hope with this archive and its corresponding podcast is to help people do just that—not to make people even more suspicious of everything they see, or double down on getting their information only from one trusted YouTuber, but to pull the mask off a bit and help people find their way through the filters to the information they need to make important decisions about their lives.</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></div></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ozy</font></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">[s<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">]ince the dawn of representative democracy, corporations and political elites have used public relations and lobbying to subvert and subdue democracy,” argue David Miller and William Dinan in&nbsp;</span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Century-Spin-Relations-Cutting-Corporate/dp/0745326889" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-decoration-line: none;">A Century of Spin: How Public Relations Became the Cutting Edge of Corporate Power</a></em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. Still, while publicists had occasionally penned puff pieces to defend company interests from muckraking journalists in the late 19th century, true corporate spin doctors like Ivy Lee, sometimes called the father of public relations, did not emerge until events like Ludlow demanded their talents.</span></font></div><div class="inline_image inline_image_left image_size_small inline-element" data-attachment="71064" id="140286" inline-image="" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div class="meta no-icons" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); padding-bottom: 12px;"><span style="font-family: " times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div class="meta no-icons" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); padding-bottom: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" times="Times" new="New" roman="Roman" font-size="font-size" large="large"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee, a Princeton economics grad, had been a muckraking journalist himself, until the long hours and low pay drove him and a friend to open one of the nation’s first PR firms — dedicated to bringing the journalistic principles of “accuracy, authenticity and interest” to the embryonic PR field. For Lee, it was about transparency and helping companies get out in front of potential controversies. For example, U.S. railroad companies had long failed to acknowledge fatal accidents on railway lines, but Lee made sure that reporters were briefed and allowed to inspect the accident scene and question officials, successfully deflecting unwarranted criticism in the press.</font></span><div class="caption" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; margin: 12px auto 0px; padding-left: 28px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">But Lee was also a student of what he called the&nbsp;<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZUJAAAAQBAJ&dq=ludlow+massacre+poison+ivy&source=gbs_navlinks_s" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">psychology of the multitude</a>&nbsp;and believed that publicity worked best when trained professionals played on “the imagination or emotion of the public.” Presentation was paramount, and the facts, well, they were flexible. As the philosophical Lee put it, “What is a fact? The effort to state an absolute fact is simply an attempt to … give you my interpretation of the facts.”</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ivy Lee’s interpretative skills would be tested like never before in the wake of Ludlow. Earlier, John D. Rockefeller Jr., obsessed with burnishing his father’s robber baron image, had testified before Congress about the miners’ desire to unionize to win better wages and working conditions. Asked&nbsp;two weeks before the massacre if he would stick to his anti-union principle even “if it costs all your property and kills all your employees,” Rockefeller had...After Ludlow, with Rockefeller under siege from well-known union activist Mother Jones and&nbsp;<a http="http" www.pbs.org="www.pbs.org" wgbh="wgbh" americanexperience="americanexperience" features="features" primary-resources="primary-resources" rockefellers-ludlow="rockefellers-ludlow" the="The" popular="popular" writer="writer" upton="Upton" sinclair="Sinclair" nbsp="nbsp" that="that" i="I" intend="intend" to="to" indict="indict" you="you" for="for" murder="murder" before="before" people="people" of="of" this="this" country="country" clearly="clearly" it="it" was="was" time="time" wealthy="wealthy" industrialist="industrialist" in="in" modern="modern" pr="PR" parlance="parlance" implement="implement" a="a" crisis-management="crisis-management" plan="plan" lee="Lee" whom="whom" dubbed="dubbed" poison="Poison" ivy="Ivy" brought="brought" interpret="interpret" facts="facts" surrounding="surrounding" ludlow="Ludlow" subsequent="subsequent" publicity="publicity" sheet="sheet" claimed="claimed" falsely="falsely" massacre="massacre" had="had" been="been" work="work" well-paid="well-paid" agitators="agitators" sent="sent" out="out" by="by" union="union" mother="Mother" jones="Jones" prostitute="prostitute" and="and" women="women" children="children" who="who" d="d" suffocated="suffocated" pit="pit" victims="victims" an="an" overturned="overturned" stove="stove" whole="whole" episode="episode" according="according" official="official" statement="statement">&nbsp;from Rockefeller, was “to be regretted,” but the “defenders of law and property … were in no slightest way responsible for it.”</a></font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">And that was just the start of Rockefeller’s rehabilitation. The following year, after the miners had returned to work, the industrialist made a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VymRHoSiWWU&t=3999" target="blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none;">well-publicized visit to Ludlow</a>, where he ate with the laborers and announced a plan to address worker grievances. And over time, Lee’s client&nbsp;was recast as a humanitarian and philanthropist, a reputation he still enjoys today. Lee’s reputation, however, would take a hit shortly before his death, in 1934, after it was revealed that he had met with, and dispensed PR advice to, Adolf Hitler and head Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels...Despite the black marks on Lee’s record, his innovative PR legacy is — rather fittingly — open to a host of interpretations.<...</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; text-size-adjust: 100%; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px 0px 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...after the coal mining rebellion in Colorado known as the "Ludlow Massacre"<b>.Upton Sinclair dubbed him "Poison Ivy" after Lee tried send bulletins saying those thatdied were victims of an overturned stove, when in fact they were shot by the Colorado militia.</b></font></p></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">drilled...Drilled podcast&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">we look at Big Oil’s big propaganda machine, the specific spin masters who built it, and why it’s still so effective today. First up, in episodes 1 and 2, is Ivy Ledbetter Lee, widely considered the father of modern public relations (yes, yes Edward Bernays, Sigmund Freud’s nephew, also sometimes claims that prize, but he started his firm 25 years after Lee).</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</span></font></div><p id="viewer-8up4s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee worked for coal companies and railroads and then in 1914 went to work for the Rockefellers. In response to an ongoing strike at a Colorado mine owned by the family, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. had sent in armed guards, who teamed up with the Colorado national guard to bust up the protest. The men invaded a camp of some 1200 miners and their families, and began setting tents on fire, and then shooting at protestors. Ultimately 22 protestors were killed, including 11 children and two women, who were suffocated by smoke when they got trapped in a pit, trying to hide from the gunfire. The incident came to be known as the<b> Ludlow Massacre. The Rockefellers were just a few years out from the break-up of the Standard Oil Trust, and the Ludlow strike quickly made the son as unpopular as his father</b>. They were in great need of a new image, and Ivy Lee was just the man to give it to them.</font></p><p id="viewer-2n1r4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee went on to work for Standard Oil and the Rockefellers for the rest of his life. <b>After WWI he helped them bring oil companies together into the first industry PR group, the American Petroleum Institute, back in 1919.&nbsp;</b></font></p><p id="viewer-2n1r4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1929, when Standard Oil signed a partnership deal with German chemical manufacturer I.G. Farben, creating Standard-IG Farben, a joint venture that aimed to develop petrochemicals and synthetic fuels, Lee picked up IG Farben as a client too</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">. <b>And when Adolf Hitler began consolidating power in Germany, Farben asked Lee to come to Germany. The $4,000 a year they were paying him was increased to $25,000 a year, and they offered his son a full-time job in Germany, too, for $33,000 a year,</b> big money at the time.</span></font></p><p id="viewer-2n1r4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;Lee met with minister of propaganda Josef Goebbels, and with Hitler himself, along with various other Third Reich leaders, and advised them on relations with the press and with America in general. <b>When the Nazis were planning to kick out the foreign press, Lee advised them against that idea, and suggested they build relationships with the foreign press instead.</b></span></font></p><p id="viewer-7vrig" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee also advised them that Americans would never go for the Third Reich’s stance on Jews, but it’s unlikely that he realized at the time how far that thinking went or what it would lead to in a few short years. Lee was brought before the House Un-American Activities Committee to testify about his involvement on “Nazi propaganda” in 1934. The transcript of that testimony is&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=shUWAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.RA1-PA193" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">here,</u></a>&nbsp;but we’ve pulled out a few choice bits below, along with some examples of historical documents from an archive of Lee’s papers at Princeton University, which our senior editor Emily Gertz combed through for these episodes. You can&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://fanlilnk.to/drilled" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">listen&nbsp;</u></a>to episodes one and two anywhere you get your podcasts, or&nbsp;<a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://drillednews.com/podcasts" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">right here</u></a>&nbsp;on our Podcasts page.</font></p><p id="viewer-7vrig" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p id="viewer-7vrig" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 1.1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">trans:&nbsp;&nbsp;https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=shUWAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.RA1-PA192&printsec=frontcover</font></p><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://georgiahistory.com/marker-monday-ivy-ledbetter-lee-founder-of-modern-public-relations-1877-1934/</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">National Publicist Day on October 30, with the Ivy Ledbetter Lee, Founder of Modern Public Relations 1877-1934, historical marker. On O<b>ctober 28, 1906, a three-car train with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ran off a trestle into a lake killing 50 people. Lee immediately started working with the company</b>—he sent out a formal statement to the press on its behalf and organized a train to take reporters to the scene of the incident.&nbsp;</span><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The New York Times</em><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;printed the “Statement from the Road” two days later. This was one of many railway accidents and the Company was receiving backlash from the public. Their newfound need to sway public opinion inspired a long-term focus on safety....</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">----</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">_{?</span></font></div>}<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2015px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On October 28, 1906, a West Jersey and Seashore Railroad train plunged off a bridge and sent three cars into the Beach Thorofare in Atlantic City.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/solving-a-century-old-mystery-about-an-atlantic-city-train/article_25ecd62f-d0ba-562b-8bb0-203baa1dbcaf.html" target="blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 2px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(21, 101, 192); border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.2015px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The accident left between 53 and 57 people dead</a><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2015px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, according to the Press of Atlantic City.</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2015px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2015px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">----</font></span></div><div style=""><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2015px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="" /><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Exactly how many people is unclear from reading news accounts of the day, and even years later. The day after the Sunday, Oct. 28 accident, the Atlantic City Daily Press put the number at 80 in a front-page headline - and the story suggested the body count was higher yet:</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">"Almost one hundred men, women and children were swept to eternity yesterday afternoon, by a train .... jumping off the track on the thoroughfare bridge. The passengers were caught like rats in a trap, and were slowly drowned in icy waters ..."</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">But shortly after the crash, the estimate of the dead was cut into the 50s - 53 and 57 are the most common counts - in <b>an accident believed to be caused by a railroad bridge over Beach Thoroughfare not being put back in place properly after it was opened to let a boat through</b>.</div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
</div><div style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Train 1065, one of the first runs of a freshly opened West Jersey and Seashore</span><b style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> electric train line linking Atlantic City and the </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Philadelphia</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> area,</span></b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> apparently ran into the misplaced rail and went off the tracks, sending several cars and all those unfortunate victims into the bay. A few people reportedly got out of the submerged cars, but most drowned....</span></div></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ivy_Lee">https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ivy_Lee</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Ivy Ledbetter Lee</b>&nbsp;was one of the first leaders of the burgeoning public relations industry that was mostly being advanced by former newspaper men who recognized a new, specialized facet of the press industry. He was a Princeton graduate in 1898 and top of his class in economics before working as a news reporter in New York City in the late 1890's. He quit the job in 1903 because of low pay and late hours.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1904, Lee was hired by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Parker (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Parker</a>&nbsp;and they founded the company&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Parker%26_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker & Lee (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Parker & Lee</a>&nbsp;late in the year. They can be considered the third publicity company of the country. The first company in this line of work was created in Boston in 1900 by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=George_V.S.Michaelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George V. S. Michaelis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George V. S. Michaelis</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Thomas_Marvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Marvin (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Thomas Marvin</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Herbert_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Small (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Herbert Small</a>, was named the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Publicity_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publicity Bureau (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Publicity Bureau</a>&nbsp;and sought "to do a general press agent business". Among their early clients were MIT and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Telephone_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Telephone Company (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Telephone Company</a>. The next of these companies was started by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=William_Wolf_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wolf Smith (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William Wolf Smith</a>&nbsp;in 1902 as a response to the mounting attacks on Capitol Hill against consolidation efforts and labor issues of big business. Wolf, who had been a reporter for the&nbsp;<i>New York Sun</i>, felt corporations needed help to balance the attacks coming from the press and regulatory bills.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee's biography on the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library website explains his work with Parker this way: "In this era of muckraking journalism, Lee saw the benefit public relations work could have for big business, believing if people were presented with all the facts on both sides of an issue they would not come down so harshly on business interests. Lee saw his role as interpreting the public to the industrialists and the industrialist to the people. To achieve this end Lee believed in supplying the newspapers with as much information as possible. His 'Declaration of Principles,' drafted during the anthracite coal strike in the spring of 1906, explained his guiding precepts of public relations theory. The main points of the Declaration were, to guarantee the accuracy of his facts and leave to the discretion of the newspaper editor whether an item was worth printing as news. The aim was to provide news not advertising."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/lee.html#intro" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">[1]</a></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">George Parker had been&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=President_Grover_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President Grover Cleveland (page does not exist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">President Grover Cleveland</a>'s press agent for his three bids for the presidency and was engaged to handle the Democrat's 1904 presidential press needs. He hired Ivy Lee because of his writing abilities, which were necessary because they soon had to defend themselves from attacks by the press for ghost writing press releases and placing advertisements disguised as stories. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The larger duty of the day was to convince a pro-competitive populace to accept the new concept of a government-business partnership. They needed to change their image from "selling to the public" to "serving the public" while they were "excluding the public" from the decision making process involving public concerns. They needed to administer the markets rather than sell to them. This was an important task in an era (1895-1904) that saw 3000 companies disappear into mergers.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee's economic philosophy saw the movement toward larger economic units and perhaps one state economy as inevitable economic progress. He went on argue that collaboration (meaning merging) was Christian, where as<b> competition was selfish and even unChristian</b>. He also claimed that nothing, including the Bible provided a truly objective standard of judging human actions, so everything is really subjective.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">He quit Parker & Lee in 1908 and went to work for Pennsylvania Rairoad as their first publicity director. The type of influences on legislation were shifting from lobbying to a mix of lobbying and publicity support. The railroads were fighting against the reform minded President&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Teddy_Roosevelt" title="Teddy Roosevelt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Teddy Roosevelt</a>&nbsp;who blocked many of their goals with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Hepburn_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepburn Act (page does not exist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Hepburn Act</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.<b> One of the issues Lee kept fighting for was a 5% freight increase which he lost in 1910, but won in 1914.</b> In this period the linking between public relations and governmental favors created a new type of legislative relationship.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee went to work for John D. Rockefeller in 1914, managing the public's perspective of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ludlow_Massacre" title="Ludlow Massacre" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Ludlow Massacre</a>, which involved the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</a>, whose mines were owned by the Rockefellers. According to Colorado State University's Kirk Hallahan, "On April 20, 1914, a gun battle broke out between striking miners and the Colorado state militia at the temporary camp set up by strikers outside the mines at Ludlow. Three strikers and one militiaman were killed.&nbsp;</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, the real tragedy was revealed when 11 women and children were found dead in one of the many earthen storage pits dug below the tent colony. The innocent victims had hidden in the pit to escape the gunfire and apparently suffocated when a smoky fire later swept through the compound. The incident sparked 10 days of widespread violence in the surrounding coal fields, resulting in at least 53 deaths."&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/_{pr/ivylee.pdf}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" https="https" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">[2]</a>&nbsp;To combat the public outcry, Lee created a campaign to influence public opinion (especially on the East Coast) of Rockefeller, CF&I, and the Massacre, which included <b>19 bulletins that were sent to opinion leaders and the press. The bulletins contained misleading an inaccurate information concerning the circumstances surrounding the strike, the militia's actions, and the resulting deaths.</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the 1920's, Lee worked for General Mills, <b>Lucky Strike</b>, and many other ventures including convincing companies to building public relation department within their firms. He took heat for views he had on the Soviet Union. He openly defended the system, which confused&nbsp;<i>Business Week</i>&nbsp;and brought name calling from others. He represented&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=I.G.Farben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. G. Farben (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">I. G. Farben</a>&nbsp;after Germany was getting bad press in the states. He may have advised them to change aspects of their national strategy, however it brought investigations from Congress and questioning in the press. Late in 1934 he died from brain tumor.</font></p><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Books_by_Ivy_Lee"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Books by Ivy Lee</font></span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Human Nature and the Railroads; printed privately 1915</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Publicity Some of the Things It Is and Is Not; Industries Publishing Co.,1925</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Present Day Russia; Macmillan, 1928</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Problem of International Propoganda, a New Technique Necessary in Developing Understanding Between Nations; issued by his firm in 1934</font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><span class="mw-headline" id="sources"><b><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">sources</font></b></span></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Marvin N. Olasky.,&nbsp;Corporate Public Relations: A New Historical Perspective&nbsp;</b>, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1987</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scott M. Cutlip,&nbsp;The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1994</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Alex Molnar, Colonizing Our Future: The Commercial Transformation of America's Schools,&nbsp;Social Education Vol. 64 2000.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Martinson, Truthfulness in Communication is Both a Reasonable and Achievable Goal for Public Relations Practitioners,&nbsp;Public Relations Quarterly</font></li></ul><h2 style="background: none; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.3;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">External links</font></span></h2><ul style="margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.6em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%225%22" height="%2213%22%3E" ccircle="Ccircle" cx="%222.5%22" cy="%229%22" r="%222.5%22" fill="%22%23222%22/%3E" c="C" e="E" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/mlr/readings/articles/pubrel.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" overflow-wrap="overflow-wrap" break-word="break-word" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/mlr/readings/articles/pubrel.html</font></a></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/lee.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Ivy Ledbetter Lee Papers</a>," Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University.</font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Michael Turney, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nku.edu/_{turney/prclass/readings/3eras2x.html}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Ivy Lee,</a>" On-line Readings in Public Relations.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Richard W Pollay, "</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zkh84c00" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url(" text-decoration-line="text-decoration-line" none="none" data:image="data:image" svg="svg" xml="xml" csvg="Csvg" width="%2212%22" height="%2212%22%3E" cpath="Cpath" fill="%22%23fff%22" stroke="%22%2336c%22" d="%22M9.995" h5.982v10.5h1.5z="h5.982V10.5H1.5z" e="E" h11v5.39l9.427="H11v5.39L9.427" l-1.31-1.31l5.393="l-1.31-1.31L5.393" l-2.69-2.688="l-2.69-2.688" l4.2="L4.2" z="z" l.022="l.022" l8.2="L8.2" l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z="l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z" c="C" padding-right="padding-right" px="px" xmlns="%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22" xmlns:data="data">Propaganda, Puffing and the Public Interest</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">",&nbsp;</span><i style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Public Relations Review</i><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, Volume XVI, Number 3, Fall 1990. (Refers to </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Lee's tobbaco industry related work</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">).</span></font></li><li style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Kirk Hallahan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/_{pr/ivylee.pdf}" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" https="https" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' Response to the 1913-1914 Colorado Coal Strike...by MN Olasky<span aria-hidden="true">&nbsp;·&nbsp;</span>1985<span aria-hidden="true">&nbsp;·&nbsp;</span>Cited by 1 —&nbsp;Agenda Setting; Journalism History; *Lee (Ivy). ...&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: bold;">IVy Lee</span>, the "fathermof modern' public relations,"' ... .press-<span style="font-weight: bold;">bureau</span>%to another seekinl `handouts.'".</a></font></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">olasky consrvative</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>~ cutthroat cap'lism prevent ceo from being good xian?</div><div>
</div><div>ludlow ppl knocked stove in escape?! "out of control militia outfit" = nat'l guard? pinkertons?&nbsp; newspaper editors all 11 coal co controlled;&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>advised std and Vacuum oil to buy from ussr;&nbsp; nazi see hiebert pp 284-93&nbsp; def on hitler short vs stalin, opposed persec of jews [bc?]</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The American Academy of Political and Social Science</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;</span></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">RAY ELDON HIEBERT. Courtier to the Crowd: The Story of Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations. Pp. xvi, 351. Ames : Iowa State University Press, 1966. No price</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>George Fox Mott First Published November 1, 1968 Other</div><div>https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626838000134</div><div>
</div><div>Article Information</div><div>Volume: 380 issue: 1, page(s): 177-178</div><div>Issue published: November 1, 1968</div><div>George Fox Mott</div><div>Washington, D.C.</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9 pp</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26409644.pdf">https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26409644.pdf</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">hiebert; fr of PR</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">9 pp on pprs princeton</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>penn RR said give reporters access to accident schene (at co expense?) but also have better story to tell to beauty station raise wages better safety; ~ nationalize as w/ other eur ; lonrd tp rockefellers ludlow; film of rpckefeller wedding; red cross effective propganda ww1; am tobacco co, beth, standard oil, chrysler...armour& co, copper mfg? sugar cartel, for gov't; cleared by HUUAC?</div><div>
</div><div>thot PR could fix labor and diplo problems;&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>1905 trip ussr; urged diplo;&nbsp;</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://heated.world/p/big-oils-first-publicist-advised"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">https://heated.world/p/big-oils-first-publicist-advised</font></a></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lee’s real legacy: The American Petroleum Institute</b></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee’s most controversial legacy may be the advice he gave to the Nazis in the 1930s. <b>But his most lasting legacy is his creation of the oil and gas industry’s first trade group—the American Petroleum Institute—over a decade before, in 1919.</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">“After the war ended, there was an interest in sort of coordinating an industry position for the petroleum industry to represent their interests to the public,” environmental sociologist Robert Brulle tells Westervelt in Season 3, episode 2 of the podcast. “Ivy Lee draws on his experience in the war propaganda board effort to start developing larger institutional public relations efforts. And he works with the head of Standard Oil of New Jersey, which we now know as ExxonMobil, to form the American Petroleum Institute in 1919.”</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Today, the American Petroleum Institute remains a powerful PR force for fossil fuels in an era of climate emergency. Representing more than 600 corporations, it is the largest U.S. trade group for the oil and gas industry—and its members spend a cumulative billions of dollars a year trying to convincing the public that oil is good, and American, and necessary for progress.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">In fact, earlier this month, Ivy Lee’s brainchild API announced&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/08/oil-companies-climate-crisis-pr-spending">a new “seven figure” PR campaign and advertising push</a>&nbsp;to convince the public that the oil and gas industry is a good-faith partner in the fight against climate change. The group’s campaign comes after decades of funding climate science denial and climate policy delay.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The API has deemed the push “Energy for Progress.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eenews.net/greenwire/stories/1062019231">According to the group’s president</a>, <b>Mike Sommers, "What it really is all about is going on offense to tell the story of this industry.”</b></font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sounds familiar, doesn’t it.</font></p><div><h4 style="margin: 1em 0px 0.625em; line-height: 1.16em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you see something, say something</font></h4><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Today, the American Petroleum Institute’s ads run in nearly every respected media outlet. The New York Times; the Washington Post; on Vox and Politico and MSNBC. They also run on buildings; on billboards; on public transit and elsewhere.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">HEATED is tracking these ads on an Instagram account called @fossilfuelads, to visually demonstrate how the industry’s deceptive messaging infiltrates our daily lives.</font></p><p style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">If you see any fossil fuel ads in your daily life, please send them to&nbsp;<a href="mailto:fossilfuelads@heated.world">fossilfuelads@heated.world</a>....</font></p></div><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">ref guk</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://yyy.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/08/oil-companies-climate-crisis-pr-spending</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">no lnx nice gfx brulle</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div><b>How the oil industry has spent billions to control the climate change conversation</b></div><div>‘From my perspective every indication of this evidence is once that closet door gets blown open, the skeletons are going to come tumbling out,’ said Geoffrey Supran.&nbsp;</div><div>
</div><div>Activists say Democratic climate proposals won’t be able to pass until lawmakers put a stop to oil companies trying to rebrand themselves</div><div>
</div><div>Emily Holden in Washington</div><div>Wed 8 <b>Jan 2020&nbsp;</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>America’s oil companies are trying to rebrand themselves as part of the solution to the climate crisis, launching a campaign to counter top Democrats’ proposals to rapidly cut pollution from the power plants and cars that run on the industry’s petroleum and natural gas.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>They say natural gas – a fossil fuel that emits heat-trapping carbon dioxide – is helping to slow climate disruption by providing an alternative to coal.</b></div><div>
</div><div>How vested interests tried to turn the world against climate science</div><div>Read more]</div><div>
</div><div><b>“We’re taking our message of energy progress to every corner of the country to show just what’s at stake in Washington and in state capitols around the country,” said Mike Sommers, CEO of the oil trade group the American Petroleum Institute (API), on a press call announcing the plan.</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The campaign is part of a strategy in which the oil industry has funneled billions of dollars into its defense, threatening to outpace climate action advocates, say frustrated environmental activists who are increasingly calling on Democrats in Congress to take a tougher line on the sector.</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>But Sommers depicted a dark future if a presidential candidate who wants to ban fracking for natural gas wins the 2020 election: millions of jobs lost, hundreds of billions of dollars more for household energy costs and a global recession.</b></div><div>
</div><div>However, opponents of the industry say the only path to significant US climate action is through legislation and that lawmakers won’t be able to legislate unless they reveal how the industry has controlled the public dialogue around climate change and put a stop to its misdeeds.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>Geoffrey Supran, a research associate who studies global warming politics at Harvard University, is urging House committees to demand more information from oil companies about their influence over public policy. </b>Supran said obtaining corporate documents is “one of the most important actions Congress could take to address the climate crisis”.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">“The reality is that as much as we know about fossil fuel interests’ denial and delay, we’ve really found those skeletons in the closet just by looking through a tiny keyhole – everything we know is based on just a few hundred documents scrounged from various sources,” Supran said. “From my perspective every indication of this evidence is once that closet door gets blown open, the skeletons are going to come tumbling out.”</span></div><div>
</div><div>Walking through Washington’s national airport this holiday season, travelers saw a type of advertisement that is becoming more mainstream – it pops up on social media, in commercial breaks for streaming video services, in newspapers and on the radio.<b> A friendly-looking older woman in a hard hat beams at the camera. “Thanks to natural gas, the US is leading the way in reducing emissions,” the sign reads.</b></div><div>
</div><div>The ad campaign, called <b>We’re On It, is sponsored by API –</b> which represents the oil companies that have contributed significantly to the climate crisis.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">While it’s true that US climate pollution is declining in large part because of the switch from coal to natural gas, scientists say far more drastic action is needed to slow climate change. And forecasts show natural gas threatening continued progress.</span></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">As the American public has become more aware of the climate crisis, oil companies have fought back.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Over roughly the last three decades, five major US oil companies have spent a total of at least $3.6bn on advertisements – not counting their investments in public relations programs like sponsored beach clean-ups, or their influence through trade associations, dark money groups and campaign donations.</span></div><div>
</div><div>Activists gather with signs outside the American Petroleum Institute during the global climate action week in Washington DC, on 23 September 2019.]</div><div>
</div><div><b>Advertising spending has increased as politicians have paid more attention to climate change and API’s campaign comes as progressive candidates bidding for the White House, such as the US senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren, propose to ban fracking</b> – a drilling method that has unlocked huge supplies of natural gas and driven down the cost of the fuel.</div><div>
</div><div>Any renewed investigation from Congress could reveal more about how the industry has tried to sway public opinion.</div><div>
</div><div>
</div><div>Investigative reporting has already shown that Exxon has known since at least the 1960s that its products were causing global warming. But <b>Exxon has fought back, saying it is the victim of “a coordinated campaign perpetuated by activist groups with the aim of stigmatizing ExxonMobil”.</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Exxon touts itself instead as an answer to the climate crisis. The top advertisement on Exxon’s YouTube page touts research on making biofuels from <b>algae i</b>n order to cut climate pollution, but the technique is currently prohibitively expensive, and the research represents a tiny portion of Exxon’s budget.</span></div><div>
</div><div>In response to questions from the Guardian, an Exxon spokesman, Casey Norton, said Exxon is “committed to doing our part”.</div><div>
</div><div><b>“The world faces a dual challenge: meeting growing demand for energy while also reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change,” Norton said.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>Norton maintains that “all forms of energy are needed”, including natural gas and renewables, although scientists have concluded humans will have to stop using fossil fuels entirely to stem the crisis.</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>In the call with reporters, API’s CEO took a similar stance</b>. He acknowledged the industry has a responsibility to help slow emissions that are causing rising temperatures, but he said the demand for affordable energy is growing and American fossil fuel companies will meet it.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Pressed to commit to any significant goal to curb emissions, Sommers said API could back some bipartisan legislation to incentivize technology that would capture carbon dioxide so that it cannot enter the atmosphere.[big pilot subsidized clean coal boondoggle just concert to anga]</span></div><div>
</div><div><b>“That’s legislation that’s supported by far-right Republicans and far-left Democrats, but it’s some place in the middle where we think we can meet and we can work together on this key priority,” Sommers said.</b></div><div>
</div><div>Critics of the oil industry say the Democrat-led House should be aggressive in seeking to counter the industry’s narrative. Some want Democrats to <b>call executives into hearings and subpoena internal records about their influence campaigns – one of the most powerful tools available to Congress.</b></div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>But that hasn’t happened. Instead of going directly for the oil companies, House committees have instead been holding dozens of hearings and introducing legislation about ways to cut pollution and help people affected by the climate crisis.</b></div><div>
</div><div>“Our oversight staff decided that OK, rather than kind of punching an industry that’s already pretty down in the public image, there are plenty of other things they also needed and wanted to pursue, so subpoenaing big oil just didn’t really rise to the top of the heap,” the staffer said.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Supran, who works with Harvard climate politics expert Naomi Oreskes, says they have a collection of information that could help Democrats determine which questions to ask and which documents to demand.</b></div><div>
</div><div>“Historical record points to a number of individuals, documents, and questions that could help Congress get to the bottom of how the fossil fuel regime misled America,” Supran said.</div><div>
</div><div>The other route – which Democrats are already pursuing – is state lawsuits against companies. But those challenges could take much longer and aren’t guaranteed to succeed.</div><div>
</div><div>Robert Brulle, a visiting professor of environmental sociology at Brown University who co-authored the research tallying oil spending on ads, said the findings are just the tip of the iceberg. <b>Brulle has previously found that more than $2bn was spent lobbying Congress on climate legislation between 2000 and 2016.</b></div><div>
</div><div><b>He says lawmakers should investigate the oil industry the way the former congressman Henry Waxman took on tobacco companies in the 1990s.</b></div><div>
</div><div>“I think what we’ll find is that the fossil fuel campaigns are going to dwarf what the tobacco industry did. It’s an order of magnitude larger,” Brulle said.</div><div>
</div><div>Some accuse Democrats of fearing a backlash from the oil industry – which still donates to Democratic campaigns. They say moderate Democrats might be trying to stay civil with major companies because it will be easier to pass climate legislation with their support.</div><div>
</div><div>But it’s hard to imagine the industry backing substantial action that would limit oil production and use – which scientists say is required to avoid catastrophe.</div><div>
</div><div>I think what we’ll find is that the fossil fuel campaigns are going to dwarf what the tobacco industry did</div><div>Robert Brulle</div><div>
</div><div>So far, congressional efforts have only scratched the surface of the sector’s influence.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> In October, the oversight committee reviewed evidence of how much Exxon has known about the climate crisis and for how long. The Democrat-only climate committee in the Senate also held a hearing on dark money and climate change. The Rhode Island senator Sheldon Whitehouse urged his colleagues in the House to use their majority to get tougher with oil companies – subpoenaing their records if necessary.</span></div><div>
</div><div>“When we catch the fossil fuel industry spending money in these campaigns, we’re only seeing a sliver of the total operation,” <b>Whitehouse said in a more recent interview with the Guardian. “I think it’s hard to counter their message effectively because remember – they have a<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> $600bn annual subsidy that they’re defending,</span> according to the [International Monetary Fund].</b></div><div>
</div><div>“<b>The idea that some other entity, particularly some struggling charitable organization, is going to be able to go toe-to-toe in spending and outspend them is not really feasible.”</b></div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">Despite fossil fuel companies massive spending, they have continued to lose public support. Elected officials just haven’t followed the shift.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">A majority – 60% of Americans – want to “dramatically reduce” fossil fuel use in 10 or 20 years, according to Gallup. And between 2013 and 2019, the percentage of people who wanted to emphasize oil production has dropped from 46% to 28%.</span></div><div>
</div><div>“If you take climate change seriously, then you have to think about what your path is to getting a serious climate bill,” Whitehouse said. “And the path to a serious climate bill requires disabling the fossil fuel industry’s obstruction apparatus that has been the thing that has prevented that from happening.”</div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">brochure whitewash BS you'd expect, no talk</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee</a></font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output" style=""><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Ivy Ledbetter Lee</b>&nbsp;(July 16, 1877 – November 9, 1934) was an American publicity expert and a founder of modern&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">public relations</a>. Lee is best known for his public relations work with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Rockefeller family</a>.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>His first major client was the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>, followed by numerous major railroads such as the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Central" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York Central</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore and Ohio" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Baltimore and Ohio</a>, and the Harriman lines such as the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Union Pacific</a>.</b> He established the Association of Railroad Executives, which included providing public relations services to the industry.<b> Lee advised major industrial corporations, including steel, automobile, tobacco, meat packing, and rubber, as well as public utilities, banks, and even foreign governments.</b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Lee pioneered the use of internal magazines to maintain employee morale, as well as management newsletters, stockholder reports, and news releases to the media. He did a great deal of </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">pro bono work, which he knew was important to his own public image</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> and during World War I, he became the publicity director for the American Red Cross.</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[1]</a></sup></font></p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">Lee was born near&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedartown,Georgia" title="Cedartown, Georgia" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Cedartown, Georgia</a>, the<b> son of a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Methodist</a>&nbsp;minister, James Wideman Lee, author of several books and a contributor to John L. Brandt's&nbsp;<i>Anglo-Saxon Supremacy, or, Race Contributions to Civilization</i>&nbsp;(1915</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[2]</a></sup>&nbsp;who founded a prominent&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Atlanta</a>&nbsp;family. Ivy Lee studied at&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Emory College</a>&nbsp;and then graduated from&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Princeton</a>. He worked as a newspaper reporter and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringer(journalism)" title="Stringer (journalism)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">stringer</a>.<b> He was a journalist at the&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York American</a></i>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">the&nbsp;<i>New York Times</i></a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><i>New York World</i>.</a></b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Lee got his first job in 1903 as a publicity manager for the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Union" title="Citizens Union" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Citizens Union</a>.</b> He authored the book&nbsp;<i>The Best Administration New York City Ever Had</i>. He later took a job with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Democratic National Committee</a>. Lee married Cornelia Bartlett Bigalow in 1901. They had three children: Alice Lee in 1902, James Wideman Lee II in 1906, and Ivy Lee, Jr. in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-diglib_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-diglib-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_and_Lee" title="Parker and Lee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Together with George Parker</a>, he established the nation's third public relations firm,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_and_Lee" title="Parker and Lee" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Parker and Lee</a>, in 1905.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> The new agency boasted of "</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Accuracy, Authenticity, and Interest.</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">" It made this partnership after working together in the&nbsp;</span><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Democratic Party</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;headquarters, handling publicity for Judge&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_B.Parker" title="Alton B. Parker" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Alton Parker</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">'s unsuccessful presidential race against&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Theodore Roosevelt</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in 1904.</span></b></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Parker and Lee firm lasted less than four years, but the junior partner, Lee, was to become one of the most influential pioneers in public relations. </span><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He evolved his philosophy in 1906 into the&nbsp;<i>Declaration of Principles</i>, the first articulation of the concept that public relations practitioners have a public responsibility that extends beyond obligations to the client.</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);"> In the same year, after the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Atlantic_City_train_wreck" title="1906 Atlantic City train wreck" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">1906 Atlantic City train wreck</a>, Lee issued what is often considered to be the first&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">press release</a>, after persuading the company to disclose information to journalists before they could hear it elsewhere</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[4]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">When Lee was hired full-time by the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>&nbsp;in 1912</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">, </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">he was considered to be the first public relations person placed in an executive-level position. In fact, his archives reveal that he drafted one of the first job descriptions of a VP-level corporate public relations position.</span></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1919, he founded a public relations counseling office, Ivy Lee & Associates.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">During&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">World War I</a>, Lee served as a publicity director, and later as Assistant to the Chairman of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">American Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diglib_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-diglib-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Through his sister Laura, Lee was an <b>uncle to novelist&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S.Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">William S. Burroughs</a>.</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Ivy Lee died of a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">brain tumor</a>&nbsp;at the age of 57</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-diglib_3-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-diglib-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[3]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_on_public_relations">Effect on public relations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Many historians credit Lee with being the originator of modern crisis communications</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[]</sup>&nbsp;His principal competitor in the new public relations industry was&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Edward Bernays</a>, and he has been credited with influencing&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Dudley" title="Pendleton Dudley" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Pendleton Dudley</a>&nbsp;to enter the then-nascent field.</font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">In </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 204, 102);">1914, he was to enter public relations on a much larger scale when he was retained by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D.Rockefeller_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Rockefeller Jr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">John D. <b>Rockefeller Jr</b></a><b>&nbsp;</b>to represent his family and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Standard Oil</a>&nbsp;("to burnish the family image"), after their bloody repression of the coal mining strike in Colorado known as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludlow massacre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Ludlow Massacre</a></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">." Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support due to having ordered the massacre of striking workers and their families (as well as the burning of their homes).&nbsp;</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">He developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness, go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and listen to the grievances (all the while being photographed for press releases). This was novel advice, and attracted widespread media attention, which opened the way to wallpaper over the conflict, and present a more humanized version of the wealthy Rockefellers.</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[5]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Lee guided public relations of&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">Rockefellers</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;and their corporate interests, including a strong involvement in the&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_the_Rockefeller_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction of the Rockefeller Center" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;">construction of the <b>Rockefeller Center</b></a><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">,</b><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> even after he moved on to set up his own consulting firm. He was the person who brought the original, unfunded plan for&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">Metropolitan Opera</a>'s expansion to Junior's attention,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration-line: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">[6]</a></sup>&nbsp;and he convinced Junior to rename the center after the family against the latter's wishes</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[7]</a></sup></font></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" style="" size="4"><b style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Lee became an inaugural member of the&nbsp;</b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>Council on Foreign Relation</b>s</a><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">&nbsp;in the US when it was established in New York in 1921. In the early 1920s, he promoted friendly relations with Soviet Russia. </span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In 1926, Lee wrote a famous letter to the president of the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">US Chamber of Commerce</a>&nbsp;in which he presented a convincing argument for the need to normalize US-Soviet political and economic relations</span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[8]</a></sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">His supposed instruction to the son of the Standard Oil fortune was to echo in public relations henceforth: "Tell the truth, because sooner or later the public will find out anyway. And if the public doesn't like what you are doing, change your policies and bring them into line with what people want." The context of the quote was said to be apocryphal, being spread by Lee as self-promotion, making it both famous and infamous.</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Lee is considered to be the father of the modern public relations campaign when, from 1913–1914, he successfully lobbied for a railroad rate increase from a reluctant federal government</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[]</sup></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee espoused a philosophy consistent with what has sometimes been called the "two-way street" approach to public relations, in which PR consists of helping clients listen as well as communicate messages to their publics. <b>In practice, however, Lee often engaged in one-way&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">propagandizing</a>&nbsp;on behalf of clients despised by the public. Shortly before his death in 1934, the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">US Congress</a>&nbsp;had been investigating his work in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Nazi</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Germany</a>&nbsp;on behalf of the company&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">IG Farben</a>.</b></font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><b>Lee also worked for the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Bethlehem Steel</a>&nbsp;Corporation</b>, in which capacity he famously advised managers to list and number their top priorities every day, and work on tasks in the order of their importance until daily time allows, not proceeding until a task was completed. For this suggestion company head&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M.Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles M. Schwab</a>&nbsp;later paid him $25,000 (the equivalent of $400,000 in 2016 dollars), saying it had been the most profitable advice he had received.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp;<b>Over his career he also was a public relations advisor to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">George Westinghouse</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles Lindbergh</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W.Davis" title="John W. Davis" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">John W. Davis</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Kahn" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Otto Kahn</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Walter Chrysler</a>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">[12]</a></sup></font></p><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Spin</font></a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Written works by Ivy Ledbetter Lee:</font></p><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJtHAAAAYAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">City for the people – The best administration New York ever had</a>. "Campaign book." New York City: Committee on Press and Literature of the Citizens Union. 1903.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Information. (Please help cite publisher), 1933</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Present-day Russia. New York: Macmillan, 1928.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Public Relations. (Please help cite publisher), 1925</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Notes and Clippings. (Please help cite publisher), 1921.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">"James Wideman Lee: biographical sketch." in, James W. Lee,&nbsp;The geography of genius.&nbsp;New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1920, pp. xi–xxiv.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Declaration of Principles. 1906</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Character of "J. Ward Moorehouse" in U.S.A. trilogy by John Dos Passos is based on life of Ivy Lee.</font></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0.5em; list-style-type: decimal; margin-top: 0.3em; column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; list-style-image: none; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 list-item 0; list-style-type: inherit;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Robert L. Heath, ed.,&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of public relations</i>&nbsp;(2005) pp 482-86</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allenleeumc.weebly.com/dr-james-wideman-lee.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Allen-Lee Memorial United Methodist Church: Dr James Wideman Lee biography</a>lists Lee's books but omits this one.</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-diglib-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-diglib_3-0" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="user-select: none; top: -99999px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; padding: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-diglib_3-1" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-diglib_3-2" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span>&nbsp;<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglib.princeton.edu/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Princeton</a></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1995" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jenkins, James Sage (1995).&nbsp;<i>Atlanta in the Age of Pericles</i>. Chimney Hill. pp.&nbsp;68–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlanta+in+the+Age+of+Pericles&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Chimney+Hill&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=James+Sage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text">Robert L. Heath, ed.&nbsp;<i>Encyclopedia of public relations</i>&nbsp;(2005) 1:485</span></font></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrinsky1978" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Herselle_Krinsky" title="Carol Herselle Krinsky" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Krinsky, Carol H.</a>&nbsp;(1978).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xlDAQAAIAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Rockefeller Center</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;30–31.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502404-3" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0-19-502404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockefeller+Center&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502404-3&rft.aulast=Krinsky&rft.aufirst=Carol+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xlDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2003" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Okrent, Daniel</a>&nbsp;(2003).&nbsp;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fortune:The_Epic_of_Rockefeller_Center" title="Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center</a></i>. Penguin Books. p.&nbsp;258.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0142001776" title="Special:BookSources/978-0142001776" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>978-0142001776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Fortune%3A+The+Epic+of+Rockefeller+Center&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0142001776&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421045224/http://www.litasco.com/library/pdf/media/oil_of_russia_by_Vagit_ALEKPEROV_full%20edition.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Archived copy"</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>. Archived from&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litasco.com/library/pdf/media/oil_of_russia_by_Vagit_ALEKPEROV_full%20edition.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" upload.wikimedia.org="upload.wikimedia.org" wikipedia="wikipedia" commons="commons" icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif="Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">the original</a>&nbsp;<span class="cs1-format" style="">(PDF)</span>&nbsp;on 2015-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved&nbsp;<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2015-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litasco.com%2F_library%2Fpdf%2Fmedia%2Foil_of_russia_by_Vagit_ALEKPEROV_full%2520edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1997" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mackenzie, Alec (1997) [1972].&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkTOSmAtuKMC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>The Time Trap</i></a>&nbsp;(3rd&nbsp;ed.). AMACOM - A Division of American Management Association. pp.&nbsp;41–42.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081447926X" title="Special:BookSources/081447926X" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>081447926X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Time+Trap&rft.pages=41-42&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AMACOM+-+A+Division+of+American+Management+Association&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=081447926X&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkTOSmAtuKMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeBoeuf1979" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">LeBoeuf, Michael (1979).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1tlaAAAAYAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><i>Working Smart</i></a>. Warner Books. pp.&nbsp;52–54.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0446952737" title="Special:BookSources/0446952737" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0446952737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Smart&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0446952737&rft.aulast=LeBoeuf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1tlaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNightingale1960" class="citation cs2" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nightingale, Earl (1960), "Session 11. Today's Greatest Adventure",&nbsp;<i>Lead the Field</i>(unabridged audio program), Nightingale-Conant</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Session+11.+Today%27s+Greatest+Adventure&rft.btitle=Lead+the+Field&rft.pub=Nightingale-Conant&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Nightingale&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988">.&nbsp;<i>Related references:</i>&nbsp;Radio and television broadcaster&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Nightingale" title="Earl Nightingale" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Earl Nightingale</a>&nbsp;(1921–1989) popularized in&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.success.com/articles/647-earl-nightingale-s-greatest-discovery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">1960</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108090914/http://www.success.com/articles/647-earl-nightingale-s-greatest-discovery" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a>2013-01-08 at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>&nbsp;this&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.objectivistliving.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=4982" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">often told</a>&nbsp;Ivy Lee's priority task list&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightingale.com/ae_article_i206_articlethe25000idea.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">story</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121135155/http://www.nightingale.com/AE_Article_i206_articleThe25000Idea.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a>&nbsp;2013-01-21 at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>,&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davealbano.com/blog/tag/andrew-carnegie/" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">often</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gratefulwealth.net/business/double-your-income-potential-and-time-freedom-in-less-than-1-week-heres-how" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">attributed</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226210813/http://gratefulwealth.net/business/double-your-income-potential-and-time-freedom-in-less-than-1-week-heres-how" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Archived</a>&nbsp;2012-02-26 at the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Wayback Machine</a>&nbsp;to Nightingale's&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://self-improvement-ebooks.com/books/teos.php" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">friend</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leadergrow.com/articles/37-defining-success" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">mentor</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Hill" title="Napoleon Hill" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Napoleon Hill</a>(1883–1970) who, according to Hill's book&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY9FYguZ5nAC" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">How To Sell Your Way Through Life</a>, knew both&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M.Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Charles M. Schwab</a>&nbsp;(1862–1939) and Ivy Lee (1877–1934). Earl Nightingale appears in the book&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn5JAAAAYAAJ" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">A Lifetime of Riches: The Biography of Napoleon Hill</a>, by Michael J. Ritt, Jr. and Kirk Landers, because of Nightingale's relationship with Napoleon Hill.</span></span></font></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; break-inside: avoid-column;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Lee#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">^{</a></b></span>&nbsp;}<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIngham1983" class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ingham, John N. (1983).</cite><cite class="citation book cs1" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; font-style: normal;">&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Suu9yUKdA8IC&q=rockefeller+family&pg=RA1-PA777" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">Biographical dictionary of American business leaders</a>. </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Greenwood Publishing Group.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23908-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23908-8" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;"><bdi>0-313-23908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+dictionary+of+American+business+leaders&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-313-23908-8&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuu9yUKdA8IC%26q%3Drockefeller%2Bfamily%26pg%3DRA1-PA777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></span></font></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Hiebert, Ray Eldon.&nbsp;Courtier to the crowd: the story of Ivy Lee and the development of public relations. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1966.</font></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_L.O'Brien2005" class="citation news cs1" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_L.O%27Brien" title="Timothy L. O'Brien" style="font-style: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">T</a><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_L.O%27Brien" title="Timothy L. O'Brien" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">imothy L. O'Brien</a>&nbsp;(February 13, 2005).&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/business/yourmoney/13flak.html?pagewanted=all" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px">"Spinning Frenzy: P.R.'s Bad Press"</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times</a>.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spinning+Frenzy%3A+P.R.%27s+Bad+Press&rft.date=2005-02-13&rft.au=Timothy+L.+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F02%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fyourmoney%2F13flak.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Lee" class="Z3988" /></font></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="user-select: none; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; margin-right: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span></span></font></h2><ul style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); list-style-image: url(" w="w" skins="skins" vector="Vector" resources="resources" common="common" images="images" bullet-icon.svg="bullet-icon.svg" d4515="d4515" margin="margin" em="em" px="px" padding="padding"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010135711/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall01/Jones/lee.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Short Biography</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031022191210/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/lee.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">Ivy Ledbetter Lee Papers</font></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/spincycles/transcript-seitel.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: url(" w="w" resources="resources" src="src" mediawiki.skinning="mediawiki.skinning" images="images" external-ltr.svg="external-ltr.svg" right="right" center="center" no-repeat="no-repeat" padding-right="padding-right" px="px"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">CBC interview with Fraser Seitel</font></a></li></ul><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rockefeller_Center" style="background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); width: 1087px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 3px; margin: 1em auto 0px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 1079px; border-spacing: 0px; background: transparent;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" style="float: right; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em;"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; cursor: pointer; white-space: nowrap;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">show</font></a></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left; margin-right: 0.5em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
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background: none;">Bethlehem Steel people</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:The_New_York_Times_writers" title="Category:The New York Times writers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">The New York Times writers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York_World" title="Category:New York World" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York World</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_relations_pioneers" title="Category:Public relations pioneers" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">Public relations pioneers</a></li><li style="margin: 0.125em 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:New_York(state)_Democrats" title="Category:New York (state) Democrats" style="text-decoration-line: none; background: none;">New York (state) Democrats</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">snac</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A member of the Princeton Class of 1898, Lee first worked as a journalist in New York and held a press job with the Democratic National Committee. Post-1904, he was an adviser on public relations to leading industrialists, such as John D. Rockefeller and the Guggenheims. In 1916, he opened Ivy Lee and Associates, a public relations firm that took on many prominent clients, including various investment houses, industrial organizations, and philanthropic institutions. Lee was the author of a number of works on public and foreign relations, such as PUBLICITY: SOME OF THE THINGS IT IS AND IS NOT (1925) and U.S.S.R: A WORLD ENIGMA (1927).</font></p><p class="source" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>From the description of Ivy L. Lee papers, </b>1881-1989 (bulk 1915-1946) (Princeton University Library). WorldCat record id: 79717575</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Public relations expert and publicist for the Pennsylvania Railroad and for John D. Rockefeller.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">He was earlier a newspaperman in New York City.</font></p><p class="source" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">From the description of Ivy L. Lee letters, 1900-1928. (Columbia University In the City of New York). WorldCat record id: 606938950</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ivy L. Lee was born in Cedartown, Georgia on July 16, 1877 of Emma Eufaula Ledbetter Lee and the Reverend Dr. James Wideman Lee, a well known Methodist clergyman in the South. Ivy Lee's childhood was spent in Atlanta, Georgia except for his senior year in high school spent in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Emory College in Atlanta for two years and then transferred to Princeton University from which he graduated in 1898. While at Princeton Lee was active on the college newspaper and won the Lynde debate prize.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee did post-graduate work at Harvard and Columbia Universities but due to lack of funds entered newspaper work. He was a journalist at the New York American, the New York Times, and the New York World . He preferred to write about business and financial affairs. His first work in public relations came in 1903 as publicity manager for the Citizens' Union. He authored the textbook ( The Best Administration New York City Ever Had ) used in Seth Low's unsuccessful mayoral campaign. Lee then took a press job with the Democratic National Committee.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee and George Parker, press agent for the Democratic National Committee, opened the pioneering public relations firm of Parker and Lee in 1905. Parker provided the connections and Lee the creativity in this venture. In this era of muckraking journalism, Lee saw the benefit public relations work could have for big business, believing if people were presented with all the facts on both sides of an issue they would not come down so harshly on business interests. Lee saw his role as interpreting the public to the industrialists and the industrialist to the people. To achieve this end Lee believed in supplying the newspapers with as much information as possible. His “Declaration of Principles,” drafted during the anthracite coal strike in the spring of 1906, explained his guiding precepts of public relations theory. The main points of the Declaration were, to guarantee the accuracy of his facts and leave to the discretion of the newspaper editor whether an item was worth printing as news. The aim was to provide news not advertising.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Another opportunity to practice these principles came with work for the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906. The railroad had a policy of refusing reporters access to all accident sites or granting interviews. This policy led to reporters' mistrust of the railroad and in turn mistrust on the part of the general public. Lee immediately opened the lines of communication with frequent updates and arranged for reporters to travel to accident sites. In 1908 Lee joined the Pennsylvania Railroad full time, in charge of their publicity bureau.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1910 Lee and his young family sailed to Europe where he arranged to open European offices for the investment firm of Harris, Winthrop, and Company. While in London, Lee delivered a series of lectures at the London School of Economics on railroads. On December 1, 1912 he became executive assistant to the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. This position gave Lee the opportunity to help influence policy, not just react to incidents at the railroad. <b>Much of Lee's energy was spent in fighting the public clamor to lower freight rates.</b> In 1914 the president of the railroad lent Lee to John D. Rockefeller, Jr. to help counter negative press during strikes at the Colorado Fuel and Oil Company mines.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee's work for Rockefeller led to the acceptance of a position on the personal advisory staff of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. beginning January 1, 1915. About a year later, he ended his employ with the Rockefellers determined to open an independent publicity firm (see next page). During World War I, Lee served as publicity director and later as Assistant to the Chairman of the American Red Cross.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As the firm prospered with T. J. Ross taking on more duties as day to day manager during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Lee turned his attention to many international concerns. <b>He turned his lifelong interest in Russia into a one-man campaign for recognition of the Soviet Union, believing that commerce and a free flow of ideas with the United States would “kill bolshevism</b>.”&nbsp;</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1926 he wrote a letter to the President of the United States Chamber of Commerce arguing for recognition of the Soviet Union, which eventually made front page headlines. Lee continued through the 1920s to push for United States recognition of the Soviet Union leading to many false accusations that Lee was in the employ of the Soviet government as a propagandist. Present Day Russia (1928) outlined his observations of the Soviet Union made during a trip in 1927. At the time of Lee's death he was again embroiled in controversy surrounding his consulting work for I. G. Farben Industries of Germany. Many individuals claimed he was in the employ of the Nazi government. No proof was ever found that this allegation was correct.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee married Cornelia Bartlett Bigelow in 1901. The couple had three children: Alice Lee (Cudlipp) in 1902, James Wideman Lee II in 1906, and Ivy Lee, Jr. in 1909. Ivy Lee died of a brain tumor on November 9, 1934; he was 57 years old.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Organizational History of Ivy Lee & Associates</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" xmlns="urn:isbn:1-931666-33-4"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The firm was opened on April 1, 1916 by Ivy Lee. Partners in the firm included W. W. Harris, a newspaper man, and James W. Lee, Jr, his brother who had also done publicity work for the Pennsylvania Railroad. The firm was originally known as Lee, Harris and Lee. Later the name was changed to Ivy Lee and Associates. The firm took on many prominent clients, among them the Pennsylvania Railroad, John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and Jr., various investment houses, industrial organizations, and philanthropic institutions. T. J. Ross joined the firm in 1919. In 1933 the name of the firm was changed to Ivy L. Lee and T. J. Ross. T. J. Ross became a senior partner and the other members of the staff junior partners. The junior partners in 1933 were <b>Burnham Carter</b>, Harcourt Parrish, Joseph Ripley,<b> James W. Lee II, and Ivy L. Lee, Jr. </b>At Ivy Lee's death the name continued with T J. Ross becoming the senior partner. In 1944 Ivy Lee, Jr. withdrew from the firm and opened his own office in San Francisco. In 1961 at James W. Lee II's retirement from the firm the name was changed to T. J. Ross and Associates, Inc.</font></p></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/business/yourmoney/spinning-frenzy-prs-bad-press.html</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">wiki ref</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" /><div><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Spinning Frenzy: P.R.'s Bad Press</font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div><div>
</div><div>By Timothy L. O'Brien</div><div>Feb. 13,<b> 2005</b></div><div>Correction Appended</div><div><div>
</div><div>FOR years, Armstrong Williams, co-founder of Graham Williams Group, a public relations agency in Washington, has catered to clients in politics, business and entertainment. His partner at the agency is <b>Stedman Graham, the boyfriend of Oprah Winfrey</b>. Mr. Williams is also a popular and ubiquitous political commentator, advocating individual accountability and ethical rectitude as a leading African-American conservative.</div><div>
</div><div>One of the Web sites of this P.R.-specialist-cum-commentator captures the flavor of his professional portfolio: "Williams has become a multimedia wonder, taking stands for what's right on radio and television, in print and in cyberspace. Focusing on issues such as the work ethic, personal responsibility and especially the restoration of morality in today's society, Williams brings an independent view with a refreshing twist to the central issues of our day."</div><div>
</div><div><b>But in early January, Mr. Williams's independence and ethical bearings came under scrutiny. He acknowledged that the Department of Education had paid him $240,000 to promote its "No Child Left Behind" initiative</b> during radio and television appearances. Until USA Today reported the arrangement last month, anyone watching or listening to him discuss White House policy would probably have been under the impression that his opinions were unsponsored.</div><div>
</div><div>While Mr. Williams enjoys a free-floating job profile -- spin doctor, commentator, entrepreneur -- many public relations executives and industry critics say his activities fell outside the ethical fold. And the fact that a major public relations firm, Ketchum, helped to orchestrate the education department's stealthy sales pitch has prompted a heated debate within one of the country's most influential businesses.</div><div>
</div><div>The controversy comes as other changes are roiling the information business. Public relations specialists are scrambling to adjust to a time in which the Internet revolution and a boom in alternative media sources are rewriting the parameters of the communications industry and challenging traditional sources of authority. So, despite an avalanche of freely available information, the truth is becoming harder to discern.</div><div>
</div><div>"P.R. has a P.R. problem," said Brenda J. Wrigley, an associate professor of public relations at Syracuse University. "We have to get our own house in order before we go around advising corporations what to do. We are advocates and there's no shame in that as long as it's grounded in ethics and values.</div><div>
</div><div>"This has to be seen against a very partisan political background in which both parties are doing anything they can to get points of view across at a time when almost anyone can start blogging and call themselves a journalist," she added. "I can't imagine Armstrong Williams will be the only story to emerge from all of this. I think there's got to be more."</div><div>
</div><div>MR. WILLIAMS'S fee was part of a $950,000 government contract that <b>Ketchum</b> signed last June. The agency, a division of the Omnicom Group, agreed to enlist Mr. Williams as an advocate and hired his firm to produce advertisements promoting the Bush administration's education policy.</div><div>
</div><div>Federal law prohibits covert government publicity or propaganda campaigns. And Congressional Democrats, spotting an excellent opportunity to generate buzz, have introduced legislation seeking to curtail government-financed publicity. The Department of Education and the General Accounting Office are investigating the Williams matter.</div><div>
</div><div>President Bush said in a recent news conference that he had been unaware of either the arrangement with Mr. Williams or the payments the government made to another commentator, Maggie Gallagher, to give advice on White House policies. The president ordered federal agencies not to replicate those arrangements and, shortly thereafter, the government disclosed that it had ended payments to a third commentator, Michael McManus, who had also advised the government. Omnicom and Ketchum, which the General Accounting Office criticized last year for producing fake news videos promoting the White House's prescription drug plan, did not respond to repeated requests for interviews.</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Williams, who began his career in public relations before emerging as a radio personality in the 1990's, declined to be interviewed for this article. He has told reporters that he regretted accepting the $240,000 payment, but he has refused to return his fee to the government, telling USA Today that to do so "would be ludicrous because they bought advertising, and they got it."</div><div>
</div><div>Ketchum and three other public relations agencies owned by Omnicom appear to have delivered the bulk of the White House's messages. According to a study prepared by Congressional Democrats, those four agencies snared about $223 million of the $250 million that the federal government spent on public relations contracts from 2001 to 2004.</div><div>
</div><div>Five federal agencies accounted for the bulk of federal spending on public relations: the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the National Institutes of Health, the Minerals Management Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Health Resources and Services Administration. The report also noted a sharp increase in public relations contracts awarded by the government on a noncompetitive basis.</div><div>
</div><div>The Bush White House is hardly the first to contract with such firms. The same Congressional study noted that from 1997 to 2000, during President Bill Clinton's second term, the government spent $128 million on public relations. At issue, however, is not the amount of money spent; it is the amount of spin deployed.</div><div>
</div><div>"<b>The Armstrong Williams scandal is an example of the close coordination between the advertiser and the commentator," said Sheldon Rampton, research director at the Center for Media and Democracy,</b> a left-leaning nonprofit group that tracks abuses in the public relations business. "In terms of journalistic traditions, that violates disclosure and conflicts-of-interest principles."</div><div>
</div><div>Many public relations executives said that they aspired to be honest information brokers and that Ketchum's activities were atypical. They said that their government work often involved promotion of vital policy issues, and that passionate advocacy is fine as long as the sponsor of a message or product is not hidden from public view.</div><div>
</div><div>"At the end of the day, P.R. is about trying to communicate a message on someone's behalf," said Harris Diamond, chief executive of Weber Shandwick, one of the largest public relations firms in the country. "It is very important that we have transparency in our practices. We have to give very clear guidance on where information is coming from."</div><div>
</div><div>What is clear, though, is that the number of large firms communicating those messages has been shrinking. Sweeping consolidation has transformed public relations over the last two decades, with such publicly traded global communications giants as Omnicom, the WPP Group, the Interpublic Group, and Publicis Groupe acquiring a bevy of large, formerly independent firms. These behemoths have picked off well-known companies like Ketchum, Fleishman-Hillard, Hill & Knowlton, Weber Shandwick and Burson-Marsteller, placing them inside holding companies that also operate advertising, strategic consulting and marketing businesses.</div><div>
</div><div>Even before the consolidation began, public relations had grown from a business populated by stereotypical spinmeisters trying to chalk up glowing coverage for their clients into a more lucrative and sophisticated field inhabited by advisers who occupy a vaunted "seat at the C.E.O.'s table." (Still, courting the news media remains the primary task of most smaller public relations firms).</div><div>
</div><div>Some firms' duties have evolved to encompass political lobbying, legal advice, pitches to the media and public relations campaigns that span continents. Burson-Marsteller and APCO Worldwide, for example, have served as particularly aggressive advocates for Russia's controversial business elites, while Qorvis Communications is one of the Saudi Arabian government's chief American advisers.</div><div>
</div><div>As a result of these changes, publicists are pulling in more money than ever. In 2002, the country's top 10 public relations firms billed clients about $2.5 billion, compared with top-10 billings of just $192 million in 1968, according to inflation-adjusted data compiled by the Council of Public Relations Firms, an industry trade group. Because communications conglomerates have stopped breaking out public relations billings, 2002 was the last year for which reliable industry-wide data is available.</div><div>
</div><div>But reaching an audience has become much more challenging for public relations firms, just as it has for traditional news media. The Internet, declining newspaper readership and the growth of cable television and niche magazines have combined to splinter the news and television audience. Public relations has had to find new ways to connect with people, whether through much-maligned video news releases, event marketing or the use of third-party advocates like Mr. Williams.</div><div>
</div><div>Temptations to push the ethical envelope abound. "We're going through a period of a huge jolt, and now more than ever we have to teach our account people a moral compass," said Richard W. Edelman, president of Edelman, the nation's largest independent public relations firm. "Every piece of information we put out, in theory, can go directly to the end user without any mediation. But our job today is still to bring to the media a credible story."</div><div>
</div><div>Communications conglomerates, however, make much more money from advertising than from public relations. As a result, critics say, firms like Ketchum that operate inside conglomerates are pushing harder to fatten the bottom line -- which may lead them to cross ethical boundaries.</div><div>
</div><div>Critics also say that the billions of dollars in debt the conglomerates have incurred during their acquisition spree has made them pursue fees more aggressively. "It's our belief that the masters of the universe, if you will -- WPP and these other guys -- are pressing for higher profits," said Daniel J. Edelman, father of Richard and founder of the company that bears his name. "They have standards for what they want, usually 17 percent margins. We like to do well, but we're not trying to hit those kinds of numbers. It takes away from our historic relationship with the media."</div><div>
</div><div>Executives at WPP, Publicis and Interpublic said that their public relations units operate with great latitude. They also contended that independent firms had a self-interested reason for promoting themselves as less profit-hungry than those inside conglomerates: it is good public relations.</div><div>
</div><div>The three companies also said that they emphasized ethics in their corporate cultures and denied that there was pressure exerted on their public relations units to hunt recklessly for large fees. "I'd like to see some evidence of that," said Howard Paster, a WPP director. "I don't think that's the case. I've heard that argument before and I think it's specious."</div><div>
</div><div>Mr. Paster said that it is "axiomatic that you don't pay for coverage" and that Ketchum and Mr. Williams's activities do not represent systemic problems within the public relations field.</div><div>
</div><div>Howard Rubenstein, a veteran New York publicist, said his firm, has received buyout offers from conglomerates over the years but that he has demurred. Running an independent, private company, he said, gives him greater flexibility and freedom from short-term profit pressure. He said he thought the controversy surrounding Ketchum and Mr. Williams might have a salutary affect on the public relations field.</div><div>
</div><div>"The good part is that people who do unethical things will be exposed more quickly, and I think it will create a standard that did not exist in our industry for a long time," said Mr. Rubenstein, who entered the field in 1954. "In my early years, if you couldn't get a column into Walter Winchell you were nobody. How things have changed. We're much more strategically important now."</div><div>
</div><div>PUBLIC relations as a formal endeavor first took shape early in the 20th century, when another seismic communications shift was under way: the rapid growth of the newspaper business, with New York as its epicenter. P.R. piggybacked on the news boom as well as on another newfangled entity: the corporation. John D. Rockefeller Sr., architect of both the modern corporation and the Standard Oil monopoly, retained the services of the<b> father of public relations, Ivy Lee,</b> after being blindsided by critical and sometimes inaccurate articles.</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">
</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">According to "Titan," the Rockefeller biography by Ron Chernow, Mr. Lee tried to repackage the industrialist as a humane philanthropist, and in so doing became an important counsel to John D. Rockefeller Jr. as well. Mr. Lee, whose career later foundered when it was revealed that he did promotional work for the Nazis</span>, <b>advised the Rockefellers to be frank and direct when discussing their business practices with the press -- a relief to a family averse to the practice, then common, of bribing reporters for coverage</b>.</div><div>
</div><div>In the 1920's, Edward Bernays, a relative of Sigmund Freud, led publicists into new waters by emphasizing psychological research and advocating the use of seemingly objective third-party authorities to sway public opinion. He professionalized the business while introducing other new forms of manipulation, like establishing bogus front groups to promote the benefits of smoking.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Arthur Page, an in-house public relations adviser to AT&T from the 1920's through the 1940's, embraced the concept of good corporate citizenship and pushed AT&T to be open and honest in its press dealings. </b>The tension between proponents of Bernays-like manipulation and Page-style transparency has existed in the business ever since.</div><div>
</div><div><b>Many involved in the government's psychological warfare and public information campaigns during World War II became part of a new crop of publicity agents in postwar America.</b> Some of them established public relations agencies that blossomed in the 1960's, when the rise of television created another monumental communications dislocation and a publicity gold rush. Most of those firms are among those that conglomerates have acquired in the recent consolidation.</div><div>
</div><div><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">PUBLIC relations scandals have cropped up periodically over the years. Hill & Knowlton, which WPP acquired in 1987, came under heavy criticism for the misleading video news releases it produced for the government of Kuwait in 1990. The videos, which included false reports of atrocities committed by Saddam Hussein, were intended to drum up public opposition in the United States to the Iraqi leader before the Persian Gulf War of 1991. </span>Today, Fleishman-Hillard, an Omnicom company, is enmeshed in a scandal involving accusations by the Los Angeles city controller that the firm and a former executive overbilled the city for their services.</div><div>
</div><div>The former Fleishman executive is contesting the accusations. A Fleishman spokesman said that the incident was an aberration involving a small number of employees and that the firm maintained high ethical standards.</div><div>
</div><div>But others say the incident may echo of larger forces at work in the public relations industry.</div><div>
</div><div>"There's no question in my mind that the padding of bills has to do with firms chasing higher profits,"<b> Daniel J. Edelman</b> said. "I think bill-padding is a reflection of consolidation."</div><div>
</div><div>Yet it is Ketchum's imbroglio with Mr. Williams and the Education Department that seems to have struck a particularly indignant nerve among some longtime public relations analysts. "This is the Three Mile Island of the P.R. business," said Jack O'Dwyer, a public relations gadfly in New York who heads a research firm and publishes a newsletter bearing his name. "The industry began selling its soul when it sold out to these advertising companies because the public relations business should be about the truth, not about sales."</div><div>
</div><div>Senior executives at the conglomerates said they thought such criticism was alarmist and reiterated their view that consolidation had brought increased sophistication and more resources to public relations efforts, without a loss of integrity.</div><div>
</div><div>According to 2002 data collected by the Council of Public Relations Firms, a trade group, only 9 percent of the industry's revenue came from work performed for governments and nonprofit groups. The remainder derived from corporate advocacy.</div><div><b>
</b></div><div><b>BUT it is government contracts that have raised the current specter of the industry's involvement with covert propagandizing.</b> Public relations executives say that much of their government work is bipartisan and that political clients believe fervently in the truth of their messages, no matter how much those messages may seem like spin to people on the opposite side of the political divide.</div><div>
</div><div><b>"There are 20,000 new bills in Congress each year and all of those programs require communications support,</b>" said Louis Capozzi, chief executive of Manning Selvage & Lee, a unit of Publicis. "Questions are much more difficult in a political environment because one man's propaganda is another man's truth."</div><div>
</div><div>Or, as in Mr. Williams's case, another man's controversy. Omnicom initially said that Ketchum had done nothing wrong and that it was Mr. Williams's responsibility to disclose his federal financing.</div><div>
</div><div>"We would assume that the commentator-pundit would disclose," said Lorraine Thelian, Omnicom's head of North American operations, in a January interview with PRWeek, a trade publication. "That's an assumption that you make.</div><div>
</div><div>"It's not like we were pitching him to other media as a spokesperson," Ms. Thelian added. "Whatever he did once that contract was put together, he did on his own."</div><div>
</div><div>Since Omnicom made this statement, it and Ketchum have remained silent, a risky tactic given that public relations wisdom traditionally holds that staying quiet during a crisis only prolongs media scrutiny and creates an appearance of culpability.</div><div>
</div><div>"They should have come clean right away and not tried to pin all of this on Williams," said Paul A. Argenti, a professor of corporate communications at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. "It's an example of the same kind of bad advice they give their clients every day."</div><div>
</div><div>Many in the public relations field, meanwhile, say their industry's future hinges on the values that Mr. Williams has espoused in his media appearances: ethics and responsibility.</div><div>
</div><div>"It's an opportunity for people in the industry to stand up and say, 'Here's the right way to do things, here's the ethical way to do things, and we're in a very new media world and we need to map out a new course of action,"' said Judy Phair, president of the Public Relations Society of America, another trade group. "For public relations to be effective, it has to be built on public trust."</div><div>
</div><div>Correction: February 20, 2005, Sunday An article last Sunday about the public relations industry misstated the title of Lorraine Thelian, an executive at the firm that arranged for a television commentator to serve as a paid advocate of the federal government's education policy. Ms. Thelian is head of North American operations for Ketchum, a public relations unit of the Omnicom Group; she does not hold that title for Omnicom itself.</div></div></div><div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">==</font></div>

<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://tarpley.net/online-books/george-bush-the-unauthorized-biography/chapter-3-race-hygiene-three-bush-family-alliances/"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" color="#000000">http://tarpley.net/online-books/george-bush-the-unauthorized-biography/chapter-3-race-hygiene-three-bush-family-alliances/</font></a>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">eugenics</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In 1933, as what Hitler called his “ New Order ” appeared, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">John D. Rockefeller, Jr. appointed William S. Farish the chairman of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey </span>(in 1937 he was made president and chief executive). Farish moved his offices to Rockefeller Center, New York, where he spent a good deal of time with Hermann Schmitz, chairman of <b>I.G. Farben; his company paid a publicity man, Ivy Lee</b>, to write pro-I.G. Farben and pro-Nazi propaganda and get it into the U.S. press.</font>

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<h1 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">http://www.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">sourcewatch.</span>org/index.php?title=Ivy_Lee</font></h1>

<p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">...</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">George Parker had been <a class="new" title="President Grover Cleveland (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=President_Grover_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1">President Grover Cleveland</a>'s press agent for his three bids for the presidency and was engaged to handle the Democrat's 1904 presidential press needs. He hired<b> Ivy Lee</b> because of his writing abilities, which were necessary because they soon had to defend themselves from attacks by the press for ghost writing press releases and placing advertisements disguised as stories. The larger duty of the day was to convince a pro-competitive populace to accept the new concept of a government-business partnership. They needed to change their image from "selling to the public" to "serving the public" while they were "excluding the public" from the decision making process involving public concerns. They needed to administer the markets rather than sell to them. This was an important task in an era (1895-1904) that saw 3000 companies disappear into mergers.</font>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee went to work for <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">John D. Rockefeller in 1914, managing the public's perspective of the <a title="Ludlow Massacre" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ludlow_Massacre">Ludlow Massacre</a></span>, which involved the <a class="new" title="Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Colorado_Fuel_and_Iron_Company&action=edit&redlink=1">Colorado Fuel and Iron Company</a>, whose mines were owned by the Rockefellers. According to Colorado State University's Kirk Hallahan, "On April 20, 1914, a gun battle broke out between striking miners and the Colorado state militia at the temporary camp set up by strikers outside the mines at Ludlow. Three strikers and one militiaman were killed. However, the real tragedy was revealed when <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">11 women and children were found dead in one of the many earthen storage pits dug below the tent colony</span>. The innocent victims had hidden in the pit to escape the gunfire and apparently suffocated when a smoky fire later swept through the compound.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> The incident sparked 10 days of widespread violence in the surrounding coal fields, resulting in at least 53 deaths</span>." <a class="external autonumber" title="http://lamar.colostate.edu/_{pr/ivylee.pdf}" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/%7Epr/ivylee.pdf" rel="nofollow">[2]</a>&nbsp;</font></p><p style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To combat the public outcry, Lee created a campaign to influence public opinion (especially on the East Coast) of Rockefeller, CF&I, and the Massacre, which included <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">19 bulletins that were sent to opinion leaders and the press. The bulletins contained misleading an inaccurate information concerning the circumstances surrounding the strike, the militia's actions, and the resulting deaths.</span></font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">In the 1920's, Lee worked for General Mills, Lucky Strike, and many other ventures including convincing companies to building public relation department within their firms. He took heat for views he had on the Soviet Union. He openly defended the system, which confused <i>Business Week</i> and brought name calling from others.<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> He represented <a class="new" title="I. G. Farben (page does not exist)" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=I.G.Farben&action=edit&redlink=1">I. G. Farben</a> after Germany was getting bad press in the states. He may have advised them to change aspects of their national strategy, however it brought investigations from Congress and questioning in the press. Late in 1934 he died from brain tumor.</span></font>

<a name="Books_by_Ivy_Lee" id="Books_by_Ivy_Lee"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></a></p>

<h2 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="mw-headline"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Books by Ivy Lee</font></span></h2>

<h1 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">===</font></h1>

<h1 style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers' Response to the 1913-1914 Colorado Coal Strike&nbsp;</font></h1>

<div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Author:</b> Kirk Hallahan</font></div><div class="sandbox" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

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<h3><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Abstract</font></h3>

<div class="abstract" style=" max-width: 50em;"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ivy<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);"> Lee's work on behalf of the Rockefellers and the coal mine operators in the aftermath of the bitter Colorado coal strike of 1913-1914 was a milestone in early public relations. Based primarily on original manuscripts, this historical study chronicles Lee's work as a consultant in 1914 and as a Rockefeller staff member in 1915. Lee's best-known activity was a series of controversial informational bulletins targeted at opinion leaders. He also engaged in government relations, conducted some media relations, and provided advice on how the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company could improve labor relations. </span>The findings provide no support for claims that Lee was intentionally deceptive, but supports a contradiction thesis, which suggests a gap existed between Lee's espoused principles of publicity and his actions. This contradiction can be explained by the fact that Lee worked in less than ideal circumstances.[?!}</font></div>

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<font size="4" face="Times New Roman">pr wiki</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">From the notoriety gained during the strike, Lee, in December, 1914, was hired as personal advisor to the wealthy Rockefeller family were being savaged in the press for their strike-breaking, anti-union reputation, gained after the 1914 Ludlow, Colorado massacre in their mining operation there.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Humorist Robert Benchley was said to have mocked Lee for seeming to suggest "that the present capitalist system is really a branch of the Quaker Church, carrying on the work begun by St. Francis of Assisi."</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">But Lee's advice to industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1839-1937) truly helped soften the image of both he and his family. Rockefeller, who was very elderly allowed himself to be filmed playing golf and giving away dimes to children. By the time of his death in 1937, it was said more people remembered Rockefeller's dimes than the massacre.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">In his later life, Lee courted further controversy for his representation of the Soviet Union - in an attempt to improve trade relations between the U.S. and Soviet Russia - and the IG Farben firm in Nazi Germany. Accusations that he was tied to either Communists or Nazis were never proven, however.</font>

<font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Lee died of a brain tumor in New York City, Nov. 8, 1934....Through his sister Laura, Lee was uncle to novelist William S. Burroughs.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">1914 – Publicist Ivy Lee is hired by the Rockefeller family to change public opinion about killings related to strikes at its Colorado mining operations.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">John D. Rockefeller had actually hired a publicist, Joseph I. C. Clarke, to work for him after Tarbell’s articles appeared, but Clarke resigned in 1913, frustrated by a lack of support for his work. He was replaced by Ivy Lee</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee worked to change the opinion of Colorado newspaper reporters and editors by regularly sending them<b> bulletins titled “The struggle in Colorado for industrial freedom.</b>” The first bulletin, dated June 22, 1914 , <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">included a letter signed by coal mine managers to President Woodrow Wilson and noted the “mass of misinformation and misrepresentation contained in recent issues of the public press.” The July 30, 1914 bulletin addressed the wages of the striking miners and noted that the salaries of miners had been examined by certified public accountants and newspaper editors. The Aug. 3, 1914 bulletin notes that union “leaders have condoned, if not instigated, unnumbered acts designed to plunder property and to maim and kill loyal employees.”</span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"><b>Lee also used newspaper accounts to benefit his client, the Rockefellers’ Colorado Fuel and Iron</b>. In the Aug. 7, 1914 , bulletin, he noted that editors of 25 newspapers in Colorado sided with the mines and their owners in the strike. The bulletin included a statement signed by representatives of the Rocky Mountain News, Trinidad Advertiser, Boulder Camera and Pueblo Chieftain. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">What was excluded from the bulletin was that these newspapers were owned or controlled by the coal companies. </span>And in perhaps his most infamous bulletin on the Ludlow Massacre, Lee’s Aug. 17, 1914 missive noted the activity of an <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">82-year-old woman named Mother Jones, a well-known labor organizer involved in the strike who had been profiled in the July 1914 issue of Metropolitan Magazine. <b>Lee’s bulletin spent four pages criticizing Jones and her actions.</b></span></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Hallahan’s research into Lee’s bulletins and media relations work on behalf of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co. finds no support for the premise that Lee was intentionally deceptive in his work, but Lee’s testimony in 1915 before a Congressional committee investigating the strikes showed that his bulletins only included information he obtained from the company or from those sympathetic to the owners. And Hallahan added, “Perhaps a more dubious practice was the fact that his entire bulletin strategy was predicated on making it appear that the bulletins were published on behalf of the operators, not the Rockefellers.”</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Although Lee’s work for the Rockefellers was supported in Financial World magazine, his performance for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. and the work of other public relations practitioners such as Bernays began to set the tone for relationships between business and the business media. In the past, journalists writing about industry had been able to talk directly to company leaders by calling them on the telephone or visiting their officers. But with the inception of public relations staffs, many companies were placing a barrier to such direct communication with business reporters.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">found in bernays txt file:</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Father of Spin</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Visiting Edward Bernays - Chapter 1 of a book by Stuart Ewen (1996)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Torches of Freedom Video Clip</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Edward L. Bernays tells the story of "Torches of Freedom" in his own words -video clip -1999</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Meet Edward Bernays (audio documentary)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Edward L. Bernays papers, 1982-1998 (bulk 1993-1995) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Booknotes interview with Larry Tye on The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of Public Relations, September 20, 1998.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Read more at http://all-that-is-interesting.com/historic-firsts#qzXpYAOBYS1t4KhO.99</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">san juan hill ?</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Read more at http://all-that-is-interesting.com/historic-firsts#ra0l0uterPTGDfCl.99</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">=</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">2x</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is an article by Tim Morris.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">You could write for Behind the Spin too. Find out how here.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">
</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Commentators are sharply divided in their assessment of the achievements of <b>Ivy Lee.</b></font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To some he was a pioneer who did more than anyone else to introduce the concept of in-house journalists, or ‘public relations officers’, to allow organisations to tell their own story fully and truthfully rather than to rely on biased publicity handouts.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">To others he was a model of the new powerful breed of spin doctors who were prepared to work for anyone and do anything to protect the vested interests of their powerful clients.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">A Century of Spin</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Sociologists and critical theorists David Miller and William Dinan fall clearly into the sceptical camp and they detail, amongst others, two very serious accusations against Lee, one involving the massacre of striking miners and their families and the other involving collaboration with the Nazis (Miller and Dinan, 2008).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The first of these accusations concerned Lee’s role in the public relations battle that took place during a very hard fought coal miner’s strike in Colorado in 1913 and 1914, which ultimately led to him being dubbed ‘Poison Ivy’ by his detractors.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee was at the time working for the great industrialist John D. Rockefeller, whose family owned several of the affected coal mines in Colorado and he was asked to help in the public relations battle against the union involved, the United Mine Workers of America.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The strike was a particularly prolonged and very bloody affair, lasting some 14 months in total and resulting in the deaths of dozens of the participants on both sides.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The Ludlow Massacre</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The bloodiest event of the strike took place on 20 April 1914 in the small town of Ludlow, Colorado and came to be known as the ‘Ludlow Massacre’.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">On that tragic day a fierce battle took place over many hours between the Colorado National Guard, who had been brought in to control the situation, and miners from the union at the site of a 1,200 strong tent colony just outside the town of Ludlow.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This encampment had been set up to house the miners and some of their families during the many weeks that the strike lasted. Whilst the battle was raging outside, the wives and children of the miners hid inside their tents in order to try to gain some protection from the fight.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Tragically, during the course of the battle one of these tents caught fire, with a large group of family members trapped inside. Many of them were seriously injured and a number of family members, including 12 children, were burnt to death. In total 19 miners and their families perished on that fateful day, along with a National Guardsman (Norwood, 2002).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">According to Miller and Dinan, Lee wrote a publicity leaflet for Rockefeller in the wake of the Ludlow Massacre claiming that the deaths were the fault of agitators paid for by the United Mine Workers of America.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Rather than being a truthful and accurate account of events, as Lee maintained, Miller and Dinan claim that this leaflet was a piece of crude propaganda put out on behalf of his employer to attempt to lay the blame for the deaths at the feet of the union, rather than accept that they had resulted from the battle between the strikers and the Colorado National Guard (Miller and Dinan, 2008).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Not surprisingly, the events surrounding the Ludlow Massacre, including the attempt to shift the blame onto the union, raised the temperature of the situation even more and were followed by ten days of armed conflict between the miners and the National Guard. This reportedly resulted in at least another 50 deaths and the fighting was only stopped when Federal troops were ordered into Colorado by President Woodrow Wilson to regain control (Norwood, 2002).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee himself disputed this version of events when he was called to give evidence before the US Commission on Industrial Relations on the subject, claiming that he stuck entirely to his principles of advising his client to tell the full and frank story. He also claimed that both he and Rockefeller had been misled by mine managers who only told them what they thought they wanted to hear (Cutlip, 1994).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Nazi links</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">This is controversial enough, but worse was to follow. The second principal accusation against Ivy Lee is based on the well-documented fact that Lee acted as an unpaid public relations adviser to Nazi Germany in the early 1930s.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Miller and Dinan cite sources that record a meeting between Ivy Lee and both Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Herman Goebbels during a visit to a German business client in 1934. According to the reports Lee was introduced to the Nazi ministers by Dr Max Illgner, the Managing Director of I.G. Farben, whose company he was advising at the time (Hiebert, 1966).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee reportedly advised Goebbels to cease propaganda efforts in the United States and urged him to meet personally with foreign diplomats and press in an effort to establish better relations with them. According to the US Ambassador to Berlin at the time, William Dodd, Goebbels followed that advice to the letter in the course of a conciliatory speech to foreign diplomats and press less than a month later (Hiebert, 1966).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ivy Lee’s contacts with the Nazis did not go unnoticed back home in the United States where there was growing concern at the developing events in Germany.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Later that same year Lee was called before the House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee to explain his relations with the Nazis. Lee defended himself by saying that he had not engaged in any propaganda in the US.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">However, he did concede that he had given public relations advice to the Nazis and had briefed US journalists in Berlin on their behalf.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Lee’s reputation, and perhaps his state of mind, was badly affected by his appearance before the Committee and he died shortly afterwards, in November 1934 (Miller and Dinan, 2008).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It was the widespread use that the Nazi government made of wartime publicity material, particularly its anti-Semitic films, which did much to endow the previously neutral term ‘propaganda’ with the entirely negative meaning it carries today.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">It is also well-documented that the German Foreign Minister at the time, the notorious propagandist Herman Goebbels, was a keen student of the theories of Edward Bernays on the subject of manipulating public opinion. This historical cross-over between public relations and the birth of the modern concept of propaganda has undoubtedly contributed significantly to questions raised by some over the ethical position of public relations even today (Miller and Dinan, 2008).</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">As with many of the historical figures associated with public relations, the impact of the career and contribution of Ivy Lee is a contested one.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">The issues he handled on behalf of his mostly corporate clients were controversial ones. It would be a surprise if all sides in these battles for public opinion agreed on the merits of what he did. As with Barnum before him, Lee did claim for himself a position of some ethical principle, for Lee it was the advice to his clients to tell the full and frank truth and let the facts speak for themselves.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Whether in the heat of battle Lee was able to live up to this high aspiration is a matter for history to decide.</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Bibliography</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">David Miller and William Dinan – Century of Spin – How Public Relations Became the Cutting Edge of Corporate Power – London, Pluto Press (2008)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Stephen Norwood – Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth Century America – University of North Carolina Press (2002)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Ray Hiebert – Courtier to the Crowd: The Story of Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations – Iowa State University Press (1966)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Scott Cutlip – The Unseen Power: Public Relations A History – Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey (1994)</font></p><p><font size="4" face="Times New Roman"></font></p>

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